CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Israeli–Palestinian conflict - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b3309d4c-afa3-415b-b047-ae7c4193df1b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Israeli–Palestinian_conflict","wgTitle":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict","wgCurRevisionId":1259311738,"wgRevisionId":1259311738,"wgArticleId":46216,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use dmy dates from November 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2011","All articles containing potentially dated statements", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Articles containing Arabic-language text","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from November 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024","Articles lacking reliable references from August 2024","Articles needing additional references from September 2018","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007", "Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2024","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Israeli–Palestinian conflict","Arab–Israeli conflict","20th-century conflicts","21st-century conflicts","Islam-related controversies","Israeli irredentism","Jewish nationalism","Palestinian nationalism","Conflicts in the Middle East","Guerrilla wars","Insurgencies in Asia","Ethnicity-based civil wars","Religion-based civil wars","Wars involving Israel","Wars involving Palestinians"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Israeli–Palestinian_conflict","wgRelevantArticleId":46216,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault" :true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q151622","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user": "ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg/1200px-Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1829"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg/800px-Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1220"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg/640px-Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="976"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Israeli–Palestinian conflict - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Israeli–Palestinian_conflict rootpage-Israeli–Palestinian_conflict skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 1920s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1936–1939_Arab_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936–1939_Arab_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1936–1939 Arab revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936–1939_Arab_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1940s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947_United_Nations_partition_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947_United_Nations_partition_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1947 United Nations partition plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947_United_Nations_partition_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948_Arab–Israeli_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_Arab–Israeli_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1948 Arab–Israeli War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_Arab–Israeli_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1956_Suez_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1956_Suez_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1956 Suez Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1956_Suez_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967_Six-Day_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967_Six-Day_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1967 Six-Day War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967_Six-Day_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1973_Yom_Kippur_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1973_Yom_Kippur_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 1973 Yom Kippur War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1973_Yom_Kippur_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1982_Lebanon_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1982_Lebanon_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 1982 Lebanon War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1982_Lebanon_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Intifada_(1987–1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Intifada_(1987–1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 First Intifada (1987–1993) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Intifada_(1987–1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Intifada_(2000–2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Intifada_(2000–2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Second Intifada (2000–2005) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Intifada_(2000–2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatah–Hamas_split_(2006–2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatah–Hamas_split_(2006–2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Fatah–Hamas split (2006–2007) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatah–Hamas_split_(2006–2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel–Hamas_war_(2023–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel–Hamas_war_(2023–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13 Israel–Hamas war (2023–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel–Hamas_war_(2023–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_to_reach_a_peaceful_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_to_reach_a_peaceful_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Attempts to reach a peaceful settlement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attempts_to_reach_a_peaceful_settlement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attempts to reach a peaceful settlement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attempts_to_reach_a_peaceful_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_peace_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_peace_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The peace process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_peace_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_Palestinian_Authority_and_security_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_Palestinian_Authority_and_security_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Creation of the Palestinian Authority and security cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_Palestinian_Authority_and_security_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oslo_Accords_(1993,_1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oslo_Accords_(1993,_1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Oslo Accords (1993, 1995) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oslo_Accords_(1993,_1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp_David_Summit_(2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp_David_Summit_(2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Camp David Summit (2000) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camp_David_Summit_(2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_following_Camp_David" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_following_Camp_David"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Developments following Camp David </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_following_Camp_David-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taba_Summit_(2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taba_Summit_(2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Taba Summit (2001) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taba_Summit_(2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_map_for_peace_(2002–2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_map_for_peace_(2002–2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Road map for peace (2002–2003) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_map_for_peace_(2002–2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Peace_Initiative_(2002,_2007,_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Peace_Initiative_(2002,_2007,_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Arab Peace Initiative (2002, 2007, 2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Peace_Initiative_(2002,_2007,_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Current status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Current status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Apartheid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupied_Palestinian_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupied_Palestinian_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Occupied Palestinian territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupied_Palestinian_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israeli_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Israeli settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_military_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_military_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Israeli military police </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_military_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_the_Gaza_Strip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Separation of the Gaza Strip </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_the_Gaza_Strip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Blockade of the Gaza Strip </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_and_Recognition_of_Palestinian_statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_and_Recognition_of_Palestinian_statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 United Nations and Recognition of Palestinian statehood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_and_Recognition_of_Palestinian_statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incitement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incitement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Incitement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incitement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_in_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_in_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Issues in dispute </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_in_dispute-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issues in dispute subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_in_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Status of Jerusalem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holy_sites_and_the_Temple_Mount" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_sites_and_the_Temple_Mount"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Holy sites and the Temple Mount </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_sites_and_the_Temple_Mount-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Palestinian refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_security_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_security_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Israeli security concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_security_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Water resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Future_and_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_and_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Future and financing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_and_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Agricultural rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel's_West_Bank_barrier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel's_West_Bank_barrier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Israel's West Bank barrier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel's_West_Bank_barrier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_violence_outside_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_violence_outside_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Palestinian violence outside of Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_violence_outside_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian-on-Palestinian_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian-on-Palestinian_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Palestinian-on-Palestinian violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian-on-Palestinian_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overriding_authority_and_international_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overriding_authority_and_international_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Overriding authority and international status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overriding_authority_and_international_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_disputes_and_boycotts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_disputes_and_boycotts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Economic disputes and boycotts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_disputes_and_boycotts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Fatalities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fatalities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fatalities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fatalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_casualty_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_casualty_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Criticism of casualty statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_casualty_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmines_and_unexploded_ordnance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmines_and_unexploded_ordnance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Landmines and unexploded ordnance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmines_and_unexploded_ordnance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القضية الفلسطينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القضية الفلسطينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflictu_israelino-palest%C3%ADn" title="Conflictu israelino-palestín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conflictu israelino-palestín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail-F%C9%99l%C9%99stin_m%C3%BCnaqi%C5%9F%C9%99si" title="İsrail-Fələstin münaqişəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsrail-Fələstin münaqişəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فیلیسطین-ایسراییل موناقیشه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلیسطین-ایسراییل موناقیشه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="ইসরায়েলি-ফিলিস্তিনি সংঘাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসরায়েলি-ফিলিস্তিনি সংঘাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%81%D1%8C%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Фәләстин мәсьәләһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фәләстин мәсьәләһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Ізраільска-палесцінскі канфлікт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ізраільска-палесцінскі канфлікт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="इजराइल आ फिलिस्तीन के झगड़ा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इजराइल आ फिलिस्तीन के झगड़ा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Израело-палестински конфликт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Израело-палестински конфликт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%C3%A7%C3%BF" title="Фелестинпе Исраил хушшинчи хирĕçÿ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фелестинпе Исраил хушшинчи хирĕçÿ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelsko-palestinsk%C3%BD_konflikt" title="Izraelsko-palestinský konflikt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izraelsko-palestinský konflikt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthdaro_Israelaidd-Palesteinaidd" title="Gwrthdaro Israelaidd-Palesteinaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthdaro Israelaidd-Palesteinaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_israelsk-pal%C3%A6stinensiske_konflikt" title="Den israelsk-palæstinensiske konflikt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den israelsk-palæstinensiske konflikt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القضية الفلسطينية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="القضية الفلسطينية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelisch-pal%C3%A4stinensischer_Konflikt" title="Israelisch-palästinensischer Konflikt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Israelisch-palästinensischer Konflikt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ισραηλινοπαλαιστινιακή σύγκρουση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισραηλινοπαλαιστινιακή σύγκρουση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicto_israel%C3%AD-palestino" title="Conflicto israelí-palestino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conflicto israelí-palestino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestina_konflikto" title="Israel–Palestina konflikto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Israel–Palestina konflikto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel-Palestina_Gatazka" title="Israel-Palestina Gatazka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Israel-Palestina Gatazka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="درگیری فلسطین و اسرائیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگیری فلسطین و اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflit_isra%C3%A9lo-palestinien" title="Conflit israélo-palestinien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conflit israélo-palestinien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%97%98-%ED%8C%94%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EB%B6%84%EC%9F%81" title="이스라엘-팔레스타인 분쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스라엘-팔레스타인 분쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1-%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իսրայելա-պաղեստինյան հակամարտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսրայելա-պաղեստինյան հակամարտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="इजराइल-फिलिस्तीन संघर्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इजराइल-फिलिस्तीन संघर्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelan-Palestinana_konflikto" title="Israelan-Palestinana konflikto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Israelan-Palestinana konflikto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik_Israel%E2%80%93Palestina" title="Konflik Israel–Palestina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konflik Israel–Palestina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflitto_israelo-palestinese" title="Conflitto israelo-palestinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conflitto israelo-palestinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99-%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הסכסוך הישראלי-פלסטיני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכסוך הישראלי-פלסטיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izir%C9%9B%C9%9Bl%C9%A9_n%C9%9B_Pal%C9%9Bs%C9%A9tini_po-you_t%C9%94m" title="Izirɛɛlɩ nɛ Palɛsɩtini po-you tɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Izirɛɛlɩ nɛ Palɛsɩtini po-you tɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapambano_kati_ya_Israeli_na_Palestina" title="Mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pev%C3%A7%C3%BBna_%C3%8Esra%C3%AAl_%C3%BB_Filist%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Pevçûna Îsraêl û Filistînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pevçûna Îsraêl û Filistînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikto_palestino-israeli" title="Konflikto palestino-israeli – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Konflikto palestino-israeli" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izra%C4%93las%E2%80%94Palest%C4%ABnas_konflikts" title="Izraēlas—Palestīnas konflikts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izraēlas—Palestīnas konflikts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelio%E2%80%93Palestinos_konfliktas" title="Izraelio–Palestinos konfliktas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Izraelio–Palestinos konfliktas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_Israeliana-Palestiniana" title="Ady Israeliana-Palestiniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady Israeliana-Palestiniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82" title="ഇസ്രായേൽ-പലസ്തീൻ സംഘർഷം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്രായേൽ-പലസ്തീൻ സംഘർഷം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunflitt_I%C5%BCraeli-Palestinjan" title="Kunflitt Iżraeli-Palestinjan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kunflitt Iżraeli-Palestinjan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik_Israel%E2%80%93Palestin" title="Konflik Israel–Palestin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konflik Israel–Palestin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABlisch-Palestijns_conflict" title="Israëlisch-Palestijns conflict – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Israëlisch-Palestijns conflict" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%8A%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="パレスチナ問題 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パレスチナ問題" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestina-konflikten" title="Israel–Palestina-konflikten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Israel–Palestina-konflikten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B2-%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6" title="ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ-ପାଲେଷ୍ଟାଇନ ବିବାଦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ-ପାଲେଷ୍ଟାଇନ ବିବାଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isroil%E2%80%93Falastin_mojarosi" title="Isroil–Falastin mojarosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Isroil–Falastin mojarosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9D%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਜ਼ਰਾਇਲ-ਫ਼ਲਸਤੀਨ ਝਗੜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਜ਼ਰਾਇਲ-ਫ਼ਲਸਤੀਨ ਝਗੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B9%DB%81" title="اسرائیل-فلسطینی تنازعہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسرائیل-فلسطینی تنازعہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikto_israel%C3%AD-palestino" title="Konflikto israelí-palestino – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Konflikto israelí-palestino" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%AE%DA%93%D9%87" title="د اسراییل او فلسطین شخړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اسراییل او فلسطین شخړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikt_izraelsko-palesty%C5%84ski" title="Konflikt izraelsko-palestyński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konflikt izraelsko-palestyński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflito_israelo-palestino" title="Conflito israelo-palestino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conflito israelo-palestino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflictul_israeliano-palestinian" title="Conflictul israeliano-palestinian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Conflictul israeliano-palestinian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israyil-Phalistina_maqanakuy" title="Israyil-Phalistina maqanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Israyil-Phalistina maqanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Палестино-израильский конфликт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палестино-израильский конфликт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikti_Izraelito-Palestinez" title="Konflikti Izraelito-Palestinez – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konflikti Izraelito-Palestinez" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8A%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E2%80%93%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8" title="ඊශ්‍රායෙල–පලස්තීන ගැටුම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඊශ්‍රායෙල–පලස්තීන ගැටුම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_conflict" title="Israel–Palestine conflict – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Israel–Palestine conflict" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelsko-palest%C3%ADnsky_konflikt" title="Izraelsko-palestínsky konflikt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Izraelsko-palestínsky konflikt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelsko-palestinski_konflikt" title="Izraelsko-palestinski konflikt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izraelsko-palestinski konflikt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ململانێی فەلەستین و ئیسرائیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ململانێی فەلەستین و ئیسرائیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelsko-palestinski_sukob" title="Izraelsko-palestinski sukob – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Izraelsko-palestinski sukob" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelsko-palestinski_sukob" title="Izraelsko-palestinski sukob – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izraelsko-palestinski sukob" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelin%E2%80%93Palestiinan_konflikti" title="Israelin–Palestiinan konflikti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Israelin–Palestiinan konflikti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestina-konflikten" title="Israel–Palestina-konflikten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Israel–Palestina-konflikten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salungatang_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestino" title="Salungatang Israeli–Palestino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salungatang Israeli–Palestino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="இசுரேல்-பாலத்தீனப் பிணக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுரேல்-பாலத்தீனப் பிணக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80-%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3" title="ఇజ్రాయెలీ-పాలస్తీనియన్ సంఘర్షణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇజ్రాయెలీ-పాలస్తీనియన్ సంఘర్షణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E2%80%93%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="ความขัดแย้งอิสราเอล–ปาเลสไตน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความขัดแย้งอิสราเอล–ปาเลสไตน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail-Filistin_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="İsrail-Filistin çatışması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsrail-Filistin çatışması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_ne_Palestina_ntam_ntawntawdi" title="Israel ne Palestina ntam ntawntawdi – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Israel ne Palestina ntam ntawntawdi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Ізраїльсько-палестинський конфлікт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ізраїльсько-палестинський конфлікт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B9" title="اسرائیل-فلسطینی تنازع – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسرائیل-فلسطینی تنازع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xung_%C4%91%E1%BB%99t_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine" title="Xung đột Israel–Palestine – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xung đột Israel–Palestine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%B7%B4%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="以巴衝突 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="以巴衝突" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="以巴冲突 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以巴冲突" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q151622#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&oldid=1259311738" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&id=1259311738&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsraeli%25E2%2580%2593Palestinian_conflict">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsraeli%25E2%2580%2593Palestinian_conflict">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Israeli-Palestinian_conflict" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Israel/Palestine_Conflict" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q151622" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ongoing military and political conflict in the Levant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the current phase of the conflict beginning in 2023, see <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg/250px-Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg/375px-Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg/500px-Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="2889" /></a> Situation in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a>, as of December 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&action=edit">[update]</a>, per the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations OCHA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[2]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli-Palestinian_conflict_detailed_map" title="Template:Israeli-Palestinian conflict detailed map">here</a> for a more detailed and updated map.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>Late 19th / early 20th century – present</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Israel</li><li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Palestinian_territories" title="Occupied Palestinian territories">Occupied Palestinian territories</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> Ongoing<div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a> (halted)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> (intermittent)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>1948–1967:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic">Egypt occupies the Gaza Strip</a><div><ul><li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a> (until 1959)</li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordan annexes the West Bank</a></li></ul> </div><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Since 1967:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israel occupies the Gaza Strip</a><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Unilateral disengagement</a> (2005)</li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israel occupies the West Bank</a><div><ul><li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlements">Israeli settlements</a></li><li>Division of Israeli control and Palestinian control by the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_Areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord</a> (1995)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>: 1948: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Army of the Holy War</a></li></ul> 1949–1956: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen_insurgency" title="Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency">Palestinian fedayeen</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li></ul> 1964–2005: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> (1959–2005)<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> (1964–2005)<a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_National_Leadership_of_the_Uprising" title="Unified National Leadership of the Uprising">UNLU</a> (1987–1993)<a href="#cite_note-5">[d]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> (1994–2005)<a href="#cite_note-6">[e]</a></li></ul> 2006–present: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Joint_Operations_Room" title="Palestinian Joint Operations Room">Palestinian Joint Operations Room</a> (2018–present)<a href="#cite_note-7">[f]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 9,901–9,922 killed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 84,638–90,824 killed</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> More than <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">700,000 Palestinians displaced</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[3]</a> with a further 413,000 Palestinians displaced in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>;<a href="#cite_note-10">[4]</a> 2,000+ Jews displaced in 1948<a href="#cite_note-11">[5]</a> 6,373 Israeli<a href="#cite_note-politics-12">[6]</a> and 13,000–16,000 Palestinian deaths in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[7]</a> 654 Israeli<a href="#cite_note-14">[8]</a> and 19,085 Palestinian and Lebanese deaths in the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a> in addition to 800–3,500 in the <a href="/wiki/Sabra-Shatila_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabra-Shatila massacre">Sabra-Shatila massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Race-15">[9]</a> 1,962 Palestinians<a href="#cite_note-Kober-16">[10]</a> and 179–200 Israeli deaths<a href="#cite_note-Nasrallah56-17">[11]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>. 1,010 Israelis<a href="#cite_note-casualties2-18">[12]</a> and up to 3,354 Palestinian deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-casualties2-18">[12]</a> 402 Palestinians were killed in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict">2006 Gaza–Israel conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a> 1,116<a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a>–1,417<a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a> Palestinian deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a>. 2,125–2,310 Palestinian deaths in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> 285 Palestinian and 17 Israeli deaths in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a> At least 42,509+<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> Palestinians and 1,668+ Israelis killed in the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> with a further 1,900,000 Palestinians displaced within Gaza<a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a> and 135,000 Israeli evacuees.<a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a> Indirect deaths<a href="#cite_note-28">[g]</a> likely to be several times higher than those killed by violence, with estimates for total Palestinian deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> at 186,000<a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a> or 335,500<a href="#cite_note-31">[h]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is an ongoing military and political conflict about <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> within the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-34">[26]</a> Key aspects of the conflict include the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation of the West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, borders, security, water rights,<a href="#cite_note-35">[27]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_permit_regime_in_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli permit regime in the West Bank">permit regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement" title="Palestinian freedom of movement">Palestinian freedom of movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WorldBankReport-36">[28]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a>. The conflict has its origins in the rise of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> in Europe and the consequent <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">first</a> arrival of <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish settlers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Palestine">Ottoman Palestine</a> in 1882.<a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris-37">[29]</a> The local Arab population increasingly began to oppose Zionism, primarily out of fear of territorial displacement and dispossession.<a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris-37">[29]</a> The Zionist movement garnered the support of an imperial power in the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> issued by Britain, which promised to support the creation of a "<a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Jewish homeland</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">British occupation</a> of the formerly <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> region during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Mandatory Palestine was established as a <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British mandate</a>. Increasing Jewish immigration led to tensions between Jews and Arabs which grew into <a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">intercommunal conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[31]</a> In 1936, <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">an Arab revolt</a> erupted demanding independence and an end to British support for Zionism, which was suppressed by the British.<a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rashid_Khalidi4-41">[33]</a> Eventually tensions led to the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> adopting a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">partition plan</a> in 1947, triggering a <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">civil war</a>. During the ensuing <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>, more than half of the mandate's predominantly Palestinian Arab population <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">fled or were expelled</a> by Israeli forces. By the <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Armistice Agreement">end</a> of the war, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> was established on most of the former mandate's territory, and the <a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">Gaza Strip</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">West Bank</a> were controlled by <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Ilan_Pappe3-42">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris3-43">[35]</a> Since the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Day War">Six Day War</a>, Israel has been occupying the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>. Two Palestinian uprisings against Israel and its occupation erupted in 1987 and 2000, the <a href="/wiki/First_intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="First intifada">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="Second intifada">second intifadas</a> respectively. Israel's occupation, which is now considered to be the <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">longest military occupation</a> in modern history, has seen it constructing <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">illegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlements">settlements</a> there, creating a system of institutionalized discrimination against Palestinians under its occupation called <a href="/wiki/Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">Israeli apartheid</a>. Israel has <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">drawn international condemnation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">violating the human rights of the Palestinians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[36]</a> The international community, with the exception of the US and Israel, has been in consensus since the 1980s regarding a settlement of the conflict on the basis of a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">1967 borders</a> and a just resolution for <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a>. The US and Israel have instead preferred bilateral negotiations rather than resolving the conflict on the basis of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. In recent years, public support for a two-state solution has decreased, with Israeli policy reflecting an interest in maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">occupation</a> rather than seeking a permanent resolution to the conflict. In 2007, Israel tightened its <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">blockade of the Gaza Strip</a> and made official its policy of isolating it from the West Bank. Since then, Israel has framed its relationship with Gaza in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">laws of war</a> rather than in terms of its status as an <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupying power</a>. In <a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">a July 2024 ruling</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> rebuffed Israel's stance, determining that the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> constitute one political unit and that Israel continues to illegally occupy the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">West Bank</a> and Gaza Strip. The ICJ also determined that Israeli policies violate the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>. Since 2006, Hamas and Israel have fought <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">five wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">the most recent</a> of which began in 2023 and is ongoing. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_operations_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png/310px-A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png/465px-A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png/620px-A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Christian">Arab-Christian</a>-owned newspaper <a href="/wiki/Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a>, 18 June 1936, caricatured <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> as a crocodile, protected by a British officer, telling Palestinian Arabs: "Don't be afraid! I will swallow you peacefully..."<a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> The Israeli–Palestinian conflict began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the development of political Zionism and the arrival of Zionist settlers to Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris-37">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nur_Masalha-46">[38]</a> The modern political Zionist movement, with the goal of establishing a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, grew out of the last two decades of the 19th century, largely in response to <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> in Europe. While <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">Jewish colonization began during this period</a>, it was not until the arrival of more <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">ideologically Zionist immigrants in the decade preceding the First World War</a> that the landscape of Ottoman Palestine would start to significantly change.<a href="#cite_note-Ilan_Pappe2-47">[39]</a> Land purchases, the eviction of tenant Arab peasants and armed confrontation with Jewish para-military units would all contribute to the Palestinian population's growing fear of territorial displacement and dispossession. This fear would gradually be replaced by a broader sense of Palestinian national expression which included the rejection of the Zionist goal of turning the mostly Arab populated land into a Jewish homeland.<a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris3-43">[35]</a> From early on, the leadership of the Zionist movement had the idea of "transferring" (a euphemism for <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>) the Arab Palestinian population out of the land for the purpose of establishing a Jewish demographic majority.<a href="#cite_note-48">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a> According to the Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> the idea of transfer was "inevitable and inbuilt into Zionism".<a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a> The Arab population felt this threat as early as the 1880s with the arrival of the first aliyah.<a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris3-43">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a>'s efforts to build British support for the Zionist movement would eventually secure the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a> Weizmann would take on a maximalist interpretation of the declaration, in which negotiations on the future of the country were to happen directly between Britain and the Jews, excluding Arab representation. At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>, he would later famously share his interpretation of the declaration in his announcement of the goal "[t]o make Palestine as Jewish as England is English." Partially in response to the Zionist movement, a Palestinian national movement would develop more concretely in the interwar period. The years that followed would see Jewish-Palestinian relations deteriorate dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3></div> With the commitment to establishing a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine, the creation of the British Mandate in Palestine after the end of the first world war would allow for large-scale Jewish immigration. This would be accompanied by the development of a separate Jewish controlled sector of the economy which was supported with large amounts of capital from abroad.<a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> The more ardent Zionist ideologues of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a> would become the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> starting in the 1920s and believed in the separation of Jewish and Arab economies and societies. During this period, the exclusionary nationalist ethos would grow to overpower the socialist ideals that the Second Aliyah had arrived with.<a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris-37">[29]</a> Amin al-Husseini, the leader of the Palestinian Arab national movement, immediately marked <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Jewish national movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigration to Palestine</a> as the sole enemy to his cause,<a href="#cite_note-al-Husseini-57">[49]</a> initiating large-scale riots against the Jews as early as 1920 <a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">in Jerusalem</a> and in 1921 <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">in Jaffa</a>. Among the results of the violence was the establishment of the Jewish paramilitary force <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>. In 1929, a series of violent <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">riots</a> resulted in the deaths of 133 Jews and 116 Arabs, with significant Jewish casualties in <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron</a> and <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots#Safed_massacre,_29_August" title="1929 Palestine riots">Safed</a>, and the evacuation of Jews from Hebron and Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-SelaConflict-58">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936–1939_Arab_revolt">1936–1939 Arab revolt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png/220px-Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png/330px-Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png/440px-Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt of 1936–1939</a> in Palestine, motivated by opposition to mass <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigration</a> allowed by the British Mandate.</figcaption></figure> In the early 1930s, the Arab national struggle in Palestine had drawn many Arab nationalist militants from across the Middle East, such as <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">Sheikh Izaddin al-Qassam</a> from Syria, who established the Black Hand militant group and had prepared the grounds for the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>. Following the death of al-Qassam at the hands of the British in late 1935, tensions erupted in 1936 into the Arab general strike and general boycott. The strike soon deteriorated into violence, and the Arab revolt was bloodily repressed by the British assisted by the British armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police" title="Jewish Settlement Police">Jewish Settlement Police</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Supernumerary_Police" title="Jewish Supernumerary Police">Jewish Supernumerary Police</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Special_Night_Squads" title="Special Night Squads">Special Night Squads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryPBS-59">[51]</a> The suppression of the revolt would leave at least 10% of the adult male population killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled.<a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a> In the first wave of organized violence, lasting until early 1937, most of the Arab groups were defeated by the British, and forced expulsion of much of the Arab leadership ensued. With much of the leadership in exile and the economy severely weakened, the Palestinians would struggle to confront the Zionist movement which was growing in strength, with the support of the British.<a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a> The cost and risks associated with the revolt and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">inter-communal conflict</a> led to a shift in British policies in the region and the appointment of the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a> which recommended the partitioning of Palestine.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The two main Zionist leaders, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, accepted the recommendations on the basis that it would allow for further expansion, but some secondary Zionist leaders disapproved of it.<a href="#cite_note-62">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[56]</a> The subsequent publication of the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a>, which sought to limit Jewish immigration to the region, was the breaking point in relations between British authorities and the Zionist movement.<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s">1940s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_(1947).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg/220px-Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg/330px-Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg/440px-Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> ship Jewish State carrying illegal Jewish immigrants from Europe at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Haifa" title="Port of Haifa">Haifa Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, 1947</figcaption></figure> The renewed violence, which continued sporadically until the beginning of World War II, ended with around 5,000 causualties on the Arab side and 700 combined on the British and Jewish side total.<a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[60]</a> With the eruption of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the situation in Mandatory Palestine calmed down. It allowed a shift towards a more moderate stance among Palestinian Arabs under the leadership of the Nashashibi clan and even the establishment of the Jewish–Arab <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Regiment" title="Palestine Regiment">Palestine Regiment</a> under British command, fighting Germans in North Africa. The more radical exiled faction of al-Husseini, however, tended to cooperate with Nazi Germany, and participated in the establishment of a pro-Nazi propaganda machine throughout the Arab world. The defeat of Arab nationalists in Iraq and subsequent relocation of al-Husseini to Nazi-occupied Europe tied his hands regarding field operations in Palestine, though he regularly demanded that the Italians and the Germans <a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">bomb Tel Aviv</a>. By the end of World War II, a crisis over the fate of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> from Europe led to renewed tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> and Mandate authorities. Increased illegal immigration from Jewish refugees, along with a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">paramilitary campaign of resistance against British authorities by Zionist militias</a>, would effectively overturn the White Paper and eventually lead to the withdrawal of the British.<a href="#cite_note-SelaConflict-58">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947_United_Nations_partition_plan">1947 United Nations partition plan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a></div> On 29 November 1947, the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly of the United Nations">General Assembly of the United Nations</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">Resolution 181(II)</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan to partition Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Baum-70">[62]</a> Palestinian Arabs were opposed to the partition.<a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a> Zionists accepted the partition but planned to expand Israel's borders beyond what was allocated to it by the UN.<a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> On the next day, Palestine was swept by violence. For four months, under continuous Arab provocation and attack, the Yishuv was usually on the defensive while occasionally retaliating.<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> supported the Arab struggle by forming the volunteer-based <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a>, supporting the Palestinian Arab <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Army of the Holy War</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Salama" title="Hasan Salama">Hasan Salama</a>. On the Jewish side, the civil war was managed by the major underground militias – the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> – strengthened by numerous Jewish veterans of World War II and foreign volunteers. By spring 1948, it was already clear that the Arab forces were nearing a total collapse, while Yishuv forces gained more and more territory, creating a large scale <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">refugee problem</a> of Palestinian Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-SelaConflict-58">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948_Arab–Israeli_War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cia-is-map2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cia-is-map2.png/170px-Cia-is-map2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cia-is-map2.png/255px-Cia-is-map2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Cia-is-map2.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Land in the lighter shade represents territory within the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">borders of Israel at the conclusion of the 1948 war</a>. This land is internationally recognized as belonging to Israel.</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Establishment_of_the_State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel">Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel</a> on 14 May 1948, the Arab League decided to intervene on behalf of Palestinian Arabs, marching their forces into former British Palestine, beginning the main phase of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baum-70">[62]</a> The overall fighting, leading to around 15,000 casualties, resulted in cease-fire and armistice agreements of 1949, with Israel holding much of the former Mandate territory, Jordan occupying and later annexing the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">West Bank</a> and Egypt taking over the Gaza Strip, where the <a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">All-Palestine Government</a> was declared by the Arab League on 22 September 1948.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryPBS-59">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1956_Suez_Crisis">1956 Suez Crisis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></div> Through the 1950s, Jordan and Egypt supported the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Fedayeen">Palestinian Fedayeen</a> militants' cross-border attacks into Israel, while Israel carried out <a href="/wiki/Reprisal_operations" title="Reprisal operations">its own reprisal operations</a> in the host countries. The 1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> resulted in a short-term Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and exile of the <a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">All-Palestine Government</a>, which was later restored with Israeli withdrawal. The All-Palestine Government was completely abandoned by Egypt in 1959 and was officially merged into the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>, to the detriment of the Palestinian national movement. <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> then was put under the authority of the Egyptian military administrator, making it a de facto military occupation. In 1964, however, a new organization, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), was established by Yasser Arafat.<a href="#cite_note-Baum-70">[62]</a> It immediately won the support of most Arab League governments and was granted a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967_Six-Day_War">1967 Six-Day War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6DayWarEnglish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/6DayWarEnglish.png/170px-6DayWarEnglish.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/6DayWarEnglish.png/255px-6DayWarEnglish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/6DayWarEnglish.png/340px-6DayWarEnglish.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6900" /></a><figcaption>During the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel captured the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>. Each of these territories except the Sinai remain under <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli occupation</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Six_day_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Six day war">1967 Arab-Israel War</a>, Israel occupied the Palestinian West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Egyptian Sinai, Syrian Golan Heights, and two islands in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>. By the mid-1970s, the international community had converged on a framework to resolve the conflict. This included Israel's full withdrawal from the occupied territories in exchange for recognition by the Palestinians and other Arab nations, and the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza and a "just resolution" of the Palestinian refugee question. These principles, known as "land for peace" and Palestinian self-determination through a two-state settlement, were endorsed by the International Court of Justice, the United Nations, and international human rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> The June 1967 war exerted a significant effect upon Palestinian nationalism, as Israel gained military control of the West Bank from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt. Consequently, the PLO was unable to establish any control on the ground and established its headquarters in Jordan, home to hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, and supported the Jordanian army during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a>. However, the Palestinian base in Jordan collapsed with the <a href="/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Black September in Jordan">Jordanian–Palestinian civil war</a> in 1970. The PLO defeat by the Jordanians caused most of the Palestinian militants to relocate to South Lebanon, where they soon took over large areas, creating the so-called "Fatahland". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1973_Yom_Kippur_War">1973 Yom Kippur War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></div> On 6 October 1973, a coalition of Arab forces consisting of mainly Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack against Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur. Egyptian and Syria had crossed over the ceasefire lines that were agreed upon prior to 1973. Egypt had in particular tried to reoccupy much of the area surrounding the Suez Canal, whilst the frontline with Syria was mainly situated around the north in the Golan Heights. The war concluded with an Israeli victory, with both sides suffering tremendous casualties. Following the end of the war, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 338, which confirmed the land-for-peace principle established in Resolution 242, initiating the Middle East peace process. The Arab defeat would play an important role in the PLO's willingness to pursue a negotiated settlement to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> Additionally, many Israelis began to believe that the area under Israeli occupation could not be held indefinitely by force.<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> The Camp David Accords, agreed upon by Israel and Egypt in 1978, primarily aimed to establish a peace treaty between the two countries. The accords also proposed the creation of a "Self-Governing Authority" for the Arab population in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, excluding Jerusalem. While it promised "full autonomy for the inhabitants," the land was to remain under Israeli control. A peace treaty based on these accords was signed in 1979, leading to Israel's withdrawal from the occupied Egyptian Sinai Peninsula by 1982. However, the specifics of the Palestinian-autonomy accords were disputed among the signatories and other Arab groups, and were never implemented.<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1982_Lebanon_War">1982 Lebanon War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon</a> peaked in the early 1970s, as Lebanon was used as a base to launch attacks on northern Israel and airplane hijacking campaigns worldwide, which drew Israeli retaliation. During the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, Palestinian militants continued to launch attacks against Israel while also battling opponents within Lebanon. In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> led to the Israeli full-scale invasion known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Litani" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Litani">Operation Litani</a>. This operation sought to dislodge the <abbr title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</abbr> from Lebanon while expanding the area under the control of the Israeli allied Christian militias in southern Lebanon. The operation succeeded in leaving a large portion of the south in control of the Israeli proxy which would eventually form the <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a>. Under United States pressure, Israeli forces would eventually withdraw from Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> In 1982, Israel, having secured its southern border with Egypt, sought to resolve the Palestinian issue by attempting to dismantle the military and political power of the PLO in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> The goal was to establish a friendly regime in Lebanon and continue its policy of settlement and annexation in occupied Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shalim_2015_Lebanese_Quagmire-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> The PLO had observed the latest ceasefire with Israel and shown a preference for negotiations over military operations. As a result, Israel sought to remove the PLO as a potential negotiating partner.<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> Most Palestinian militants were defeated within several weeks, Beirut was captured, and the PLO headquarters were evacuated to Tunisia in June by Yasser Arafat's decision.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryPBS-59">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Intifada_(1987–1993)">First Intifada (1987–1993)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></div> The first Palestinian uprising began in 1987 as a response to escalating attacks and the endless occupation. By the early 1990s, the conflict, termed the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>, was the focus of international settlement efforts, in part motivated by the success of the Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty of 1982. Eventually the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> of 1993, allowing the PLO to relocate from Tunisia and take ground in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a>. The peace process also had significant opposition among elements of Palestinian society, such as Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, who immediately initiated a campaign of attacks targeting Israelis. Following hundreds of casualties and a wave of anti-government propaganda, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin">Rabin was assassinated</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Israel" title="Far-right politics in Israel">Israeli far-right extremist</a> who objected to the peace initiative. This struck a serious blow to the peace process, which in 1996 led to the newly elected government of Israel backing off from the process, to some degree.<a href="#cite_note-SelaConflict-58">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Intifada_(2000–2005)">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allenby_Street_bus_bombing_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Allenby_Street_bus_bombing_III.jpg/220px-Allenby_Street_bus_bombing_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Allenby_Street_bus_bombing_III.jpg/330px-Allenby_Street_bus_bombing_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Allenby_Street_bus_bombing_III.jpg/440px-Allenby_Street_bus_bombing_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of a Palestinian suicide bombing on a bus in Tel Aviv</figcaption></figure> Following several years of unsuccessful negotiations, the conflict re-erupted as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> in September 2000.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryPBS-59">[51]</a> The violence, escalating into an open conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestinian National Security Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>, lasted until 2004/2005 and led to approximately <a href="/wiki/Operation_Days_of_Penitence_Fatalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Days of Penitence Fatalities">130 fatalities</a>. In 2005, Israeli Prime Minister Sharon ordered the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">removal of Israeli settlers and soldiers from Gaza</a>. Israel and its Supreme Court formally declared an end to occupation, saying it "had no effective control over what occurred" in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-cnn2009-01-06-92">[84]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and many other international bodies and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> continue to consider Israel to be the occupying power of the Gaza Strip as Israel controls Gaza Strip's airspace, territorial waters and controls the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea.<a href="#cite_note-cnn2009-01-06-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-AI_briefing-93">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-isrlpa13698-94">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatah–Hamas_split_(2006–2007)">Fatah–Hamas split (2006–2007)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></div> In 2006, Hamas won a plurality of 44% in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">Palestinian parliamentary election</a>. Israel responded it would begin <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_economic_sanctions_against_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–07 economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority">economic sanctions</a> unless Hamas agreed to accept prior Israeli–Palestinian agreements, forswear violence, and recognize Israel's right to exist, all of which Hamas rejected.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> After internal Palestinian political struggle between Fatah and Hamas erupted into the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Battle of Gaza (2007)</a>, Hamas took full control of the area.<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> In 2007, Israel imposed a naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">blockade on the Gaza Strip</a>, and cooperation with Egypt allowed a ground blockade of the Egyptian border. The tensions between Israel and Hamas escalated until late 2008, when Israel launched operation <a href="/wiki/Cast_Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast Lead">Cast Lead</a> upon Gaza, resulting in thousands of civilian casualties and billions of dollars in damage. By February 2009, a ceasefire was signed with international mediation between the parties, though the occupation and small and sporadic eruptions of violence continued.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2011, a Palestinian Authority attempt to gain UN membership as a fully sovereign state failed. In Hamas-controlled Gaza, sporadic rocket attacks on Israel and Israeli air raids continued to occur.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> In November 2012, Palestinian representation in the UN was upgraded to a non-member observer state, and its mission title was changed from "Palestine (represented by PLO)" to "<a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>". In 2014, <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">another war</a> broke out between Israel and Gaza, resulting in over 70 Israeli and over 2,000 Palestinian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel–Hamas_war_(2023–present)">Israel–Hamas war (2023–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg/220px-October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg/330px-October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg/440px-October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3763" data-file-height="3258" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> in Gaza and southern Israel</figcaption></figure> After the 2014 war and <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 crisis</a>, Hamas began planning an attack on Israel.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> In 2022, Netanyahu returned to power while headlining a hardline <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Israel" title="Far-right politics in Israel">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-seventh government of Israel">government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> which led to greater political strife in Israel<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> and clashes in the Palestinian territories.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> This culminated in the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>-led militant groups launched <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas attack on Israel">a surprise attack</a> on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, killing more than 1,200 Israeli civilians and military personnel and taking <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis">hostages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli military</a> retaliated by conducting an extensive <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">aerial bombardment</a> campaign on Gaza,<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a> followed by a <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">large-scale ground invasion</a> with the stated goal of destroying Hamas and controlling security in Gaza afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> Israel killed tens of thousands of Palestinians, including civilians and combatants and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_evacuations" title="Gaza Strip evacuations">displaced</a> almost two million people.<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> South Africa <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_v._Israel_(Genocide_Convention)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)">accused</a> Israel of <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_the_2023_Israeli_attack_on_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza">genocide</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> and called for an immediate ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-ICJ_SA_proceedings_vs_IL_29Dec2023-111">[103]</a> The Court issued an order requiring Israel to take all measures to prevent any acts contrary to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Genocide_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Genocide Convention">1948 Genocide Convention</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Patrick_Kingsley-112">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajvanshi26Jan2024-114">[106]</a> but did not order Israel to suspend its military campaign.<a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> The war <a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Israel–Hamas war">spilled over</a>, with Israel engaging in clashes with local militias in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_the_West_Bank_during_the_2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Lebanon</a> and northern Israel, and other Iranian-backed militias in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a> Iranian-backed militias also engaged in <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)">clashes</a> with the United States,<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthis</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">blockaded</a> the Red Sea in protest,<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> to which the United States responded with airstrikes in <a href="/wiki/2024_missile_strikes_in_Yemen" title="2024 missile strikes in Yemen">Yemen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/February_2024_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">Iraq, and Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempts_to_reach_a_peaceful_settlement">Attempts to reach a peaceful settlement</h2></div> The PLO's participation in diplomatic negotiations was dependent on its complete disavowal of terrorism and recognition of Israel's "right to exist." This stipulation required the PLO to abandon its objective of reclaiming all of historic Palestine and instead focus on the 22 percent which came under Israeli military control in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-hc_baconi-123">[115]</a> By the late 1970s, Palestinian leadership in the occupied territories and most Arab states supported a two-state settlement.<a href="#cite_note-mishal_sela-124">[116]</a> In 1981, Saudi Arabia put forward a plan based on a two-state settlement to the conflict with support from the Arab League.<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> Israeli analyst Avner Yaniv describes Arafat as ready to make a historic compromise at this time, while the Israeli cabinet continued to oppose the existence of a Palestinian state. Yaniv described Arafat's willingness to compromise as a "peace offensive" which Israel responded to by planning to remove the PLO as a potential negotiating partner in order to evade international diplomatic pressure.<a href="#cite_note-Avner_Yaniv-126">[118]</a> Israel would invade Lebanon the following year in an attempt to undermine the PLO as a political organization, weakening Palestinian nationalism and facilitating the annexation of the West Bank into Greater Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Shalim_2015_Lebanese_Quagmire-87">[79]</a> While the PLO had adopted a program of pursuing a Palestinian state alongside Israel since the mid-1970s, the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Palestinian Declaration of Independence">Palestinian Declaration of Independence</a> formally consecrated this objective. This declaration, which was based on resolutions from the Palestine National Council sessions in the late 1970s and 1980s, advocated for the creation of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, within the borders set by the 1949 armistice lines prior to 5 June 1967. Following the declaration, Arafat explicitly denounced all forms of terrorism and affirmed the PLO's acceptance of UN Resolutions 242 and 338, as well as the recognition of Israel's right to exist. All the conditions defined by Henry Kissinger for US negotiations with the PLO had now been met.<a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a> Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a> stood behind the stance that the PLO was a terrorist organization. He maintained a strict stance against any concessions, including withdrawal from occupied Palestinian territories, recognition of or negotiations with the PLO, and especially the establishment of a Palestinian state. Shamir viewed the U.S. decision to engage in dialogue with the PLO as a mistake that threatened the existing territorial status quo. He argued that negotiating with the PLO meant accepting the existence of a Palestinian state and hence was unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_peace_process">The peace process</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></div> The term "peace process" refers to the step-by-step approach to resolving the conflict. Having originally entered into usage to describe the US mediated negotiations between Israel and surrounding Arab countries, notably Egypt, the term "peace-process" has grown to be associated with an emphasis on the negotiation process rather than on presenting a comprehensive solution to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Pappé_2022-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-William_B._Quandt-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khalidi_2020-131">[123]</a> As part of this process, fundamental issues of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict such as borders, access to resources, and the Palestinian right of return, have been left to "final status" talks. Such "final status" negotiations along the lines discussed in Madrid in 1991 have never taken place.<a href="#cite_note-Khalidi_2020-131">[123]</a> The Oslo Accords of 1993 and 1995 built on the incremental framework put in place by the 1978 Camp David negotiations and the 1991 Madrid and Washington talks. The motivation behind the incremental approach towards a settlement was that it would "build confidence", but the eventual outcome was instead a dramatic decline in mutual confidence. At each incremental stage, Israel further entrenched its occupation of the Palestinian territories, despite the PA upholding its obligation to curbing violent attacks from extremist groups, in part by cooperating with Israeli forces.<a href="#cite_note-mwe_slater-132">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti" title="Meron Benvenisti">Meron Benvenisti</a>, former deputy mayor of Jerusalem, observed that life became harsher for Palestinians during this period as state violence increased and Palestinian land continued to be expropriated as settlements expanded.<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-pop_christison-134">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-homme-135">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-mwoe-136">[128]</a> Israeli foreign minister Shlomo Ben-Ami described the Oslo Accords as legitimizing "the transformation of the West Bank into what has been called a 'cartographic cheeseboard'."<a href="#cite_note-sowwop-137">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation_of_the_Palestinian_Authority_and_security_cooperation">Creation of the Palestinian Authority and security cooperation</h4></div> Core to the Oslo Accords was the creation of the Palestinian Authority and the security cooperation it would enter into with the Israeli military authorities in what has been described as the "outsourcing" of the occupation to the PA.<a href="#cite_note-hc_baconi-123">[115]</a> Just before signing the Oslo accord, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Rabin</a> described the expectation that the "Palestinians will be better at establishing internal security than we were, because they will allow no appeals to the Sepreme Court and will prevent [human rights groups] from criticizing the conditions there."<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> Along these lines, Ben-Ami, who participated in the Camp David 2000 talks, described this process: "One of the meanings of Oslo was that the PLO was eventually Israel's collaborator in the task of stifling the Intifada and cutting short what was clearly an authentically democratic struggle for Palestinian independence."<a href="#cite_note-sowwop-137">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a> agreed on by the PA and Israel introduced a "zero tolerance" policy for "terror and violence." This policy was uniformly criticised by human rights organizations for its "encouragement" of human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ross" title="Dennis Ross">Dennis Ross</a> describes the Wye as having successfully reduced both violent and non-violent protests, both of which he considers to be "inconsistent with the spirit of Wye."<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a> Watson claims that the PA frequently violated its obligations to curb incitement<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a> and its record on curbing terrorism and other security obligations under the <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a> was, at best, mixed.<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oslo_Accords_(1993,_1995)">Oslo Accords (1993, 1995)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg/220px-Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg/330px-Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg/440px-Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a> poster: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Israeli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian flag">Palestinian flags</a> and the word peace in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1993, Israeli officials led by <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and Palestinian leaders from the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> strove to find a peaceful solution through what became known as the Oslo peace process. A crucial milestone in this process was Arafat's letter of recognition of Israel's right to exist. Emblematic of the asymmetry in the Oslo process, Israel was not required to, and did not, recognize the right of a Palestinian state to exist. In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Principles">Declaration of Principles</a> (or Oslo I) was signed and set forward a framework for future Israeli–Palestinian negotiations, in which key issues would be left to "final status" talks. The stipulations of the Oslo agreements ran contrary to the international consensus for resolving the conflict; the agreements did not uphold Palestinian self-determination or statehood and repealed the internationally accepted interpretation of <a href="/wiki/UN_Resolution_242" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Resolution 242">UN Resolution 242</a> that land cannot be acquired by war.<a href="#cite_note-pop_christison-134">[126]</a> With respect to access to land and resources, Noam Chomsky described the Oslo agreements as allowing "Israel to do virtually what it likes."<a href="#cite_note-ft_Chomsky-144">[136]</a> The Oslo process was delicate and progressed in fits and starts. The process took a turning point at the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin">assassination of Yitzhak Rabin</a> in November 1995 and the election of Netanyahu in 1996, finally unraveling when Arafat and <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a> failed to reach an agreement at Camp David in July 2000 and later at Taba in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Pappé_2022-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-giim_norman-145">[137]</a> The interim period specified by Oslo had not built confidence between the two parties; Barak had failed to implement additional stages of the interim agreements and settlements expanded by 10% during his short term.<a href="#cite_note-p_kimmerling-146">[138]</a> The disagreement between the two parties at Camp David was primarily on the acceptance (or rejection) of international consensus.<a href="#cite_note-pwh_ben-ami-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> For Palestinian negotiators, the international consensus, as represented by the yearly vote in the UN General Assembly which passes almost unanimously, was the starting point for negotiations. The Israeli negotiators, supported by the American participants, did not accept the international consensus as the basis for a settlement.<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> Both sides eventually accepted the Clinton parameters "with reservations" but the talks at Taba were "called to a halt" by Barak, and the peace process itself came to a stand-still.<a href="#cite_note-giim_norman-145">[137]</a> Ben-Ami, who participated in the talks at Camp David as Israel's foreign minister, would later describe the proposal on the table: "The Clinton parameters... are the best proof that Arafat was right to turn down the summit's offers".<a href="#cite_note-pwh_ben-ami-147">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camp_David_Summit_(2000)">Camp David Summit (2000)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton,_Yitzhak_Rabin,_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/220px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/330px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/440px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> during the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993.</figcaption></figure> In July 2000, US President Bill Clinton convened a peace summit between Palestinian President Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. Barak reportedly put forward the following as "bases for negotiation", via the US to the Palestinian President: a non-militarized Palestinian state split into 3–4 parts containing 87–92% of the West Bank after having already given up 78% of historic Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-150">[i]</a> Thus, an Israeli offer of 91 percent of the West Bank (5,538 km2 of the West Bank translates into only 86 percent from the Palestinian perspective),<a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> including Arab parts of East Jerusalem and the entire Gaza Strip,<a href="#cite_note-Karsh-152">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> as well as a stipulation that 69 Jewish settlements (which comprise 85% of the West Bank's Jewish settlers) would be ceded to Israel, no right of return to Israel, no sovereignty over the Temple Mount or any core East Jerusalem neighbourhoods, and continued Israel control over the Jordan Valley.<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-nybooks.com-155">[146]</a> Arafat rejected this offer,<a href="#cite_note-Karsh-152">[143]</a> which Palestinian negotiators, Israeli analysts and Israeli Foreign Minister Shlomo Ben-Ami described as "unacceptable".<a href="#cite_note-giim_norman-145">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[147]</a> According to the Palestinian negotiators the offer did not remove many of the elements of the Israeli occupation regarding land, security, settlements, and Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-JPressman-157">[148]</a> After the Camp David summit, a narrative emerged, supported by Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and his foreign minister Shlomo Ben-Ami, as well as US officials including Dennis Ross and Madeleine Albright, that Yasser Arafat had rejected a generous peace offer from Israel and instead incited a violent uprising. This narrative suggested that Arafat was not interested in a two-state solution, but rather aimed to destroy Israel and take over all of Palestine. This view was widely accepted in US and Israeli public opinion. Nearly all scholars and most Israeli and US officials involved in the negotiations have rejected this narrative. These individuals include prominent Israeli negotiators, the IDF chief of staff, the head of the IDF's intelligence bureau, the head of the Shin Bet as well as their advisors.<a href="#cite_note-Jerome_Slater-158">[149]</a> No tenable solution was crafted which would satisfy both Israeli and Palestinian demands, even under intense US pressure. Clinton has long blamed Arafat for the collapse of the summit.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a> In the months following the summit, Clinton appointed former US Senator <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George J. Mitchell</a> to lead a fact-finding committee aiming to identify strategies for restoring the peace process. The <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Report_(Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict)" title="Mitchell Report (Arab–Israeli conflict)">committee's findings were published in 2001</a> with the dismantlement of existing Israeli settlements and Palestinian crackdown on militant activity being one strategy.<a href="#cite_note-160">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_following_Camp_David">Developments following Camp David</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">The Clinton Parameters</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_on_the_Bethlehem_wall_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Graffiti_on_the_Bethlehem_wall_05.jpg/220px-Graffiti_on_the_Bethlehem_wall_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Graffiti_on_the_Bethlehem_wall_05.jpg/330px-Graffiti_on_the_Bethlehem_wall_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Graffiti_on_the_Bethlehem_wall_05.jpg/440px-Graffiti_on_the_Bethlehem_wall_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></figcaption></figure> Following the failed summit Palestinian and Israeli negotiators continued to meet in small groups through August and September 2000 to try to bridge the gaps between their respective positions. The United States prepared its own plan to resolve the outstanding issues. Clinton's presentation of the US proposals was delayed by the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> at the end of September.<a href="#cite_note-JPressman-157">[148]</a> Clinton's plan, eventually presented on 23 December 2000, proposed the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state in the Gaza Strip and 94–96 percent of the West Bank plus the equivalent of 1–3 percent of the West Bank in land swaps from pre-1967 Israel. On Jerusalem, the plan stated that "the general principle is that Arab areas are Palestinian and that Jewish areas are Israeli." The holy sites were to be split on the basis that Palestinians would have sovereignty over the Temple Mount/Noble sanctuary, while the Israelis would have sovereignty over the Western Wall. On refugees the plan suggested a number of proposals including financial compensation, the right of return to the Palestinian state, and Israeli acknowledgment of suffering caused to the Palestinians in 1948. Security proposals referred to a "non-militarized" Palestinian state, and an international force for border security. Both sides accepted Clinton's plan<a href="#cite_note-JPressman-157">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-USEmbassy-161">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTsCP-162">[153]</a> and it became the basis for the negotiations at the Taba Peace summit the following January.<a href="#cite_note-JPressman-157">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taba_Summit_(2001)">Taba Summit (2001)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></div> The Israeli negotiation team presented a new map at the <a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taba_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taba (Egypt)">Taba, Egypt</a>, in January 2001. The proposition removed the "temporarily Israeli controlled" areas, and the Palestinian side accepted this as a basis for further negotiation. With Israeli elections looming the talks ended without an agreement but the two sides issued a joint statement attesting to the progress they had made: "The sides declare that they have never been closer to reaching an agreement and it is thus our shared belief that the remaining gaps could be bridged with the resumption of negotiations following the Israeli elections." The following month the <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> party candidate <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> defeated Ehud Barak in the Israeli elections and was elected as Israeli prime minister on 7 February 2001. Sharon's new government chose not to resume the high-level talks.<a href="#cite_note-JPressman-157">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_map_for_peace_(2002–2003)">Road map for peace (2002–2003)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road map for peace</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Ariel_Sharon_of_Israel_and_Prime_Minister_Mahmoud_Abbas_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Ariel_Sharon_of_Israel_and_Prime_Minister_Mahmoud_Abbas_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Ariel_Sharon_of_Israel_and_Prime_Minister_Mahmoud_Abbas_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Ariel_Sharon_of_Israel_and_Prime_Minister_Mahmoud_Abbas_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Ariel_Sharon_of_Israel_and_Prime_Minister_Mahmoud_Abbas_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Ariel_Sharon_of_Israel_and_Prime_Minister_Mahmoud_Abbas_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Ariel_Sharon_of_Israel_and_Prime_Minister_Mahmoud_Abbas_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, center, discusses the peace process with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> of Israel, left, and Palestinian President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, Jordan, 4 June 2003</figcaption></figure> One peace proposal, presented by the <a href="/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East" title="Quartet on the Middle East">Quartet</a> of the European Union, Russia, the United Nations and the United States on 17 September 2002, was the Road Map for Peace. This plan did not attempt to resolve difficult questions such as the fate of Jerusalem or Israeli settlements, but left that to be negotiated in later phases of the process. The proposal never made it beyond the first phase, whose goals called for a halt to both Israeli settlement construction and Israeli–Palestinian violence. Neither goal has been achieved as of November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annapolis_conference_Israeli_proposal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Annapolis_conference_Israeli_proposal.png/220px-Annapolis_conference_Israeli_proposal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Annapolis_conference_Israeli_proposal.png/330px-Annapolis_conference_Israeli_proposal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Annapolis_conference_Israeli_proposal.png/440px-Annapolis_conference_Israeli_proposal.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>The Israeli proposal of the exchange of territories at the Annapolis conference, according to The Economic Cooperation Foundation think-tank (blue to Israel, green to the Palestinian state)</figcaption></figure> The Annapolis Conference was a Middle East <a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">peace conference</a> held on 27 November 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>, United States. The conference aimed to revive the <a href="/wiki/Peace_process_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace process in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a> and implement the "<a href="/wiki/Roadmap_for_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadmap for peace">Roadmap for peace</a>".<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a> The conference ended with the issuing of a joint statement from all parties. After the Annapolis Conference, the negotiations were continued. Both Mahmoud Abbas and Ehud Olmert presented each other with competing peace proposals. Ultimately no agreement was reached.<a href="#cite_note-Joint_Understanding-167">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Peace_Initiative_(2002,_2007,_2017)">Arab Peace Initiative (2002, 2007, 2017)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></div> The Arab Peace Initiative (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مبادرة السلام العربية Mubādirat as-Salām al-ʿArabīyyah), also known as the Saudi Initiative, was first proposed by Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah of Saudi Arabia</a> at the 2002 <a href="/wiki/2002_Arab_League_summit" title="2002 Arab League summit">Beirut summit</a> . The peace initiative is a proposed solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict as a whole, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in particular.<a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> The initiative was initially published on 28 March 2002, at the Beirut summit, and agreed upon again at the 2007 <a href="/wiki/2007_Arab_League_summit" title="2007 Arab League summit">Riyadh summit</a>. Unlike the Road Map for Peace, it spelled out "final solution" borders based on the UN borders established before the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. It offered full normalization of relations with Israel, in exchange for the withdrawal of its forces from all the occupied territories, including the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, to recognize "an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital" in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as well as a "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees.<a href="#cite_note-170">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> immediately embraced the initiative.<a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> His successor <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> also supported the plan and officially asked U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> to adopt it as part of his Middle East policy.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz1-172">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> political party <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">the elected government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, was deeply divided,<a href="#cite_note-al-zahar-173">[164]</a> with most factions rejecting the plan.<a href="#cite_note-Time-174">[165]</a> Palestinians have criticised the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">another with Bahrain</a> signed in September 2020, fearing the moves weaken the Arab Peace Initiative, regarding the UAE's move as "a betrayal."<a href="#cite_note-jpost061020-175">[166]</a> The Israeli government under <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> rejected the initiative as a "non-starter"<a href="#cite_note-bbc-176">[167]</a> because it required Israel to withdraw to pre-June 1967 borders.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a> After the renewed Arab League endorsement in 2007, then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> gave a cautious welcome to the plan.<a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a> In 2015, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> expressed tentative support for the Initiative,<a href="#cite_note-Times_of_Israel-179">[170]</a> but in 2018, he rejected it as a basis for future negotiations with the Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz2018apr10-180">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apartheid">Apartheid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">Israeli apartheid</a></div> In July 2024, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> determined that Israeli policies violate the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-181">[172]</a> As of 2022, all the major Israeli and international human rights organizations were in agreement that Israeli actions constituted the <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">crime of apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a> In April 2021, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> released its report A Threshold Crossed, describing the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">policies of Israel towards Palestinians</a> living in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza constituted the <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">crime of apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-183">[174]</a> A further report titled Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity was released by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> on 1 February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People">Nation-State law</a> which the Israeli legal group <a href="/wiki/Adalah_(legal_center)" title="Adalah (legal center)">Adalah</a> nicknamed the "Apartheid law." Adalah described the Nation-State law as "constitutionally enshrining Jewish supremacy and the identity of the State of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people." The Nation-State law is a <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Law</a>, meaning that it has "quasi-constitutional status,"<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> and states that the right to exercise national self-determination in Israel is "unique to the Jewish people".<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupied_Palestinian_territory">Occupied Palestinian territory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank#Status" title="West Bank">West Bank § Status</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positions_on_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Positions on Jerusalem">Positions on Jerusalem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Status_of_territories_captured_by_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of territories captured by Israel">Status of territories captured by Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bil%27in_Riot,_Jan_2011_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bil%27in_Riot%2C_Jan_2011_%284%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bil%27in_Riot%2C_Jan_2011_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bil%27in_Riot%2C_Jan_2011_%284%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bil%27in_Riot%2C_Jan_2011_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bil%27in_Riot%2C_Jan_2011_%284%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bil%27in_Riot%2C_Jan_2011_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Protest against land confiscation held at <a href="/wiki/Bil%27in" title="Bil'in">Bil'in</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> Israel has occupied the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>, which comprise the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> (including <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, since the 1967 Six-Day War, making it the longest military occupation in modern history.<a href="#cite_note-AIA-187">[178]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> determined that the Palestinian territories constitute one political unit and that Israel's occupation since 1967, and the subsequent creation of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlements">Israeli settlements</a> and exploitation of natural resources, are illegal under international law. The court also ruled that Israel should pay full <a href="/wiki/Reparations_(transitional_justice)" title="Reparations (transitional justice)">reparations</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian people</a> for the damage the occupation has caused.<a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a> Some Palestinians say they are entitled to all of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. Israel says it is justified in not ceding all this land, because of security concerns, and also because the lack of any valid diplomatic agreement at the time means that ownership and boundaries of this land is open for discussion.<a href="#cite_note-Eran-190">[181]</a> Palestinians claim any reduction of this claim is a severe deprivation of their rights. In negotiations, they claim that any moves to reduce the boundaries of this land is a hostile move against their key interests. Israel considers this land to be in dispute and feels the purpose of negotiations is to define what the final borders will be. In 2017 Hamas announced that it was ready to support a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders "without recognising Israel or ceding any rights".<a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israeli_settlements">Israeli settlements</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaaleAdummim_red-roof.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MaaleAdummim_red-roof.JPG/260px-MaaleAdummim_red-roof.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MaaleAdummim_red-roof.JPG/390px-MaaleAdummim_red-roof.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MaaleAdummim_red-roof.JPG/520px-MaaleAdummim_red-roof.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>A neighbourhood in the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel (city)">Ariel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, which is home to the <a href="/wiki/Ariel_University" title="Ariel University">Ariel University</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SettlersShuhadaStreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SettlersShuhadaStreet.jpg/220px-SettlersShuhadaStreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SettlersShuhadaStreet.jpg/330px-SettlersShuhadaStreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SettlersShuhadaStreet.jpg/440px-SettlersShuhadaStreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Israeli settlers in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, West Bank</figcaption></figure> The international community considers <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">Israeli settlements to be illegal under international law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-maj-193">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> but Israel disputes this.<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harel-197">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stone2004-198">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Byron2013-199">[190]</a> Those who justify the legality of the settlements use arguments based upon <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements#Article_2" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">Articles 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements#Article_49" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">49</a> of the Fourth <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_242" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 242">UN Security Council Resolution 242</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[191]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The expansion of settlements often involves the confiscation of Palestinian land and resources, leading to displacement of Palestinian communities and creating a source of tension and conflict. Settlements are often protected by the Israeli military and are frequently flashpoints for violence against Palestinians. Furthermore, the presence of settlements and Jewish-only bypass roads creates a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">fragmented Palestinian territory</a>, seriously hindering economic development and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement" title="Palestinian freedom of movement">freedom of movement for Palestinians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty_cap3-201">[192]</a> Amnesty International reports that Israeli settlements divert resources needed by Palestinian towns, such as arable land, water, and other resources; and, that settlements reduce Palestinians' ability to travel freely via local roads, owing to security considerations.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty_cap3-201">[192]</a> As of 2023, there were about 500,000 Israeli settlers living in the West Bank, with another 200,000 living in East Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-202">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a> In February 2023, Israel's Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Smotrich" title="Bezalel Smotrich">Bezalel Smotrich</a> took charge of most of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Civil_Administration" title="Israeli Civil Administration">Civil Administration</a>, obtaining broad authority over civilian issues in the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> In the first six months of 2023, 13,000 housing units were built in settlements, which is almost three times more than in the whole of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-207">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israeli_military_police">Israeli military police</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(Israel)" title="Military Police Corps (Israel)">Military Police Corps (Israel)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesters_carring_photos_of_Shireen_Abu_Akleh,_Lod_may_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Protesters_carring_photos_of_Shireen_Abu_Akleh%2C_Lod_may_22.jpg/220px-Protesters_carring_photos_of_Shireen_Abu_Akleh%2C_Lod_may_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Protesters_carring_photos_of_Shireen_Abu_Akleh%2C_Lod_may_22.jpg/330px-Protesters_carring_photos_of_Shireen_Abu_Akleh%2C_Lod_may_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Protesters_carring_photos_of_Shireen_Abu_Akleh%2C_Lod_may_22.jpg/440px-Protesters_carring_photos_of_Shireen_Abu_Akleh%2C_Lod_may_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Protestors in <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a> carrying photos of Palestinian-American journalist <a href="/wiki/Shireen_Abu_Akleh" title="Shireen Abu Akleh">Shireen Abu Akleh</a> who was shot dead while reporting in the West Bank on 11 May 2022</figcaption></figure> In a report published in February 2014 covering incidents over the three-year period of 2011–2013, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that Israeli forces employed reckless violence in the West Bank, and in some instances appeared to engage in wilful killings which would be tantamount to <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_war_crimes_against_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of war crimes against Israel">war crimes</a>. Besides the numerous fatalities, Amnesty said at least 261 Palestinians, including 67 children, had been gravely injured by Israeli use of live ammunition. In this same period, 45 Palestinians, including 6 children had been killed. Amnesty's review of 25 civilians deaths concluded that in no case was there evidence of the Palestinians posing an imminent threat. At the same time, over 8,000 Palestinians suffered serious injuries from other means, including rubber-coated metal bullets. Only one IDF soldier was convicted, killing a Palestinian attempting to enter Israel illegally. The soldier was demoted and given a 1-year sentence with a five-month suspension. The IDF answered the charges stating that its army held itself "to the highest of professional standards", adding that when there was suspicion of wrongdoing, it investigated and took action "where appropriate".<a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_the_Gaza_Strip">Separation of the Gaza Strip</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gaza_Strip#Israeli_policies_and_their_impact" title="Economy of the Gaza Strip">Economy of the Gaza Strip § Israeli policies and their impact</a></div> Since 2006, Israel has enforced an official and explicit policy of enforcing "separation" between the West Bank and Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a> This separation policy has involved strict restrictions on imports, exports and travel to and from the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> This policy began to develop as early as the 1950s, but was further formalized with the implementation of an Israeli closure regime in 1991, where Israel began requiring Gazans to obtain permits to exit the Gaza Strip and to enter the West Bank (cancelling the "general exit permit"). By treating the Gaza Strip as a separate entity, Israel has aimed to increase it's control over the West Bank while avoiding a political resolution to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a> The lack of territorial contiguity between Gaza and the West Bank and the absence of any "safe passage" explain the success of Israel's policy of separation.<a href="#cite_note-Stern-Weiner_2024-214">[205]</a> Harvard political economist Sara Roy describes the separation policy as motivated by Israeli rejection of territorial compromise, fundamentally undermining Palestinian political and economic cohesion and weakening national unity among Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-Roy_2013-215">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roy_2016-216">[207]</a> The severing of Gaza from the West Bank hinterland reflects a paradigm shift in the framing of the conflict. After Hamas assumed power in 2007, Israel declared Gaza a "hostile territory," preferring to frame its obligations towards Gaza in terms of the law of armed conflict, over what it presented as a border dispute, as opposed to those of military occupation<a href="#cite_note-Stern-Weiner_2024-214">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[208]</a> (this framing was rebuffed by the ICJ in 2024 when the court stated that Israel continued to occupy the Gaza Strip even after the 2005 disengagement<a href="#cite_note-218">[209]</a>). Indeed, the intensified blockade policy was presented by Israeli officials as "economic warfare" intended to "keep the Gazan economy on the brink of collapse" at the "lowest possible level."<a href="#cite_note-Stern-Weiner_2024-214">[205]</a> Roy cites an Israeli Supreme Court's decision approving fuel cuts to Gaza as emblematic of the disabling of Gaza; the court deemed the fuel cuts permissible on the basis that they would not harm the population's "essential humanitarian needs." The executive director of the Israeli human rights organization Gisha described Israeli policy towards Gaza between 2007 and 2010 as "explicitly punitive," controlling the entry of food based on calculated calorie needs to limit economic activity and enforce "economic warfare." These restrictions included allowing only small packets of margarine to prevent local food production. Gaza's GDP dramatically declined during this period as a result of these measures.<a href="#cite_note-219">[210]</a> Indeed, by April 2010 Israel restricted the entry of commercial items to Gaza to a list of 73 products, compared with 4,000 products which had previously been approved. The result was the virtual collapse of Gaza's private sector, which Roy describes as largely completed after the 2008 Israeli <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cast Lead">Operation Cast Lead</a> in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-Roy_2013-215">[206]</a> According to Gisha, travel restrictions from the Gaza Strip are not based on individual security concerns, rather, the general rule is that travel to Israel or the West Bank from Gaza is not permitted other than in "exceptional" cases.<a href="#cite_note-gisha_closure-220">[211]</a> Israeli imposed travel restrictions aim in particular to prevent Gazans from living in the West Bank. Indeed, Israeli policy treats the Gaza Strip as a "terminus" station, with family reunification between the West Bank and Gaza Strip only possible if the family agrees to permanently relocate to the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> The Israeli officials described the blockade as serving limited security value, instead referring to these restrictions as motivated by "political-security."<a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gazaday14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gazaday14.JPG/220px-Gazaday14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gazaday14.JPG/330px-Gazaday14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gazaday14.JPG/440px-Gazaday14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Israel's attack on Gaza in 2009</figcaption></figure> Although closure has a long history in Gaza dating back to 1991 when it was first imposed, it was made more acute after 2000 with the start of the second intifada. Closure was tightened further after the 2005 disengagement and then again in 2006, after Hamas's electoral victory.<a href="#cite_note-Roy_2016-216">[207]</a> Heightened restrictions were imposed on imports and exports as well as on the movement of people, including Gaza's labor force. The <a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip">total siege of Gaza</a> that was imposed following the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas led attack on Israel</a> during 7 October 2023, was part of that same policy of separation and closure, characterized by the destruction of Gaza's infrastructure (especially housing) and the denial of food, water, electricity, and fuel to its population.<a href="#cite_note-Stern-Weiner_2024-214">[205]</a> On 9 October 2023, Israel declared war on Hamas and <a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip">tightened its blockade of the Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a> Israeli Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gallant" title="Yoav Gallant">Yoav Gallant</a> declared, "There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly."<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> Since its initiation, blockade has had a detrimental impact on the private sector in Gaza, the primary driver of economic growth in Gaza. Prior to the blockade, Gaza imported 95% of its inputs for manufacturing and exported 85% of the finished products (primarily to Israel and the West Bank). Employment in this sector dropped to 4% by 2010, with an overall unemployment rate of 40% at this time and 80% of the population living on less than 2 dollars a day.<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> Fewer than 40 commercial items were allowed in to the Gaza Strip by 2009, compared to a list of 4,000 items before the start of the blockade. Fuel imports were restricted such that 95% of Gaza's industrial operations were forced to close, with the rest operating far below capacity. In aggregate, 100,000 out of the 120,000 employed in the private sector lost their jobs as a result of the blockade. Most critically for the economy has been the near complete ban on exports from the Gaza Strip. The number of truckloads carrying exports fell to 2% their pre-blockade numbers. Only exports to the European market were allowed, a far less profitable market for Gazans than Israel and the West Bank. The products approved for export were primarily flowers and strawberries. The first export to the West Bank or Israel did not happen until 2012 and only in very limited quantities: up to four truckloads of furniture manufactured in Gaza were allowed through Israel for an exhibition in Amman.<a href="#cite_note-Roy_2016-216">[207]</a> Even in the early years of Israeli imposed closure, the associated increased cost of doing business had a detrimental impact on trade. Goods transferred between the West Bank, Gaza, and Israel were required to be loaded onto Palestinian trucks initially and then off loaded onto Israeli trucks at the border even for distances of 50–100 miles. These increased costs include the costs for security checks, clearance, storage, and spoilage, as well as increased transportation costs.<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Military_Advocate_General" title="Military Advocate General">Military Advocate General</a> of Israel said that Israel is justified under international law to impose a blockade on an enemy for security reasons as Hamas "turned the territory under its de facto control into a launching pad of mortar and rocket attacks against Israeli towns and villages in southern Israel."<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a> Media headlines have described a United Nations commission as ruling that Israel's blockade is "both legal and appropriate."<a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a> However, Amnesty International has stated that this is "completely false," and that the cited UN report made no such claim.<a href="#cite_note-231">[222]</a> The Israeli Government's continued land, sea and air blockage is tantamount to <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> of the population, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a> In January 2008, the Israeli government calculated how many calories per person were needed to prevent a humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip, and then subtracted eight percent to adjust for the "culture and experience" of the Gazans. Details of the calculations were released following Israeli human rights organization <a href="/wiki/Gisha_(human_rights_organization)" title="Gisha (human rights organization)">Gisha</a>'s application to the high court. Israel's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, who drafted the plan, stated that the scheme was never formally adopted, this was not accepted by Gisha.<a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> On 20 June 2010, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a>, Israel's Security Cabinet approved a new system governing the blockade that would allow practically all non-military or dual-use items to enter the Gaza Strip. According to a cabinet statement, Israel would "expand the transfer of construction materials designated for projects that have been approved by the Palestinian Authority, including schools, health institutions, water, sanitation and more—as well as (projects) that are under international supervision."<a href="#cite_note-Ynet_Cabinet-236">[227]</a> Despite the easing of the land blockade, Israel will continue to inspect all goods bound for Gaza by sea at the port of <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JTA_Reaction_mixed-237">[228]</a> Despite these announcements, the economic situation did not substantially change and the virtual complete ban on exports remained in place. Only some consumer products and material for donor-sponsored projects was allowed in.<a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fars_Photo_of_Destruction_in_Gaza_Strip_during_2023_War_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fars_Photo_of_Destruction_in_Gaza_Strip_during_2023_War_01.jpg/220px-Fars_Photo_of_Destruction_in_Gaza_Strip_during_2023_War_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fars_Photo_of_Destruction_in_Gaza_Strip_during_2023_War_01.jpg/330px-Fars_Photo_of_Destruction_in_Gaza_Strip_during_2023_War_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fars_Photo_of_Destruction_in_Gaza_Strip_during_2023_War_01.jpg/440px-Fars_Photo_of_Destruction_in_Gaza_Strip_during_2023_War_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Palestinian protesters in the Gaza Strip during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_and_Recognition_of_Palestinian_statehood">United Nations and Recognition of Palestinian statehood</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">International recognition of the State of Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_and_the_United_Nations" title="Palestine and the United Nations">Palestine and the United Nations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_recognition_only.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Palestine_recognition_only.svg/220px-Palestine_recognition_only.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Palestine_recognition_only.svg/330px-Palestine_recognition_only.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Palestine_recognition_only.svg/440px-Palestine_recognition_only.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries that have recognised the State of Palestine</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries that have not recognised the State of Palestine</div></figcaption></figure> The PLO have <a href="/wiki/Palestine_194" title="Palestine 194">campaigned for full member status</a> for the state of Palestine at the UN and for recognition on the 1967 borders. This campaign has received widespread support.<a href="#cite_note-almasry-239">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a> The UN General Assembly votes every year almost unanimously in favor of a resolution calling for the establishment of a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders.<a href="#cite_note-y303-241">[232]</a> The US and Israel instead prefer to pursue bilateral negotiation rather than resolving the conflict on the basis of international law.<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> Netanyahu has criticized the Palestinians of purportedly trying to bypass direct talks,<a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a> whereas Abbas has argued that the continued construction of Israeli-Jewish settlements is "undermining the realistic potential" for the two-state solution.<a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a> Although Palestine has been denied full member status by the UN <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> in late 2012 the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> overwhelmingly approved the de facto recognition of sovereign Palestine by granting non-member state status.<a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incitement">Incitement</h3></div> Following the Oslo Accords, which was to set up regulative bodies to rein in frictions, Palestinian incitement against Israel, Jews, and Zionism continued, parallel with Israel's pursuance of settlements in the Palestinian territories,<a href="#cite_note-248">[239]</a> though under Abu Mazen it has reportedly dwindled significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Sales-249">[240]</a> Charges of incitement have been reciprocal,<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> both sides interpreting media statements in the Palestinian and Israeli press as constituting incitement.<a href="#cite_note-Sales-249">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Textbooks_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Textbooks in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Schoolbooks published for both Israeli and Palestinian</a> schools have been found to have encouraged one-sided narrative and even hatred of the other side.<a href="#cite_note-Sherwood_2011-252">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_Palestinian_Textbooks-253">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a> Perpetrators of murderous attacks, whether against Israelis or Palestinians, often find strong vocal support from sections of their communities despite varying levels of condemnation from politicians.<a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[251]</a> Both parties to the conflict have been criticized by third-parties for teaching incitement to their children by downplaying each side's historical ties to the area, teaching propagandist maps, or indoctrinate their children to one day join the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_in_dispute">Issues in dispute</h2></div> The core issues of the conflict are borders, the status of settlements in the West Bank, the status of east Jerusalem, the Palestinian refugee right of return, and security.<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-pop_christison-134">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-William_B._Quandt-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shlomo_Avineri-264">[255]</a> With the PLO's recognition of Israel's right to exist in 1982,<a href="#cite_note-ft_Chomsky-144">[136]</a> the international community with the main exception of the United States and Israel<a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> has been in consensus on a framework for resolving the conflict on the basis of international law.<a href="#cite_note-deluge-267">[258]</a> Various UN bodies and the ICJ have supported this position;<a href="#cite_note-deluge-267">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-William_B._Quandt-130">[122]</a> every year, the UN General Assembly votes almost unanimously in favor of a resolution titled "Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine." This resolution consistently affirms the illegality of the Israeli settlements, the annexation of East Jerusalem, and the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war. It also emphasizes the need for an Israeli withdrawal from the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967 and the need for a just resolution to the refugee question on the basis of UN resolution 194.<a href="#cite_note-y303-241">[232]</a> Unilateral strategies and the rhetoric of hardline political factions, coupled with violence, have fostered mutual embitterment and hostility and a loss of faith in the possibility of reaching a peaceful settlement. Since the break down of negotiations, security has played a less important role in Israeli concerns, trailing behind employment, corruption, housing and other pressing issues.<a href="#cite_note-Sara_M._Roy-268">[259]</a> Israeli policy had reoriented to focus on managing the conflict and the associated occupation of Palestinian territory, rather than reaching a negotiated solution.<a href="#cite_note-Sara_M._Roy-268">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-homme-135">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a> The expansion of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> in the West Bank has led the majority of Palestinians to believe that Israel is not committed to reaching an agreement, but rather to a pursuit of establishing permanent control over this territory in order to provide that security.<a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_of_Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map_3500px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map_3500px.jpg/220px-Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map_3500px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map_3500px.jpg/330px-Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map_3500px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map_3500px.jpg/440px-Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map_3500px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="4530" /></a><figcaption>Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> map showing what the CIA regards as settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, and walls</figcaption></figure> In 1967, Israel <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">unilaterally annexed East Jerusalem</a>, in violation of international law. Israel seized a significant area further east of the city, eventually creating a barrier of Israeli settlements around the city, isolating Jerusalem's Palestinian population from the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a> Israel's policy of constructing sprawling Jewish neighborhoods surrounding the Palestinian sections of the city were aimed at making a repartition of the city almost impossible. In a further effort to change the demography of Jerusalem in favor of a Jewish majority, Israel discouraged Palestinian presence in the city while encouraging Jewish presence, as a matter of policy. Specifically, Israel introduced policies restricting the space available for the construction of Palestinian neighborhoods, delaying or denying building permits and raising housing demolition orders.<a href="#cite_note-SelaJerusalem-274">[265]</a> Tensions in Jerusalem are primarily driven by provocations by Israeli authorities and Jewish extremists against Arabs in the city.<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a> The Israeli government, including the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court</a>, is located in the "new city" of West Jerusalem and has been since Israel's founding in 1948. After Israel annexed East Jerusalem in 1967, it assumed complete administrative control of East Jerusalem. Since then, various UN bodies have consistently denounced Israel's control over East Jerusalem as invalid.<a href="#cite_note-SelaJerusalem-274">[265]</a> In 1980, Israel passed the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a> declaring "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel."<a href="#cite_note-kbl-276">[267]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Many countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, with exceptions being the United States,<a href="#cite_note-277">[268]</a> and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-278">[269]</a> The majority of UN member states and most international organisations do not recognise Israel's claims to East Jerusalem which occurred after the 1967 Six-Day War, nor its 1980 Jerusalem Law proclamation.<a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a> The International Court of Justice in its 2004 Advisory opinion on the "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" described East Jerusalem as "occupied Palestinian territory".<a href="#cite_note-RL2008-280">[271]</a> The three largest <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>—<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>—hold Jerusalem as an important setting for their religious and historical narratives. Jerusalem is the holiest city in Judaism, being the former location of the Jewish temples on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> and the capital of the ancient Israelite kingdom. For Muslims, Jerusalem is the third holiest site, being the location of the <a href="/wiki/Isra%27_and_Mi%27raj" title="Isra' and Mi'raj">Isra' and Mi'raj</a> event, and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a>. For Christians, Jerusalem is the site of <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Jesus' crucifixion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holy_sites_and_the_Temple_Mount">Holy sites and the Temple Mount</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klagemauer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Klagemauer.JPG/300px-Klagemauer.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Klagemauer.JPG/450px-Klagemauer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Klagemauer.JPG/600px-Klagemauer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5444" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">al-Aqsa mosque</a> (right) in the background</figcaption></figure> Since the early 20th century, the issue of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">holy places</a> and particularly the sacred places in Jerusalem has been employed by nationalist politicians.<a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a> Israelis did not have unrestricted access to the holy places in East Jerusalem during the period of Jordanian occupation.<a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> Since 1975, Israel has banned Muslims from worshiping at <a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb" title="Joseph's Tomb">Joseph's Tomb</a>, a shrine considered sacred by both Jews and Muslims. Settlers established a yeshiva, installed a Torah scroll and covered the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a>. During the Second Intifada Palestinian protesters looted and burned the site.<a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a> Israeli security agencies routinely monitor and arrest Jewish extremists that plan attacks, though many serious incidents have still occurred.<a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> Israel has allowed almost complete autonomy to the Muslim trust (<a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a>) over the Temple Mount.<a href="#cite_note-SelaJerusalem-274">[265]</a> Palestinians have voiced concerns regarding the welfare of Christian and Muslim holy places under Israeli control.<a href="#cite_note-286">[277]</a> Additionally, some Palestinian advocates have made statements alleging that the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a> was re-opened with the intent of causing the mosque's collapse.<a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_refugees">Palestinian refugees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">1948 Palestinian exodus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg/170px-Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg/255px-Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg/340px-Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Palestinian refugees, 1948</figcaption></figure> Palestinian refugees are people who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli conflict<a href="#cite_note-Efrat-288">[279]</a> and the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PD-289">[280]</a> The number of Palestinians who were expelled or fled from Israel was estimated at 711,000 in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-d-290">[281]</a> The descendants of all refugees (not just Palestinian refugees <a href="#cite_note-291">[282]</a>) are considered by the UN to also be refugees. As of 2010 there are 4.7 million Palestinian refugees.<a href="#cite_note-292">[283]</a> Between 350,000 and 400,000 Palestinians were displaced during the 1967 Arab–Israeli war.<a href="#cite_note-PD-289">[280]</a> A third of the refugees live in recognized refugee camps in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. The remainder live in and around the cities and towns of these host countries.<a href="#cite_note-Efrat-288">[279]</a> Most Palestinian refugees were born outside Israel and are not allowed to live in any part of historic Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-Efrat-288">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[284]</a> Israel has since 1948 prevented the return of Palestinian refugees and refused any settlement permitting their return except in limited cases.<a href="#cite_note-ft_Chomsky-144">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[286]</a> On the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 194">UN General Assembly Resolution 194</a>, Palestinians claim the right of refugees to return to the lands, homes and villages where they lived before being driven into exile in 1948 and 1967. Arafat himself repeatedly assured his American and Israeli interlocutors at Camp David that he primarily sought the principle of the right of return to be accepted, rather than the full right of return, in practice.<a href="#cite_note-296">[287]</a> Palestinian and international authors have justified the right of return of the Palestinian refugees on several grounds:<a href="#cite_note-297">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[290]</a> Several scholars included in the broader <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a> argue that the Palestinian refugees fled or were chased out or expelled by the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a>, Zionist paramilitary groups.<a href="#cite_note-300">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[292]</a> A number have also characterized this as an ethnic cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-302">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a> cite indications of Arab leaders' desire for the Palestinian Arab population to stay put.<a href="#cite_note-306">[297]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumayya_and_her_cat_in_front_of_her_demolished_home_2002,_2nd_Intifada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sumayya_and_her_cat_in_front_of_her_demolished_home_2002%2C_2nd_Intifada.jpg/170px-Sumayya_and_her_cat_in_front_of_her_demolished_home_2002%2C_2nd_Intifada.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sumayya_and_her_cat_in_front_of_her_demolished_home_2002%2C_2nd_Intifada.jpg/255px-Sumayya_and_her_cat_in_front_of_her_demolished_home_2002%2C_2nd_Intifada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Sumayya_and_her_cat_in_front_of_her_demolished_home_2002%2C_2nd_Intifada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Home in <a href="/wiki/Balata_Camp" title="Balata Camp">Balata</a> <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camp</a> demolished during the second Intifada, 2002</figcaption></figure> The Israeli <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> that grants citizenship to people of Jewish descent has been described as discriminatory against other ethnic groups, especially Palestinians that cannot apply for such citizenship under the law of return, to the territory which they were expelled from or fled during the course of the 1948 war.<a href="#cite_note-TH-P-307">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-YS-308">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-AK-309">[300]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN Resolution 194</a>, adopted in 1948, "the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible."<a href="#cite_note-310">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3236" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236">UN Resolution 3236</a> "reaffirms also the inalienable right of the Palestinians to return to their homes and property from which they have been displaced and uprooted, and calls for their return".<a href="#cite_note-311">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">Resolution 242 from the UN</a> affirms the necessity for "achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem"; however, Resolution 242 does not specify that the "just settlement" must or should be in the form of a literal Palestinian right of return.<a href="#cite_note-312">[303]</a> Historically, there has been debate over the relative impact of the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus">causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus</a>, although there is a wide consensus that violent expulsions by Zionist and Israeli forces were the main factor. Other factors include psychological warfare and Arab sense of vulnerability. Notably, historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> states that most of Palestine's 700,000 refugees fled because of the "flail of war" and expected to return home shortly after a successful Arab invasion. He documents instances in which Arab leaders advised the evacuation of entire communities as happened in Haifa although recognizes that these were isolated events.<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-Israel_and_the_Palestinians-314">[305]</a> In his later work, Morris considers the displacement the result of a national conflict initiated by the Arabs themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Israel_and_the_Palestinians-314">[305]</a> In a 2004 interview with Haaretz, he described the exodus as largely resulting from an atmosphere of transfer that was promoted by Ben-Gurion and understood by the military leadership. He also claimed that there "are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing".<a href="#cite_note-315">[306]</a> He has been criticized by political scientist <a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Norman Finkelstein</a> for having seemingly changed his views for political, rather than historical, reasons.<a href="#cite_note-316">[307]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shatila_-_street_view_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shatila_-_street_view_%282%29.jpg/220px-Shatila_-_street_view_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shatila_-_street_view_%282%29.jpg/330px-Shatila_-_street_view_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shatila_-_street_view_%282%29.jpg/440px-Shatila_-_street_view_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6956" data-file-height="5217" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shatila_refugee_camp" title="Shatila refugee camp">Shatila refugee camp</a> on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> in May 2019</figcaption></figure> Although Israel accepts the right of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian Diaspora</a> to return into a new Palestinian state, Israel insists that the return of this population into the current state of Israel would threaten the stability of the Jewish state; an influx of Palestinian refugees would lead to the end of the state of Israel as a Jewish state since a demographic majority of Jews would not be maintained.<a href="#cite_note-317">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_security_concerns">Israeli security concerns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_security_assistance_to_the_Palestinian_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United States security assistance to the Palestinian Authority">United States security assistance to the Palestinian Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian political violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign" title="2010 Palestinian militancy campaign">2010 Palestinian militancy campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terror_Strikes_Israeli_Civilians_in_Southern_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Terror_Strikes_Israeli_Civilians_in_Southern_Israel.jpg/220px-Terror_Strikes_Israeli_Civilians_in_Southern_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Terror_Strikes_Israeli_Civilians_in_Southern_Israel.jpg/330px-Terror_Strikes_Israeli_Civilians_in_Southern_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Terror_Strikes_Israeli_Civilians_in_Southern_Israel.jpg/440px-Terror_Strikes_Israeli_Civilians_in_Southern_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Remains of an <a href="/wiki/Egged_(company)" title="Egged (company)">Egged bus</a> hit by suicide bomber in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks</a>. Eight people were killed, about 40 were injured.</figcaption></figure> Throughout the conflict, Palestinian violence has been a concern for Israelis. Security concerns have historically been a key driver in Israeli political decision making, often expanding in scope and taking precedence over other considerations such as international law and Palestinian human rights.<a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[313]</a> The occupation of the West Bank, Gaza, East Jerusalem and the continued expansion of settlements in those areas have been justified on security grounds.<a href="#cite_note-323">[314]</a> Israel,<a href="#cite_note-Kassam-324">[315]</a> along with the United States<a href="#cite_note-325">[316]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and the European Union, refer to any use of force by Palestinian groups as terroristic and criminal.<a href="#cite_note-Noura_Erakat-326">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_B._Quigley-327">[318]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The United Nations General Assembly resolution <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-184801/">A/RES/45/130</a> reflects an international consensus (113 out of 159 voting nations voted in favor, 13 voted against<a href="#cite_note-328">[319]</a>) affirming Palestinians' legitimacy, as a people under foreign occupation, to use armed struggle to resist said occupation.<a href="#cite_note-329">[320]</a> In Israel, Palestinian suicide bombers have targeted civilian buses, restaurants, shopping malls, hotels and marketplaces.<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a> From 1993 to 2003, 303 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide bombers</a> attacked Israel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1994, Hamas initiated their first lethal suicide attack in response to the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a> where American-Israeli physician <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Baruch Goldstein</a> opened fire in a mosque, killing 29 people and injuring 125.<a href="#cite_note-331">[322]</a> The Israeli government initiated the construction of a <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bank Barrier">security barrier</a> following scores of suicide bombings and terrorist attacks in July 2003. Israel's coalition government approved the security barrier in the northern part of the green line between Israel and the West Bank. According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a>, since the erection of the fence, terrorist acts have declined by approximately 90%.<a href="#cite_note-332">[323]</a> The decline in attacks can also be attributed to the permanent presence of Israeli troops inside and around Palestinian cities and increasing security cooperation between the IDF and the Palestinian Authority during this period.<a href="#cite_note-333">[324]</a> The barrier followed a route that ran almost entirely through land occupied by Israel in June 1967, unilaterally seizing more than 10% of the West Bank, including whole neighborhoods and settlement blocs, while splitting Palestinian villages in half with immediate effects on Palestinian's freedom of movement. The barrier, in some areas, isolated farmers from their fields and children from their schools, while also restricting Palestinians from moving within the West Bank or pursuing employment in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-334">[325]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-335">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[327]</a> In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> ruled that the construction of the barrier violated the Palestinian right to self-determination, contravened the Fourth Geneva Convention, and could not be justified as a measure of Israeli self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-337">[328]</a> The ICJ further expressed that the construction of the wall by Israel could become a permanent fixture, altering the status quo. Israel's High Court, however, disagreed with the ICJ's conclusions, stating that they lacked a factual basis. Several human rights organizations, including B'Tselem, Human Rights Watch, and Amnesty International, echoed the ICJ's concerns. They suggested that the wall's route was designed to perpetuate the existence of settlements and facilitate their future annexation into Israel, and that the wall was a means for Israel to consolidate control over land used for illegal settlements. The sophisticated structure of the wall also indicated its likely permanence.<a href="#cite_note-338">[329]</a> Since 2001, the threat of <a href="/wiki/Qassam_rocket" title="Qassam rocket">Qassam rockets</a> fired from Palestinian territories into Israel continues to be of great concern for Israeli defense officials.<a href="#cite_note-339">[330]</a> In 2006—the year following Israel's disengagement from the Gaza Strip—the Israeli government claimed to have recorded 1,726 such launches, more than four times the total rockets fired in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Kassam-324">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[331]</a> As of January 2009, over 8,600 rockets have been launched,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Q&A-341">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[333]</a> causing widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_catandmouse-343">[334]</a> As a result of these attacks, Israelis living in southern Israel have had to spend long periods in bomb shelters. The relatively small payload carried on these rockets, Israel's advanced early warning system, American-supplied anti-missile capabilities, and network of shelters made the rockets rarely lethal. In 2014, out of 4,000 rockets fired from the Gaza Strip, only six Israeli civilians were killed. For comparison, the payload carried on these rockets is smaller than Israeli tank shells, of which 49,000 where fired in Gaza in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-344">[335]</a> There is significant debate within Israel about how to deal with the country's security concerns. Options have included military action (including <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">targeted killings</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_demolition_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="House demolition in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">house demolitions</a> of terrorist operatives), diplomacy, unilateral gestures toward peace, and increased security measures such as checkpoints, roadblocks and <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bank Barrier">security barriers</a>. The legality and the wisdom of all of the above tactics have been called into question by various commentators.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since mid-June 2007, Israel's primary means of dealing with security concerns in the West Bank has been to cooperate with and permit United States-sponsored training, equipping, and funding of the Palestinian Authority's security forces, which with Israeli help have largely succeeded in quelling West Bank supporters of Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-Nathan_Thrall-345">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories">Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Jordan_River_basin" title="Water politics in the Jordan River basin">Water politics in the Jordan River basin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></div> In the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a> are of great political concern. Since Israel receives much of its water from two large underground <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> which continue under the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a>, the use of this water has been contentious in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Israel withdraws most water from these areas, but it also supplies the West Bank with approximately 40 million cubic metres annually, contributing to 77% of Palestinians' water supply in the West Bank, which is to be shared for a population of about 2.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-346">[337]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_supply_in_West_Bank_and_Gaza_February_2014_5water_photoblog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Water_supply_in_West_Bank_and_Gaza_February_2014_5water_photoblog.jpg/220px-Water_supply_in_West_Bank_and_Gaza_February_2014_5water_photoblog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Water_supply_in_West_Bank_and_Gaza_February_2014_5water_photoblog.jpg/330px-Water_supply_in_West_Bank_and_Gaza_February_2014_5water_photoblog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Water_supply_in_West_Bank_and_Gaza_February_2014_5water_photoblog.jpg/440px-Water_supply_in_West_Bank_and_Gaza_February_2014_5water_photoblog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Palestinian villagers purchase water from water trucks in Khirbet A-Duqaiqah in the <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Hills" title="Hebron Hills">Hebron Hills</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma%27ale_adumim_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ma%27ale_adumim_02.JPG/220px-Ma%27ale_adumim_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ma%27ale_adumim_02.JPG/330px-Ma%27ale_adumim_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ma%27ale_adumim_02.JPG/440px-Ma%27ale_adumim_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>A swimming pool in the Israeli settlement of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Adumim" title="Ma'ale Adumim">Ma'ale Adumim</a>, West Bank</figcaption></figure> While Israel's consumption of this water has decreased since it began its occupation of the West Bank, it still consumes the majority of it: in the 1950s, Israel consumed 95% of the water output of the Western Aquifer, and 82% of that produced by the Northeastern Aquifer. Although this water was drawn entirely on Israel's own side of the pre-1967 border, the sources of the water are nevertheless from the shared groundwater basins located under both West Bank and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-347">[338]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord</a>, both sides agreed to maintain "existing quantities of utilization from the resources." In so doing, the Palestinian Authority established the legality of Israeli water production in the West Bank, subject to a <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_Joint_Water_Committee" title="Israeli–Palestinian Joint Water Committee">Joint Water Committee</a> (JWC). Moreover, Israel obligated itself in this agreement to provide water to supplement Palestinian production, and further agreed to allow additional Palestinian drilling in the Eastern Aquifer, also subject to the Joint Water Committee.<a href="#cite_note-Oslo2_Annex3-348">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[340]</a> The water that Israel receives comes mainly from the Jordan River system, the Sea of Galilee and two underground sources. According to a 2003 BBC article the Palestinians lack access to the Jordan River system.<a href="#cite_note-bbc20030616-350">[341]</a> According to a report of 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the United Nations, water resources were confiscated for the benefit of the Israeli settlements in the Ghor. Palestinian irrigation pumps on the Jordan River were destroyed or confiscated after the 1967 war and Palestinians were not allowed to use water from the Jordan River system. Furthermore, the authorities did not allow any new irrigation wells to be drilled by Palestinian farmers, while it provided fresh water and allowed drilling wells for irrigation purposes at the Jewish settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-351">[342]</a> A report was released by the UN in August 2012 and <a href="/wiki/Max_Gaylard" title="Max Gaylard">Max Gaylard</a>, the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in the occupied Palestinian territory, explained at the launch of the publication: "Gaza will have half a million more people by 2020 while its economy will grow only slowly. In consequence, the people of Gaza will have an even harder time getting enough drinking water and electricity, or sending their children to school". Gaylard present alongside Jean Gough, of the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), and Robert Turner, of the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). The report projects that Gaza's population will increase from 1.6 million people to 2.1 million people in 2020, leading to a density of more than 5,800 people per square kilometre.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Publications-352">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Future_and_financing">Future and financing</h4></div> Numerous foreign nations and international organizations have established bilateral agreements with the Palestinian and Israeli water authorities. It was estimated that a future investment of about US$1.1bn for the West Bank and $0.8bn for the Gaza Strip Southern Governorates was needed for the planning period from 2003 to 2015.<a href="#cite_note-HBS-353">[344]</a> In late 2012, a donation of $21.6 million was announced by the Government of the Netherlands—the Dutch government stated that the funds would be provided to the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), for the specific benefit of Palestinian children. An article, published by the UN News website, stated that: "Of the $21.6 million, $5.7 will be allocated to UNRWA's 2012 Emergency Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory, which will support programmes in the West Bank and Gaza aiming to mitigate the effects on refugees of the deteriorating situation they face."<a href="#cite_note-UN_Publications-352">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_rights">Agricultural rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_State_of_Palestine#Israeli–Palestinian_relations" title="Economy of the State of Palestine">Economy of the State of Palestine § Israeli–Palestinian relations</a></div> The conflict has been about land since its inception.<a href="#cite_note-100_years_of_war-354">[345]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> became a state after the war in 1948, 77% of Palestine's land was used for the creation on the state.<a href="#cite_note-355">[346]</a> The majority of those living in Palestine at the time became refugees in other countries and this first land crisis became the root of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Nakba_book-356">[347]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Because the root of the conflict is with land, the disputes between Israel and Palestine are well-manifested in the agriculture of Palestine. In Palestine, agriculture is a mainstay in the economy. The production of agricultural goods supports the population's sustenance needs and fuels Palestine's export economy.<a href="#cite_note-CERP_Memo-357">[348]</a> According to the Council for European Palestinian Relations, the agricultural sector formally employs 13.4% of the population and informally employs 90% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-CERP_Memo-357">[348]</a> Over the past 10 years[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>], unemployment rates in Palestine have increased and the agricultural sector became the most impoverished sector in Palestine. Unemployment rates peaked in 2008 when they reached 41% in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-Unemployment_and_economic_sectors-358">[349]</a> Palestinian agriculture suffers from numerous problems including Israeli military and civilian attacks on farms and farmers, blockades to exportation of produce and importation of necessary inputs, widespread confiscation of land for nature reserves as well as military and settler use, confiscation and destruction of wells, and physical barriers within the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-National_Land_Bans-359">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel's_West_Bank_barrier">Israel's West Bank barrier</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Land_2022_(1)_P473_Bethlehem_barrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Holy_Land_2022_%281%29_P473_Bethlehem_barrier.jpg/220px-Holy_Land_2022_%281%29_P473_Bethlehem_barrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Holy_Land_2022_%281%29_P473_Bethlehem_barrier.jpg/330px-Holy_Land_2022_%281%29_P473_Bethlehem_barrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Holy_Land_2022_%281%29_P473_Bethlehem_barrier.jpg/440px-Holy_Land_2022_%281%29_P473_Bethlehem_barrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>The barrier between Israel and Palestine</figcaption></figure> With the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_barrier" title="Separation barrier">separation barrier</a>, the Israeli state promised free movement across regions. However, border closures, curfews, and checkpoints has significantly restricted Palestinian movement.<a href="#cite_note-Stein_book-360">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[352]</a> In 2012, there were 99 fixed check points and 310 flying checkpoints.<a href="#cite_note-362">[353]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The border restrictions impacted the imports and exports in Palestine and weakened the industrial and agricultural sectors because of the constant Israeli control in the West Bank and Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-Palestine_recovery_plan-363">[354]</a> In order for the Palestinian economy to be prosperous, the restrictions on Palestinian land must be removed.<a href="#cite_note-National_Land_Bans-359">[350]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> and a report for <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the Palestinian economy lost $3.4bn (%35 of the annual GDP) to Israeli restrictions in the West Bank alone.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Blog-364">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_violence_outside_of_Israel">Palestinian violence outside of Israel</h3></div> Some Palestinians have committed violent acts over the globe on the pretext of a struggle against Israel.<a href="#cite_note-365">[356]</a> During the late 1960s, groups affiliated with the PLO became increasingly infamous for its use of international terror. In 1969 alone, these groups were responsible for hijacking 82 planes. <a href="/wiki/El_Al_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="El Al Airlines">El Al Airlines</a> became a regular hijacking target.<a href="#cite_note-366">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[358]</a> The hijacking of <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> Flight 139 by the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> culminated during a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Entebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Entebbe">hostage-rescue mission</a>, where Israeli special forces successfully rescued the majority of the hostages. One of the most well-known and notorious terrorist acts was the capture and eventual <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">murder of 11 Israeli athletes</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Black_September_Organization" title="Black September Organization">Black September Organization</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian-on-Palestinian_violence">Palestinian-on-Palestinian violence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Fatah_anniversary_rally_in_Gaza_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2013_Fatah_anniversary_rally_in_Gaza_%2804%29.jpg/220px-2013_Fatah_anniversary_rally_in_Gaza_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2013_Fatah_anniversary_rally_in_Gaza_%2804%29.jpg/330px-2013_Fatah_anniversary_rally_in_Gaza_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2013_Fatah_anniversary_rally_in_Gaza_%2804%29.jpg/440px-2013_Fatah_anniversary_rally_in_Gaza_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration in support of <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a> in January 2013</figcaption></figure> Fighting among rival Palestinian and Arab movements has played a crucial role in shaping Israel's security policy towards Palestinian militants, as well as in the Palestinian leadership's own policies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As early as the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1930s revolts in Palestine</a>, Arab forces fought each other while also skirmishing with Zionist and British forces, and internal conflicts continue to the present day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>, more than a thousand Palestinians were killed in a campaign initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> to crack down on suspected <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Israeli security service</a> informers and collaborators. The <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> was strongly criticized for its treatment of alleged collaborators, rights groups complaining that those labeled collaborators were denied fair trials. According to a report released by the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Human_Rights_Monitoring_Group" title="Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group">Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group</a>, less than 45 percent of those killed were actually guilty of informing for Israel.<a href="#cite_note-369">[360]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overriding_authority_and_international_status">Overriding authority and international status</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Israeli–Palestinian conflict">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (September 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restricted_space_in_the_West_Bank,_Area_C.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Restricted_space_in_the_West_Bank%2C_Area_C.png/220px-Restricted_space_in_the_West_Bank%2C_Area_C.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Restricted_space_in_the_West_Bank%2C_Area_C.png/330px-Restricted_space_in_the_West_Bank%2C_Area_C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Restricted_space_in_the_West_Bank%2C_Area_C.png/440px-Restricted_space_in_the_West_Bank%2C_Area_C.png 2x" data-file-width="6523" data-file-height="9295" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Area_C_(West_Bank)" title="Area C (West Bank)">Area C</a>, controlled by Israel <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_Areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord">under Oslo Accords</a>, in blue and red, in December 2011</figcaption></figure> As far as Israel is concerned, the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>, signed with the PLO, under which it acquired control over cities in the Palestinian territories (Area A) while the surrounding countryside came either under Israeli security and Palestinian civil administration (Area B) or complete Israeli civil administration (<a href="/wiki/Area_C_(West_Bank)" title="Area C (West Bank)">Area C</a>). Israel has built additional highways to allow Israelis to traverse the area without entering Palestinian cities in Area A. The initial areas under Palestinian Authority control are diverse and non-contiguous. The areas have changed over time by subsequent negotiations, including <a href="/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Oslo II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum" title="Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum">Sharm el-Sheik</a>. According to Palestinians, the separated areas make it impossible to create a viable nation and fails to address Palestinian security needs; Israel has expressed no agreement to withdrawal from some Areas B, resulting in no reduction in the division of the Palestinian areas, and the institution of a safe pass system, without Israeli checkpoints, between these parts. Under the Oslo Accords, as a security measure, Israel has insisted on its control over all land, sea and air border crossings into the Palestinian territories, and the right to set import and export controls. This is to enable Israel to control the entry into the territories of materials of military significance and of potentially dangerous persons. The PLO's objective for <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">international recognition of the State of Palestine</a> is considered by Israel as a provocative "unilateral" act that is inconsistent with the Oslo Accords. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_disputes_and_boycotts">Economic disputes and boycotts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Palestinian territories">Economy of the Palestinian territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment,_and_Sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In Gaza, the agricultural market suffers from economic boycotts and border closures and restrictions placed by Israel.<a href="#cite_note-370">[361]</a> The PA's Minister of Agriculture estimates that around US$1.2 billion were lost in September 2006 because of these security measures. This embargo was brought on by Hamas' refusal to recognize Israel's right to statehood.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As a result, as of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&action=edit">[update]</a>, the PA's 160,000 employees had not received their salaries in over one year.<a href="#cite_note-Embargo_Q&A-371">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fatalities">Fatalities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_casualties_of_war" title="Israeli casualties of war">Israeli casualties of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_casualties_of_war" title="Palestinian casualties of war">Palestinian casualties of war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: more deaths due to the war beginning in 2023. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline_of_Israel-Palestine_fatalities_2008-2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Timeline_of_Israel-Palestine_fatalities_2008-2023.png/370px-Timeline_of_Israel-Palestine_fatalities_2008-2023.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Timeline_of_Israel-Palestine_fatalities_2008-2023.png/555px-Timeline_of_Israel-Palestine_fatalities_2008-2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Timeline_of_Israel-Palestine_fatalities_2008-2023.png/740px-Timeline_of_Israel-Palestine_fatalities_2008-2023.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israeli_casualties_of_war" title="Israeli casualties of war">Israeli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_casualties_of_war" title="Palestinian casualties of war">Palestinian deaths</a> from 2008 to 2023 (preceding the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>), as reported by the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OCHAoPt-372">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-alfonseca-373">[364]</a></figcaption></figure> Studies provide aggregated casualty data for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. According to the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>, 13,000 Israelis and Palestinians were killed in the conflict between 1948 and 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Twentieth-374">[365]</a> Other estimates give 14,500 killed between 1948 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Twentieth-374">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[366]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>, Israel killed an estimated 20,000 Palestinians and Lebanese, not including the 800–3,500 Palestinians killed in the <a href="/wiki/Sabra-Shatila_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabra-Shatila Massacre">Sabra-Shatila Massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Race-15">[9]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/B%27tselem" class="mw-redirect" title="B'tselem">B'tselem</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/First_intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="First intifada">first intifada</a> from 1987 until 2000, 1,551 Palestinians and 421 Israelis lost their lives.<a href="#cite_note-376">[367]</a> According to the database of the UNOffice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory (<a href="/wiki/OCHAoPt" class="mw-redirect" title="OCHAoPt">OCHAoPt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_casualties_of_war" title="Palestinian casualties of war">6,407 Palestinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_casualties_of_war" title="Israeli casualties of war">308 Israelis</a> were killed in the conflict from 2008 to September 2023, before the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OCHAoPt-372">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-alfonseca-373">[364]</a> Figures include both Israeli civilians and security forces casualties in <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. All numbers refer to casualties of direct conflict between Israelis and Palestinians including in IDF military operations, artillery shelling, search and arrest campaigns, barrier demonstrations, targeted killings, settler violence etc. The figures do not include events indirectly related to the conflict such as casualties from unexploded ordnance, etc., or events when the circumstances remain unclear or are in dispute. The figures include all reported casualties of all ages and both genders.<a href="#cite_note-OCHAoPt-2007-377">[368]</a> As reported by the Israeli human rights group B'Tselem, from 29 September 2000 to the year 2010, a total of 7,454 Palestinian and Israeli individuals were killed due to the conflict. According to the report, 1,317 of the 6,371 Palestinians were minors, and at least 2,996 did not participate in fighting at the time of death. Palestinians killed 1,083 Israelis, including 741 civilians, of whom 124 were minors.<a href="#cite_note-378">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_casualty_statistics">Criticism of casualty statistics</h3></div> The Israeli-based <a href="/wiki/International_Policy_Institute_for_Counter-Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism">International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism</a> (ICT) claimed that Israeli and Palestinian human rights groups overestimated the percentage of civilians killed since the IDF suspected many of those killed to be possible militants.<a href="#cite_note-379">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[371]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cast Lead">Operation Cast Lead</a>, Israeli figures reported the number of Palestinians killed at 1,166 Palestinian, 60 percent were classified as "terrorists" by Israeli officials. This discrepancy is partially due to Israel's classification of Gazan police, who did not take part in hostilities, as combatants. The broad consensus among human rights organizations is that these police were primarily civilians, as they did not actively participate in hostilities nor were they part of armed groups. The accuracy of Israeli casualty figures was further questioned based on the number of children killed. Israel reported 89 Palestinian minors killed, whereas the human rights organization B'Tselem reported 252, substantiating their figures with birth and death certificates and other documents in almost all cases. The Israeli figures also stand out against the figures published by the US Department of State, which reported the number killed "at close to 1,400 Palestinians, including more than 1,000 civilians."<a href="#cite_note-381">[372]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmines_and_unexploded_ordnance">Landmines and unexploded ordnance</h3></div> A comprehensive collection mechanism to gather <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosive_remnants_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive remnants of war">explosive remnants of war</a> (ERW) casualty data does not exist for the Palestinian territories.<a href="#cite_note-unmas-382">[373]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mine_Action_Service" title="United Nations Mine Action Service">United Nations Mine Action Centre</a> reported that more than 2,500 mine and explosive remnants of war casualties occurred between 1967 and 1998, at least 794 casualties (127 killed, 654 injured and 13 unknown) occurred between 1999 and 2008 and that 12 people had been killed and 27 injured since the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza War (2008–09)">Gaza War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unmas-382">[373]</a> The UN Mine Action Centre identified the main risks as coming from "ERW left behind by Israeli aerial and artillery weapon systems, or from militant caches targeted by the Israeli forces."<a href="#cite_note-unmas-382">[373]</a> There are at least 15 confirmed minefields in the West Bank on the border with Jordan. The <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestinian National Security Forces</a> do not have maps or records of the minefields.<a href="#cite_note-unmas-382">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Palestinian genocide accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war">Outline of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Bibliography of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Bibliography of the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict_in_video_games" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict in video games">Israeli–Palestinian conflict in video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allon_Plan" title="Allon Plan">Allon Plan</a>, post-1967 peace plan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_war_crimes_against_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of war crimes against Israel">Allegations of war crimes against Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">History of the State of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict">International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Israel–Palestine relations">Israel–Palestine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Committee_Against_House_Demolitions" title="Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions">Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Israeli–Lebanese conflict">Israeli–Lebanese conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict_in_Hebron" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron">Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">List of Middle East peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneVoice_Movement" title="OneVoice Movement">OneVoice Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Now" title="Peace Now">Peace Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeds_of_Peace" title="Seeds of Peace">Seeds of Peace</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The 1949–1956 Palestinian fedayeen insurgency culminated in the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Under the administration of Mahmoud Abbas (2005–present) the PA has been widely perceived as subservient to Israel, but has continued to clash with Israel on occasion.<a href="#cite_note-Who_Governs_the_Palestinians-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The Palestinian Authority was created by and is ultimately accountable to the PLO (see <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority#Politics_and_internal_structure" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority#Politics and internal structure</a>). Under the administration of <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> (2005–present) the PA has been widely perceived as subservient to Israel, but has continued to clash with Israel on occasion.<a href="#cite_note-Who_Governs_the_Palestinians-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Under the administration of Mahmoud Abbas (2005–present) the PA has been widely perceived as subservient to Israel, but has continued to clash with Israel on occasion.<a href="#cite_note-Who_Governs_the_Palestinians-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Consists of the armed wings of <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> and its Palestinian allies </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> In addition to direct deaths, armed conflicts result in indirect deaths "attributable to the conflict". Mortality due to indirect deaths could be due to a variety of causes, such as infectious diseases.<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> estimate for year end 2024<a href="#cite_note-30">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Three factors made Israel's territorial offer less forthcoming than it initially appeared. First, the 91 percent land offer was based on the Israeli definition of the West Bank, but this differs by approximately 5 percentage points from the Palestinian definition. Palestinians use a total area of 5,854 square kilometers. Israel, however, omits the area known as No Man's Land (50 km2 near Latrun), post-1967 East Jerusalem (71 km2), and the territorial waters of the Dead Sea (195 km2), which reduces the total to 5,538 km2 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Who_Governs_the_Palestinians-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who_Governs_the_Palestinians_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_Governs_the_Palestinians_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_Governs_the_Palestinians_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/who-governs-palestinians">"Who Governs the Palestinians?"</a>. www.cfr.org. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cfr.org&rft.atitle=Who+Governs+the+Palestinians%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fwho-governs-palestinians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochaopt.org/content/occupied-palestinian-territory-overview-map-december-2011">"Occupied Palestinian Territory: Overview Map | December 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>. 25 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111113147/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/occupied-palestinian-territory-overview-map-december-2011">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Occupied+Palestinian+Territory%3A+Overview+Map+%7C+December+2011&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ochaopt.org%2Fcontent%2Foccupied-palestinian-territory-overview-map-december-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2004">Morris 2004</a>, pp. 602–604 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bowen" title="Jeremy Bowen">Brown, Jeremy</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ucO1AwAAQBAJ">Six Days: How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-1475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-1475-5"><bdi>978-1-4711-1475-5</bdi></a>. <q>UNRWA put the figure at 413000</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Days%3A+How+the+1967+War+Shaped+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+2012&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-1475-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DucO1AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumper1997" class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael (1997). The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780585388717" title="Special:BookSources/9780585388717"><bdi>9780585388717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Jerusalem+Since+1967&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780585388717&rft.aulast=Dumper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-politics-12"><a href="#cite_ref-politics_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkle2000" class="citation book cs1">Garfinkle, Adam M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=si1oUnk5N3QC&pg=PA61">Politics and Society in Modern Israel: Myths and Realities</a>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0514-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0514-6"><bdi>978-0-7656-0514-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Society+in+Modern+Israel%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0514-6&rft.aulast=Garfinkle&rft.aufirst=Adam+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsi1oUnk5N3QC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurens2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laurens, Henry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXsztAEACAAJ">La question de Palestine</a> [The Question of Palestine] (in French). Fayard. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789953455211" title="Special:BookSources/9789953455211"><bdi>9789953455211</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+question+de+Palestine&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789953455211&rft.aulast=Laurens&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXsztAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan2019" class="citation book cs1">Caplan, Neil (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXWvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114">The Israel-Palestine Conflict</a>. Wiley. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119524014" title="Special:BookSources/9781119524014"><bdi>9781119524014</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel-Palestine+Conflict&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781119524014&rft.aulast=Caplan&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuXWvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewenstein2023" class="citation book cs1">Loewenstein, Antony (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rl28EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12">The Palestine Laboratory</a>. Verso. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781839762109" title="Special:BookSources/9781839762109"><bdi>9781839762109</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestine+Laboratory&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781839762109&rft.aulast=Loewenstein&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drl28EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattar2005" class="citation book cs1">Mattar, Philip (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA329">Encyclopedia of the Palestinians</a>. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816069866" title="Special:BookSources/9780816069866"><bdi>9780816069866</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Palestinians&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780816069866&rft.aulast=Mattar&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkbzYoZtaJMC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Uri Ben-Eliezer, War over Peace: One Hundred Years of Israel's Militaristic Nationalism, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a> (2019) </li> <li id="cite_note-Race-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Race_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Race_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon: the casualties". Race & Class. 24 (4): 340–343. 1983. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030639688302400404">10.1177/030639688302400404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220910633">220910633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=The+1982+Israeli+invasion+of+Lebanon%3A+the+casualties&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=340-343&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030639688302400404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220910633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kober-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Kober_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKober2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kober, Avi (2005). "From Blitzkrieg To Attrition: Israel's Attrition Strategy and Staying Power". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 16 (2): 216–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592310500080005">10.1080/09592310500080005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=From+Blitzkrieg+To+Attrition%3A+Israel%27s+Attrition+Strategy+and+Staying+Power&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=216-240&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592310500080005&rft.aulast=Kober&rft.aufirst=Avi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasrallah56-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Nasrallah56_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrallah2013" class="citation book cs1">Nasrallah, Nami (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kftqQdNNDWAC&pg=PA61">"The First and Second Palestinian intifadas"</a>. In Newman, David; Peters, Joel (eds.). Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 56–68 [56}]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77862-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77862-6"><bdi>978-0-415-77862-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+and+Second+Palestinian+intifadas&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+on+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict&rft.pages=56-68+56%7D&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77862-6&rft.aulast=Nasrallah&rft.aufirst=Nami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkftqQdNNDWAC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties2-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casualties2_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties2_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701064428/http://www.btselem.org/english/statistics/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=26&eM=12&eY=2008&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before">"B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/english/statistics/casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=26&eM=12&eY=2008&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before">the original</a> on 1 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%27Tselem+%E2%80%93+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Fatalities&rft.pub=B%27Tselem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fenglish%2Fstatistics%2Fcasualties.asp%3FsD%3D29%26sM%3D09%26sY%3D2000%26eD%3D26%26eM%3D12%26eY%3D2008%26filterby%3Devent%26oferet_stat%3Dbefore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event/gaza/palestinians-killed-by-israeli-security-forces">"Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces in the Gaza Strip, before Operation "Cast Lead""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestinians+killed+by+Israeli+security+forces+in+the+Gaza+Strip%2C+before+Operation+%22Cast+Lead%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fstatistics%2Ffatalities%2Fbefore-cast-lead%2Fby-date-of-event%2Fgaza%2Fpalestinians-killed-by-israeli-security-forces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLappin2009" class="citation news cs1">Lappin, Yaakov (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel/idf-releases-cast-lead-casualty-numbers">"IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=IDF+releases+Cast+Lead+casualty+numbers&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lappin&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael%2Fidf-releases-cast-lead-casualty-numbers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612193512/http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/36-2009.html">"Confirmed figures reveal the true extent of the destruction inflicted upon the Gaza Strip; Israel's offensive resulted in 1,417 dead, including 926 civilians, 255 police officers, and 236 fighters"</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/36-2009.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confirmed+figures+reveal+the+true+extent+of+the+destruction+inflicted+upon+the+Gaza+Strip%3B+Israel%27s+offensive+resulted+in+1%2C417+dead%2C+including+926+civilians%2C+255+police+officers%2C+and+236+fighters.&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pchrgaza.org%2Ffiles%2FPressR%2FEnglish%2F2008%2F36-2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc">"Report of the detailed findings of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Office">UN Human Rights Office</a>. Human Rights Council. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Human+Rights+Office&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+detailed+findings+of+the+independent+commission+of+inquiry+established+pursuant+to+Human+Rights+Council+resolution+S-21%2F1&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FHRBodies%2FHRCouncil%2FCoIGaza%2FA_HRC_CRP_4.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20220104_in_deadliest_year_since_2014_israel_killed_319_palestinians_in_opt">"2021 was the deadliest year since 2014, Israel killed 319 Palestinians in oPt 5-year record in house demolitions: 895 Palestinians lost their homes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+was+the+deadliest+year+since+2014%2C+Israel+killed+319+Palestinians+in+oPt+5-year+record+in+house+demolitions%3A+895+Palestinians+lost+their+homes&rft.pub=B%27Tselem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fpress_releases%2F20220104_in_deadliest_year_since_2014_israel_killed_319_palestinians_in_opt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCluskey2023" class="citation news cs1">McCluskey, Mitchell (6 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/05/middleeast/israel-hamas-military-civilian-ratio-killed-intl-hnk/index.html">"Israel military says 2 civilians killed for every Hamas militant is a 'tremendously positive' ratio given combat challenges"</a>. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel+military+says+2+civilians+killed+for+every+Hamas+militant+is+a+%27tremendously+positive%27+ratio+given+combat+challenges&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=McCluskey&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F12%2F05%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-hamas-military-civilian-ratio-killed-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTétrault-Farber2023" class="citation web cs1">Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (6 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-rights-chief-warns-heightened-risk-atrocity-crimes-gaza-2023-12-06/">"UN rights chief warns of heightened risk of 'atrocity crimes' in Gaza"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 3 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=UN+rights+chief+warns+of+heightened+risk+of+%27atrocity+crimes%27+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=T%C3%A9trault-Farber&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fun-rights-chief-warns-heightened-risk-atrocity-crimes-gaza-2023-12-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev2024" class="citation web cs1">Lev, Gid'on (27 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-02-27/ty-article-magazine/.premium/what-makes-the-plight-of-israels-displaced-citizens-different/0000018d-ea95-d1e0-a1dd-fbf529ed0000">"The Tragedy of Israel's 135,000 Displaced Citizens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Tragedy+of+Israel%27s+135%2C000+Displaced+Citizens&rft.date=2024-02-27&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Gid%27on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2024-02-27%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.premium%2Fwhat-makes-the-plight-of-israels-displaced-citizens-different%2F0000018d-ea95-d1e0-a1dd-fbf529ed0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarryChecchi2020" class="citation cs2">Garry, S.; Checchi, F. (2020), "Armed conflict and public health: Into the 21st century", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Public_Health" title="Journal of Public Health">Journal of Public Health</a>, 42 (3): e287–e298, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpubmed%2Ffdz095">10.1093/pubmed/fdz095</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31822891">31822891</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Armed+conflict+and+public+health%3A+Into+the+21st+century&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e287-e298&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpubmed%2Ffdz095&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31822891&rft.aulast=Garry&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Checchi%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhatibMcKeeYusuf2024">Khatib, McKee & Yusuf 2024</a>, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSridhar2024" class="citation news cs1">Sridhar, Devi (5 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel">"Scientists are closing in on the true, horrifying scale of death and disease in Gaza"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scientists+are+closing+in+on+the+true%2C+horrifying+scale+of+death+and+disease+in+Gaza&rft.date=2024-09-05&rft.aulast=Sridhar&rft.aufirst=Devi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fsep%2F05%2Fscientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman2019" class="citation book cs1">Waxman, Dov (2019). The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190625337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190625337"><bdi>978-0190625337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0190625337&rft.aulast=Waxman&rft.aufirst=Dov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelvin2021" class="citation book cs1">Gelvin, James L. (2021). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: A History (4th ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108771634" title="Special:BookSources/9781108771634"><bdi>9781108771634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel-Palestine+Conflict%3A+A+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781108771634&rft.aulast=Gelvin&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2-34"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/default.stm">"A History of Conflict: Introduction"</a>. A History of Conflict. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110420155956/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/default.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+Conflict&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Conflict%3A+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F03%2Fv3_ip_timeline%2Fhtml%2Fdefault.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218143423/http://www.international.gc.ca/name-anmo/peace_process-processus_paix/canadian_policy-politique_canadienne.aspx?lang=eng">"Canadian Policy on Key Issues in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.gc.ca/name-anmo/peace_process-processus_paix/canadian_policy-politique_canadienne.aspx?lang=eng">the original</a> on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Policy+on+Key+Issues+in+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Fname-anmo%2Fpeace_process-processus_paix%2Fcanadian_policy-politique_canadienne.aspx%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldBankReport-36"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldBankReport_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410135638/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf">"Movement and Access Restrictions in the West Bank: Uncertainty and Inefficiency in the Palestinian Economy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. 9 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010. <q>Currently, freedom of movement and access for Palestinians within the West Bank is the exception rather than the norm contrary to the commitments undertaken in a number of Agreements between GOI and the PA. In particular, both the Oslo Accords and the Road Map were based on the principle that normal Palestinian economic and social life would be unimpeded by restrictions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Movement+and+Access+Restrictions+in+the+West+Bank%3A+Uncertainty+and+Inefficiency+in+the+Palestinian+Economy&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2007-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTWESTBANKGAZA%2FResources%2FWestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_37-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC&pg=PA">1948: A history of the first Arab–Israeli war</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14524-3"><bdi>978-0-300-14524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+A+history+of+the+first+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+war&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14524-3&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCC7381HrLqcC%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=history_honproj">"The Roots of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: 1882–1914"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823071629/http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=history_honproj">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict%3A+1882%E2%80%931914&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.iwu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1026%26context%3Dhistory_honproj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (26 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Balfour-Declaration">"Balfour Declaration | History & Impact"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504203019/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/50162/Balfour-Declaration">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balfour+Declaration+%26%23124%3B+History+%26+Impact&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.au=The+Editors+of+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBalfour-Declaration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2024">Khalidi 2024</a>, p. 108: "The repression of the revolt had an impact not only on the populace, but also on the Palestinians' ability to fight thereafter, and on the already fractured capabilities of their national leadership. A high proportion of the Arab casualties included the most experienced military cadres and enterprising fighters.6 By the end of the revolt, most of the top Arab political leaders and thousands of other cadres, militants, and fighters were imprisoned, interned by the British in the Seychelles, in exile, or dead. The British also confiscated large quantities of arms and ammunition from the Arabs during the revolt, and continued to do so during later years. By the end of the revolt, existing political divisions within the Palestinian polity had become envenomed, leading to profound rifts between the majority supporting the revolt and a minority that had become alienated from the leadership: the consequence was assassinations, infighting, and further weakening of the Palestinian position. The impact of the revolt on the Palestinian economy was also severe, although some of that damage was self-inflicted, as a boycott of British and Jewish goods and of the mandatory government during the strike and the revolt simply opened up opportunities for the already larger Jewish-controlled sector of the economy of Palestine to expand further." </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashid_Khalidi4-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Rashid_Khalidi4_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilan_Pappe3-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Ilan_Pappe3_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xhq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA">The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine</a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-056-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-056-0"><bdi>978-1-78074-056-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Palestine&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-056-0&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhq9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris3-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris3_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris3_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris3_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotten2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, S.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGtQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Last Lectures on the Prevention and Intervention of Genocide</a>. Routledge Studies in Genocide and Crimes against Humanity. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40976-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40976-4"><bdi>978-1-315-40976-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331193051/https://books.google.com/books?id=TGtQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Lectures+on+the+Prevention+and+Intervention+of+Genocide&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Genocide+and+Crimes+against+Humanity&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-315-40976-4&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGtQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSufian2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sufian, Sandy (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13805989">"Anatomy of the 1936–39 Revolt: Images of the Body in Political Cartoons of Mandatory Palestine"</a>. Journal of Palestine Studies. 37 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 23–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2008.37.2.23">10.1525/jps.2008.37.2.23</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-8614">1533-8614</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-919X">0377-919X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jps.2008.37.2.23">10.1525/jps.2008.37.2.23</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154107901">154107901</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620080011/https://www.academia.edu/13805989">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+the+1936%E2%80%9339+Revolt%3A+Images+of+the+Body+in+Political+Cartoons+of+Mandatory+Palestine&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23-42&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154107901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1533-8614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2008.37.2.23&rft.issn=0377-919X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2008.37.2.23%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sufian&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13805989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nur_Masalha-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Nur_Masalha_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LgI1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">"1"</a>. The Palestine Nakba. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-972-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-972-5"><bdi>978-1-84813-972-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=The+Palestine+Nakba&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84813-972-5&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLgI1EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilan_Pappe2-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Ilan_Pappe2_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPappé2022">Pappé 2022</a>, The Arrival of Zionism </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2006" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-uMJuYdDxwC&pg=PA">Scars of War, Wounds of Peace</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518158-6"><bdi>978-0-19-518158-6</bdi></a>. <q>Probably the most appealing article in there commendation of the Commission was that about the 'forced transfer' of Arabs from the future Jewish state. To Ben-Gurion this was an 'unparalleled achievement'. It was 'the best of all solutions', according to Berl Katznelson. 'A distant neighbour', he said, 'is better than a close enemy.' Transfer was such an ideal solution that 'it must happen someday', he concluded. A strategy of phases, admittedly always vague and anything but an articulate plan of action, could only prevail if a solution could be found to the demographic problem. 'Transfer' was the magic formula. The idea of transfer for the Arabs had a long pedigree in Zionist thought.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scars+of+War%2C+Wounds+of+Peace&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518158-6&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-uMJuYdDxwC%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=px1jDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA">The Palestine Nakba</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-973-2"><bdi>978-1-84813-973-2</bdi></a>. <q>Thus the wishful and rather naive belief in Zionism's early years that the Palestinians could be 'spirited across the border', in Herzl's words, or that they would simply 'fold their tents and slip away', to use Zangwill's formulation, soon gave way to more realistic assessments. Between 1937 and 1948 extensive secret discussions of transfer were held in the Zionist movement's highest bodies, including the Zionist Agency Executive, the Twentieth Zionist Congress, the World Convention of Ihud Po'alei Tzion (the top forum of the dominant Zionist world labour movement), and various official and semi-official transfer committees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestine+Nakba&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84813-973-2&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpx1jDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, p. 348: "After reviewing Zionism and its consequences, I examined the onset of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict during the 1917–47 period, and argued that because the Zionists wanted to ensure a large Jewish majority in the coming state of Israel, their leaders repeatedly discussed the means by which most of the Palestinians could be expelled or induced to flee; the euphemism they employed was "transfer." The scholarship on "transfer"—especially by Israeli historians—leaves no doubt about its importance in the thinking of every major Zionist leader before and after the creation of Israel." </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlapan1979" class="citation book cs1">Flapan, Simha (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJRtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA">Zionism and the Palestinians</a>. Croom Helm. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-492104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-492104-6"><bdi>978-0-06-492104-6</bdi></a>. <q>The concept of population transfer, as a facile solution to the twin problems of the Arab landless peasants and the creation of land reserves for Jewish settlement was for some time in the back of the minds of the 2ionist leadership. In fact, in private discussions with the British, the Zionist leadership put forward population transfer as a tentative suggestion but stopped short of formulating it into a proposal for action.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+the+Palestinians&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-06-492104-6&rft.aulast=Flapan&rft.aufirst=Simha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJRtAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman G.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55NKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA">"'Born of War, Not By Design'"</a>. Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-458-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-458-4"><bdi>978-1-78478-458-4</bdi></a>. <q>'The idea of transfer had accompanied the Zionist movement from its very beginnings', Tom Segev reports.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Born+of+War%2C+Not+By+Design%27&rft.btitle=Image+and+Reality+of+the+Israel-Palestine+Conflict&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78478-458-4&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55NKCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2004">Morris 2004</a>, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelvin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Gelvin" title="James L. Gelvin">Gelvin, James</a> (2014) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfIFVze1MqQC&pg=PA81">The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85289-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85289-0"><bdi>978-0-521-85289-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012922/https://books.google.com/books?id=wfIFVze1MqQC&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel%E2%80%93Palestine+Conflict%3A+One+Hundred+Years+of+War&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85289-0&rft.aulast=Gelvin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfIFVze1MqQC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlaim2015">Shlaim 2015</a>, Prologue: The Zionist Foundation </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>, Introduction: "Additionally, a separate Jewish-controlled sector of the economy was created through the exclusion of Arab labor from Jewish-owned firms under the slogan of "Avoda ivrit," Hebrew labor, and the injection of truly massive amounts of capital from abroad." </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Husseini-57"><a href="#cite_ref-al-Husseini_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSela2002">Sela 2002</a>, p. 361, "al-Husseini, Hajj (Muhammad) Amin"<blockquote>He [Husseini] incited and headed anti-Jewish riots in April 1920. ... He promoted the Muslim character of Jerusalem and ... injected a religious character into the struggle against <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. This was the backdrop to his agitation concerning Jewish rights at the Western (Wailing) Wall that led to the bloody riots of August 1929...[H]e was the chief organizer of the riots of 1936 and the rebellion from 1937, as well as of the mounting internal terror against Arab opponents.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-SelaConflict-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SelaConflict_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelaConflict_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelaConflict_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelaConflict_58-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSela2002">Sela 2002</a>, pp. 58–121, "Arab-Israel Conflict" </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryPBS-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryPBS_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryPBS_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryPBS_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryPBS_59-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202230446/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pdf/promiese/promises-timeline.pdf">"History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"</a> (PDF). PBS. December 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/pov/pdf/promiese/promises-timeline.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fpov%2Fpdf%2Fpromiese%2Fpromises-timeline.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>, Chapter 1: "Of all the services Britain provided to the Zionist movement before 1939, perhaps the most valuable was the armed suppression of Palestinian resistance in the form of the revolt. The bloody war waged against the country's majority, which left 10 percent of the adult male Arab population killed, wounded, imprisoned, or exiled,55 was the best illustration of the unvarnished truths uttered by Jabotinsky about the necessity of the use of force for the Zionist project to succeed. To quash the uprising, the British Empire brought in two additional divisions of troops, squadrons of bombers, and all the paraphernalia of repression that it had perfected over many decades of colonial wars." </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>, Chapter 1: "IN SPITE OF the sacrifices made—which can be gauged from the very large numbers of Palestinians who were killed, wounded, jailed, or exiled—and the revolt's momentary success, the consequences for the Palestinians were almost entirely negative. The savage British repression, the death and exile of so many leaders, and the conflict within their ranks left the Palestinians divided, without direction, and with their economy debilitated by the time the revolt was crushed in the summer of 1939. This put the Palestinians in a very weak position to confront the now invigorated Zionist movement, which had gone from strength to strength during the revolt, obtaining lavish amounts of arms and extensive training from the British to help them suppress the uprising." </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis2006" class="citation book cs1">Louis, William Roger (2006). Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. <a href="/wiki/I._B._Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I. B. Tauris">I. B. Tauris</a>. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez%2C+and+Decolonization&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-347-6&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=William+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6RelhRR-9RUC">One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15604-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15604-1"><bdi>978-0-300-15604-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012923/https://books.google.com/books?id=6RelhRR-9RUC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+State%2C+Two+States%3A+Resolving+the+Israel%2FPalestine+Conflict&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15604-1&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RelhRR-9RUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2004">Morris 2004</a>, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlaim2015">Shlaim 2015</a>, Prologue: The Zionist Foundation: "A white paper of 17 May 1939 abruptly reversed British support for Zionism and for a Jewish state." </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2009a" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Matthew (2009a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221163210/http://v-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/7251/4/The%20banality%20of%20brutality.pdf">"The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/English_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="English Historical Review">English Historical Review</a>. CXXIV (507): 314–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcep002">10.1093/ehr/cep002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/7251/4/The%20banality%20of%20brutality.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Banality+of+Brutality%3A+British+Armed+Forces+and+the+Repression+of+the+Arab+Revolt+in+Palestine%2C+1936%E2%80%9339&rft.volume=CXXIV&rft.issue=507&rft.pages=314-354&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcep002&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F2438%2F7251%2F4%2FThe%2520banality%2520of%2520brutality.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/a_su/A%20SURVEY%20OF%20PALESTINE%20DEC%201945-JAN%201946%20VOL%20I.pdf">A Survey of Palestine</a> (PDF). Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. 1946. pp. 38–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Palestine&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=38-49&rft.pub=Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjpa.org%2Fcontent%2Fupload%2Fbjpa%2Fa_su%2FA%2520SURVEY%2520OF%2520PALESTINE%2520DEC%25201945-JAN%25201946%2520VOL%2520I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenberg1993" class="citation book cs1">Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3439-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3439-5"><bdi>978-0-7146-3439-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Preparations+of+the+Arab+Community+in+Palestine%3A+1945%E2%80%931948&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3439-5&rft.aulast=Levenberg&rft.aufirst=Haim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094913/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253">"A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253">the original</a> on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%2FRES%2F181%28II%29+of+29+November+1947&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2Funispal.nsf%2F0%2F7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baum-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baum_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baum_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baum_70-2">c</a> Baum, Noa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umass.edu/jewish/programs/land_05/timeline/">"Historical Time Line for Israel/Palestine."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219033249/http://www.umass.edu/jewish/programs/land_05/timeline/">Archived</a> 19 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UMass Amherst. 5 April 2005. 14 March 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, pp. 63–64, "The Zionists and their supporters rejoiced; the Arab delegations walked out of the plenum after declaring the resolution invalid. The Arabs failed to understand why the international community was awarding the Jews any part of Palestine. Further, as one Palestinian historian later put it, they could not fathom why 37 percent of the population had been given 55 percent of the land (of which they owned only 7 percent). Moreover, the Jews had been given the best agricultural lands (the Coastal Plain and Jezreel and Jordan Valleys) while the Arabs had received the 'bare and hilly' parts, as one Palestinian politician, 'Awni 'Abd al-Hadi, told a Zionist agent. 162 More generally, 'the Palestinians failed to see why they should be made to pay for the Holocaust. ... [And] they failed to see why it was not fair for the Jews to be a minority in a unitary Palestinian state, while it was fair for almost half of the Palestinian population—the indigenous majority on its own ancestral soil—to be converted overnight into a minority under alien rule.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 101, "... mainstream Zionist leaders, from the first, began to think of expanding the Jewish state beyond the 29 November partition resolution borders." </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouwerse2024" class="citation book cs1">Louwerse, Colter (2024). Stern-Weiner, Jamie (ed.). Deluge. OR Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-619-9"><bdi>978-1-68219-619-9</bdi></a>. <q>During the June 1967 Arab-Israel War, Israel came into military occupation of the Palestinian West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip. (Israel also occupied the Egyptian Sinai, Syrian Golan Heights, and two islands in the Gulf of Aqaba.) Already by the mid-1970s, the international community converged on a framework for resolving the festering conflict. This framework comprised two elements rooted in fundamental principles of international law. The first called for Israel's full withdrawal from the occupied Palestinian and other Arab territories in exchange for Palestinian-Arab recognition of Israel. The second called for establishing an independent State of Palestine on the Palestinian territories from which Israel would withdraw, i.e., the West Bank and Gaza, as well as a "just resolution" of the Palestinian refugee question.10 Land for peace and Palestinian self-determination secured through a two-state settlement: these principles for a reasonable if imperfect resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict were eventually endorsed by an overwhelming consensus at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), in the political organs of the United Nations (UN), and of respected human rights organizations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deluge&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-68219-619-9&rft.aulast=Louwerse&rft.aufirst=Colter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErakat2019" class="citation book cs1">Erakat, Noura (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Justice_for_Some&pg=PA">Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0883-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0883-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-0883-2</bdi></a>. <q>The 1973 War demonstrated that Arabs could work together when needed and that Israel was not as invincible as it had believed. The war left its scars on Israel, which suffered over 2,500 dead, US$4 billion in direct monetary losses, and deflated confidence. Although the Arabs technically lost the war, they won psychologically and diplomatically as the world once again focused on the ongoing conflict.156 In 1973, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 338, affirming the land-for-peace framework enshrined in Resolution 242 and setting into motion what was to become known as the Middle East peace process. Palestinian control of the PLO and the rise of guerilla warfare, together with the shift ushered in by the 1973 War, would lay the groundwork for the PLO's political agenda and aggressive legal strategy throughout the decade that followed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+for+Some%3A+Law+and+the+Question+of+Palestine&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0883-2&rft.aulast=Erakat&rft.aufirst=Noura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJustice_for_Some%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, p. 216: "The disastrous defeat of the Arab states in the 1973 war also played a major role in convincing Arafat of the need for a compromise peace settlement. Arafat's decision to start peace negotiations with Israel led to the June 1974 PLO agreement to adopt a new strategy that called for a struggle for "every part of Palestine that is liberated" (emphasis added). Anziska writes that this constituted "an acceptance of a political solution on a limited piece of territory," the first step, however vague, that opened the door for a Palestinian acceptance of a two-state solution... In a recent major work, historian Seth Anziska writes that the 1973 war "launched a new phase in the PLO's struggle, oriented toward partition and the acknowledgment of Israel's presence. In the aftermath of the October War, the PLO sought a place within the comprehensive diplomatic negotiations, which required political compromise and the eventual embrace of a state on far less territory than historic Palestine" (Anziska, Preventing Palestine, Kindle 25). Similarly, Bird writes: "By mid-1974 the PLO was rapidly moving away from a strategy of armed struggle and morphing into a political movement seeking international legitimacy" based on a two-state solution (Bird, The Good Spy, Kindle location 2560–75). For similar assessments of the importance of the 1974 PLO program, see Hart, Arafat, 10–11; Weinberger, "The Palestinian National Security Debate"; Nofal, "Yasir Arafat: A Mixed Legacy"; Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Kindle 483–84; and Elgindy, Blind Spot, Kindle 88." </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>, The Politics of War and Afterffects: "On the other hand, the war had given Israel a stinging slap in the face. The 1948, 1956, and 1967 wars had conditioned them to stunning victories over the Arabs and to Arab military (and political) incompetence; 1973 proved to be something else altogether. Many Israelis were now persuaded that the territories could not be held indefinitely by force and that continued occupation would necessarily lead to further bouts of painful warfare. At last, and for the first time since June 1967, most people were willing to contemplate giving up large chunks of land for peace." </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPappé2022">Pappé 2022</a>, pp. 287: "The 1973 war was a traumatic event that promoted the disintegration of Israeli politics and culture. The myth of Israeli invincibility was shattered, and while some saw this as a good reason to become more insistent in the search for peace, others turned to God, toughening their positions on peace and territorial compromise. What added to the confusion and the erosion of self-confidence was the high number of deaths, about 3,000, compared with the few hundred in the 1967 war. A general sense of grief fell on the country and affected the government's prestige." </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2013">Khalidi 2013</a>, The First Moment: Begin and Palestinian Autonomy in 1982: "In addition to their central provision, for a peace treaty between the two countries, the Camp David Accords, agreed upon by Israel and Egypt under the aegis of the United States in 1978, called for negotiations for the establishment of a "Self-Governing Authority" (SGA) for the Arab population of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Jerusalem was to be excluded from its provisions. The accords stipulated "full autonomy for the inhabitants," but crucially, this did not apply to the land, which was to remain under full Israeli control. A bilateral peace treaty based on these accords was signed between Israel and Egypt in 1979, and Israel thereafter began a withdrawal of its forces from the occupied Egyptian Sinai Peninsula, which was completed in the spring of 1982. However, the modalities of the Palestinian-autonomy accords were a continuing source of dispute between the three signatories to the Camp David Accords, as well as with the Palestinians and other Arabs, and in the end they were never implemented." </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlaim2015">Shlaim 2015</a>, The Camp David Accords: "The Camp David Accords were signed in an impressive ceremony in the White House on 17 September 1978. The two accords were entitled "A Framework for Peace in the Middle East" and "A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt." The former stated in its preamble, "The agreed basis for a peaceful settlement of the conflict between Israel and its neighbours is UN Security Council Resolution 242 in all its parts." The framework dealt with the West Bank and Gaza and envisaged nothing less than "the resolution of the Palestinian problem in all its aspects." Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and the representatives of the Palestinian people were to participate in the negotiations, which were to proceed in three stages. In the first, the ground rules would be laid for electing a "self-governing authority" for the territories, and the powers of this authority would be defined. In the second stage, once the self-governing authority had been established, a transitional period would begin. Israel's military government and its civilian administration would be withdrawn; Israel's armed forces would also be withdrawn and the remaining forces redeployed into specified security locations. In the third stage, not later than the third year after the beginning of the transitional period, negotiations would take place to determine the final status of the West Bank and Gaza. These negotiations had to recognize "the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and their just requirements." </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>, The Lebanon War: "The aim of "Operation Litani" was to kill as many guerrillas as possible and to destroy the military infrastructure—camps, munitions dumps, artillery pieces. A secondary aim was to expand, and create continuity between, the existing Christian-held enclaves on the Lebanese side of the border. By March 21, the IDF had taken all of the area south of the Litani (except for Tyre and its environs). </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmerling2003" class="citation book cs1">Kimmerling, Baruch (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TE8oCW2J2F4C&pg=PA">Politicide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-517-2"><bdi>978-1-85984-517-2</bdi></a>. <q>The collaboration was solidified and made public during Begin's first term. Begin was impressed by the pleas and the aristocratic manner of the Maronite leaders and several times declared "Israel will not allow genocide [of the Maronites] in Lebanon." In March 1978, Israeli forces temporarily occupied southern Lebanon, in an attempt to neutralize Palestinian guerilla groups and enlarge the territory controlled by Major Haddad, in an undertaking called Operation Litani (the river that more or less marked the boundary of the Israeli influence).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politicide&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-517-2&rft.aulast=Kimmerling&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTE8oCW2J2F4C%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>, The Third Declaration of War: "Nevertheless, after all this and despite an Israeli incursion in 1978—the Litani Operation—which left a swath of south Lebanon under the control of its proxy, the South Lebanese Army, the PLO was still standing. Indeed, it remained the strongest force in large parts of Lebanon, those that were not in the hands of foreign armies or their proxies, including West Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon, the Shouf Mountains, and much of the south. It would take one more military campaign to dislodge the PLO, and in 1982, American Secretary of State General Alexander Haig agreed to Ariel Sharon's plans for Israel to finish off the organization and with it Palestinian nationalism." </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClevelandBunton2010">Cleveland & Bunton 2010</a>: "This was that belt the Israeli government wished to destroy. Its first concerted effort to do so occurred in 1978, when 25,000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon as far north as the Litani River. The operation failed to dislodge the PLO from its strongholds, although it did cause large-scale demographic disruptions in southern Lebanon as thousands of villagers, mainly Shi'as, fled their homelands for the area of Beirut. Pressure from the United States and the UN eventually compelled Israel to withdraw its troops." </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourani2002" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Albert Habib (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA">A history of the Arab peoples</a>. Belknap Press of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05819-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05819-4"><bdi>978-0-674-05819-4</bdi></a>. <q>In 1982 the situation acquired a more dangerous dimension. The nationalist government in Israel, having secured its southern frontier by the peace treaty with Egypt, now tried to impose its own solution of the problem of the Palestinians. This involved an attempt to destroy both the military and the political power of the PLO in Lebanon, to install a friendly regime there, and then, freed from effective Palestinian resistance, to pursue its policy of settlement and annexation of occupied Palestine. With some degree of acquiescence from the USA, Israel invaded Lebanon in June 1982. The invasion culminated in a long siege of the western part of Beirut, mainly inhabited by Muslims and dominated by the PLO. The siege ended with an agreement, negotiated through the US government, by which the PLO would evacuate west Beirut, with guarantees for the safety of Palestinian civilians given by the Lebanese and US governments. At the same time, a presidential election resulted in the military head of the Kata'ib, Bashir Jumayyil, becoming president; he was assassinated soon afterwards and his brother Amin was then elected. The assassination was taken by Israel as an opportunity to occupy west Beirut, and this allowed the Kata'ib to carry out a massacre of Palestinians on a large scale in the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Arab+peoples&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05819-4&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert+Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DegbOb0mewz4C%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2006" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-uMJuYdDxwC&pg=PA">Scars of War, Wounds of Peace</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518158-6"><bdi>978-0-19-518158-6</bdi></a>. <q>Destroying the PLO's infrastructure in Lebanon as well as dismantling the last remaining Palestinian springboard in an Arab country for the military struggle against Israel, was the immediate operational objective of the war. But the architects of the invasion had far wider ambitions. They believed that the defeat of the Palestinians in Lebanon would trigger a mass exodus of Palestinians to the East Bank of the River Jordan, which in turn would bring about the collapse of the Hashemite dynasty and the Palestinisation of the kingdom in a way that would allow Israel a free hand to assert her rule in Judaea and Samaria. Israel also believed that her victory in Lebanon would create a new political order in that country with an undisputed Christian hegemony.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scars+of+War%2C+Wounds+of+Peace&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518158-6&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-uMJuYdDxwC%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shalim_2015_Lebanese_Quagmire-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shalim_2015_Lebanese_Quagmire_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shalim_2015_Lebanese_Quagmire_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlaim2015">Shlaim 2015</a>, The Lebanese Quagmire 1981 –1984: "The real driving force behind Israel's invasion of Lebanon, however, was Ariel Sharon, whose aims were much more ambitious and far-reaching. From his first day at the Defense Ministry, Sharon started planning the invasion of Lebanon. He developed what came to be known as the "big plan" for using Israel's military power to establish political hegemony in the Middle East. The first aim of Sharon's plan was to destroy the PLO's military infrastructure in Lebanon and to undermine it as a political organization. The second aim was to establish a new political order in Lebanon by helping Israel's Maronite friends, headed by Bashir Gemayel, to form a government that would proceed to sign a peace treaty with Israel. For this to be possible, it was necessary, third, to expel the Syrian forces from Lebanon or at least to weaken seriously the Syrian presence there. In Sharon's big plan, the war in Lebanon was intended to transform the situation not only in Lebanon but in the whole Middle East. The destruction of the PLO would break the backbone of Palestinian nationalism and facilitate the absorption of the West Bank into Greater Israel. The resulting influx of Palestinians from Lebanon and the West Bank into Jordan would eventually sweep away the Hashemite monarchy and transform the East Bank into a Palestinian state. Sharon reasoned that Jordan's conversion into a Palestinian state would end international pressures on Israel to withdraw from the West Bank. Begin was not privy to all aspects of Sharon's ambitious geopolitical scenario, but the two men were united by their desire to act against the PLO in Lebanon." </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>: "On September 1 an IDF helicopter flew Gemayel to Nahariya, in northern Israel, where he met Begin, who had just been informed of the "Reagan Plan," the new American initiative for Israeli withdrawal from most of the occupied territories in exchange for Arab recognition and peace. By invading Lebanon, Begin had hoped to neutralize Palestinian nationalism and facilitate Israeli annexation, at least de facto, of the West Bank. But the invasion had brought home to the Americans the plight of the Palestinians and the imperative of resolving their problem, with Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank among the necessary preconditions. The Reagan initiative ruled out a final settlement that would involve either Israeli annexation of the territories or full-fledged Palestinian statehood." </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHphMCIkhK0C&pg=PA">Fateful Triangle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-601-2"><bdi>978-0-89608-601-2</bdi></a>. <q>was that "Operation Peace for Galilee"—the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982—was undertaken to protect the civilian population from Palestinian gunners, and that "the rocket and shelling attacks on Israel's northern border" were ended by the operation, though "If rockets again rain down on Israel's northern border after all that has been expended on Lebanon, the Israeli public will be outraged.19 This cannot be correct, given the history which is not challenged (even if unreported, for the most part). When it came to be recognized that the rockets still "rain down," the story was modified: "Israel's two military forays into Lebanon [1978, 1982] were military disasters that failed to provide long-term security for Israel's northern border."20 Security had indeed been at risk, as a result of Israel's unprovoked attacks from 1981, and to a large extent before. The phrase "military disaster" does not refer to the killing of some 20,000 Lebanese and Palestinians in 1982, overwhelmingly civilians, the destruction of much of southern Lebanon and the capital city of Beirut, or the terrible atrocities carried out by Israeli troops through the mid-1980s; rather, to Israel's failure to impose the "new order" it had proclaimed for Lebanon and its inability to maintain its occupation in full because of the casualties caused by unanticipated resistance ("terror"), forcing it back to its "security zone." The actual reasons for the 1982 invasion have never been concealed in Israel, though they are rated "X" here.21 A few weeks after the invasion began, Israel's leading academic specialist on the Palestinians, Yehoshua Porath, pointed out that the decision to invade "flowed from the very fact that the cease-fire had been observed" by the PLO, a "veritable catastrophe" for the Israeli government because it endangered the policy of evading a political settlement. The PLO was gaining respectability thanks to its preference for negotiations over terror. The Israeli government's hope, therefore, was to compel "the stricken PLO" to "return to its earlier terrorism," thus "undercutting the danger" of negotiations. As Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir later stated, Israel went to war because there was "a terrible danger... Not so much a military one as a political one." The invasion was intended to "undermine the position of the moderates within [the PLO] ranks" and thus to block "the PLO 'peace offensive"' and "to halt [the PLO's] rise to political respectability" (strategic analyst Avner Yaniv); it should be called "the war to safeguard the occupation of the West Bank," having been motivated by Begin's "fear of the momentum of the peace process," according to Israeli Arabist and former head of military intelligence General Yehoshaphat Harkabi. U.S. backing for Israel's aggression, including the vetoing of Security Council efforts to stop the slaughter, was presumably based on the same reasoning. After its failure to impose the intended "New Order" in Lebanon in 1982, Israel attempted to hold on to as much of Lebanon as possible, though it was forced to withdraw to its "security zone" as resistance caused too many Israeli casualties. Meanwhile Israel conducted violent terror operations, notably the "iron fist" operations of 1985 under the direction of Prime Minister Shimon Peres. These went on through the 1980s.2</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fateful+Triangle&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-601-2&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHphMCIkhK0C%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuigley2005" class="citation book cs1">Quigley, John B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VaUvqHNd6m0C&pg=PA">The Case for Palestine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3539-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-3539-9</bdi></a>. <q>As a result, the PLO did not attack Israel from mid-I98r to mid-I982.16 But in June 1982 Israel again invaded Lebanon, and it used aerial bombardment to destroy entire camps of Palestine Arab refugees.17 By these means Israel killed 20,000 persons, mostly civilians,18 and while it occupied southern Lebanon it incarcerated 15,000 persons, according to the International Committee of the Red Cross. The IDF continued north to Beirut, where it forced the PLO out of Lebanon. Israel claimed self-defense for its invasion, but the lack of PLO attacks into Israel during the previous year made that claim dubious. By invading Lebanon, Israel evidently sought to destroy the extensive Palestinian military and administrative infrastructure in Lebanon19 and, by removing the PLO, to convince the Arabs of the Gaza Strip and West Bank that they would get no help from the PLO.20 In the United States Harold Saunders, a former assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern and South Asian affairs, said that Israel aimed,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Palestine&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3539-9&rft.aulast=Quigley&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaUvqHNd6m0C%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, p. 354: "For just that reason, though, Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Defense Minister Ariel Sharon worried that the growing PLO moderation would increase the pressure on Israel to accept the creation of a Palestinian state. To prevent that, in 1982 they seized upon a pretext to again invade Lebanon and attack the PLO, this time on a far larger scale than in previous conflicts. The attacks resulted in tens of thousands of Lebanese civilian casualties; however, the PLO forces in southern Lebanon, still led by Arafat, who escaped Israeli efforts to kill him, were soon reconstituted." </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn2009-01-06-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn2009-01-06_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn2009-01-06_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevs2009" class="citation news cs1">Levs, Josh (6 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html">"Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084340/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+Gaza+%27occupied%27+territory%3F&rft.date=2009-01-06&rft.aulast=Levs&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F01%2F06%2Fisrael.gaza.occupation.question%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_briefing-93"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_briefing_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/">"Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 19 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160014/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%2FOccupied+Palestinian+Territories%3A+The+conflict+in+Gaza%3A+A+briefing+on+applicable+law%2C+investigations+and+accountability&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fmde15%2F007%2F2009%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isrlpa13698-94"><a href="#cite_ref-isrlpa13698_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/07/05/human-rights-council-special-session-occupied-palestinian-territories-july-6-2006">"Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories, July 6, 2006"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 5 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173325/https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/07/05/human-rights-council-special-session-occupied-palestinian-territories-july-6-2006">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Council+Special+Session+on+the+Occupied+Palestinian+Territories%2C+July+6%2C+2006&rft.date=2006-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2006%2F07%2F05%2Fhuman-rights-council-special-session-occupied-palestinian-territories-july-6-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlanger2006" class="citation news cs1">Erlanger, Steven (18 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/world/middleeast/hamas-leader-faults-israeli-sanction-plan.html">"Hamas Leader Faults Israeli Sanction Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205553/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/world/middleeast/hamas-leader-faults-israeli-sanction-plan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hamas+Leader+Faults+Israeli+Sanction+Plan&rft.date=2006-02-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F02%2F18%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fhamas-leader-faults-israeli-sanction-plan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOren2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oren" title="Michael Oren">Oren, Michael B.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerfaithfantas00oren_1/page/607">Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerfaithfantas00oren_1/page/607">607</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05826-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05826-0"><bdi>978-0-393-05826-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Faith%2C+and+Fantasy%3A+America+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1776+to+the+Present&rft.pages=607&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05826-0&rft.aulast=Oren&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerfaithfantas00oren_1%2Fpage%2F607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohn" class="citation news cs1">Bohn, Lauren E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/18/gaza-hamas-israel-demands/1712561/">"Hamas: Rockets will stop when Gaza borders are opened"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407053837/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/18/gaza-hamas-israel-demands/1712561/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Hamas%3A+Rockets+will+stop+when+Gaza+borders+are+opened&rft.aulast=Bohn&rft.aufirst=Lauren+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2012%2F11%2F18%2Fgaza-hamas-israel-demands%2F1712561%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316031412/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=290276">"Abbas: No justification for Gaza rocket attacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. 2 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=290276">the original</a> on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Abbas%3A+No+justification+for+Gaza+rocket+attacks&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddleEast%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D290276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/24/gaza-palestinian-rockets-unlawfully-targeted-israeli-civilians">"Gaza: Palestinian Rockets Unlawfully Targeted Israeli Civilians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 24 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128091753/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/24/gaza-palestinian-rockets-unlawfully-targeted-israeli-civilians">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza%3A+Palestinian+Rockets+Unlawfully+Targeted+Israeli+Civilians&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2012-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F12%2F24%2Fgaza-palestinian-rockets-unlawfully-targeted-israeli-civilians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2012-11-20/seven-truths-about-israel-hamas-and-violence">"Seven Truths About Israel, Hamas and Violence"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 20 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507095921/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2012-11-20/seven-truths-about-israel-hamas-and-violence">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Seven+Truths+About+Israel%2C+Hamas+and+Violence&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fopinion%2Farticles%2F2012-11-20%2Fseven-truths-about-israel-hamas-and-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-military-urban-battle-89e45b149f3b88cd647cf6376dbfe0ac">"Urban battle from past Gaza war offers glimpse of what an Israeli ground offensive might look like"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. 16 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202140527/https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-military-urban-battle-89e45b149f3b88cd647cf6376dbfe0ac">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Urban+battle+from+past+Gaza+war+offers+glimpse+of+what+an+Israeli+ground+offensive+might+look+like&rft.date=2023-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fisrael-gaza-hamas-military-urban-battle-89e45b149f3b88cd647cf6376dbfe0ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-planned-oct-7-from-before-2014-with-final-decision-made-by-5-leaders-report/">"Hamas planned Oct. 7 from before 2014, with final decision made by 5 leaders – report"</a>. timesofisrael.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Hamas+planned+Oct.+7+from+before+2014%2C+with+final+decision+made+by+5+leaders+%E2%80%93+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fhamas-planned-oct-7-from-before-2014-with-final-decision-made-by-5-leaders-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/11/israel-palestine-apartheid-israel-scholars/">"In Israel and the U.S., 'apartheid' is the elephant in the room"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Israel+and+the+U.S.%2C+%27apartheid%27+is+the+elephant+in+the+room&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2F08%2F11%2Fisrael-palestine-apartheid-israel-scholars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-65086871">"Israel judicial reform explained: What is the crisis about?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Israel+judicial+reform+explained%3A+What+is+the+crisis+about%3F&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-65086871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/08/1139922">"Israeli-Palestinian death toll highest since 2005: UN envoy"</a>. UN. 21 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823083925/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/08/1139922">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli-Palestinian+death+toll+highest+since+2005%3A+UN+envoy&rft.pub=UN&rft.date=2023-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2023%2F08%2F1139922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsHassan2023" class="citation news cs1">Mills, Andrew; Hassan, Ahmed Mohamed (15 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-seeking-israel-hamas-deal-release-50-hostages-3-day-truce-sources-say-2023-11-15/">"Exclusive: Qatar seeking Israel-Hamas deal to free 50 hostages and 3-day truce"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117233749/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-seeking-israel-hamas-deal-release-50-hostages-3-day-truce-sources-say-2023-11-15/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Qatar+seeking+Israel-Hamas+deal+to+free+50+hostages+and+3-day+truce&rft.date=2023-11-15&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Ahmed+Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fqatar-seeking-israel-hamas-deal-release-50-hostages-3-day-truce-sources-say-2023-11-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/what-do-we-know-about-the-israeli-captives-held-by-hamas">"What we know about the captives taken by Hamas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215064234/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/what-do-we-know-about-the-israeli-captives-held-by-hamas">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=What+we+know+about+the+captives+taken+by+Hamas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F3%2Fwhat-do-we-know-about-the-israeli-captives-held-by-hamas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-inflicts-catastrophic-damage-infrastructure-economy-2023-11-17/">"Gaza war inflicts catastrophic damage on infrastructure and economy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Gaza+war+inflicts+catastrophic+damage+on+infrastructure+and+economy&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fgaza-war-inflicts-catastrophic-damage-infrastructure-economy-2023-11-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-ground-operation-invasion-6ba5bf06f81c315252a9e53735f3de47">"Has Israel invaded Gaza? The military has been vague, even if its objectives are clear"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 31 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101193534/https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-ground-operation-invasion-6ba5bf06f81c315252a9e53735f3de47">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Has+Israel+invaded+Gaza%3F+The+military+has+been+vague%2C+even+if+its+objectives+are+clear&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fisrael-gaza-ground-operation-invasion-6ba5bf06f81c315252a9e53735f3de47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochaopt.org/node/10572">"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN OCHA</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+OCHA&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs+%E2%80%93+occupied+Palestinian+territory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ochaopt.org%2Fnode%2F10572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICJ_SA_proceedings_vs_IL_29Dec2023-111"><a href="#cite_ref-ICJ_SA_proceedings_vs_IL_29Dec2023_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf">"Proceedings instituted by South Africa against the State of Israel on 29 December 2023"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>. 29 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105144115/https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/203394">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Proceedings+instituted+by+South+Africa+against+the+State+of+Israel+on+29+December+2023&rft.date=2023-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcase-related%2F192%2F192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jusmundi.com/en/document/pdf/other/en-proceedings-instituted-by-south-africa-against-the-state-of-israel-on-29-december-2023-application-instituting-proceedings-and-request-for-the-indication-of-provisional-measures-friday-29th-december-2023">ALT Link</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrick_Kingsley-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Patrick_Kingsley_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/26/world/israel-hamas-gaza-news/333c0a8f-4e98-5a9f-8514-ef9aaf4f1e53">"Israel-Hamas War: Update from Patrick Kingsley"</a>. The New York Times. 26 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131634/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/26/world/israel-hamas-gaza-news/333c0a8f-4e98-5a9f-8514-ef9aaf4f1e53">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel-Hamas+War%3A+Update+from+Patrick+Kingsley&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flive%2F2024%2F01%2F26%2Fworld%2Fisrael-hamas-gaza-news%2F333c0a8f-4e98-5a9f-8514-ef9aaf4f1e53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf">"Order respecting South Africa's request for provisional measures"</a> (PDF). International Court of Justice. 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Order+respecting+South+Africa%27s+request+for+provisional+measures&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcase-related%2F192%2F192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajvanshi26Jan2024-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Rajvanshi26Jan2024_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajvanshi2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Rajvanshi, Astha (26 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6588931/icj-ruling-israel-genocidal-acts-gaza-south-africa/">"U.N. Court Says Israel Must Prevent Genocidal Acts in Gaza, But Doesn't Order a Ceasefire"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126150958/https://time.com/6588931/icj-ruling-israel-genocidal-acts-gaza-south-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=U.N.+Court+Says+Israel+Must+Prevent+Genocidal+Acts+in+Gaza%2C+But+Doesn%27t+Order+a+Ceasefire&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.aulast=Rajvanshi&rft.aufirst=Astha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6588931%2Ficj-ruling-israel-genocidal-acts-gaza-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-braces-world-court-ruling-focuses-attack-south-gaza-2024-01-26/">"World Court stops short of Gaza ceasefire order for Israel"</a>. Reuters. 27 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=World+Court+stops+short+of+Gaza+ceasefire+order+for+Israel&rft.date=2024-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fisrael-braces-world-court-ruling-focuses-attack-south-gaza-2024-01-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-dismisses-international-pressure-nothing-will-stop-us-destroy-hamas/">"Netanyahu dismisses international pressure: 'Nothing will stop us' destroying Hamas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217014118/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-dismisses-international-pressure-nothing-will-stop-us-destroy-hamas/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+dismisses+international+pressure%3A+%27Nothing+will+stop+us%27+destroying+Hamas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog_entry%2Fnetanyahu-dismisses-international-pressure-nothing-will-stop-us-destroy-hamas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurak2023" class="citation news cs1">Turak, Natasha (12 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/israel-gaza-war-can-hamas-actually-be-eliminated-experts-weigh-in.html">"Can Hamas actually be eliminated? This is what military and security analysts think"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218214421/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/israel-gaza-war-can-hamas-actually-be-eliminated-experts-weigh-in.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Can+Hamas+actually+be+eliminated%3F+This+is+what+military+and+security+analysts+think&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.aulast=Turak&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F12%2F12%2Fisrael-gaza-war-can-hamas-actually-be-eliminated-experts-weigh-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force/">"Netanyahu says IDF will control Gaza after war, rejects notion of international force"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112163219/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+says+IDF+will+control+Gaza+after+war%2C+rejects+notion+of+international+force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fnetanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/28/politics/us-troops-drone-attack-jordan/index.html">"Three US troops killed in drone attack in Jordan, more than 30 injured"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Three+US+troops+killed+in+drone+attack+in+Jordan%2C+more+than+30+injured&rft.date=2024-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F01%2F28%2Fpolitics%2Fus-troops-drone-attack-jordan%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2024" class="citation news cs1">Armstrong, Kathryn (6 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68218901">"Houthis claim new attacks on Red Sea shipping"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Houthis+claim+new+attacks+on+Red+Sea+shipping&rft.date=2024-02-06&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-68218901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/live-updates-rcna137078">"U.S. and U.K. launch new wave of strikes, this time targeting Houthis in Yemen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+U.K.+launch+new+wave+of+strikes%2C+this+time+targeting+Houthis+in+Yemen&rft.date=2024-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Flive-blog%2Flive-updates-rcna137078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-68189567">"What we know about US retaliatory strikes in Iraq and Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+we+know+about+US+retaliatory+strikes+in+Iraq+and+Syria&rft.date=2024-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-68189567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hc_baconi-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hc_baconi_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hc_baconi_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a>, Politicide, Containment, and Pacification </li> <li id="cite_note-mishal_sela-124"><a href="#cite_ref-mishal_sela_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaul_Mishal,_Avraham_Sela2000" class="citation book cs1">Shaul Mishal, Avraham Sela (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xBRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA">The Palestinian Hamas</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11674-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11674-9"><bdi>978-0-231-11674-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinian+Hamas&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11674-9&rft.au=Shaul+Mishal%2C+Avraham+Sela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBRWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Yehuda Lukacs, ed., The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A documentary record, 1967–1990 (Cambridge: 1992), pp. 477–479. </li> <li id="cite_note-Avner_Yaniv-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Avner_Yaniv_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaniv1987" class="citation book cs1">Yaniv, Avner (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NIVtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA">Dilemmas of Security</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504122-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504122-4"><bdi>978-0-19-504122-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+of+Security&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504122-4&rft.aulast=Yaniv&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNIVtAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlaim2015">Shlaim 2015</a>: "The PLO followed the Algiers resolutions with a concerted attempt to project a more moderate image. It made a special effort to gain respectability by dissociating the PLO from terrorism. Arafat issued a series of statements on the subject, which failed to satisfy the United States, so in the end the State Department virtually dictated the text that Arafat read at the opening of his press conference in Geneva on 14 December. "I repeat for the record," stated Arafat, "that we totally and absolutely renounce all forms of terrorism, including individual, group and state terrorism. Between Geneva and Algiers we have made our position crystal clear." The statement unconditionally accepted Resolutions 242 and 338 and clearly recognized Israel's right to exist. All the conditions that Henry Kissinger had laid down in 1975 for dealing with the PLO had now been met. One of the last major foreign policy acts of the outgoing Reagan administration was to recognize the PLO and to open a substantive dialogue with it. This dialogue was conducted by the American ambassador in Tunis. President Reagan stated publicly that the special commitment of the United States to Israel's security and well-being remained unshakable." </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlaim2015">Shlaim 2015</a>: "To Shamir it was crystal clear, once again, that the PLO had not abandoned the path of terror. For him the PLO had always been and would forever remain a terrorist organization. His response to the momentous changes taking place in the Palestinian camp was a reaffirmation of his previous position: no to withdrawal from the occupied territories, no to recognition of the PLO, no to negotiation with the PLO, no to a Palestinian state. Shamir called the U.S. decision to enter into a dialogue with the PLO a "grave error." He saw it as a threat to the long-standing American-Israeli collaboration in support of the territorial status quo. "For the PLO," explained Shamir, "a Palestinian state is a minimum. Therefore, anyone who engages in negotiations with it in effect accepts this principle. What else can one talk about with the PLO, if not about a Palestinian state?" Vice-Premier Peres described the opening of the U.S.-PLO dialogue as "a sad day for all of us." But he felt that Israel had to come up with its own peace initiative, since it was impossible to preserve the status quo." </li> <li id="cite_note-Pappé_2022-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pappé_2022_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappé_2022_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPappé2022">Pappé 2022</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_B._Quandt-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_B._Quandt_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_B._Quandt_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_B._Quandt_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuandt2005" class="citation book cs1">Quandt, William B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Jm0YNKvQsAC&pg=PA">Peace Process</a>. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24631-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24631-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24631-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Process&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24631-7&rft.aulast=Quandt&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Jm0YNKvQsAC%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalidi_2020-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi_2020_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi_2020_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mwe_slater-132"><a href="#cite_ref-mwe_slater_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, Chapter 14: "On the contrary, in August 1996 the PLO honored its commitment to revoke its original charter, which had denied the legitimacy of Israel and called for the armed liberation of all of Palestine. As well, by 1996 the PA and its police forces had become increasingly successful in their efforts to end the terrorism of Hamas and other Islamic extremists, even cooperating with the Israeli forces. As a result, there were now far fewer terrorist attacks than in the preceding few years." </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlaim2015">Shlaim 2015</a>, Stonewalling 1988 –1992 </li> <li id="cite_note-pop_christison-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_christison_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_christison_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_christison_134-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristison2000" class="citation book cs1">Christison, Kathleen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H6UwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Perceptions of Palestine</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21718-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21718-8"><bdi>978-0-520-21718-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perceptions+of+Palestine&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21718-8&rft.aulast=Christison&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH6UwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-homme-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-homme_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-homme_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevelandBunton2010" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnzxzqau3a8C&pg=PA">A History of the Modern Middle East</a>. ReadHowYouWant.com, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-8155-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-8155-0"><bdi>978-1-4587-8155-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=ReadHowYouWant.com%2C+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4587-8155-0&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.au=Bunton%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhnzxzqau3a8C%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mwoe-136"><a href="#cite_ref-mwoe_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-sowwop-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sowwop_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sowwop_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2007" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x72ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Scars of War, Wounds of Peace</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532542-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532542-3"><bdi>978-0-19-532542-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scars+of+War%2C+Wounds+of+Peace&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532542-3&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx72ZEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1649446">Dennis Ross and the Peace Process: Subordinating Palestinian Rights to Israeli "Needs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dennis+Ross+and+the+Peace+Process%3A+Subordinating+Palestinian+Rights+to+Israeli+%22Needs%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-studies.org%2Fen%2Fnode%2F1649446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Human Rights Watch, An Analysis of the Wye River Memorandum </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Amnesty International, The United States, Israel and the Palestinian Authority </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Ross2005" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Ross (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGRvlDWtCggC&pg=PA">The Missing Peace</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52980-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52980-2"><bdi>978-0-374-52980-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missing+Peace&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-374-52980-2&rft.au=Dennis+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDGRvlDWtCggC%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson2000">Watson 2000</a>, pp. 211–236: "The Palestinian side has repeatedly run afoul of its obligation to refrain from incitement and hostile propaganda." </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson2000">Watson 2000</a>, pp. 211–236: "the Palestinian record of compliance with these obligations is at best mixed...the PA's record on security cooperation has been mixed... The PA has a mixed record on fighting terror group." </li> <li id="cite_note-ft_Chomsky-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ft_Chomsky_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ft_Chomsky_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ft_Chomsky_144-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHphMCIkhK0C&pg=PA">Fateful Triangle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. pp. Chapter 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1530-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1530-0"><bdi>978-0-7453-1530-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fateful+Triangle&rft.pages=Chapter+10&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1530-0&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHphMCIkhK0C%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-giim_norman-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giim_norman_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giim_norman_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giim_norman_145-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman G.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qo84DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Gaza</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. Chapter 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29571-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29571-1"><bdi>978-0-520-29571-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaza&rft.pages=Chapter+2&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29571-1&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqo84DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p_kimmerling-146"><a href="#cite_ref-p_kimmerling_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmerling2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling" title="Baruch Kimmerling">Kimmerling, Baruch</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TE8oCW2J2F4C&pg=PA">Politicide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. pp. The Road to Sharonism. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-517-2"><bdi>978-1-85984-517-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politicide&rft.pages=The+Road+to+Sharonism&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-517-2&rft.aulast=Kimmerling&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTE8oCW2J2F4C%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pwh_ben-ami-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pwh_ben-ami_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pwh_ben-ami_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2022" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Prophets Without Honor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. e-book section 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3"><bdi>978-0-19-006047-3</bdi></a>. <q>Camp David failed because of the two sides' conflicting interpretations of the terms of reference of the peace process. The Israelis came to the negotiations with the conviction inherent in the letter of the Oslo Accords that this was an open-ended process where no preconceived solutions existed and where every one of the core issues would be open to negotiation so that a reasonable point of equilibrium between the needs of the parties could be found. The Palestinians saw the negotiations as a step in a journey where they would get their rights as if this were a clear-cut process of decolonization based on "international legitimacy" and "all UN relevant resolutions."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+Without+Honor&rft.pages=e-book+section+38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006047-3&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnhXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelstein2007">Finkelstein 2007</a>, p. 352 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelstein2007">Finkelstein 2007</a>, p. 352: "In a letter to President Clinton, who presided over the proceedings, Palestinian representatives stated that their aim was implementation of U.N. Resolution 242 and that "[w]e are willing to accept adjustments of the border between the two countries, on condition that they be equivalent in value and importance." Repeatedly the Palestinian negotiators asked: "Will you accept the June 4border [as the basis of discussion]? Will you accept the principle of the exchange of territories?" The Israeli position was that "[w]e can't accept the demand for a return to the borders of June 1967as a pre-condition for the negotiation," while Clinton "literally yells," in response to the Palestinian view that "international legitimacy means Israeli retreat to the border of 4 June 1967," that "[t]his isn't the Security Council here. This isn't the U.N. General Assembly." </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPressman2003">Pressman 2003</a>, pp. 16–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Karsh-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karsh_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karsh_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Karsh, Efraim</a> (2003). Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. p. 168. <q>Arafat rejected the proposal</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arafat%27s+War%3A+The+Man+and+His+Battle+for+Israeli+Conquest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Benny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/06/13/camp-david-and-after-an-exchange-1-an-interview-wi/">"Camp David and After: An Exchange (1. An Interview with Ehud Barak)"</a>. New York Review of Books. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205559/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/06/13/camp-david-and-after-an-exchange-1-an-interview-wi/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Camp+David+and+After%3A+An+Exchange+%281.+An+Interview+with+Ehud+Barak%29&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2002%2F06%2F13%2Fcamp-david-and-after-an-exchange-1-an-interview-wi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPressman2003">Pressman 2003</a>, pp. 7, 15–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-nybooks.com-155"><a href="#cite_ref-nybooks.com_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalleyAgha2001" class="citation journal cs1">Malley, Robert; Agha, Hussein (9 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/08/09/camp-david-the-tragedy-of-errors/">"Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a>. 48 (13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906052533/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/08/09/camp-david-the-tragedy-of-errors/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Camp+David%3A+The+Tragedy+of+Errors&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2001-08-09&rft.aulast=Malley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Agha%2C+Hussein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2001%2F08%2F09%2Fcamp-david-the-tragedy-of-errors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2022" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Prophets Without Honor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3"><bdi>978-0-19-006047-3</bdi></a>. <q>I myself am on record as having said, "If I were a Palestinian, I would have rejected what was offered at the Camp David Summit." This book stands by this assertion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+Without+Honor&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006047-3&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnhXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPressman-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPressman_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPressman_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPressman_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPressman_157-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPressman_157-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPressman2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pressman, Jeremy (Fall 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082619/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/pressman.pdf">"Visions in Collision – What Happened at Camp David and Taba"</a> (PDF). International Security. 28 (2): 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F016228803322761955">10.1162/016228803322761955</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57564925">57564925</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/pressman.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Visions+in+Collision+%E2%80%93+What+Happened+at+Camp+David+and+Taba&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F016228803322761955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57564925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pressman&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fpressman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerome_Slater-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Jerome_Slater_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>: "After Camp David, a new mythology emerged perpetrated by Barak and his foreign minister Shlomo Ben-Ami, with the support of Dennis Ross, Clinton's secretary of state Madeleine Albright, and to a considerable extent Clinton himself. The mythology holds that at Camp David, Barak made a generous and unprecedented offer to the Palestinians, only to be met by a shocking if not perverse rejection by Arafat who then ordered a violent uprising at just the moment when the chances for peace had never been greater. For example, shortly after the conclusion of Camp David, Ben-Ami gave a long interview with Haaretz, claiming that Arafat did not go to Camp David to reach a compromise settlement but rather treated the negotiations as "a huge camouflage net behind which he sought to undermine the very idea of two states for two nations. ... Camp David collapsed over the fact that [the Palestinians] refused to get in the game. They refused to make a counterproposal ... and didn't succeed in conveying ... that at some point the demands would have an end." The implied premise of Barak and Ben-Ami was that Arafat thought the Palestinians held all the cards, so that if he held out long enough, he would eventually reach his goal: the destruction of Israel in stages and the takeover of all of historic Palestine. This view became widely accepted in US and Israeli public opinion... This and other Camp David mythologies have been rejected, both at the time and in retrospect, by nearly all scholars and knowledgeable journalists and by most Israeli and US officials who participated in the negotiations. In particular, they were challenged in interviews and memoirs by the leading Israeli negotiators, among them Ron Pundak, Yossi Beilin, Oden Era, Shaul Arieli, Yossi Ginosser, Moshe Amirav, and General Amnon Lipkin-Shahak, chief of staff of the IDF in 1995–1998. As well, the mythologies were strongly—and subsequently, publicly—rejected by Israel's leading military intelligence officials, including Ami Ayalon, the 2000 head of Shin Bet, and Matti Steinberg, his chief advisor—and by Amos Malka, head of the IDF's military intelligence bureau, and his second in command, Ephraim Lavie." </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/oct/13/clinton-arafat-changed-mind-peace-deal/">"Clinton: Arafat changed mind on peace deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/oct/13/clinton-arafat-changed-mind-peace-deal/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Clinton%3A+Arafat+changed+mind+on+peace+deal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2Foct%2F13%2Fclinton-arafat-changed-mind-peace-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Altman, Alex (22 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1873532,00.html">"Middle East Envoy George Mitchell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208152012/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1873532,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Middle+East+Envoy+George+Mitchell&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1873532%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USEmbassy-161"><a href="#cite_ref-USEmbassy_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721145451/http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2001/january/me0103b.html">"Excerpts: State Dept; Spokesman on Mideast Peace Prospects (Both sides accept Clinton's parameters with reservations)"</a>. Embassy of the United States, Israel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2001/january/me0103b.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excerpts%3A+State+Dept%3B+Spokesman+on+Mideast+Peace+Prospects+%28Both+sides+accept+Clinton%27s+parameters+with+reservations%29&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+United+States%2C+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usembassy-israel.org.il%2Fpublish%2Fpeace%2Farchives%2F2001%2Fjanuary%2Fme0103b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTsCP-162"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTsCP_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWren2001" class="citation news cs1">Wren, Christopher (3 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/03/world/03CND-MIDEAST.html">"Renewed Hope for Peace Talks as Arafat Returns to Mideast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920143125/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/03/world/03CND-MIDEAST.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Renewed+Hope+for+Peace+Talks+as+Arafat+Returns+to+Mideast&rft.date=2001-01-03&rft.aulast=Wren&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F01%2F03%2Fworld%2F03CND-MIDEAST.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2015" class="citation news cs1">Levinson, Chaim (9 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.684929">"Israel moves to green light 2,200 new settlement units, recognizes outposts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130010926/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.684929">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+moves+to+green+light+2%2C200+new+settlement+units%2C+recognizes+outposts&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Chaim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-1.684929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/israeli-palestinian-violence-151029060544251.html">"UN: Israeli-Palestinian violence nears 'catastrophe'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208102159/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/israeli-palestinian-violence-151029060544251.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=UN%3A+Israeli-Palestinian+violence+nears+%27catastrophe%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2Fisraeli-palestinian-violence-151029060544251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/10/mapping-dead-latest-israeli-palestinian-violence-151013142015577.html">"Mapping the dead in latest Israeli-Palestinian violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129042227/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/10/mapping-dead-latest-israeli-palestinian-violence-151013142015577.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+dead+in+latest+Israeli-Palestinian+violence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Finteractive%2F2015%2F10%2Fmapping-dead-latest-israeli-palestinian-violence-151013142015577.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenn2007" class="citation news cs1">Benn, Aluf (14 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/annapolis-joint-declaration-to-focus-on-goals-of-final-status-talks-1.233192">"Annapolis joint declaration to focus on goals of final status talks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Annapolis+joint+declaration+to+focus+on+goals+of+final+status+talks&rft.date=2007-11-14&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=Aluf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fannapolis-joint-declaration-to-focus-on-goals-of-final-status-talks-1.233192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joint_Understanding-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Joint_Understanding_167-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/586E84217636CF87852573A00065F149">Joint Understanding Read by President Bush at Annapolis Conference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922192953/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/586E84217636CF87852573A00065F149">Archived</a> 22 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Memorial Hall, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>, Annapolis, Maryland; 27 November 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederman2015" class="citation news cs1">Federman, Josef (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-admits-he-rejected-2008-peace-offer-from-olmert/">"Abbas admits he rejected 2008 peace offer from Olmert"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Abbas+admits+he+rejected+2008+peace+offer+from+Olmert&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.aulast=Federman&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fabbas-admits-he-rejected-2008-peace-offer-from-olmert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/peace/1.685313">"Saudi Prince al-Faisal tells Haaretz: Desire for peace exists both in Gaza and Ramallah – Israel Conference on Peace TLV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 12 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151203061242/http://www.haaretz.com/peace/1.685313">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Saudi+Prince+al-Faisal+tells+Haaretz%3A+Desire+for+peace+exists+both+in+Gaza+and+Ramallah+%E2%80%93+Israel+Conference+on+Peace+TLV&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fpeace%2F1.685313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3691148,00.html">"The Saudi Arabia peace initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynet News">Ynet News</a>. 23 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205555/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3691148,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet+News&rft.atitle=The+Saudi+Arabia+peace+initiative&rft.date=2009-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3691148%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/28/opinion/support-for-the-saudi-initiative.html">"Support for the Saudi Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 28 February 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111012403/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/28/opinion/support-for-the-saudi-initiative.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Support+for+the+Saudi+Initiative&rft.date=2002-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F02%2F28%2Fopinion%2Fsupport-for-the-saudi-initiative.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz1-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz1_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2008" class="citation news cs1">Stern, Yoav (22 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225191831/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1039866.html">"Abbas calls on Obama to enact Arab peace plan as soon as he takes office"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1039866.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Abbas+calls+on+Obama+to+enact+Arab+peace+plan+as+soon+as+he+takes+office&rft.date=2008-11-22&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1039866.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-zahar-173"><a href="#cite_ref-al-zahar_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720103429/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3257932,00.html">"Hamas' al-Zahar: Arab peace initiative impractical"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynet News">Ynet News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 1 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3257932,00.html">the original</a> on 20 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet+News&rft.atitle=Hamas%27+al-Zahar%3A+Arab+peace+initiative+impractical&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3257932%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Time_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2009" class="citation magazine cs1">MacLeod, Scott (17 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117001303/http://mideast.blogs.time.com/2009/01/08/time-to-test-the-arab-peace-offer/">"Time to Test the Arab Peace Offer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mideast.blogs.time.com/2009/01/08/time-to-test-the-arab-peace-offer/">the original</a> on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Time+to+Test+the+Arab+Peace+Offer&rft.date=2009-01-17&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmideast.blogs.time.com%2F2009%2F01%2F08%2Ftime-to-test-the-arab-peace-offer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpost061020-175"><a href="#cite_ref-jpost061020_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/saudi-former-intel-chief-slams-palestinian-leaderships-criticism-of-uae-israel-deal-644678">"Saudi former intel chief slams Palestinian's criticism of UAE-Israel deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. 6 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006021450/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/saudi-former-intel-chief-slams-palestinian-leaderships-criticism-of-uae-israel-deal-644678">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Saudi+former+intel+chief+slams+Palestinian%27s+criticism+of+UAE-Israel+deal&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Farab-israeli-conflict%2Fsaudi-former-intel-chief-slams-palestinian-leaderships-criticism-of-uae-israel-deal-644678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-176"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1898736.stm">"Arabs offer Israel peace plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214080717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1898736.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Arabs+offer+Israel+peace+plan&rft.date=2002-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F1898736.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2002" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, Gil (4 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040203094239/http://www.jpost.com/Editions/2002/03/04/News/News.44486.html">"Sharon warns Saudi plan may be Arab plot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Editions/2002/03/04/News/News.44486.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2004. Retrieved 1 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Sharon+warns+Saudi+plan+may+be+Arab+plot&rft.date=2002-03-04&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FEditions%2F2002%2F03%2F04%2FNews%2FNews.44486.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/30/israel2">"Olmert gives cautious welcome to Arab peace plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. 30 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220143413/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/30/israel2">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Olmert+gives+cautious+welcome+to+Arab+peace+plan&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fmar%2F30%2Fisrael2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times_of_Israel-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Times_of_Israel_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-endorses-general-idea-behind-arab-peace-initiative/">"Netanyahu backs 'general idea' behind Arab Peace Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. 28 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530202808/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-endorses-general-idea-behind-arab-peace-initiative/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+backs+%27general+idea%27+behind+Arab+Peace+Initiative&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fnetanyahu-endorses-general-idea-behind-arab-peace-initiative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz2018apr10-180"><a href="#cite_ref-haaretz2018apr10_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2016-06-13/ty-article/pm-netanyahu-israel-cannot-agree-to-2002-arab-league-peace-plan/0000017f-dbbd-d856-a37f-fffd5b200000">"Netanyahu: Israel Will Never Accept Arab Peace Initiative as Basis for Talks With Palestinians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201134801/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2016-06-13/ty-article/pm-netanyahu-israel-cannot-agree-to-2002-arab-league-peace-plan/0000017f-dbbd-d856-a37f-fffd5b200000">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Netanyahu%3A+Israel+Will+Never+Accept+Arab+Peace+Initiative+as+Basis+for+Talks+With+Palestinians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2016-06-13%2Fty-article%2Fpm-netanyahu-israel-cannot-agree-to-2002-arab-league-peace-plan%2F0000017f-dbbd-d856-a37f-fffd5b200000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_181-0">^</a> Aeyal Gross, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-19/ty-article/.premium/the-icj-just-demolished-one-of-israels-key-defenses-of-the-occupation/00000190-cc54-dcff-afd4-cfdc29ee0000">'The ICJ Just Demolished One of Israel's Key Defenses of the Occupation,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240720065012/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-19/ty-article/.premium/the-icj-just-demolished-one-of-israels-key-defenses-of-the-occupation/00000190-cc54-dcff-afd4-cfdc29ee0000">Archived</a> 20 July 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> 19 July 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Human Rights Watch, "A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution," 27 April 2021, hrw.org; Amnesty International, "Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity," 1 February 2022, amnesty.org; Michael Sfard, The Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and the Crime of Apartheid: Legal Opinion (Yesh Din, June 2022), yesh-din.org; B'Tselem, "A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid," position paper, 12 January 2021, btselem.org </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2021" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Oliver (27 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch">"Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202210105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+is+committing+the+crime+of+apartheid%2C+rights+group+says&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fapr%2F27%2Fisrael-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf">Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201215719/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Apartheid+Against+Palestinians%3A+Cruel+System+of+Domination+and+Crime+Against+Humanity&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F02%2FMDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/09/defending-the-rule-of-law-enforcing-apartheid-the-double-life-of-israels-judiciary/">"Defending the rule of law, enforcing apartheid – the double life of Israel's judiciary"</a>. Amnesty International. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Defending+the+rule+of+law%2C+enforcing+apartheid+%E2%80%93+the+double+life+of+Israel%27s+judiciary&rft.date=2023-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2023%2F09%2Fdefending-the-rule-of-law-enforcing-apartheid-the-double-life-of-israels-judiciary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaim2023" class="citation book cs1">Shlaim, Avi (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XTWUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Three Worlds</a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86154-464-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86154-464-6"><bdi>978-0-86154-464-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Worlds&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-86154-464-6&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXTWUEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIA-187"><a href="#cite_ref-AIA_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-must-end-its-occupation-of-palestine-to-stop-fuelling-apartheid-and-systematic-human-rights-violations/">"Israel must end its occupation of Palestine to stop fuelling apartheid and systematic human rights violations"</a>. Amnesty International. 19 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240718064623/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-must-end-its-occupation-of-palestine-to-stop-fuelling-apartheid-and-systematic-human-rights-violations/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Israel+must+end+its+occupation+of+Palestine+to+stop+fuelling+apartheid+and+systematic+human+rights+violations&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2024%2F02%2Fisrael-must-end-its-occupation-of-palestine-to-stop-fuelling-apartheid-and-systematic-human-rights-violations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf">'Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem:Advisory Opinion,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240723012621/https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf">Archived</a> 23 July 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Information_System_on_the_Question_of_Palestine" title="United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine">Unispal</a> 19 July 2023 pp. 6, 73, 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Ghousoon Bisharat,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.972mag.com/icj-israel-occupation-illegal/">'Israel always sold the occupation as legal. The ICJ now terrifies them'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240724063617/https://www.972mag.com/icj-israel-occupation-illegal/">Archived</a> 24 July 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/%2B972_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="+972 magazine">+972 magazine</a> 23 July 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-Eran-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Eran_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSela2002">Sela 2002</a>, pp. 121–147, Eran, Oded. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking" </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/01/hamas-new-charter-palestine-israel-1967-borders">"Hamas presents new charter accepting a Palestine based on 1967 borders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414092448/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/01/hamas-new-charter-palestine-israel-1967-borders">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hamas+presents+new+charter+accepting+a+Palestine+based+on+1967+borders&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fmay%2F01%2Fhamas-new-charter-palestine-israel-1967-borders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Roberts, Adam</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215100933/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf">"Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967"</a> (PDF). The American Journal of International Law. 84 (1): 85–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2203016">10.2307/2203016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9300">0002-9300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2203016">2203016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145514740">145514740</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 February 2020. <q>The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Prolonged+Military+Occupation%3A+The+Israeli-Occupied+Territories+Since+1967&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-86&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0002-9300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145514740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2203016%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2203016&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F8aaa%2F455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maj-193"><a href="#cite_ref-maj_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertile2005" class="citation book cs1">Pertile, Marco (2005). "'Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory': A Missed Opportunity for International Humanitarian Law?". In Conforti, Benedetto; Bravo, Luigi (eds.). The Italian Yearbook of International Law. Vol. 14. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15027-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15027-0"><bdi>978-90-04-15027-0</bdi></a>. <q>the establishment of the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory has been considered illegal by the international community and by the majority of legal scholars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Legal+Consequences+of+the+Construction+of+a+Wall+in+the+Occupied+Palestinian+Territory%27%3A+A+Missed+Opportunity+for+International+Humanitarian+Law%3F&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Yearbook+of+International+Law&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15027-0&rft.aulast=Pertile&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarak-Erez2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Barak_Erez" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphne Barak Erez">Barak-Erez, Daphne</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmol021">"Israel: The security barrier—between international law, constitutional law, and domestic judicial review"</a>. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 4 (3): 548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmol021">10.1093/icon/mol021</a>. <q>The real controversy hovering over all the litigation on the security barrier concerns the fate of the Israeli settlements in the occupied territories. Since 1967, Israel has allowed and even encouraged its citizens to live in the new settlements established in the territories, motivated by religious and national sentiments attached to the history of the Jewish nation in the land of Israel. This policy has also been justified in terms of security interests, taking into consideration the dangerous geographic circumstances of Israel before 1967 (where Israeli areas on the Mediterranean coast were potentially threatened by Jordanian control of the West Bank ridge). The international community, for its part, has viewed this policy as patently illegal, based on the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention that prohibit moving populations to or from territories under occupation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=Israel%3A+The+security+barrier%E2%80%94between+international+law%2C+constitutional+law%2C+and+domestic+judicial+review&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=548&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmol021&rft.aulast=Barak-Erez&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficon%252Fmol021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew1997" class="citation book cs1">Drew, Catriona (1997). "Self-determination and population transfer". In Bowen, Stephen (ed.). Human rights, self-determination and political change in the occupied Palestinian territories. International studies in human rights. Vol. 52. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 151–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0502-8"><bdi>978-90-411-0502-8</bdi></a>. <q>It can thus clearly be concluded that the transfer of Israeli settlers into the occupied territories violates not only the laws of belligerent occupation but the Palestinian right of self-determination under international law. The question remains, however, whether this is of any practical value. In other words, given the view of the international community that the Israeli settlements are illegal under the law if belligerent occupation, what purpose does it serve to establish that an additional breach of international law has occurred?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Self-determination+and+population+transfer&rft.btitle=Human+rights%2C+self-determination+and+political+change+in+the+occupied+Palestinian+territories&rft.series=International+studies+in+human+rights&rft.pages=151-152&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-411-0502-8&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Catriona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcpsr.org/en/node/912">"Public Opinion Poll No (84)"</a>. pcpsr.org. <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Center_for_Policy_and_Survey_Research" title="Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research">Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research</a>. 6 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802113920/http://pcpsr.org/en/node/912">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pcpsr.org&rft.atitle=Public+Opinion+Poll+No+%2884%29&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcpsr.org%2Fen%2Fnode%2F912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harel-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Harel_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarel2006" class="citation news cs1">Harel, Amos (24 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/settlements-grow-on-arab-land-despite-promises-made-to-u-s-1.203258">"Settlements grow on Arab land, despite promises made to U.S."</a> Haaretz 24 October 2006. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522073205/http://www.haaretz.com/news/settlements-grow-on-arab-land-despite-promises-made-to-u-s-1.203258">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz+24+October+2006&rft.atitle=Settlements+grow+on+Arab+land%2C+despite+promises+made+to+U.S.&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.aulast=Harel&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fsettlements-grow-on-arab-land-despite-promises-made-to-u-s-1.203258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2004-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Stone2004_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Stone" title="Julius Stone">Stone, Julius</a> (2004). Lacey, Ian (ed.). International Law and the Arab-Israel Conflict: Extracts from "Israel and Palestine Assault on the Law of Nations" by Professor Julius Stone (2nd ed.). Jirlac Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-975-10730-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-975-10730-0"><bdi>978-0-975-10730-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+and+the+Arab-Israel+Conflict%3A+Extracts+from+%22Israel+and+Palestine+Assault+on+the+Law+of+Nations%22+by+Professor+Julius+Stone&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Jirlac+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-975-10730-0&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byron2013-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Byron2013_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByron2013" class="citation book cs1">Byron, Christine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4XLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-847-79275-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-847-79275-4"><bdi>978-1-847-79275-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Crimes+and+Crimes+Against+Humanity+in+the+Rome+Statute+of+the+International+Criminal+Court&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-847-79275-4&rft.aulast=Byron&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4XLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob2009" class="citation web cs1">Jacob, Aaron (18 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122083606/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=846567&ct=7158483">"Historical, Legal, and Political Aspects of Israeli Settlement Policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=846567&ct=7158483">the original</a> on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+Committee&rft.atitle=Historical%2C+Legal%2C+and+Political+Aspects+of+Israeli+Settlement+Policy&rft.date=2009-06-18&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2Fsite%2Fapps%2Fnlnet%2Fcontent3.aspx%3Fc%3DijITI2PHKoG%26b%3D846567%26ct%3D7158483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnesty_cap3-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amnesty_cap3_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amnesty_cap3_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/01/chapter-3-israeli-settlements-and-international-law/">"Chapter 3: Israeli Settlements and International Law"</a>. Amnesty International. 30 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306122358/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/01/chapter-3-israeli-settlements-and-international-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Israeli+Settlements+and+International+Law&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fcampaigns%2F2019%2F01%2Fchapter-3-israeli-settlements-and-international-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-02-02/israeli-settler-population-west-bank-surpasses-500000">"Jewish settler population in the West Bank surpasses half a million"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 2 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109170930/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-02-02/israeli-settler-population-west-bank-surpasses-500000">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Jewish+settler+population+in+the+West+Bank+surpasses+half+a+million&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2023-02-02%2Fisraeli-settler-population-west-bank-surpasses-500000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/18/israeli-minister-given-sweeping-settlement-building-powers">"Israel to ramp up settlement expansion in occupied West Bank"</a>. Al-Jazeera. 18 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108070321/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/18/israeli-minister-given-sweeping-settlement-building-powers">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Israel+to+ramp+up+settlement+expansion+in+occupied+West+Bank&rft.date=2023-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F6%2F18%2Fisraeli-minister-given-sweeping-settlement-building-powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-05-18/ty-article/.premium/far-right-israeli-minister-lays-groundwork-for-doubling-west-bank-settler-population/00000188-2de6-d6e4-ab9d-ede74a3e0000">"Far-right Israeli Minister Lays Groundwork for Doubling West Bank Settler Population"</a>. Haaretz. 18 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150935/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-05-18/ty-article/.premium/far-right-israeli-minister-lays-groundwork-for-doubling-west-bank-settler-population/00000188-2de6-d6e4-ab9d-ede74a3e0000">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Far-right+Israeli+Minister+Lays+Groundwork+for+Doubling+West+Bank+Settler+Population&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2023-05-18%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Ffar-right-israeli-minister-lays-groundwork-for-doubling-west-bank-settler-population%2F00000188-2de6-d6e4-ab9d-ede74a3e0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2023" class="citation web cs1">Sharon, Jeremy (23 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/smotrich-handed-sweeping-powers-over-west-bank-control-over-settlement-planning/">"Smotrich handed sweeping powers over West Bank, control over settlement planning"</a>. The Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105011524/https://www.timesofisrael.com/smotrich-handed-sweeping-powers-over-west-bank-control-over-settlement-planning/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Smotrich+handed+sweeping+powers+over+West+Bank%2C+control+over+settlement+planning&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsmotrich-handed-sweeping-powers-over-west-bank-control-over-settlement-planning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2023" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (24 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/former-us-ambassador-accuses-israel-creeping-annexation-west-bank-israel-palestinians">"Former US ambassador accuses Israel of 'creeping annexation' of the West Bank"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143609/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/former-us-ambassador-accuses-israel-creeping-annexation-west-bank-israel-palestinians">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Former+US+ambassador+accuses+Israel+of+%27creeping+annexation%27+of+the+West+Bank&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Ffeb%2F24%2Fformer-us-ambassador-accuses-israel-creeping-annexation-west-bank-israel-palestinians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2023" class="citation web cs1">Sharon, Jeremy (18 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-hands-smotrich-full-authority-to-expand-existing-settlements/">"Netanyahu hands Smotrich full authority to expand existing settlements"</a>. www.timesofisrael.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113063154/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-hands-smotrich-full-authority-to-expand-existing-settlements/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+hands+Smotrich+full+authority+to+expand+existing+settlements&rft.date=2023-06-18&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fnetanyahu-hands-smotrich-full-authority-to-expand-existing-settlements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-amnesty-idUSBREA1Q00G20140227">"Amnesty says some Israeli West Bank killings may be war crimes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 27 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407053839/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-amnesty-idUSBREA1Q00G20140227">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Amnesty+says+some+Israeli+West+Bank+killings+may+be+war+crimes&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-palestinians-israel-amnesty-idUSBREA1Q00G20140227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/002/2014/en/">"Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories: Trigger-happy: Israel's use of excessive force in the West Bank"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 27 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122052504/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/002/2014/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Israel+and+Occupied+Palestinian+Territories%3A+Trigger-happy%3A+Israel%27s+use+of+excessive+force+in+the+West+Bank&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fmde15%2F002%2F2014%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> GISHA, What is the Separation Policy? </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2016">Roy 2016</a>, De-development Completed </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a>: "Sharon's plan was the latest in a long series of measures Israel had taken to separate the Gaza Strip from the West Bank. Although policies of isolation reach back to the 1950s, more contemporary measures began with the "soft quarantining" of Gaza after the signing of the Oslo Accords, including the gradual tightening of border crossings and the construction of barriers to geographically sever the coastal enclave from Israel.9 Sharon's initiative also reflected a continuation of his use of the pretext of security to unilaterally consolidate Israel's grip on the territories while avoiding any form of political engagement with the Palestinians. This goal was explicitly articulated by Sharon's top aide, Dov Weisglass, in an interview several months later. "The disengagement is actually formaldehyde," Weisglass told the Israeli newspaper Haaretz. "It supplies the amount of formaldehyde that is necessary so that there will not be a political process with the Palestinians." </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2016">Roy 2016</a>: "But complete control over the West Bank-the obvious goal of the settlement enterprise and the separation barrier-cannot be achieved as long as Gaza remains a source of resistance and as along as the possibility of a unified Palestinian state exists." </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern-Weiner_2024-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern-Weiner_2024_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern-Weiner_2024_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern-Weiner_2024_214-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern-Weiner_2024_214-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStern-Weiner2024">Stern-Weiner 2024</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy_2013-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_2013_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_2013_215-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2013">Roy 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy_2016-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_2016_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_2016_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_2016_216-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2016">Roy 2016</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGross2017">Gross 2017</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/19/whats-the-icj-case-against-israels-illegal-occupation-of-palestine">"What's the ICJ case against Israel's illegal occupation of Palestine?"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+ICJ+case+against+Israel%27s+illegal+occupation+of+Palestine%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F2%2F19%2Fwhats-the-icj-case-against-israels-illegal-occupation-of-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBashi2018">Bashi 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gisha_closure-220"><a href="#cite_ref-gisha_closure_220-0">^</a> GISHA, A Guide to the Gaza Closure: In Israel's own words </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Oxfam International, Cease Failure, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFRoy2016">Roy 2016</a>: "This situation has not substantially changed: In late 2012, the World Bank reported that "access to Gaza remains highly controlled, and only consumer goods and construction material for donor-supervised projects are allowed in. Products from Gaza to the West Bank and Israeli markets.. are prohibited. Only small shipments of certain agricultural and manufactured products are exported to other markets through donor-supported projects. East Jerusalem, which is considered a highly lucrative market, is beyond reach." The virtual ban on exports from Gaza has not been lifted to this day (August 2014). Israel has claimed security reasons, but since the prohibitions involved such items as furniture destined for PA schools in the West Bank,» citrus fruit to West Bank grocers, and textiles to Israeli companies," it is difficult not to conclude that the restrictions have little if anything to do with security. Instead, their purpose clearly is to maintain the separation of Gaza and the West Bank. Indeed, Israeli security officials themselves have attribut- ed the export ban "to a political decision to separate Gaza from the West Bank." The government terms the policy a "political-security" necessity.*° Significantly, "decisions regarding [the] sale of goods from Gaza to the West Bank.. could only be made by the prime minister's office.""' Diminution of the Private Sector: Some Statistics Among the consequences of the blockade (worsened by severe economic restrictions and continuing military assaults) is the extreme degradation of Gaza's private sector and productive base...The Israeli government officially justifies closure as a security measure despite the fact that the Israeli security establishment itself has stated that closure is of limited value against extremist attacks." </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza">"Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 9 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Israel+announces+%27total%27+blockade+on+Gaza&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F10%2F9%2Fisrael-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10">"Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. 9 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Israel+announces+%27complete+siege%27+of+Gaza%2C+cutting+its+electricity%2C+food%2C+water%2C+and+fuel&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fisrael-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel-unlawful-gaza-blockade-deadly-children">"Israel: Unlawful Gaza Blockade Deadly for Children"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 18 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018222439/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel-unlawful-gaza-blockade-deadly-children">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Israel%3A+Unlawful+Gaza+Blockade+Deadly+for+Children&rft.date=2023-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2023%2F10%2F18%2Fisrael-unlawful-gaza-blockade-deadly-children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127482582">"As World Focuses On Gaza, Grim Lives Go On"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012045708/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127482582">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=As+World+Focuses+On+Gaza%2C+Grim+Lives+Go+On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D127482582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2016">Roy 2016</a>, pp. 352–359 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mag.idf.il/592-4071-en/patzar.aspx">"Interception of the Gaza flotilla-Legal aspects"</a>. Mag.idf.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230235747/http://www.mag.idf.il/592-4071-en/patzar.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interception+of+the+Gaza+flotilla-Legal+aspects.&rft.pub=Mag.idf.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mag.idf.il%2F592-4071-en%2Fpatzar.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=288686">"Court extends remand of Israelis aboard Gaza ship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015230656/http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=288686">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Court+extends+remand+of+Israelis+aboard+Gaza+ship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FLandedPages%2FPrintArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D288686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116231842/http://www.mag.idf.il/163-4314-en/patzar.aspx">"Position paper on the naval blockade on Gaza"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Defense Force">Israel Defense Force</a>. 8 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mag.idf.il/163-4314-en/patzar.aspx">the original</a> on 16 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Defense+Force&rft.atitle=Position+paper+on+the+naval+blockade+on+Gaza&rft.date=2010-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mag.idf.il%2F163-4314-en%2Fpatzar.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebteam2011" class="citation web cs1">Webteam, Web (6 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines/">"Palmer Report Did Not Find Gaza Blockade Legal, Despite Media Headlines"</a>. Amnesty International USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International+USA&rft.atitle=Palmer+Report+Did+Not+Find+Gaza+Blockade+Legal%2C+Despite+Media+Headlines&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.aulast=Webteam&rft.aufirst=Web&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnestyusa.org%2Fupdates%2Fpalmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/3822b5e39951876a85256b6e0058a478/27b79d59eb7b35678525798b005567fa%3FOpenDocument">The Humanitarian Monitor. December Overview, 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814195419/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/3822b5e39951876a85256b6e0058a478/27b79d59eb7b35678525798b005567fa?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 14 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OCHA">OCHA</a> 31 December 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-israel-s-gaza-quota-2-279-calories-a-day-1.5193157">"2,279 Calories per Person: How Israel Made Sure Gaza Didn't Starve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-israel-s-gaza-quota-2-279-calories-a-day-1.5193157">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=2%2C279+Calories+per+Person%3A+How+Israel+Made+Sure+Gaza+Didn%27t+Starve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F.premium-israel-s-gaza-quota-2-279-calories-a-day-1.5193157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/17/israeli-military-calorie-limit-gaza">"Israel used 'calorie count' to limit Gaza food during blockade, critics claim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 17 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025104315/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/17/israeli-military-calorie-limit-gaza">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+used+%27calorie+count%27+to+limit+Gaza+food+during+blockade%2C+critics+claim&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Foct%2F17%2Fisraeli-military-calorie-limit-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/10/20121017115529845399.html">"Israel set calorie limit during Gaza blockade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015062026/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/10/20121017115529845399.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Israel+set+calorie+limit+during+Gaza+blockade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2012%2F10%2F20121017115529845399.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ynet_Cabinet-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenhorin2010" class="citation news cs1">Benhorin, Yitzhak (20 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html">"Cabinet: All non-military items can enter Gaza freely"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynet News">Ynet News</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100623014021/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet+News&rft.atitle=Cabinet%3A+All+non-military+items+can+enter+Gaza+freely&rft.date=2010-06-20&rft.aulast=Benhorin&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3907978%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JTA_Reaction_mixed-237"><a href="#cite_ref-JTA_Reaction_mixed_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOster2010" class="citation news cs1">Oster, Marcy (21 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806062346/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/21/2739697/israel-announces-plan-to-ease-gaza-blockade">"Reaction mixed to Israeli announcement on easing of Gaza blockade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/21/2739697/israel-announces-plan-to-ease-gaza-blockade">the original</a> on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reaction+mixed+to+Israeli+announcement+on+easing+of+Gaza+blockade&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft.aulast=Oster&rft.aufirst=Marcy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2010%2F06%2F21%2F2739697%2Fisrael-announces-plan-to-ease-gaza-blockade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2016">Roy 2016</a>, p. xxxi </li> <li id="cite_note-almasry-239"><a href="#cite_ref-almasry_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writers2011" class="citation news cs1">Staff writers (18 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210033454/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/478436">"Israeli minister says Palestinians losing UN bid"</a>. Almasry Alyoum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/478436">the original</a> on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Almasry+Alyoum&rft.atitle=Israeli+minister+says+Palestinians+losing+UN+bid&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft.au=Staff+writers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasryalyoum.com%2Fen%2Fnode%2F478436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavid2011" class="citation news cs1">Ravid, Barak (28 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/un-envoy-prosor-israel-has-no-chance-of-stopping-recognition-of-palestinian-state-1.381062">"UN envoy Prosor: Israel has no chance of stopping recognition of Palestinian state"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831114323/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/un-envoy-prosor-israel-has-no-chance-of-stopping-recognition-of-palestinian-state-1.381062">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=UN+envoy+Prosor%3A+Israel+has+no+chance+of+stopping+recognition+of+Palestinian+state&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft.aulast=Ravid&rft.aufirst=Barak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fun-envoy-prosor-israel-has-no-chance-of-stopping-recognition-of-palestinian-state-1.381062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-y303-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-y303_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-y303_241-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman G.</a> (2012). "Notes". Knowing Too Much. New York: London: OR Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935928-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935928-77-5"><bdi>978-1-935928-77-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794273633">794273633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes&rft.btitle=Knowing+Too+Much&rft.place=New+York%3A+London&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794273633&rft.isbn=978-1-935928-77-5&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenhorin2011" class="citation news cs1">Benhorin, Yitzhak (13 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4121506,00.html">"US to 'adamantly object' PA's UN bid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynet News">Ynet News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115114402/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4121506,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet+News&rft.atitle=US+to+%27adamantly+object%27+PA%27s+UN+bid&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.aulast=Benhorin&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4121506%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn" class="citation news cs1">Horn, Jordana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/Obama-at-UN-declares-no-shortcuts-to-peace">"Obama at UN declares 'no shortcuts' to peace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601095808/http://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/Obama-at-UN-declares-no-shortcuts-to-peace">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+at+UN+declares+%27no+shortcuts%27+to+peace&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Jordana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FVideo-Articles%2FVideo%2FObama-at-UN-declares-no-shortcuts-to-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedzini2011" class="citation news cs1">Medzini, Ronen (18 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4123628,00.html">"Netanyahu: PA attempt to become a permanent UN member will fail"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynet News">Ynet News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110923175543/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4123628,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet+News&rft.atitle=Netanyahu%3A+PA+attempt+to+become+a+permanent+UN+member+will+fail&rft.date=2011-09-18&rft.aulast=Medzini&rft.aufirst=Ronen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4123628%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2011" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (23 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/23/abbas-call-palestinian-recognition-un?intcmp=239">"Abbas defies US with formal call for Palestinian recognition by UN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304172128/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/23/abbas-call-palestinian-recognition-un?intcmp=239">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Abbas+defies+US+with+formal+call+for+Palestinian+recognition+by+UN&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fsep%2F23%2Fabbas-call-palestinian-recognition-un%3Fintcmp%3D239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/30/world/palestinian-statehood-draft-vote/index.html">"Security Council rejects Palestinian statehood resolution"</a>. CNN. 31 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115071202/https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/30/world/palestinian-statehood-draft-vote/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Security+Council+rejects+Palestinian+statehood+resolution&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F12%2F30%2Fworld%2Fpalestinian-statehood-draft-vote%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129">"Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state"</a>. Reuters. 29 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605091657/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/29/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Palestinians+win+implicit+U.N.+recognition+of+sovereign+state&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Gilead Sher, The Israeli–Palestinian Peace Negotiations, 1999–2001: Within Reach, Taylor & Francis, 2006 p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sales_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSales" class="citation news cs1">Sales, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/some-experts-question-extent-of-palestinian-incitement/">"Some experts question extent of Palestinian incitement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212031215/http://www.timesofisrael.com/some-experts-question-extent-of-palestinian-incitement/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Some+experts+question+extent+of+Palestinian+incitement&rft.aulast=Sales&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsome-experts-question-extent-of-palestinian-incitement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Jesper Svartvik, Jakob Wirén (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXkhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA228">Religious Stereotyping and Interreligious Relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> 2013, pp. 12, 222–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Reinhart" title="Tanya Reinhart">Tanya Reinhart</a>, Israel/Palestine: How to End the War of 1948, Seven Stories Press, 2011 p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwood_2011-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood_2011_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2011" class="citation news cs1">Sherwood, Harriet (6 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/07/israeli-school-racism-claim">"Academic claims Israeli school textbooks contain bias – Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017211057/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/07/israeli-school-racism-claim">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Academic+claims+Israeli+school+textbooks+contain+bias+%E2%80%93+Israel&rft.date=2011-08-06&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Faug%2F07%2Fisraeli-school-racism-claim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report_on_Palestinian_Textbooks-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Report_on_Palestinian_Textbooks_253-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gei.de/en/departments/knowledge-in-transition/analysis-of-palestinian-textbooks-paltex/study-faq.html">Report on Palestinian Textbooks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902201304/http://www.gei.de/en/departments/knowledge-in-transition/analysis-of-palestinian-textbooks-paltex/study-faq.html">Archived</a> 2 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Georg Eckert Institute (2019–2021) </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-699378">"EU holds PA funds after reform of antisemitic textbooks fails"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211547/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-699378">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=EU+holds+PA+funds+after+reform+of+antisemitic+textbooks+fails&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Farticle-699378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/eu-moves-to-stop-funding-palestinian-terrorists-inciting-textbooks-666595">"EU moves to stop funding Palestinian terrorists, inciting textbooks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711210552/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/eu-moves-to-stop-funding-palestinian-terrorists-inciting-textbooks-666595">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=EU+moves+to+stop+funding+Palestinian+terrorists%2C+inciting+textbooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Farab-israeli-conflict%2Feu-moves-to-stop-funding-palestinian-terrorists-inciting-textbooks-666595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgemeiner" class="citation web cs1">Algemeiner, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/09/01/unrwa-head-faces-questions-at-eu-parliament-over-hate-speech-violence-in-palestinian-textbooks/">"UNRWA Head Faces Questions at EU Parliament Over 'Hate Speech, Violence' in Palestinian Textbooks"</a>. Algemeiner.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828153102/https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/09/01/unrwa-head-faces-questions-at-eu-parliament-over-hate-speech-violence-in-palestinian-textbooks/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algemeiner.com&rft.atitle=UNRWA+Head+Faces+Questions+at+EU+Parliament+Over+%27Hate+Speech%2C+Violence%27+in+Palestinian+Textbooks&rft.aulast=Algemeiner&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.algemeiner.com%2F2021%2F09%2F01%2Funrwa-head-faces-questions-at-eu-parliament-over-hate-speech-violence-in-palestinian-textbooks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraeli2012" class="citation book cs1">Israeli, Raphael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa0WbLOl2NIC&pg=PA191">The Oslo Idea: The Euphoria of Failure</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4653-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4653-0"><bdi>978-1-4128-4653-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oslo+Idea%3A+The+Euphoria+of+Failure&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4653-0&rft.aulast=Israeli&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXa0WbLOl2NIC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=255695">"PA TV glorifies murderers of Fogel family"</a>. Jerusalem Post. 30 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301172706/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=255695">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=PA+TV+glorifies+murderers+of+Fogel+family&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddleEast%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D255695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/in-israel-an-ugly-tide-sweeps-over-palestinians">"In Israel, an ugly tide sweeps over Palestinians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>. 25 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519164152/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/in-israel-an-ugly-tide-sweeps-over-palestinians">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=In+Israel%2C+an+ugly+tide+sweeps+over+Palestinians&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fopinion%2Fcomment%2Fin-israel-an-ugly-tide-sweeps-over-palestinians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2016" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Gili (22 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.715890">"Israeli Soldier Indicted for Shooting Wounded Palestinian Assailant Released for Passover"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518092750/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.715890">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israeli+Soldier+Indicted+for+Shooting+Wounded+Palestinian+Assailant+Released+for+Passover&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Gili&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-1.715890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/opinion/israel/197866/when-israelis-teach-their-kids-to-hate/">"When Israelis Teach Their Kids To Hate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a>. 8 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502003248/http://forward.com/opinion/israel/197866/when-israelis-teach-their-kids-to-hate/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=When+Israelis+Teach+Their+Kids+To+Hate&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fopinion%2Fisrael%2F197866%2Fwhen-israelis-teach-their-kids-to-hate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4241588,00.html">"Gaza kindergartners want to 'blow up Zionists'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynet News">Ynet News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713005544/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4241588,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet+News&rft.atitle=Gaza+kindergartners+want+to+%27blow+up+Zionists%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4241588%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern-Weiner2017" class="citation book cs1">Stern-Weiner, Jamie (2017). "Introduction". Moment of Truth. OR Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-114-9"><bdi>978-1-68219-114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Moment+of+Truth&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-68219-114-9&rft.aulast=Stern-Weiner&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shlomo_Avineri-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Shlomo_Avineri_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvineri2017" class="citation book cs1">Avineri, Shlomo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1UovgAACAAJ&pg=PA">"Introduction"</a>. The Making of Modern Zionism. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09479-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09479-0"><bdi>978-0-465-09479-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Zionism&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09479-0&rft.aulast=Avineri&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1UovgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2022" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Prophets Without Honor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3"><bdi>978-0-19-006047-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Israelis came to the negotiations with the conviction inherent in the letter of the Oslo Accords that this was an open-ended process where no preconceived solutions existed and where every one of the core issues would be open to negotiation so that a reasonable point of equilibrium between the needs of the parties could be found. The Palestinians saw the negotiations as a step in a journey where they would get their rights as if this were a clear-cut process of decolonization based on 'international legitimacy' and 'all UN relevant resolutions.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+Without+Honor&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006047-3&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnhXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman G.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qo84DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA">"Appendix"</a>. Gaza. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29571-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29571-1"><bdi>978-0-520-29571-1</bdi></a>. <q>I was the Minister of Justice. I am a lawyer," Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni told her Palestinian interlocutors during a critical round of the peace process in 2007, "but I am against law—international law in particular.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix&rft.btitle=Gaza&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29571-1&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqo84DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deluge-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deluge_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deluge_267-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouwerse2024" class="citation book cs1">Louwerse, Colter (16 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8U9V0AEACAAJ&pg=PA">"3"</a>. Deluge. OR Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-619-9"><bdi>978-1-68219-619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Deluge&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-68219-619-9&rft.aulast=Louwerse&rft.aufirst=Colter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8U9V0AEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sara_M._Roy-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sara_M._Roy_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sara_M._Roy_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2016" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Sara M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8jsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA">"Preface to the Third Edition"</a>. The Gaza Strip extended 3rd edition. Institute for Palestine Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-260-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-260-7"><bdi>978-0-88728-260-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+to+the+Third+Edition&rft.btitle=The+Gaza+Strip+extended+3rd+edition&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-88728-260-7&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Sara+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8jsAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheindlin2017" class="citation book cs1">Scheindlin (2017). "The shrinking Two-State Constituency". Moment of Truth. OR Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-114-9"><bdi>978-1-68219-114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+shrinking+Two-State+Constituency&rft.btitle=Moment+of+Truth&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-68219-114-9&rft.au=Scheindlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2022" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">"The Occupation's Traits of Permanence"</a>. Prophets Without Honor. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3"><bdi>978-0-19-006047-3</bdi></a>. <q>But the abject submission of the Palestinians and the ever deepening system of occupation and discrimination in the territories are Israel's sole and exclusive responsibility. As brilliantly explained by Michael Sfard, this is a system built on three pillars: the gun, the settlements, and the law that formalizes the network of colonization.1 Under the mantle of security claims, the Jewish state has created in the Palestinian territories one of the most efficient occupation regimes in history, which is, moreover, also cost-effective, for it is the international community's donor money to the Palestinian Authority that saves the occupier the burden of having to directly administer the territories. This leaves Israel free to cater to its insatiable security needs with draconic measures, such as limiting the Palestinians' freedom of movement, erecting walls that separate communities, dotting roads with checkpoints where innocent people are manhandled, activating sophisticated intelligence mechanisms that control the lives of an ever growing number of suspects, conducting surprise searches of private houses in the middle of the night, and carrying out arbitrary administrative detentions. If this were not enough, vigilantes among the settlers, some known as "the Youth of the Hills," constantly harass Palestinian communities, destroy orchard trees, and arbitrarily apply a "price tag" of punishments to innocent civilians for whatever terrorist attack might have been perpetrated by a Palestinian squad. Underlying this very serious problem of the unpardonable depravity of settlers' extremism is the even more serious problem that has to do with the involvement of the entire Israeli body politic in maintaining and continuously expanding a regime of dominance in the territories. For too long, the peace process has served as a curtain behind which the policy of practical annexation has flourished.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Occupation%27s+Traits+of+Permanence&rft.btitle=Prophets+Without+Honor&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006047-3&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnhXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424152450/http://news-basics.com/2011/israel-and-the-palestinians/">"Overview of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians"</a>. News Basics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-basics.com/2011/israel-and-the-palestinians/">the original</a> on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Basics&rft.atitle=Overview+of+the+conflict+between+Israel+and+the+Palestinians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews-basics.com%2F2011%2Fisrael-and-the-palestinians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott-Baumann2023">Scott-Baumann 2023</a>: "The Israeli government proceeded to annex East Jerusalem. This act violated international law, and the United Nations General Assembly condemned it... Furthermore, Israel confiscated a large swath of land to the east of the city that would, in time, form a barrier of Israeli settlements surrounding the city, thus cutting off the Palestinian population of Jerusalem from its West Bank hinterland." </li> <li id="cite_note-SelaJerusalem-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SelaJerusalem_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelaJerusalem_274-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelaJerusalem_274-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSela2002">Sela 2002</a>, pp. 491–498 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvraham_Sela2002" class="citation book cs1">Avraham Sela (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA">Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1413-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-1413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuum+Political+Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=495&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7&rft.au=Avraham+Sela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJwsAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988">: "Arab-Jewish tensions stemmed from incidents in and around the Temple Mount (al-haram al-sharif) and provocative actions by Jewish extremists against Arabs. Particularly frustrating from a Palestinian viewpoint were the constant efforts made by the Israeli authorities to settle Jews in purely Arab neighborhoods by purchasing Arab or church property, or to appropriate inhabited Arab property by legal means on the grounds that it had been originally owned by Jews." </li> <li id="cite_note-kbl-276"><a href="#cite_ref-kbl_276-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm">"Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (Unofficial translation)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905144734/http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm">Archived</a> 5 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. www.knesset.gov.il. Passed by the Knesset on the 17th Av, 5740 (30 July 1980). </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamondLabott2017" class="citation news cs1">Diamond, Jeremy; Labott, Elise (6 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/06/politics/president-donald-trump-jerusalem/index.html">"Trump recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126162000/https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/06/politics/president-donald-trump-jerusalem/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Trump+recognizes+Jerusalem+as+Israel%27s+capital&rft.date=2017-12-06&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Labott%2C+Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F12%2F06%2Fpolitics%2Fpresident-donald-trump-jerusalem%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhren2017" class="citation news cs1">Ahren, Raphael (6 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-historic-first-russia-recognizes-west-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/">"In curious twist, Russia recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. Jerusalem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922054758/https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-historic-first-russia-recognizes-west-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=In+curious+twist%2C+Russia+recognizes+West+Jerusalem+as+Israel%27s+capital&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.aulast=Ahren&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fin-historic-first-russia-recognizes-west-jerusalem-as-israels-capital%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044309/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/DDE590C6FF232007852560DF0065FDDB">"UN security Council Resolution 478"</a>. unispal.un.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/DDE590C6FF232007852560DF0065FDDB">the original</a> on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+security+Council+Resolution+478&rft.pub=unispal.un.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FDPA%2FDPR%2Funispal.nsf%2F0%2FDDE590C6FF232007852560DF0065FDDB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RL2008-280"><a href="#cite_ref-RL2008_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidoth" class="citation web cs1">Lapidoth, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605013337/http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf">"Jerusalem – Some Legal Issues"</a> (PDF). The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. pp. 21–26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+%E2%80%93+Some+Legal+Issues&rft.pages=21-26&rft.pub=The+Jerusalem+Institute+for+Israel+Studies&rft.aulast=Lapidoth&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jiis.org%2F.upload%2Flapidoth-jerusalem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> Reprinted from: Rüdiger Wolfrum (Ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, online 2008–, print 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiter2017" class="citation book cs1">Reiter, Yitzhak (2017). Contested Holy Places in Israel–Palestine: Sharing and Conflict Resolution. Routledge. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351998857" title="Special:BookSources/9781351998857"><bdi>9781351998857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Holy+Places+in+Israel%E2%80%93Palestine%3A+Sharing+and+Conflict+Resolution&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351998857&rft.aulast=Reiter&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregerReiterHammer2010" class="citation book cs1">Breger, Marshall J.; Reiter, Yitzhak; Hammer, Leonard (2010). "Regulation of holy places in the West Bank and Gaza". Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : Confrontation and Co-Existence. Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203867457" title="Special:BookSources/9780203867457"><bdi>9780203867457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+holy+places+in+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza&rft.btitle=Holy+Places+in+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict+%3A+Confrontation+and+Co-Existence&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780203867457&rft.aulast=Breger&rft.aufirst=Marshall+J.&rft.au=Reiter%2C+Yitzhak&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dore_Gold" title="Dore Gold">Gold, Dore</a> (2007). The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. pp. 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fight+for+Jerusalem%3A+Radical+Islam%2C+the+West%2C+and+the+Future+of+the+Holy+City&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Dore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2004" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Jonathan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1W6BWEWdJWQC&pg=PA183">"Targeting Heritage: The Abuse of Symbolic Sites in Modern Conflicts"</a>. In Rowan, Yorke M.; Baram, Uzi (eds.). Marketing heritage: archaeology and the consumption of the past. Rowman Altamira. pp. 183–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0342-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0342-9"><bdi>978-0-7591-0342-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012925/https://books.google.com/books?id=1W6BWEWdJWQC&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Targeting+Heritage%3A+The+Abuse+of+Symbolic+Sites+in+Modern+Conflicts&rft.btitle=Marketing+heritage%3A+archaeology+and+the+consumption+of+the+past&rft.pages=183-202&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0342-9&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1W6BWEWdJWQC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/israel/extreme/nameof.html">"Extremists – Talking With Jewish Extremists | Israel's Next War?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)" title="Frontline (American TV program)">Frontline</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044654/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/israel/extreme/nameof.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Extremists+%E2%80%93+Talking+With+Jewish+Extremists+%26%23124%3B+Israel%27s+Next+War%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fisrael%2Fextreme%2Fnameof.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeled2001" class="citation book cs1">Peled, Alisa Rubin (2001). Debating Islam in the Jewish State: The Development of Policy toward Islamic Institutions in Israel. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/929622466">929622466</a>. <q>In general, Israeli policy towards holy places can be considered a success with regard to its primary goal: facilitating Israel's acceptance into the international community of nations. However, the repeated failure of the Muslim Affairs Department to fulfill its mandate of protecting the Muslim holy places in Israel has been a largely forgotten chapter in Israeli history that deserves reexamination</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+Islam+in+the+Jewish+State%3A+The+Development+of+Policy+toward+Islamic+Institutions+in+Israel&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F929622466&rft.aulast=Peled&rft.aufirst=Alisa+Rubin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008%252F03%252F27%252F47501.html">"Secret tunnel under Al-Aqsa Mosque exposed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya_English" title="Al Arabiya English">Al Arabiya English</a>. 27 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809080532/https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/03/27/47501.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Secret+tunnel+under+Al-Aqsa+Mosque+exposed&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2008%25252F03%25252F27%25252F47501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Efrat-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Efrat_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Efrat_288-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Efrat_288-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSela2002">Sela 2002</a>, pp. 724–729, Efrat, Moshe. "Refugees." </li> <li id="cite_note-PD-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PD_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PD_289-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersDajani_Daoudi2011" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Joel; <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dajani_Daoudi" title="Mohammed Dajani Daoudi">Dajani Daoudi, Mohammed</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ubfEsbawzoC&q=The+Israel-Palestine+Conflict+Parallel+Discourses">The Israel–Palestine Conflict Parallel discourses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 26, 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83939-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83939-3"><bdi>978-0-203-83939-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012926/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ubfEsbawzoC&q=The+Israel-Palestine+Conflict+Parallel+Discourses#v=snippet&q=The%20Israel-Palestine%20Conflict%20Parallel%20Discourses&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel%E2%80%93Palestine+Conflict+Parallel+discourses&rft.pages=26%2C+37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-83939-3&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=Dajani+Daoudi%2C+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ubfEsbawzoC%26q%3DThe%2BIsrael-Palestine%2BConflict%2BParallel%2BDiscourses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-290"><a href="#cite_ref-d_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011203241/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883%21OpenDocument">"General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950"</a>. United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine. 1950. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883!OpenDocument">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Progress+Report+and+Supplementary+Report+of+the+United+Nations+Conciliation+Commission+for+Palestine%2C+Covering+the+Period+from+11+December+1949+to+23+October+1950&rft.pub=United+Nations+Conciliation+Commission+for+Palestine&rft.date=1950&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2Funispal.nsf%2F9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7%2F93037e3b939746de8525610200567883%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/refugees">"Refugees"</a>. United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Refugees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fglobal-issues%2Frefugees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrwa.org/">"UNRWA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees">United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107085923/https://www.unrwa.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNRWA&rft.pub=United+Nations+Relief+and+Works+Agency+for+Palestine+Refugees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrwa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2024">Khalidi 2024</a>, Fateh, the PLO, and the PA: The Palestinian Para-State: "Outside Palestine, meanwhile, live between 4 and 6 million Palestinians (reliable figures are not available). They exist in situations ranging from the utter misery (since 1982) of those in refugee camps in Lebanon, to a wide diversity of conditions, some of them quite comfortable, in various other Arab countries, Europe, and the United States. These Palestinians 'of the diaspora' (al-shatat in Arabic) possess a variety of passports, laissez-passers, and refugee documents, some of which are looked upon with great suspicion by certain states, and some of them face harsh restrictions on their movement in consequence. The largest single group of Palestinians of the diaspora, between 2 and 3 million, carry Jordanian passports, and most of them live in Jordan. What unites the overwhelming majority of these 4 to 6 million people is that they or their parents or grandparents were obliged to leave their homes and became refugees in 1948 or afterward, and that they are barred from living in any part of their ancestral homeland, Palestine." </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, p. 265: "Refugees. Israel agreed that the refugee problem was a regrettable humanitarian issue, Barak stated, and would recognize the right of the Palestinians to return to their own state, but that "no right of return to Israeli territory would prevail." However, he continued, Israel was prepared to admit several hundred refugees annually for a ten- to fifteen-year period, under a family unification program. In a later interview, Barak made it clear that the "family unification program" was not based on any Palestinian rights: "No Israeli prime minister will accept even one refugee on the basis of the right of return." </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott-Baumann2023">Scott-Baumann 2023</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, p. 251: "The Palestinian Position. Since 1948 the official or public position of Arafat, the PLO, Arafat's successor Mahmoud Abbas, and the Palestinian Authority has been—and, rhetorically at least, still is—that the Palestinian refugees as well as their descendants have the right to return to their lands, homes, and villages. Arafat reiterated that "demand" at Camp David, though he and other Palestinian leaders repeatedly assured the Americans and the Israelis that their real goal was Israeli acceptance only of the "principle" of refugee return, as distinct from implementing that "right" in practice." </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/issues/1099279.stm">"Right of return: Palestinian dream?"</a>. 18 February 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/issues/1099279.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Right+of+return%3A+Palestinian+dream%3F&rft.date=2003-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2Fmiddle_east%2F2001%2Fisrael_and_the_palestinians%2Fissues%2F1099279.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlapan1987" class="citation journal cs1">Flapan, Simha (Summer 1987). "The Palestinian Exodus of 1948". Journal of Palestine Studies. 16 (4): 3–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2536718">10.2307/2536718</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536718">2536718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Palestinian+Exodus+of+1948&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3-26&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2536718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2536718%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Flapan&rft.aufirst=Simha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid I.</a> (Winter 1992). "Observations on the Right of Return". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 21 (2): 29–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2537217">10.2307/2537217</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537217">2537217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+Right+of+Return&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=29-40&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2537217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2537217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr_0/page/252">Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab conflict, 1881–2001</a> (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr_0/page/252">252–258</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7"><bdi>978-0-679-74475-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist%E2%80%93Arab+conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%932001&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=252-258&rft.edition=1st+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74475-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frighteousvictims00morr_0%2Fpage%2F252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expulsionofpales00masa/page/175">Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of 'Transfer' in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948</a> (4th ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies" title="Institute for Palestine Studies">Institute for Palestine Studies</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expulsionofpales00masa/page/175">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-235-5"><bdi>978-0-88728-235-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expulsion+of+the+Palestinians%3A+The+Concept+of+%27Transfer%27+in+Zionist+Political+Thought%2C+1882%E2%80%931948&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=175&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88728-235-5&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpulsionofpales00masa%2Fpage%2F175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Mann2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mann_(sociologist)" title="Michael Mann (sociologist)">Michael Mann</a> (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 109, 519. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83130-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83130-7"><bdi>978-0-521-83130-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Democracy%3A+Explaining+Ethnic+Cleansing&rft.pages=109%2C+519&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83130-7&rft.au=Michael+Mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140129173133/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/arab-israeli-war/">"Arab–Israeli War"</a>. The Crimes of War Education Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/arab-israeli-war/">the original</a> on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+War&rft.pub=The+Crimes+of+War+Education+Project&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crimesofwar.org%2Fa-z-guide%2Farab-israeli-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsber2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Esber" title="Rosemarie Esber">Esber, Rosmarie</a> (2009). Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Arabicus Books & Media. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815131-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815131-3-3"><bdi>978-0-9815131-3-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Cover+of+War%3A+The+Zionist+Expulsion+of+the+Palestinians&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Arabicus+Books+%26+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9815131-3-3&rft.aulast=Esber&rft.aufirst=Rosmarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethniccleansingo00papp/page/2">The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine</a> (Repr. ed.). Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethniccleansingo00papp/page/2">2–3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-467-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-467-0"><bdi>978-1-85168-467-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Palestine&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=2-3&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-467-0&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethniccleansingo00papp%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> See for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur-eldeen</a> (1988). "On Recent Hebrew and Israeli Sources for the Palestinian Exodus, 1947–49". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 18 (1): 121–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2537599">10.2307/2537599</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537599">2537599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=On+Recent+Hebrew+and+Israeli+Sources+for+the+Palestinian+Exodus%2C+1947%E2%80%9349&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-137&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2537599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2537599%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur-eldeen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> And <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilders1961" class="citation news cs1">Childers, Irskine (12 May 1961). "The Other Exodus". <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Other+Exodus&rft.date=1961-05-12&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Irskine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TH-P-307"><a href="#cite_ref-TH-P_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonig-Parnass2011" class="citation book cs1">Honig-Parnass, Tikva (2011). The False Prophets of Peace: Liberal Zionism and the Struggle for Palestine. <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-130-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-130-1"><bdi>978-1-60846-130-1</bdi></a>. <q>Makdisi rightly argues that almost every law of South African Apartheid has its equivalent in Israel today.18 A significant example is the Law of Return (1950), which even Kretzmer claims is explicitly discriminatory against Palestinian citizens.... The Law of Return, which determines the second-class citizenship of Palestinians, is recognized as a fundamental principle in Israel and "is possibly even its very raison d'etre as a Jewish state."19</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+False+Prophets+of+Peace%3A+Liberal+Zionism+and+the+Struggle+for+Palestine&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-130-1&rft.aulast=Honig-Parnass&rft.aufirst=Tikva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YS-308"><a href="#cite_ref-YS_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2008" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Yvonne (2008). Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories. GRIN Verlag oHG. pp. 245–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-94450-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-94450-2"><bdi>978-3-638-94450-2</bdi></a>. <q>In any case has the Law of Return, 1950 discriminatory effect for Palestinian Arab people since it allows any Jew to immigrate to Israel, while—at the same time—it deprives all native Palestinian Arab refugees residing outside the borders of the state of Israel of their fundamental right to return to their homes and villages from which they were expelled or took flight in the course of the 1948 war that broke out because of the establishment of Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Civil+and+Political+Rights+in+Israel+and+the+Occupied+Territories&rft.pages=245-246&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag+oHG&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-638-94450-2&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AK-309"><a href="#cite_ref-AK_309-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassim2002" class="citation book cs1">Kassim, Anis F. (2002). The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 2001–2002: Vol. 11. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-94450-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-94450-2"><bdi>978-3-638-94450-2</bdi></a>. <q>Under the heading of "Discrimination", the Committee cited Israel's Law of Return as discriminatory against Palestinian refugees because of Israel's refusal to readmit them. The committee said: "The Committee notes with concern that the Law of Return which permits any Jew from anywhere in the world to immigrate and thereby virtually automatically enjoy residence and obtain citizenship in Israel, discriminates against Palestinians in the Diaspora upon whom the Government of Israel has imposed restrictive requirements that make it almost impossible to return to their land of birth."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestine+Yearbook+of+International+Law+2001%E2%80%932002%3A+Vol.+11&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-638-94450-2&rft.aulast=Kassim&rft.aufirst=Anis+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025082136/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/1A752D5C8191389E8525682D00701239">"A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/1A752D5C8191389E8525682D00701239">the original</a> on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%2FRES%2F181%28II%29+of+29+November+1947&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F1A752D5C8191389E8525682D00701239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020191042/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/025974039ACFB171852560DE00548BBE">"A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/025974039ACFB171852560DE00548BBE">the original</a> on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%2FRES%2F181%28II%29+of+29+November+1947&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F025974039ACFB171852560DE00548BBE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadley1978" class="citation journal cs1">Radley, K. René (1978). "The Palestinian Refugees: The Right to Return in International Law". <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law" title="American Journal of International Law">American Journal of International Law</a>. 72 (3): 586–614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2200460">10.2307/2200460</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2200460">2200460</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147111254">147111254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Palestinian+Refugees%3A+The+Right+to+Return+in+International+Law&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=586-614&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147111254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2200460%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2200460&rft.aulast=Radley&rft.aufirst=K.+Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr_0/page/252">Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881–2001</a> (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr_0/page/252">252–258</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7"><bdi>978-0-679-74475-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+victims%3A+a+history+of+the+Zionist-Arab+conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%932001&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=252-258&rft.edition=1st+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74475-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frighteousvictims00morr_0%2Fpage%2F252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel_and_the_Palestinians-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_and_the_Palestinians_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_and_the_Palestinians_314-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021003425/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2008/0221/1203471491836.html">"Israel and the Palestinians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. 2 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2008/0221/1203471491836.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+and+the+Palestinians&rft.date=2008-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fletters%2F2008%2F0221%2F1203471491836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShavit2004" class="citation news cs1">Shavit, Ari (8 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/survival-of-the-fittest-1.61345">"Survival of the Fittest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030132854/https://www.haaretz.com/survival-of-the-fittest-1.61345">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Survival+of+the+Fittest&rft.date=2004-01-08&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fsurvival-of-the-fittest-1.61345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman G.</a> (2012). Knowing Too Much: Why the American Jewish Romance with Israel is Coming to an End. New York: OR Books. pp. Chapter 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935928-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935928-77-5"><bdi>978-1-935928-77-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowing+Too+Much%3A+Why+the+American+Jewish+Romance+with+Israel+is+Coming+to+an+End&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Chapter+10&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-935928-77-5&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2007" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x72ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Scars of War, Wounds of Peace</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532542-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532542-3"><bdi>978-0-19-532542-3</bdi></a>. <q>A massive repatriation of Palestinian refugees would have clashed irreconcilably with the most vital and fundamental ethos of the new State of Israel, indeed with its very raison d'être, namely the consolidation of a Jewish state through the mass immigration of the survivors of the Nazi Holocaust in Europe and the uprooted and dispossessed Jews of North Africa and the Arab Middle East... No Israeli statesman, either in 1948 or in 2005, would conceive of peace based on the massive repatriation of Palestinian refugees as an offer the Jewish state could accept and yet survive. The ethos of Zionism was twofold; it was about demography—ingathering the exiles in a viable Jewish state with as small an Arab minority as possible—and land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scars+of+War%2C+Wounds+of+Peace&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532542-3&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx72ZEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuigley2005" class="citation book cs1">Quigley, John B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VaUvqHNd6m0C&pg=PA">The Case for Palestine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3539-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-3539-9</bdi></a>. <q>Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel said that returning Palestinians might be a fifth column and a demographic threat to Israel as a Jewish state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Palestine&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3539-9&rft.aulast=Quigley&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaUvqHNd6m0C%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlanger2007" class="citation news cs1">Erlanger, Steven (31 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/31/world/middleeast/31mideast.html">"Olmert Rejects Right of Return for Palestinians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322164546/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/31/world/middleeast/31mideast.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Olmert+Rejects+Right+of+Return+for+Palestinians&rft.date=2007-03-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F31%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F31mideast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHphMCIkhK0C&pg=PA">Fateful Triangle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-601-2"><bdi>978-0-89608-601-2</bdi></a>. <q>Evidently, the indigenous population also has a 'security problem'; in fact, the Palestinians have already suffered the catastrophe that Israelis justly fear.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fateful+Triangle&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-601-2&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHphMCIkhK0C%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2013">Khalidi 2013</a>, Introduction: "Similarly, in this lexicon, "security" is an absolute priority of Israel's, the need for which is invariably described as rooted in genuine, deep-seated existential fears. "Israeli security" therefore takes precedence over virtually everything else, including international law and the human rights of others. It is an endlessly expansive concept that includes a remarkable multitude of things, such as whether pasta or generator parts can be brought into the Gaza Strip, or whether miserably poor Palestinian villagers can be allowed water cisterns.1 By contrast, in spite of the precarious nature of their situation, Palestinians are presumed not to have any significant concerns about their security. This is the case even though nearly half the Palestinian population have lived for more than two generations under a grinding military occupation without the most basic human, civil, or political rights, and the rest have for many decades been dispersed from their ancestral homeland, many of them living under harsh, authoritarian Arab governments." </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2022" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">"The Occupation's Traits of Permanence"</a>. Prophets Without Honor. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3"><bdi>978-0-19-006047-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Israeli debate over the occupied territories is, then, not just an ideological divide between right and left; it is also overwhelmingly influenced by the all-encompassing "security network" that injects a security rationale into every political move.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Occupation%27s+Traits+of+Permanence&rft.btitle=Prophets+Without+Honor&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006047-3&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnhXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, p. 221: "In any event, there was no legitimate security argument at all for the Israeli seizure of Arab East Jerusalem immediately after the 1967 war and for subsequently settling religious fanatics in the West Bank. The real motivating forces for most of the postwar Israeli expansionism into the West Bank and East Jerusalem were clearly "Greater Israel" nationalism and religious messianism. If anything, as many Israeli security experts pointed out at the time, the "need" to defend the settlers was a security liability... Israeli governments have long cited "security" as the reason they need to maintain occupation of Arab territories—but when Israel withdrew from Lebanon and Egyptian territory, the attacks against it ended. It is unlikely that an Israeli withdrawal from the Palestinian territories would have a different result—and if it did, there would be little to prevent Israel from reinvading and occupying those territories. Moreover, in those circumstances repression of any continuing Palestinian violence would have a legitimacy that it currently lacks. For these reasons, Israel has a security problem with the Palestinians only in the same way that colonial powers had "security problems" with nationalist uprisings that eventually forced them to withdraw." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassam-324">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassam_324-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassam_324-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403024612/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000/Victims%2Bof%2BPalestinian%2BViolence%2Band%2BTerrorism%2Bsinc.htm">"Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000"</a>. Israeli Ministry of Internal Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+since+September+2000&rft.pub=Israeli+Ministry+of+Internal+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FTerrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace%2FPalestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000%2FVictims%2Bof%2BPalestinian%2BViolence%2Band%2BTerrorism%2Bsinc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=189741">"Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128105216/http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=189741">Archived</a> 28 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_Legal_Information_Network" title="Global Legal Information Network">Global Legal Information Network</a>. 26 December 2006. 30 May 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Noura_Erakat-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Noura_Erakat_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErakat2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noura_Erakat" title="Noura Erakat">Erakat, Noura</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zGUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA">"From Occupation to Warfare"</a>. Justice for Some. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1357-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1357-7"><bdi>978-1-5036-1357-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Occupation+to+Warfare&rft.btitle=Justice+for+Some&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1357-7&rft.aulast=Erakat&rft.aufirst=Noura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zGUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_B._Quigley-327"><a href="#cite_ref-John_B._Quigley_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuigley2005" class="citation book cs1">Quigley, John B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VaUvqHNd6m0C&pg=PA">The Case for Palestine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3539-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-3539-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Palestine&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3539-9&rft.aulast=Quigley&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaUvqHNd6m0C%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/282163?ln=en">"Importance of the universal realization of the right of peoples to self-determination and of the speedy granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples for the effective guarantee and observance of human rights :: resolution /: adopted by the General Assembly"</a>. 14 December 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Importance+of+the+universal+realization+of+the+right+of+peoples+to+self-determination+and+of+the+speedy+granting+of+independence+to+colonial+countries+and+peoples+for+the+effective+guarantee+and+observance+of+human+rights+%3A%3A+resolution+%2F%3A+adopted+by+the+General+Assembly&rft.date=1990-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F282163%3Fln%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-184801/">"Right of peoples to self-determination/Struggle by all available means – GA resolution"</a>. Question of Palestine. Retrieved 23 October 2024. <q>1. Calls upon all States to implement fully and faithfully all the resolutions of the United Nations regarding the exercise of the right to self-determination and independence by peoples under colonial and foreign domination; 2. Reaffirms the legitimacy of the struggle of peoples for independence, territorial integrity, national unity and liberation from colonial domination, apartheid and foreign occupation by all available means, including armed struggle; 3. Reaffirms also the inalienable right of the Namibian people, the Palestinian people and all peoples under foreign occupation and colonial domination to self-determination, national independence, territorial integrity, national unity and sovereignty without foreign interference...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Question+of+Palestine&rft.atitle=Right+of+peoples+to+self-determination%2FStruggle+by+all+available+means+%E2%80%93+GA+resolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funispal%2Fdocument%2Fauto-insert-184801%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3256858.stm">"Analysis: Palestinian suicide attacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 29 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115102834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3256858.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Palestinian+suicide+attacks&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F3256858.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a>, Military Resistance Comes Undone: "On February 25, 1994, an American Jewish settler named Baruch Goldstein walked into the Ibrahimi Mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron during prayer time. Standing behind the rows of kneeling figures in front of him, Goldstein opened fire. Within minutes, twenty-nine Muslim worshippers had been killed and close to one hundred injured. The atrocity jolted the nascent Israeli-Palestinian bilateral negotiations that had gathered pace in the wake of the First Intifada, prompted by the PLO's strategic redirection in 1988. Less than six months before the Hebron attack, in September 1993, PLO chairman Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin had awkwardly shaken hands in a widely publicized event on the South Lawn of the White House. The leaders had assembled in the American capital to sign the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, popularly known as the Oslo Accords, referring to the capital city where the secretive talks leading to the agreement had taken place. Following the signing, negotiations between Israel and the PLO in the form of a "peace process" were launched.1 Goldstein's attack served as a reminder of the bloody challenges this process faced. Forty-one days after the shooting, once the time allotted for Muslim ritual mourning had been respected, a member of Hamas approached a bus stop in Afula, a city in northern Israel. Standing next to fellow passengers, the man detonated a suicide vest, killing seven Israelis. This was on April 6, 1994, a day that marked Hamas's first lethal suicide bombing in Israel." </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044945/http://www.law.idf.il/351-en/Patzar.aspx">"The Security Barrier (Fence)"</a>. IDF Military Advocate General. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.idf.il/351-en/Patzar.aspx">the original</a> on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Security+Barrier+%28Fence%29&rft.pub=IDF+Military+Advocate+General&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.idf.il%2F351-en%2FPatzar.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott-Baumann2023">Scott-Baumann 2023</a>: "Far fewer Israelis were killed in Palestinian suicide bombs after the construction of the barrier (130 in 2003 and fewer than 25 in 2005), convincing most Israelis that it saved the lives of fellow Israelis and was necessary for their security. However, the decline in bombings can also be attributed to the permanent presence of Israeli troops inside and around Palestinian cities and increasing security cooperation between the IDF and the PA, particularly after the Second Intifada ended in 2005." </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourani2010" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Albert Habib (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_History_of_the_Arab_Peoples&pg=PA">A History of the Arab Peoples</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01017-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01017-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01017-8</bdi></a>. <q>In places the barrier separated farmers from their lands, even children from their schools, while preventing Palestinians from travelling within the West Bank or seeking work in Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Arab+Peoples&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01017-8&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert+Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA_History_of_the_Arab_Peoples%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlaim2015">Shlaim 2015</a>, The Road Map to Nowhere 2003–2006: "The barrier followed a route that ran almost entirely through land occupied by Israel in June 1967." </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a>, Chapter 3: "Rather than building the wall on Israeli land or along the 1967 borders, however, the structure snaked through Palestinian territories, unilaterally seizing more than 10 percent of the West Bank, including whole neighborhoods around East Jerusalem as well as major settlement blocs that were integrated into this de facto border. The structure split whole Palestinian villages in half and had an immediate effect on the freedom of movement for Palestinians within the occupied territories. Jewish settlers living illegally within the same land continued to be linked into Israel through exclusive Jewish-only highways and bypass roads. On July 20, 2004, the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion ruling that the wall was illegal, to no effect.4 With Israel's planned disengagement from the Gaza Strip and the construction of advanced "security" infrastructure, Sharon was actively restructuring the framework of Israel's occupation." </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErakat2019" class="citation book cs1">Erakat, Noura (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Justice_for_Some&pg=PA">"Notes"</a>. Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0883-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0883-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-0883-2</bdi></a>. <q>Its 2004 decision held that the construction of the wall in the West Bank, as opposed to along the 1949 armistice line, violated the Palestinian right to self-determination, contravened the Fourth Geneva Convention, and could not be justified as a measure of Israeli self-defense. It advised Israel to "terminate its breaches of international law; it is under an obligation to cease forthwith the works of construction of the wall being built in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, to dismantle forthwith the structure therein situated." The court also observed that all states had an obligation "not to recognize the illegal situation resulting from the construction of the wall and not to render aid or assistance in maintaining the situation created by such construction."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes&rft.btitle=Justice+for+Some%3A+Law+and+the+Question+of+Palestine&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0883-2&rft.aulast=Erakat&rft.aufirst=Noura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJustice_for_Some%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman G.</a> (2012). "Appendix". Knowing Too Much. New York: OR Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935928-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935928-77-5"><bdi>978-1-935928-77-5</bdi></a>. <q>In its advisory opinion the ICJ voiced concern that "the construction of the wall and its associated régime create a 'fait accompli' on the ground that could well become permanent."115 Taking note of this ICJ concern, Israel's High Court rejoined that the ICJ lacked a "factual basis" for reaching definite conclusions.116 Not just the ICJ, however, but also many respected human rights organizations expressed such worries. B'Tselem concluded that the "underlying reason" of the wall's route was "to establish facts on the ground that would perpetuate the existence of settlements and facilitate their future annexation into Israel." Likewise, Human Rights Watch concluded that the "existing and planned route of the barrier appears to be designed chiefly to incorporate and make contiguous with Israel illegal civilian settlements." Likewise, Amnesty International concluded that Israel was building the wall to "consolidate its control over land which is being used for illegal Israeli settlements," and that "the very expensive and sophisticated structure of the fence/wall indicates that it is likely intended as a permanent structure."117</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix&rft.btitle=Knowing+Too+Much&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-935928-77-5&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarel2007" class="citation news cs1">Harel, Amos (7 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/932106.html">"Defense officials concerned as Hamas upgrades Qassam arsenal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved 30 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Defense+officials+concerned+as+Hamas+upgrades+Qassam+arsenal&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft.aulast=Harel&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F932106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsveld2009" class="citation report cs1">Esveld, Bill Van (6 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/08/06/rockets-gaza/harm-civilians-palestinian-armed-groups-rocket-attacks">Rockets from Gaza</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170618234837/https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/08/06/rockets-gaza/harm-civilians-palestinian-armed-groups-rocket-attacks">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Rockets+from+Gaza&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2009-08-06&rft.aulast=Esveld&rft.aufirst=Bill+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2009%2F08%2F06%2Frockets-gaza%2Fharm-civilians-palestinian-armed-groups-rocket-attacks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Q&A-341"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Q&A_341-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7818022.stm">"Q&A: Gaza conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 18 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705061215/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7818022.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Gaza+conflict&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7818022.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3702088.stm">"Gaza's rocket threat to Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 21 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110923035807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3702088.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Gaza%27s+rocket+threat+to+Israel&rft.date=2008-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F3702088.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_catandmouse-343"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_catandmouse_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7270168.stm">"Playing cat and mouse with Gaza rockets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306235209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7270168.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Playing+cat+and+mouse+with+Gaza+rockets&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7270168.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>, Chapter 6: "However, none of the rockets had a warhead of the size or lethality of the over 49,000 tank and artillery shells fired by Israel in 2014. The Soviet-designed 122mm Grad or Katyusha rocket commonly used by Hamas and its allies normally carried either a 44- or 66-pound warhead (compared with the 96-pound 155mm shells), although many were fitted with smaller warheads to increase their range. Most of the homemade Qassam rockets that were used had considerably smaller warheads. Together, the 4,000 Qassam, Katyusha, Grad, and other missiles that were fired from the Gaza Strip, and that reached Israel (many were so imprecise and poorly manufactured that they fell short and landed within the strip), would have likely had less explosive power in total than a dozen 2,000-pound bombs." </li> <li id="cite_note-Nathan_Thrall-345"><a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_Thrall_345-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrall2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Thrall, Nathan (14 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/oct/14/our-man-palestine/">"Our Man in Palestine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016073306/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/oct/14/our-man-palestine/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Our+Man+in+Palestine&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft.aulast=Thrall&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2010%2Foct%2F14%2Four-man-palestine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasson2013" class="citation news cs1">Hasson, Nir (30 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.532703">"How many Palestinians actually live in the West Bank?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101200545/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.532703">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=How+many+Palestinians+actually+live+in+the+West+Bank%3F&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdiplomacy-defense%2F.premium-1.532703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesserschmid2002" class="citation web cs1">Messerschmid, Clemens (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217111417/http://www.juragentium.unifi.it/en/surveys/palestin/water.pdf">"Till the Last Drop: The Palestinian Water Crisis in the West Bank, Hydrogeology and Hydropolitics of a Regional Conflict"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juragentium.unifi.it/en/surveys/palestin/water.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Till+the+Last+Drop%3A+The+Palestinian+Water+Crisis+in+the+West+Bank%2C+Hydrogeology+and+Hydropolitics+of+a+Regional+Conflict&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Messerschmid&rft.aufirst=Clemens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juragentium.unifi.it%2Fen%2Fsurveys%2Fpalestin%2Fwater.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oslo2_Annex3-348"><a href="#cite_ref-Oslo2_Annex3_348-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021125081409/https://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/heskemb4_eng.htm">"Annex III: Protocol Concerning Civil Affairs"</a>. Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/heskemb4_eng.htm">the original</a> on 25 November 2002. Retrieved 5 March 2022 – via www.knesset.gov.il.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israeli-Palestinian+Interim+Agreement+on+the+West+Bank+and+the+Gaza+Strip&rft.atitle=Annex+III%3A+Protocol+Concerning+Civil+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Fprocess%2Fdocs%2Fheskemb4_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orsam.org.tr/en/oslo-21-and-water-problems-in-palestine-a-story-of-failure/">"Oslo+21 and Water Problems in Palestine: A Story of Failure"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125130918/https://www.orsam.org.tr/en/oslo-21-and-water-problems-in-palestine-a-story-of-failure/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oslo%2B21+and+Water+Problems+in+Palestine%3A+A+Story+of+Failure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orsam.org.tr%2Fen%2Foslo-21-and-water-problems-in-palestine-a-story-of-failure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc20030616-350"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc20030616_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2982730.stm">"Water war leaves Palestinians thirsty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 16 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105211813/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2982730.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Water+war+leaves+Palestinians+thirsty&rft.date=2003-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F2982730.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116204210/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/israel/index.stm">"Israel"</a>. Aquastat. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/israel/index.stm">the original</a> on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aquastat&rft.atitle=Israel&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnr%2Fwater%2Faquastat%2Fcountries_regions%2Fisrael%2Findex.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Publications-352">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Publications_352-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Publications_352-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42751#.UP35DaF4YZc">"Lack of sufficient services in Gaza could get worse without urgent action, UN warns"</a>. UN News Centre. 27 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104221705/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42751#.UP35DaF4YZc">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lack+of+sufficient+services+in+Gaza+could+get+worse+without+urgent+action%2C+UN+warns&rft.pub=UN+News+Centre&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D42751%23.UP35DaF4YZc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HBS-353"><a href="#cite_ref-HBS_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssafAttiaDarwishWardam2004" class="citation cs2">Assaf, Karen; Attia, Bayoumi; Darwish, Ali; Wardam, Batir; Klawitter, Simone (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emwis.org/countries/fol749974/country045975/countries/PDF/waterbook">Water as a human right: The understanding of water in the Arab countries of the Middle East – A four country analysis</a>, Heinrich-Böll-Foundation, p. 229, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194258/http://www.emwis.org/countries/fol749974/country045975/countries/PDF/waterbook">archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 23 April 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+as+a+human+right%3A+The+understanding+of+water+in+the+Arab+countries+of+the+Middle+East+%E2%80%93+A+four+country+analysis&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Heinrich-B%C3%B6ll-Foundation&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Assaf&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Attia%2C+Bayoumi&rft.au=Darwish%2C+Ali&rft.au=Wardam%2C+Batir&rft.au=Klawitter%2C+Simone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emwis.org%2Fcountries%2Ffol749974%2Fcountry045975%2Fcountries%2FPDF%2Fwaterbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100_years_of_war-354"><a href="#cite_ref-100_years_of_war_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelvin2005" class="citation book cs1">Gelvin, James L. (2005). The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: 100 Years of War. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict%3A+100+Years+of+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gelvin&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231011-from-1947-to-2023-retracing-the-complex-and-tragic-israeli-palestinian-conflict">"From 1947 to 2023: Retracing the complex, tragic Israeli-Palestinian conflict"</a>. 11 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115131259/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231011-from-1947-to-2023-retracing-the-complex-and-tragic-israeli-palestinian-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+1947+to+2023%3A+Retracing+the+complex%2C+tragic+Israeli-Palestinian+conflict&rft.date=2023-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2F20231011-from-1947-to-2023-retracing-the-complex-and-tragic-israeli-palestinian-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakba_book-356"><a href="#cite_ref-Nakba_book_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSa'idAbu-Lughod2007" class="citation book cs1">Sa'id, Ahmad; Abu-Lughod, Lila (2007). Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nakba%3A+Palestine%2C+1948%2C+and+the+Claims+of+Memory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Sa%27id&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft.au=Abu-Lughod%2C+Lila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CERP_Memo-357">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CERP_Memo_357-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CERP_Memo_357-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904044734/http://thecepr.org/images/stories/pdf/memo%20agriculture.pdf">"Agriculture in Palestine: a post-Oslo Analysis"</a> (PDF). 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecepr.org/images/stories/pdf/memo%20agriculture.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Agriculture+in+Palestine%3A+a+post-Oslo+Analysis&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecepr.org%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fpdf%2Fmemo%2520agriculture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unemployment_and_economic_sectors-358"><a href="#cite_ref-Unemployment_and_economic_sectors_358-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/Poverty_and_Inclusion_in_the_West_Bank_and_Gaza_Chapter3.pdf">"Poverty and the Labor Market: A Sheer Lack of Jobs?"</a> (PDF). Coping with Conflict: Poverty and Inclusion in the West Bank and Gaza. pp. 37–61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916065202/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/Poverty_and_Inclusion_in_the_West_Bank_and_Gaza_Chapter3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poverty+and+the+Labor+Market%3A+A+Sheer+Lack+of+Jobs%3F&rft.btitle=Coping+with+Conflict%3A+Poverty+and+Inclusion+in+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza&rft.pages=37-61&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTMENA%2FResources%2FPoverty_and_Inclusion_in_the_West_Bank_and_Gaza_Chapter3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Land_Bans-359">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Land_Bans_359-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Land_Bans_359-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/palestinians-lose-billions-to-israeli-land-bans-says-world-bank-report">"Palestinians lose billions to Israeli land bans, says World Bank report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>. 8 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628163419/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/palestinians-lose-billions-to-israeli-land-bans-says-world-bank-report">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Palestinians+lose+billions+to+Israeli+land+bans%2C+says+World+Bank+report&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fpalestinians-lose-billions-to-israeli-land-bans-says-world-bank-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein_book-360"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein_book_360-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2008" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Rebecca (2008). Itineraries in Conflict. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itineraries+in+Conflict&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammad2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammad, Suzanne Hassan (2023). Emplaced Resistances in Occupied Palestine: Stories of a Village, Its People, and Their Land. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 20–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78661-204-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78661-204-5"><bdi>978-1-78661-204-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emplaced+Resistances+in+Occupied+Palestine%3A+Stories+of+a+Village%2C+Its+People%2C+and+Their+Land&rft.pages=20-72&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-78661-204-5&rft.aulast=Hammad&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2013" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Rochelle (2013). Palestine and the Palestinians in the 21st century. Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+and+the+Palestinians+in+the+21st+century&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Rochelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palestine_recovery_plan-363"><a href="#cite_ref-Palestine_recovery_plan_363-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/palestinian-economic-recovery-plan-takes-shape">"Palestinian Economic Recovery Plan Takes Shape"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 12 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628161555/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/palestinian-economic-recovery-plan-takes-shape">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Palestinian+Economic+Recovery+Plan+Takes+Shape&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fpalestinian-economic-recovery-plan-takes-shape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_Blog-364"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_Blog_364-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalabi2013" class="citation news cs1">Chalabi, Mona (14 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/oct/14/palestine-economy-how-does-it-work">"How Does Palestine's Economy Work?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225531/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/oct/14/palestine-economy-how-does-it-work">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Does+Palestine%27s+Economy+Work%3F&rft.date=2013-10-14&rft.aulast=Chalabi&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2013%2Foct%2F14%2Fpalestine-economy-how-does-it-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902075901/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mystery-surrounds-suicide-of-abu-nidal-once-a-ruthless-killer-and-face-of-terror-640464.html">"Mystery surrounds 'suicide' of Abu Nidal, once a ruthless killer and face of terror – Middle East, World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 2 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mystery-surrounds-suicide-of-abu-nidal-once-a-ruthless-killer-and-face-of-terror-640464.html">the original</a> on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mystery+surrounds+%27suicide%27+of+Abu+Nidal%2C+once+a+ruthless+killer+and+face+of+terror+%E2%80%93+Middle+East%2C+World&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fmystery-surrounds-suicide-of-abu-nidal-once-a-ruthless-killer-and-face-of-terror-640464.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel/attempt-to-carry-explosives-device-on-el-al-flight-foiled">"Attempt to carry explosives device on El Al flight foiled"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/https://www.jpost.com/israel/attempt-to-carry-explosives-device-on-el-al-flight-foiled">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Attempt+to+carry+explosives+device+on+El+Al+flight+foiled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael%2Fattempt-to-carry-explosives-device-on-el-al-flight-foiled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Vol. 3. p. 1228. </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Vol. 3. M. Leonard, Thomas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0522/p01s04-wome.html/(page)/2">"How Israel builds its fifth column"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a>. 22 May 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205555/https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0522/p01s04-wome.html/(page)/2">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=How+Israel+builds+its+fifth+column&rft.date=2002-05-22&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2002%2F0522%2Fp01s04-wome.html%2F%28page%29%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.un.org/en/2022/gaef3574.doc.htm">"From 1947 to 2023: Retracing the complex, tragic Israeli-Palestinian conflict"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115131429/https://press.un.org/en/2022/gaef3574.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+1947+to+2023%3A+Retracing+the+complex%2C+tragic+Israeli-Palestinian+conflict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F2022%2Fgaef3574.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embargo_Q&A-371"><a href="#cite_ref-Embargo_Q&A_371-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatience2007" class="citation news cs1">Patience, Martin (19 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6768931.stm">"Q&A: Palestinian Embargo"</a>. BBC Jerusalem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6768931.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Palestinian+Embargo&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft.aulast=Patience&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6768931.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCHAoPt-372">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCHAoPt_372-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCHAoPt_372-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties">"Data on casualties"</a>. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory (<a href="/wiki/OCHAoPt" class="mw-redirect" title="OCHAoPt">OCHAoPt</a>). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231012194834/https://ochaopt.org/data/casualties">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs+%E2%80%93+occupied+Palestinian+territory+%28OCHAoPt%29.&rft.atitle=Data+on+casualties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ochaopt.org%2Fdata%2Fcasualties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alfonseca-373">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alfonseca_373-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alfonseca_373-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfonseca2023" class="citation news cs1">Alfonseca, Kiara (11 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889">"Palestinian civilians suffer in Israel-Gaza crossfire as death toll rises"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012150320/https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023. <q>roughly 6,400 Palestinians and 300 Israelis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Palestinian+civilians+suffer+in+Israel-Gaza+crossfire+as+death+toll+rises&rft.date=2023-10-11&rft.aulast=Alfonseca&rft.aufirst=Kiara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fpalestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll%2Fstory%3Fid%3D103828889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twentieth-374">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twentieth_374-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twentieth_374-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat4.htm">"Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls"</a>. users.erols.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719111347/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=users.erols.com&rft.atitle=Twentieth+Century+Atlas+%E2%80%93+Death+Tolls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.erols.com%2Fmwhite28%2Fwarstat4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.war-memorial.net/wars_all.asp">"All wars in the 20th century, since 1900 | the Polynational War Memorial"</a>. www.war-memorial.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220102904/http://www.war-memorial.net/wars_all.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.war-memorial.net&rft.atitle=All+wars+in+the+20th+century%2C+since+1900+%26%23124%3B+the+Polynational+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.war-memorial.net%2Fwars_all.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btselem.org/statistics/first_intifada_tables">"Fatalities in the first Intifada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429195557/https://www.btselem.org/statistics/first_intifada_tables">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%27Tselem&rft.atitle=Fatalities+in+the+first+Intifada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fstatistics%2Ffirst_intifada_tables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCHAoPt-2007-377"><a href="#cite_ref-OCHAoPt-2007_377-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/Humanitarian_Monitor_Dec_07.pdf">"The Humanitarian Monitor."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216024233/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/Humanitarian_Monitor_Dec_07.pdf">Archived</a> 16 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. December 2007. PDF. Tables on pages 5 and 7, all numbers refer to casualties of the direct conflict as defined therein (p. 23). </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel/btselem-since-2000-7454-israelis-palestinians-killed">"B'Tselem: Since 2000, 7,454 Israelis, Palestinians killed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205558/https://www.jpost.com/israel/btselem-since-2000-7454-israelis-palestinians-killed">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=B%27Tselem%3A+Since+2000%2C+7%2C454+Israelis%2C+Palestinians+killed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael%2Fbtselem-since-2000-7454-israelis-palestinians-killed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> Mor, Avi, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ict.org.il/Portals/0/Articles/ICT_Cast_Lead_Casualties-A_Closer_Look.pdf">"Casualties in Operation Cast Lead: A closer look."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101130822/http://www.ict.org.il/Portals/0/Articles/ICT_Cast_Lead_Casualties-A_Closer_Look.pdf">Archived</a> 1 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya. 2009. PDF. </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3774217,00.html">"B'Tselem: 773 of Palestinians killed in Cast Lead were civilians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynet News">Ynet News</a>. 9 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205558/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3774217,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet+News&rft.atitle=B%27Tselem%3A+773+of+Palestinians+killed+in+Cast+Lead+were+civilians&rft.date=2009-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3774217%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Finkelstein2018" class="citation book cs1">Norman Finkelstein (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gaza&pg=PA">Gaza: An Inquest into Its Martyrdom</a>. Univ of California Pres8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96838-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96838-7"><bdi>978-0-520-96838-7</bdi></a>. <q>Israeli officials alleged that total Palestinian deaths came to 1,166, of whom at least 60 percent were "terrorists." The discrepancy in the ratio of Palestinian combatant to civilian deaths partly resulted from disagreement on the proper classification of Gazan police. See Shay Fogelman, "Shock and Awe," Haaretz (31 December 2010). The broad consensus among human rights organizations was that these police should overwhelmingly be classified as civilians because they did not take a direct part in hostilities and were not members of Palestinian armed groups. The veracity of Israeli figures could be tested by scrutinizing the "under 16" subclassification. Whereas Israel alleged that 89 Palestinians under age 16 were killed, B'Tselem reported that 252 Palestinians under 16 were killed and that it had "copies of birth certificates and death certificates along with other documents regarding the vast majority of the minors who were killed." For critical analysis of Israeli casualty figures, see Public Committee against Torture in Israel (PCATI), No Second Thoughts: The changes in the Israeli Defense Forces' combat doctrine in light of "Operation Cast Lead" (2009), pp. 9–11. This study showed that Israel abruptly altered the figures it tabulated for Palestinian deaths, and concluded that "the casualty estimates provided by other sources (around 1,400 killed) are more credible than those provided by the IDF Spokesperson." Even the largely apologetic US Department of State 2009 Human Rights Report put the number of dead "at close to 1,400 Palestinians, including more than 1,000 civilians."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaza%3A+An+Inquest+into+Its+Martyrdom&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Pres8&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-520-96838-7&rft.au=Norman+Finkelstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGaza%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unmas-382">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unmas_382-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unmas_382-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unmas_382-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unmas_382-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926225134/http://mineaction.org/country.asp?c=138">"Country Overviews – Occupied Palestinian Territory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mine_Action_Service" title="United Nations Mine Action Service">United Nations Mine Action Service</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mineaction.org/country.asp?c=138">the original</a> on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Overviews+%E2%80%93+Occupied+Palestinian+Territory&rft.pub=United+Nations+Mine+Action+Service&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mineaction.org%2Fcountry.asp%3Fc%3D138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaconi2018" class="citation book cs1">Baconi, Tareq (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7xaDwAAQBAJ">Hamas contained: the rise and pacification of Palestinian resistance</a>. Stanford studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic societies and cultures. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9741-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9741-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-9741-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas+contained%3A+the+rise+and+pacification+of+Palestinian+resistance&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.series=Stanford+studies+in+Middle+Eastern+and+Islamic+societies+and+cultures&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9741-2&rft.aulast=Baconi&rft.aufirst=Tareq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7xaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashi2018" class="citation book cs1">Bashi, Sari (2018). Stern-Weiner, Jamie (ed.). Moment of truth: tackling Israel-Palestine's toughest questions. London ; New York: <a href="/wiki/OR_Books" title="OR Books">OR Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-944869-69-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-944869-69-4"><bdi>978-1-944869-69-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moment+of+truth%3A+tackling+Israel-Palestine%27s+toughest+questions&rft.place=London+%3B+New+York&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-944869-69-4&rft.aulast=Bashi&rft.aufirst=Sari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman G.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qc6Tn-C2B5UC">Beyond chutzpah: on the misuse of anti-semitism and the abuse of history</a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/Univ._of_California_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Univ. of California Press">Univ. of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24989-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24989-9"><bdi>978-0-520-24989-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+chutzpah%3A+on+the+misuse+of+anti-semitism+and+the+abuse+of+history&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24989-9&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqc6Tn-C2B5UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2017" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Aeyal M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFxEDgAAQBAJ">The writing on the wall: rethinking the international law of occupation</a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14596-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14596-2"><bdi>978-1-107-14596-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+writing+on+the+wall%3A+rethinking+the+international+law+of+occupation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom+%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-14596-2&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Aeyal+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFxEDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHYPnxwPnlwC">Brokers of Deceit: How the U.S. Has Undermined Peace in the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4476-6"><bdi>978-0-8070-4476-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brokers+of+Deceit%3A+How+the+U.S.+Has+Undermined+Peace+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-4476-6&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHYPnxwPnlwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXlwDwAAQBAJ">The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-854-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-854-9"><bdi>978-1-62779-854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years%27+War+on+Palestine%3A+A+History+of+Settler+Colonialism+and+Resistance%2C+1917%E2%80%932017&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-62779-854-9&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXlwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5znEAAAQBAJ">The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86154-899-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86154-899-6"><bdi>978-0-86154-899-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Cage%3A+The+Story+of+the+Palestinian+Struggle+for+Statehood&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-86154-899-6&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx5znEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatibMcKeeYusuf2024" class="citation journal cs1">Khatib, Rasha; <a href="/wiki/Martin_McKee" title="Martin McKee">McKee, Martin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Salim_Yusuf" title="Salim Yusuf">Yusuf, Salim</a> (5 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext">"Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. 404 (10449). Elsevier BV: 237–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2824%2901169-3">10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01169-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38976995">38976995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Counting+the+dead+in+Gaza%3A+difficult+but+essential&rft.volume=404&rft.issue=10449&rft.pages=237-238&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38976995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2824%2901169-3&rft.aulast=Khatib&rft.aufirst=Rasha&rft.au=McKee%2C+Martin&rft.au=Yusuf%2C+Salim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2824%2901169-3%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims0000morr">Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881–1999</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Books">Knopf Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42120-7"><bdi>978-0-679-42120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+victims%3A+a+history+of+the+Zionist-Arab+conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%931999&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-679-42120-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frighteousvictims0000morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C">The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem revisited</a>. Cambridge Middle East studies (2. ed., 6. print ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Univ._Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Univ. Press">Cambridge Univ. Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+birth+of+the+Palestinian+refugee+problem+revisited&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Middle+East+studies&rft.edition=2.+ed.%2C+6.+print&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00967-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM_kFX6edX8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIlmEAAAQBAJ">A history of modern Palestine</a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41544-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41544-6"><bdi>978-1-108-41544-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Palestine&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41544-6&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIlmEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2013" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Sara (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1dAAAAQBAJ">Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4894-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4894-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-4894-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas+and+Civil+Society+in+Gaza&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4894-2&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmX1dAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott-Baumann2023" class="citation book cs1">Scott-Baumann, Michael (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKJtEAAAQBAJ">The shortest history of Israel and Palestine: from Zionism to Intifadas and the struggle for peace</a>. The shortest history series. New York: The Experiment. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61519-951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61519-951-8"><bdi>978-1-61519-951-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shortest+history+of+Israel+and+Palestine%3A+from+Zionism+to+Intifadas+and+the+struggle+for+peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+shortest+history+series&rft.pub=The+Experiment&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-61519-951-8&rft.aulast=Scott-Baumann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKJtEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSela2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Sela, Avraham</a>, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/continuumpolitic0000unse">The continuum political encyclopedia of the Middle East</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum Books">Continuum Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1413-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-1413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+continuum+political+encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontinuumpolitic0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaim2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Shlaim, Avi</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_2r8CQAAQBAJ">The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin UK">Penguin UK</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197678-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197678-5"><bdi>978-0-14-197678-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Wall%3A+Israel+and+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-14-197678-5&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_2r8CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2020" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Jerome (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1AAEAAAQBAJ">Mythologies without end: the US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1917–2020</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6"><bdi>978-0-19-045908-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologies+without+end%3A+the+US%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Arab-Israeli+conflict%2C+1917%E2%80%932020&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045908-6&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1AAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2000" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Geoffrey R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/osloaccordsinter0000wats">The Oslo Accords: international law and the Israeli-Palestinian peace agreements</a>. Oxford ; Berlin: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829891-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829891-5"><bdi>978-0-19-829891-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oslo+Accords%3A+international+law+and+the+Israeli-Palestinian+peace+agreements&rft.place=Oxford+%3B+Berlin&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829891-5&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fosloaccordsinter0000wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern-Weiner2024" class="citation book cs1">Stern-Weiner, Jamie (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8U9V0AEACAAJ">Deluge: Gaza and Israel from Crisis to Cataclysm</a>. Introduction by Avi Shlaim. <a href="/wiki/OR_Books" title="OR Books">OR Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-619-9"><bdi>978-1-68219-619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deluge%3A+Gaza+and+Israel+from+Crisis+to+Cataclysm&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-68219-619-9&rft.aulast=Stern-Weiner&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8U9V0AEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Israeli–Palestinian conflict at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Israeli-Palestinian_conflict" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Israeli-Palestinian conflict">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Israel/Palestine_Conflict" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Israel/Palestine Conflict">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" class="extiw" title="q:Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151622" class="extiw" title="d:Q151622">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> United Nations <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochaopt.org/">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrwa.org/">United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East</a></li></ul> Academic, news, and similar sites (excluding Israeli or Palestinian sources) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121125032137/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552681">U.S. Attempts at Peace between Israel and Palestine</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312181034/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaza-sderot.arte.tv/">Gaza\Sderot : Life in spite of everything</a> – a web documentary produced by arte.tv, in which daily video-chronicles (2 min. each) show the life of 5 people (men, women, children) in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sderot" title="Sderot">Sderot</a>, on both sides of the border.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614173018/http://globalpolitician.com/subarticle.asp?SID=1&cid=2">Global Politician – Middle-East Section</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906062956/http://www.mepc.org/main/main.asp">Middle East Policy Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108123824/http://www.aixgroup.org/">Aix Group – Joint Palestinian-Israeli-international economic working group</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wo2TLlMhiw&index=3&list=TLUcBVuDplYUY">Crash Course World History 223: Conflict in Israel and Palestine</a> – author and YouTube educator <a href="/wiki/John_Green" title="John Green">John Green</a> gives a brief history lesson (13 minutes) on the conflict.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguy.com/israeli-palestinian_conflict.html">The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict</a>—An overview of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians from 1948 through the present day. From the History Guy Website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themedialine.org/">The Media Line</a> – A non-profit news agency which provides credible, unbiased content, background and context from across the Middle East.</li></ul> Conflict resolution groups <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005181944/http://www.onemillionvoices.org/">OneVoice Movement – One Million Voices to End the Conflict</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s-c-g.org/">Seeking Common Ground</a></li></ul> Human rights groups <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/doc?t=mideast&c=isrlpa">Human Rights Watch: Israel/Palestine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/">B'Tselem – The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alhaq.org/">Al-Haq: Palestinian Human Rights Group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061015184336/http://www.alhaq.org/">Archived</a> 15 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: West Bank affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pchrgaza.org/">Palestinian Centre for Human Rights PCHR</a>: Gaza affiliate of the International Commission of Jurists</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gush-shalom.org/">Gush-Shalom</a>: Gush-Shalom Israeli Peace Movement</li></ul> Jewish and Israeli academic, news, and similar sites <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm">A history of Israel, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honestreporting.com/">Honest Reporting</a> monitoring mideast media</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truepeace.org/index.asp">True Peace</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190317082931/http://www.truepeace.org/index.asp">Archived</a> 17 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/what-the-fight-in-israel-is-all-about/">What the Fight in Israel Is All About</a> – The Media Line</li></ul> Jewish and Israeli "peace movement" news and advocacy sites <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050312031209/http://www.cactus48.com/truth.html">The Origin of the Palestine – Israel Conflict</a>, Published by Jews for Justice in the Middle East</li></ul> Other sites <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232805/http://www.diabolicdigest.net/Middle%20East/Salom4a.htm">Arabs and Israelis held hostage by a common enemy</a> Salom Now! and METalks are two experimental initiatives which sought to rewrite the script of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. However, such popular, grassroots action is held hostage by some common enemies: despair, hatred, antipathy and distrust. (Jan 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705211309/http://www.diabolicdigest.net/Guest%20pens/Anat.htm">Exchange of friendly fire</a> Anat el-Hashahar, an Israeli and founder of METalks, debates the Arab–Israeli conflict – from Oslo to Lebanon – with Khaled Diab, an Egyptian journalist and writer.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israel-palaestina.de/">Website with information (articles, reports, maps, books, links, etc.) on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/p_refugee_camps.jpg">Map of Palestinian Refugee Camps 1993 (UNRWA/C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cia08/israel_sm_2008.gif">Map of Israel 2008 (C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/isettlementswb93.jpg">Map of Israeli Settlements in the West Bank Dec. 1993 (C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gazastrip.jpg">Map of Israeli Settlements in the Gaza Strip Dec. 1993 (C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world_cities/jerusalem_93.jpg">Map of Jerusalem Mar. 1993 (C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/jericho.gif">Map of Jericho and Vicinity Jan. 1994 (C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/pdf/256topline.pdf">Pew Global Research – worldwide public opinion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/results.cfm?TopicID=153">Policy publications on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict at the Berman Jewish Policy Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template talk:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Participants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Participants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Israel Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shabak (Shin Bet)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Principals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">al-Aqsa Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenin_Brigades" title="Jenin Brigades">Jenin Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Den_(militant_group)" title="Lions' Den (militant group)">Lions' Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">PIJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Front" title="Palestinian Liberation Front">PLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">PPSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees">PRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabireen_Movement" title="Sabireen Movement">Sabireen Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Zouari" title="Sons of Zouari">Sons of Zouari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-party groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Individuals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Arens" title="Moshe Arens">Moshe Arens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ami_Ayalon" title="Ami Ayalon">Ami Ayalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Naftali Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Dagan" title="Meir Dagan">Meir Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Dichter" title="Avi Dichter">Avi Dichter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Diskin" title="Yuval Diskin">Yuval Diskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Gantz" title="Benny Gantz">Benny Gantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Halevy" title="Efraim Halevy">Efraim Halevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Halutz" title="Dan Halutz">Dan Halutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzipi_Livni" title="Tzipi Livni">Tzipi Livni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Mofaz" title="Shaul Mofaz">Shaul Mofaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Mordechai" title="Yitzhak Mordechai">Yitzhak Mordechai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Peri" title="Yaakov Peri">Yaakov Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Lipkin-Shahak" title="Amnon Lipkin-Shahak">Amnon Lipkin-Shahak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabtai_Shavit" title="Shabtai Shavit">Shabtai Shavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Ya%27alon" title="Moshe Ya'alon">Moshe Ya'alon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Yatom" title="Danny Yatom">Danny Yatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Zamir" title="Zvi Zamir">Zvi Zamir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zaidan" title="Muhammad Zaidan">Abu Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Arafat" title="Moussa Arafat">Moussa Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Ayyash" title="Yahya Ayyash">Yahya Ayyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Barghouti" title="Marwan Barghouti">Marwan Barghouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dahlan" title="Mohammed Dahlan">Mohammed Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Deif" title="Mohammed Deif">Mohammed Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadie_Haddad" title="Wadie Haddad">Wadie Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayef_Hawatmeh" title="Nayef Hawatmeh">Nayef Hawatmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_al-Jabali" title="Ghazi al-Jabali">Ghazi Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Jibril" title="Ahmed Jibril">Ahmed Jibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Abu Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Khalaf" title="Salah Khalaf">Salah Khalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Khaled" title="Leila Khaled">Leila Khaled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_El-Deen_Sheikh_Khalil" title="Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil">Sheikh Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuheir_Mohsen" title="Zuheir Mohsen">Zuheir Mohsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Mustafa" title="Abu Ali Mustafa">Abu Ali Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal" title="Abu Nidal">Abu Nidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibril_Rajoub" title="Jibril Rajoub">Jibril Rajoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi" title="Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi">Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_Salameh" title="Ali Hassan Salameh">Ali Hassan Salameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Shehade" title="Salah Shehade">Salah Shehade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Shalah" title="Ramadan Shalah">Ramadan Shalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Shaqaqi" title="Fathi Shaqaqi">Fathi Shaqaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Tamimi" title="Ahlam Tamimi">Ahlam Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Timeline_**_military_operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">military operations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1920–1948" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1920–1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1920 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">Nebi Musa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">Battle of Tel Hai</a></li></ul></li> <li>1921 <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a></li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Palestine riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>1936–1939 <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt</a></li> <li>1944–1947 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency</a></li> <li>1947–1948 <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1948–1970" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1948–1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killings_and_massacres_during_the_1948_Palestine_war" title="Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine war">massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li>1948–present <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">Fedayeen insurgency</a> <ul><li>1951–1967 <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_Israeli_civilians_before_1967" title="List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967">Attacks against Israeli civilians</a></li> <li>1950s–1960s <a href="/wiki/Reprisal_operations" title="Reprisal operations">Reprisal operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Qibya_massacre" title="Qibya massacre">Qibya massacre</a></li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre" title="Kafr Qasim massacre">Kafr Qasim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_massacre" title="Khan Yunis massacre">Khan Yunis</a> / <a href="/wiki/1956_Rafah_massacre" title="1956 Rafah massacre">Rafah massacres</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li>1967–1970 <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> <ul><li>1968 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1968–1982" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1968–1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing" title="Avivim school bus bombing">Avivim school bus bombing</a></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571" title="Sabena Flight 571">Sabena Flight 571</a> / <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mossad_assassinations_following_the_Munich_massacre" title="Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre">"Bayonet"</a> (1973 <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer_affair" title="Lillehammer affair">Lillehammer affair</a>)</li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre" title="Kiryat Shmona massacre">Kiryat Shmona massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel_attack" title="Savoy Hotel attack">Savoy Hotel attack</a></li> <li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Entebbe_raid" title="Entebbe raid">Entebbe raid</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Coastal_road_massacre" title="Coastal road massacre">Coastal road massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Misgav_Am_hostage_crisis" title="Misgav Am hostage crisis">Misgav Am hostage crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1973–1987" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1973–1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#1975" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Zion Square bombing</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Beirut" title="Siege of Beirut">Siege of Beirut</a></li></ul></li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/1983_West_Bank_fainting_epidemic" title="1983 West Bank fainting epidemic">1983 West Bank fainting epidemic</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Bus_300_affair" title="Bus 300 affair">Bus 300 affair</a></li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Achille_Lauro_hijacking" title="Achille Lauro hijacking">Achille Lauro hijacking</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg">"Wooden Leg"</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Gliders" title="Night of the Gliders">Night of the Gliders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1987–1991" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1987–1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir#Assassination" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Tunis raid</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/1989_Tel_Aviv%E2%80%93Jerusalem_bus_attack" title="1989 Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus attack">Bus 405 attack</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_killings" title="1990 Temple Mount killings">Temple Mount killings</a></li> <li>1990s <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks#1990s" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2000–2005" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2000–2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks#2000s" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_assassinations#2000s" title="List of Israeli assassinations">Israeli assassinations</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/October_2000_protests_in_Israel" title="October 2000 protests in Israel">October events</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Santorini_affair" title="Santorini affair">Santorini</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair">Karine A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield" title="Operation Defensive Shield">"Defensive Shield"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)" title="Battle of Jenin (2002)">Battle of Jenin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus" title="Battle of Nablus">Battle of Nablus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Determined_Path" title="Operation Determined Path">"Determined Path"</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Ain_es_Saheb_airstrike" title="Ain es Saheb airstrike">Ain es Saheb airstrike</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_Rafah" title="2004 Israeli operation in Rafah">"Rainbow"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2004_Beit_Hanoun_raid" title="2004 Beit Hanoun raid">Beit Hanoun raid</a> / <a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_the_northern_Gaza_Strip" title="2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip">"Days of Penitence"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Palestinian dissident campaigns</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2006–present" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2006–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods" title="Operation Bringing Home the Goods">"Bringing Home the Goods"</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_yeshiva_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack">Jerusalem yeshiva attack</a> / <a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_bulldozer_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack">Jerusalem bulldozer attack</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2009 Al-Aqsa clashes">Al-Aqsa clashes</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign" title="2010 Palestinian militancy campaign">Palestinian militancy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 violence</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">Temple Mount crisis</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel–Palestine crisis</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">Al-Aqsa clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2006–present" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2006–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_beach_explosion" title="2006 Gaza beach explosion">Gaza beach explosion</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_cross-border_raid" title="2006 Gaza cross-border raid">Gaza cross-border raid</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict">"Summer Rains"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_operation_in_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun">"Autumn Clouds"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_shelling_of_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 shelling of Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun shelling</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/2008_breach_of_the_Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border" title="2008 breach of the Egypt–Gaza border">Egypt–Gaza border breach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter" title="Operation Hot Winter">"Hot Winter"</a></li> <li>2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Returning Echo"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2012_Gaza_War" title="2012 Gaza War">"Pillar of Defense"</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">"Protective Edge"</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_III" title="Freedom Flotilla III">Freedom Flotilla III</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">Gaza border protests</a> / <a href="/wiki/November_2018_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes">November clashes</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">May clashes</a> / <a href="/wiki/November_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Black Belt"</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">"Guardian of the Walls"</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="2022 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Breaking Dawn"</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Shield and Arrow"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy/law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy/law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timeline" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1948–1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" title="List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war">depopulated towns and villages</a></li></ul></li> <li>1949 <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference</a></li> <li>1967–present <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">settler violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">international law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981–1982 <a href="/wiki/Fahd_Plan" title="Fahd Plan">Fahd Plan</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a></li> <li>1993–1995 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Economic_Relations" title="Protocol on Economic Relations">Paris Protocol</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Jericho_Agreement" title="Gaza–Jericho Agreement">Gaza–Jericho Agreement</a></li> <li>1994–present <a href="/wiki/United_States_security_assistance_to_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority">US security assistance to the PA</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Concerning_the_Redeployment_in_Hebron" title="Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron">Hebron Agreement</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum" title="Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum">Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">Camp David Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">Clinton Parameters</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East" title="Quartet on the Middle East">Quartet established</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road Map</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access" title="Agreement on Movement and Access">Agreement on Movement and Access</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Peace_initiative" title="Valley of Peace initiative">Valley of Peace initiative</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Conference" title="Annapolis Conference">Annapolis Conference</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Aftonbladet_Israel_controversy" title="2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy">Aftonbladet Israel controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010–11 <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Papers" title="Palestine Papers">Palestine Papers</a></li> <li>2013–2014 <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2023–present <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_United_Nations" title="Israel and the United Nations">Israel and the UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_and_the_United_Nations" title="Palestine and the United Nations">Palestine and the UN</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Resolution 181</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN Resolution 194</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">UN Resolution 242</a></li> <li>ICJ cases <ul><li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Legal_Consequences_of_the_Construction_of_a_Wall_in_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" title="Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory">Wall construction</a></li> <li>2023–present <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South African allegation of genocide</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a></li> <li>2023–2024 <a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">Israeli occupation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Analysis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Israel_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany">Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany</a></li> <li>Criticism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hamas" title="Criticism of Hamas">Criticism of Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">Criticism of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_criticism_of_the_occupation_of_Palestine" title="Israeli criticism of the occupation of Palestine">Israeli criticism of the occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Racism in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_anti-Zionism" title="Timeline of anti-Zionism">Timeline of anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ongoing_armed_conflicts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Template:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Template talk:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ongoing_armed_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing armed conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Central African Republic Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chad_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)">Insurgency in Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">Western DR Congo clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">ADF insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Insurgency in the Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" title="Jihadist insurgency in Niger">Jihadist insurgency in Niger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudanese nomadic conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Western Saharan clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict" title="Nigerian bandit conflict">Nigerian bandit conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Conflict in the Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azawad_conflict" title="Azawad conflict">Azawad conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_gang_crackdown" title="Salvadoran gang crackdown">Salvadoran gang crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_gang_crackdown" title="Honduran gang crackdown">Honduran gang crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">Gang war in Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_security_crisis" title="Ecuadorian security crisis">Ecuadorian security crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Paraguay" title="Insurgency in Paraguay">Insurgency in Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Peruvian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Islamic State–Taliban conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Internal conflict in Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_drug_war" title="Bangladesh drug war">Drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Radd-ul-Fasaad" title="Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad">Insurgency in Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Sectarian violence in Pakistan">Sectarian violence in Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South- east</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalay_clashes" title="Kalay clashes">Kalay clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen%E2%80%93Mon_conflict" title="Karen–Mon conflict">Karen–Mon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Rakhine_State_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present)">Conflict in Rakhine State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Conflicts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraq conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi–led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Iran–Israel conflict in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_insurgency" title="Daraa insurgency">Daraa insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Desert campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor">Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Irish republican campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_feud" title="Loyalist feud">Loyalist feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab–Israeli_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Template:Arab–Israeli conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab–Israeli_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict_participants" title="Template:Arab–Israeli conflict participants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict_participants" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli conflict participants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict_participants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli conflict participants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CountriesAuthoritiesOrganizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Countries</li><li>Authorities</li><li>Organizations</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary countries and authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">All-Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Hamas Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraqi Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Syrian Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Islam_(Gaza)" title="Army of Islam (Gaza)">Army of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars" title="Guardians of the Cedars">Guardians of the Cedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">PIJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Front" title="Palestinian Liberation Front">PLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">Palestinian Popular Struggle Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees">Popular Resistance Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">as-Sa'iqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization" title="Abu Nidal Organization">Abu Nidal Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September_Organization" title="Black September Organization">Black September Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Holy War Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Cells_(German_group)" title="Revolutionary Cells (German group)">Revolutionary Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Template:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_engagements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="History of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Armed engagements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen_insurgency" title="Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency">Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samu_incident" title="Samu incident">Samu incident</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (1967–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon</a> (1968–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Israeli_raid_on_Lebanon" title="1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon">Gift</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571" title="Sabena Flight 571">Sabena Flight 571</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_assassinations_following_the_Munich_massacre" title="Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre">Bayonet</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines_Flight_114" title="Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114">Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel_attack" title="Savoy Hotel attack">Savoy Hotel attack</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entebbe_raid" title="Entebbe raid">Entebbe</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">Litani</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misgav_Am_hostage_crisis" title="Misgav Am hostage crisis">Misgav Am hostage crisis</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Opera</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_300_affair" title="Bus 300 affair">Bus 300 affair</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg">Wooden Leg</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> (1987–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers' Bus attack">Mothers' Bus attack</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir#Assassination" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Tunis raid</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel" title="1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel">Iraqi missile attacks against Israel</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bramble_Bush" title="Operation Bramble Bush">Bramble Bush</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> (1993–2008; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Accountability" title="Operation Accountability">Accountability</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="Operation Grapes of Wrath">Grapes of Wrath</a> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> (2000–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a> (2001–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_es_Saheb_airstrike" title="Ain es Saheb airstrike">Ain es Saheb airstrike</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods" title="Operation Bringing Home the Goods">Bringing Home the Goods</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict">Summer Rains</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_operation_in_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun">Autumn Clouds</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> (2006–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter" title="Operation Hot Winter">Hot Winter</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a> (2008–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign" title="2010 Palestinian militancy campaign">Palestinian militancy campaign</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">Southern Israel cross-border attacks</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes">Returning Echo</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Israeli_operation_in_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip">Pillar of Defense</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">Gaza War</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Wave of violence</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">Gaza border protests</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2018_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">Black Belt</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel–Palestine crisis</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="2022 Gaza–Israel clashes">Breaking Dawn</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes">Shield and Arrow</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> (2023–2024)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Template:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diplomacy_and_peace_proposals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy and <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_normalization" title="Arab–Israeli normalization">peace proposals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1914 <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li>1915 <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">McMahon–Hussein Correspondence</a></li> <li>1916 <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li>1917 <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li>1918 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_to_the_Seven" title="Declaration to the Seven">Declaration to the Seven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Declaration" title="Anglo-French Declaration">Anglo-French Declaration</a></li> <li>1919 <a href="/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_agreement" title="Faisal–Weizmann agreement">Faisal–Weizmann agreement</a></li> <li>1920 <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li> <li>1922 <a href="/wiki/Churchill_White_Paper" title="Churchill White Paper">Churchill White Paper</a></li> <li>1937 <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1939" title="London Conference of 1939">London Conference</a></li> <li>1946 <a href="/wiki/Morrison%E2%80%93Grady_Plan" title="Morrison–Grady Plan">Morrison–Grady Plan</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Bevin_Plan" title="Bevin Plan">Bevin Plan</a></li> <li>1946–47 <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1946%E2%80%931947" title="London Conference of 1946–1947">London Conference</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/wiki/American_trusteeship_proposal_for_Palestine" title="American trusteeship proposal for Palestine">American trusteeship proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948–1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194</a></li> <li>1949 <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">Armistice agreements</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference</a></li> <li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Declaration_of_1950" title="Tripartite Declaration of 1950">Tripartite Declaration</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution" title="Khartoum Resolution">Khartoum Resolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_338" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 338">UNSC Resolution 338</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_339" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 339">UNSC Resolution 339</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Disengagement_between_Israel_and_Syria" title="Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria">Israel–Syria disengagement agreement</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_350" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 350">UNSC Resolution 350</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_425" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 425">UNSC Resolution 425</a> / <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_446" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 446">UNSC Resolution 446</a> / <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_autonomy_talks" title="Palestinian autonomy talks">Palestinian autonomy talks</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_452" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 452">UNSC Resolution 452</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_478" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 478">UNSC Resolution 478</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_497" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 497">UNSC Resolution 497</a></li> <li>1981–1982 <a href="/wiki/Fahd_Plan" title="Fahd Plan">Fahd Plan</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Reagan_peace_plan" title="Reagan peace plan">Reagan peace plan</a></li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/May_17_Agreement" title="May 17 Agreement">Israel–Lebanon agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Jericho_Agreement" title="Gaza–Jericho Agreement">Gaza–Jericho Agreement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Beilin%E2%80%93Abu_Mazen_agreement" title="Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement">Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum" title="Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum">Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">Camp David Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">Clinton Parameters</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Isratin</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/2002_Arab_League_summit" title="2002 Arab League summit">Beirut Summit and peace initiative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road map</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Initiative" title="Geneva Initiative">Geneva Initiative</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1559" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559">UNSC Resolution 1559</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1566" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1566">UNSC Resolution 1566</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1583" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1583">UNSC Resolution 1583</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Summit_of_2005" title="Sharm El Sheikh Summit of 2005">Sharm El Sheikh Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip#2005_Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Agreement on Movement and Access</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1850" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1850">UNSC Resolution 1850</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quartet_Principles" title="Quartet Principles">Quartet Principles</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1701" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701">UNSC Resolution 1701</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Conference" title="Annapolis Conference">Annapolis Conference</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_Parameters" title="John Kerry Parameters">John Kerry Parameters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Trump peace plan</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">Israel–UAE normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Israel–Sudan normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Israel–Morocco normalization agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_maritime_border_dispute" title="Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute">Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Template:Zionism and the Land of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Zionism and the Land of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism and the Land of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independent Israel</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Modern Israel</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="padding-bottom:1.2em;"> History<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">History of the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">The Jewish people</a><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline of Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">leaders</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Modern Jewish settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a> to 1948<hr /> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">timeline</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate document</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0;vertical-align:top;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Is-map.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="1949 cease-fire borders of Israel"><img alt="1949 cease-fire borders of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/100px-Is-map.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/150px-Is-map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/200px-Is-map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="713" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="padding-bottom:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a><hr /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> </div> Politics<hr /> <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Peace process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> Society and economy<hr /><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutzim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">Moshavim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Exodus from the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_town" title="Development town">Development towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_research_in_Israel" title="Agricultural research in Israel">Agriculture technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0;vertical-align:top;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary Israel"><img alt="Contemporary Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/100px-Israel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/150px-Israel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/200px-Israel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement_timeline" title="Israeli settlement timeline">Timeline</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">International law</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> <a href="/wiki/Hof_Aza_Regional_Council" title="Hof Aza Regional Council">Hof Aza Regional Council</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palestinian_nationalism_and_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinian_nationalism" title="Template:Palestinian nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palestinian_nationalism" title="Template talk:Palestinian nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palestinian_nationalism_and_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Palestinian Territory">Occupied Palestinian Territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine (British Mandate borders)</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-top:0.25em;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.5em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li>Name</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine" title="Timeline of the name Palestine">Timeline of the name "Palestine"</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding:0.5em 0.25em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_periods_in_the_Palestine_region" title="Time periods in the Palestine region">Time periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.5em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Palestine" title="Culture of Palestine">Culture</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Refugees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Right of return</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.25em;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.5em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_territories_occupied_by_Israel_in_1967" title="Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></li></ul> <div style="line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Enclaves</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li></ul> </div><div style="padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.5em;line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Governorate" title="Jerusalem Governorate">Jerusalem Governorate</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.25em;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.5em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding:0.5em 0.25em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="Politics of the Palestinian National Authority">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_Authority" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority">Cities (PNA–administered)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Palestine" title="Governorates of Palestine">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_law" title="Palestinian law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.5em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of political parties in the State of Palestine">Political parties</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Israel&#124;link=Israel_Foreign_relations_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Template:Foreign relations of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Israel&#124;link=Israel_Foreign_relations_of_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">Foreign relations of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Algeria–Israel relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Angola–Israel relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Botswana–Israel relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Cameroon–Israel relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Chad–Israel relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Israel relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Egypt–Israel relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Israel relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Eritrea–Israel relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Ethiopia–Israel relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Ghana–Israel relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Guinea–Israel relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Israel–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="Israel–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Israel–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="Israel–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="Israel–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="Israel–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Israel–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Israel–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="Israel–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Israel–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Israel–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="Israel–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="Israel–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Somaliland_relations" title="Israel–Somaliland relations">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Israel–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Israel–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Israel–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Israel–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Israel–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Israel"><img alt="Emblem of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/60px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1071" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Argentina–Israel relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Barbados–Israel relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Bolivia–Israel relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Brazil–Israel relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Canada–Israel relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Chile–Israel relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Colombia–Israel relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Cuba–Israel relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Haiti–Israel relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Israel–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="Israel–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Israel–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Israel–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Israel–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Israel–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Afghanistan–Israel relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Armenia–Israel relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Israel relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Bahrain–Israel relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Bangladesh–Israel relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Bhutan–Israel relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Cambodia–Israel relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="China–Israel relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Hong Kong–Israel relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="East Timor–Israel relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Georgia–Israel relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="India–Israel relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Indonesia–Israel relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iraq–Israel relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Israel–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Israel–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Israel–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Israel–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Israel–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Israel–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Israel–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="Israel–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="Israel–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Israel–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Israel–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Israel–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Israel–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Israel–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Israel–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Israel–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Israel–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Israel–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Israel–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Israel–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Israel–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Israel–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Israel–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Israel–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Israel–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Israel–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Albania–Israel relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Austria–Israel relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Belarus–Israel relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Belgium–Israel relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Croatia–Israel relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Cyprus–Israel relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Czech Republic–Israel relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Denmark–Israel relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Finland–Israel relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="France–Israel relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Germany–Israel relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Greece–Israel relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Holy See–Israel relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Hungary–Israel relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iceland–Israel relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Ireland–Israel relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Israel–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Israel–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Israel–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-Luxembourg_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Israel–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Monaco_relations" title="Israel–Monaco relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Israel–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="Israel–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Israel–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Israel–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Israel–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93San_Marino_relations" title="Israel–San Marino relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Israel–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Israel–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Israel–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Israel–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Israel–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Israel–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Australia–Israel relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Fiji–Israel relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Marshall_Islands_relations" title="Israel–Marshall Islands relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="Israel–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="Israel–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Israel–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palau_relations" title="Israel–Palau relations">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="Israel–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="Israel–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Israel–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="East Germany–Israel relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Israel–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_relations" title="Arab–Israeli relations">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Israel–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_United_Nations" title="Israel and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_the_periphery" title="Alliance of the periphery">Alliance of the periphery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Morocco</a></li> <li>Diplomatic missions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Israel" title="List of diplomatic missions of Israel">of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Israel" title="List of diplomatic missions in Israel">in Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">International recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_State_of_Israel" title="Legitimacy of the State of Israel">Legitimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=State_of_Palestine&#124;link=State_of_Palestine_Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Template:Foreign relations of the State of Palestine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the State of Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the State of Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=State_of_Palestine&#124;link=State_of_Palestine_Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">Foreign relations of the State of Palestine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Algeria–Palestine relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Palestine relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Comoros–Palestine relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Djibouti–Palestine relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Egypt–Palestine relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Ethiopia–Palestine relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Kenya–Palestine relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Libya–Palestine relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Morocco–Palestine relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Namibia–Palestine relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Nigeria–Palestine relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_relations" title="Palestine–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations">Sahrawi Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Palestine–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Palestine–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Palestine–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Palestine–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Palestine–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Palestine–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Palestine"><img alt="Coat of arms of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="815" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Argentina–Palestine relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Bolivia–Palestine relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Brazil–Palestine relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Canada–Palestine relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Chile–Palestine relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Cuba–Palestine relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="El Salvador–Palestine relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Ecuador–Palestine relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Honduras–Palestine relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Mexico–Palestine relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Palestine–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palestine–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Palestine–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Palestine–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Afghanistan–Palestine relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Armenia–Palestine relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Palestine relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Bangladesh–Palestine relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Bahrain–Palestine relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Brunei–Palestine relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="China–Palestine relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Georgia–Palestine relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="India–Palestine relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Indonesia–Palestine relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Iran–Palestine relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Iraq–Palestine relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Palestine relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Israel–Palestine relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Japan–Palestine relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Jordan–Palestine relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Kuwait–Palestine relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Lebanon–Palestine relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Palestine relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Palestine relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Malaysia–Palestine relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Maldives–Palestine relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="North Korea–Palestine relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Oman–Palestine relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Pakistan–Palestine relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Palestine–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Palestine–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Palestine–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Palestine–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Palestine–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Palestine–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Palestine–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Palestine–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Palestine–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Palestine–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Palestine–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Albania–Palestine relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Austria–Palestine relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Belarus–Palestine relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Belgium–Palestine relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Palestine relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Bulgaria–Palestine relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Cyprus–Palestine relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Denmark–Palestine relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Finland–Palestine relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="France–Palestine relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Germany–Palestine relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Greece–Palestine relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See–Palestine relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Hungary–Palestine relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Iceland–Palestine relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Ireland–Palestine relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Italy–Palestine relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Luxembourg–Palestine relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93State_of_Palestine_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta–State of Palestine relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Montenegro–Palestine relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Norway–Palestine relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Netherlands–Palestine relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Palestine–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Palestine–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Palestine–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Palestine–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Palestine–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Palestine–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Palestine–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Palestine–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Palestine–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Palestine–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Palestine–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Australia–Palestine relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="New Zealand–Palestine relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="East Germany–Palestine relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Palestine–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian political violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Palestine–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_and_the_United_Nations" title="Palestine and the United Nations">United Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Security Council resolutions</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Expatriates_(State_of_Palestine)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (State of Palestine)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of diplomatic missions of the State of Palestine">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Palestine" title="List of diplomatic missions in Palestine">in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">Recognition of statehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Legal status of the State of Palestine">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_194" title="Palestine 194">Palestine 194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hamas" title="Foreign relations of Hamas">Foreign relations of Hamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Iran–Iraq war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_arrest_of_Iranian_Jews" title="1999 arrest of Iranian Jews">1999 arrest of Iranian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="International reactions to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_seizure_of_the_MSC_Aries" title="Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries">Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries</a></li> <li>Iranian strikes on Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israeli strikes on Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_retaliation_leak" title="Israeli retaliation leak">intelligence leak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Israeli–Lebanese conflict">Israeli–Lebanese conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_kidnapping_of_Iranian_diplomats" title="1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats">1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi">Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Buenos_Aires_Israeli_embassy_bombing" title="1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing">1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000%E2%80%932006_Shebaa_Farms_conflict" title="2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict">2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Imad_Mughniyeh" title="Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh">Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_prisoner_exchange" title="2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange">2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francop_Affair" title="Francop Affair">Francop Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Shebaa_Farms_incident" title="January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident">January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Shield" title="Operation Northern Shield">Operation Northern Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Beirut_drone_crash" title="2019 Beirut drone crash">2019 Beirut drone crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_shellings" title="2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings">2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Assassination of Fuad Shukr">Assassination of Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_electronic_device_attacks" title="2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks">2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">20 September 2024 Beirut attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israeli_attacks_against_Lebanon" title="September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon">September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hashem_Safieddine" title="Assassination of Hashem Safieddine">Assassination of Hashem Safieddine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projectile_attacks_from_Lebanon_on_Israel_and_the_Golan_Heights" title="List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights">Projectile attacks from Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair">Karine A affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Affair" title="Victoria Affair">Victoria Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Full_Disclosure" title="Operation Full Disclosure">Operation Full Disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrike" title="January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike">January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" title="January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">September 2018 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">August 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">November 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">January 2021 Syria airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">2023 Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" title="Operation Outside the Box">Operation Outside the Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sudan_airstrikes" title="2009 Sudan airstrikes">2009 Sudan airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_attacks_on_Israeli_diplomats" title="2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats">2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Bangkok_bombings" title="2012 Bangkok bombings">2012 Bangkok bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Cyprus_terrorist_plot" title="2012 Cyprus terrorist plot">2012 Cyprus terrorist plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">2012 Burgas bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Military_Industrial_Complex" title="Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex">Yarmouk munitions factory explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Israeli_airstrikes_in_Iraq" title="2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq">2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Istanbul_terror_plot" title="2022 Istanbul terror plot">2022 Istanbul terror plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_missile_strikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria">2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists" title="Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists">Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Hosseinpour" title="Ardeshir Hosseinpour">Ardeshir Hosseinpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Ali-Mohammadi" title="Massoud Ali-Mohammadi">Massoud Ali-Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Shahriari" title="Majid Shahriari">Majid Shahriari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Abbasi" title="Fereydoon Abbasi">Fereydoon Abbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Ahmadi_Roshan" title="Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan">Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fakhrizadeh" title="Mohsen Fakhrizadeh">Mohsen Fakhrizadeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMAD_Project" title="AMAD Project">AMAD Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_infiltration_of_Iranian_nuclear_archive" title="Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive">Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_Kaneh_explosion" title="Bid Kaneh explosion">Bid Kaneh explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Iran_drone_attacks" title="2023 Iran drone attacks">2023 Iran drone attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Russia–Hamas relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Reza_Djalali" title="Ahmad Reza Djalali">Ahmad Reza Djalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_military_action_against_Iran" title="Views on military action against Iran">Views on military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_support_for_Hamas" title="Iranian support for Hamas">Iranian support for Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_X2" title="Prisoner X2">Prisoner X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_(TV_series)" title="Tehran (TV series)">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israel–Hamas_war" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Template:Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Template talk:Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israel–Hamas_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Timeline of the Israel–Hamas war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Outline of the Israel–Hamas war">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of military engagements during the Israel–Hamas war">Engage- ments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attacks on civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre" title="Netiv HaAsara massacre">Netiv HaAsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumim_massacre" title="Alumim massacre">Alumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre" title="Be'eri massacre">Be'eri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elhanan_Team" title="Elhanan Team">Elhanan Team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Holit" title="Attack on Holit">Holit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre" title="Kfar Aza massacre">Kfar Aza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissufim_massacre" title="Kissufim massacre">Kissufim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz_attack" title="Nir Oz attack">Nir Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Yitzhak_attack" title="Nir Yitzhak attack">Nir Yitzhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz_attack" title="Nahal Oz attack">Nahal Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirim_attack" title="Nirim attack">Nirim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_music_festival_massacre" title="Nova music festival massacre">Nova music festival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_Shelters" title="Death Shelters">Death Shelters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyduck_music_festival_massacre" title="Psyduck music festival massacre">Psyduck music festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Re%27im" title="Battle of Re'im">Re'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sderot" title="Battle of Sderot">Sderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufa" title="Battle of Sufa">Sufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikim_attack" title="Zikim attack">Zikim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli_female_tank_crew_fight" title="2023 Israeli female tank crew fight">Israeli female tank crew fight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Allegations of genocide in the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Allegations of genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA_and_Israel" title="UNRWA and Israel">Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Shelters" title="Death Shelters">Death Shelters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Denial of the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Sexual and gender-based violence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Screams_Without_Words" title="Screams Without Words">Screams Without Words</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_Witness_(2023_film)" title="Bearing Witness (2023 film)">Bearing Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screams_Before_Silence" title="Screams Before Silence">Screams Before Silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli invasion of Gaza</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beit_Hanoun" title="Battle of Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_City" title="Siege of Gaza City">Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khan_Yunis" title="Siege of Khan Yunis">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah_offensive" title="Rafah offensive">Rafah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Rafah_offensive" title="Background of the Rafah offensive">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp_airstrikes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on refugee camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Jabalia_refugee_camp_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Attacks on Jabalia refugee camp (2023–present)">Jabalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/31_October_2023_Jabalia_refugee_camp_airstrike" title="31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike">31 October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shati_refugee_camp_airstrikes" title="Al-Shati refugee camp airstrikes">Al-Shati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2024_northern_Gaza_City_airstrikes" title="June 2024 northern Gaza City airstrikes">Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_attacks_on_Al-Maghazi_refugee_camp" title="Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee camp">Al-Maghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_al-Sultan_attack" title="Tel al-Sultan attack">Tel al-Sultan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="May 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuseirat_refugee_camp_massacre" title="Nuseirat refugee camp massacre">Nuseirat refugee camp massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="June 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (June)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2024_al-Shati_refugee_camp_attack" title="July 2024 al-Shati refugee camp attack">Al-Shati (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Deir_el-Balah_attacks" title="August 2024 Deir el-Balah attacks">Deir el-Balah (August)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="September 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (September)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_schools_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza" title="Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza">Attacks on schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fakhoora_school_airstrikes" title="Al-Fakhoora school airstrikes">Al-Fakhoora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadia_Abu_Ghazala_School_massacre" title="Shadia Abu Ghazala School massacre">Shadia Abu Ghazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sardi_school_attack" title="Al-Sardi school attack">Al-Sardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_school_attack" title="Al-Awda school attack">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_School_airstrike" title="Khadija School airstrike">Khadija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamama_School_bombing" title="Hamama School bombing">Hamama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabaeen_school_attack" title="Al-Tabaeen school attack">Al-Tabaeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Al-Jawni_School_attack" title="September 2024 Al-Jawni School attack">Al-Jawni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Rufaida_school_attack" title="October 2024 Rufaida school attack">Rufaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Abu_Hussein_school_attack" title="October 2024 Abu Hussein school attack">Abu Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_health_facilities_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on health facilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahli_Arab_Hospital_explosion" title="Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion">Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_Hospital_siege" title="Al-Shifa Hospital siege">Al-Shifa Hospital siege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_military_use_of_al-Shifa_hospital" title="Alleged military use of al-Shifa hospital">alleged military use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_ambulance_airstrike" title="Al-Shifa ambulance airstrike">ambulance airstrike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_mass_graves" title="Gaza Strip mass graves">Gaza Strip mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Adwan_Hospital_sieges" title="Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges">Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_health_workers_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Killing of health workers in the Israel–Hamas war">Killing of health workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_Hospital_siege" title="Nasser Hospital siege">Nasser Hospital siege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_Hospital_mass_graves" title="Nasser Hospital mass graves">Nasser Hospital mass graves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_October_2024_Al-Aqsa_Hospital_attack" title="14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack">14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrikes_on_municipal_services_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli airstrikes on municipal services in the Gaza Strip">Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_religious_sites_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza" title="Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza">Attacks on religious sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_Building_airstrike" title="Engineer's Building airstrike">Engineer's Building airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_February_2024_Rafah_strikes" title="12 February 2024 Rafah strikes">Rafah strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_massacre" title="Flour massacre">Flour massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Roundabout_mass_killings" title="Kuwait Roundabout mass killings">Kuwait Roundabout mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Palestinians_evacuating_Gaza_City" title="Attacks on Palestinians evacuating Gaza City">Palestinians evacuating Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen_aid_convoy_attack" title="World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack">World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_July_2024_Gaza_attacks" title="9 July 2024 Gaza attacks">9 July 2024 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_July_2024_al-Mawasi_attack" title="13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack">13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_July_2024_Khan_Yunis_attack" title="22 July 2024 Khan Yunis attack">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Deir_al-Balah_mosque_bombing" title="October 2024 Deir al-Balah mosque bombing">Deir al-Balah mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_October_2024_Beit_Lahia_attacks" title="19 October 2024 Beit Lahia attacks">Beit Lahia attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_October_2024_Beit_Lahia_airstrike" title="29 October 2024 Beit Lahia airstrike">Beit Lahia airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerem_Shalom_aid_convoy_looting" title="Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting">Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI-assisted_targeting_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip">AI-assisted targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip">Bombing of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_generals%27_plan" title="Israeli generals' plan">Israeli generals' plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Torture during the Israel–Hamas war">Torture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)">Other theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_the_West_Bank_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli incursions in the West Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_military_operation_in_the_West_Bank" title="2024 Israeli military operation in the West Bank">2024 Israeli military operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Benjamin_Achimeir" title="Killing of Benjamin Achimeir">Killing of Benjamin Achimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_settler_rampages" title="April 2024 Israeli settler rampages">April 2024 Israeli settler rampages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_Street_bombing" title="Lehi Street bombing">Lehi Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Givat_Shaul_shooting" title="2023 Givat Shaul shooting">Givat Shaul shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams_attack" title="Majdal Shams attack">Majdal Shams attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_Tulkarm" title="Israeli incursions in Tulkarm">Israeli incursions in Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Masyaf_raid" title="2024 Masyaf raid">2024 Masyaf raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Jaffa_shooting" title="2024 Jaffa shooting">2024 Jaffa shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tulkarm_Camp_airstrike" title="2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike">2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a></li> <li>Iranian strikes in Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israeli strikes on Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_journalists_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Attacks on journalists during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Attacks on journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_displacement_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict" title="Lebanese displacement during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict">Lebanese displacement</a></li> <li>Assassinations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">Hezbollah headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">Ibrahim Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Saleh_al-Arouri" title="Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri">Saleh al-Arouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Assassination of Fuad Shukr">Assassination of Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Nabatieh_attack" title="August 2024 Nabatieh attack">August 2024 Nabatieh attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_strikes" title="August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes">August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_electronic_device_attacks" title="2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks">2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israeli_attacks_against_Lebanon" title="September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon">September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Red_Sea_crisis" title="Timeline of the Red Sea crisis">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">Operation Prosperity Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_the_MV_Maersk_Hangzhou" title="Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou">Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_missile_strikes_in_Yemen" title="2024 missile strikes in Yemen">2024 missile strikes in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin_Luanda_missile_strike" title="Marlin Luanda missile strike">Marlin Luanda missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Houthi_drone_attack_on_Israel" title="2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel">2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_the_Sounion" title="Attacks on the Sounion">Attacks on the Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_September_2024_Israeli_attacks_on_Yemen" title="29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen">Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis" title="Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis">Hostages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_prisoner_exchange" title="Israeli–Palestinian prisoner exchange">Hostage–prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_from_Israel" title="Kidnapped from Israel">Kidnapped from Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostages_and_Missing_Families_Forum" title="Hostages and Missing Families Forum">Hostages and Missing Families Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostages_Square" title="Hostages Square">Hostages Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Captive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_the_Bibas_family" title="Kidnapping of the Bibas family">Bibas family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oded_Lifshitz" title="Oded Lifshitz">Oded Lifshitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Naama_Levy" title="Kidnapping of Naama Levy">Naama Levy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Rescued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Golden_Hand" title="Operation Golden Hand">Operation Golden Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Ori_Megidish" title="Rescue of Ori Megidish"> Ori Megidish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nuseirat_rescue_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Nuseirat rescue operation">Nuseirat operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Noa_Argamani" title="Kidnapping of Noa Argamani">Noa Argamani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Qaid_Farhan_Al-Qadi" title="Rescue of Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi">Rescue of Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Released</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Edry_hostage_situation" title="Rachel Edry hostage situation">Rachel Edry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Yarden_Roman-Gat" title="Kidnapping of Yarden Roman-Gat">Yarden Roman-Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Mia_Schem" title="Kidnapping of Mia Schem">Mia Schem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Deceased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Dancyg" title="Alex Dancyg">Alex Dancyg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_killing_of_Hersh_Goldberg-Polin" title="Kidnapping and killing of Hersh Goldberg-Polin">Hersh Goldberg-Polin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Alon_Shamriz,_Yotam_Haim,_and_Samer_Talalka" title="Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka">Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">COGAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahiya_doctrine" title="Dahiya doctrine">Dahiya doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_on_children_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Effect of the Israel–Hamas war on children in the Gaza Strip">Effect on children in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Directive" title="Hannibal Directive">Hannibal Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Israel–Hamas war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">International recognition of the State of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Interrogation in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli interrogations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_advocacy_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Queer advocacy in the Israel–Hamas war">Queer advocacy in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Women in the Israel–Hamas war">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict#Israel–Hamas_war" title="Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Historical context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict">International law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Background to the Israel–Hamas war">Background to the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement" title="Palestinian freedom of movement">Palestinian freedom of movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_Israeli_attacks_on_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip">Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shields_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_demolition_of_Palestinian_property" title="Israeli demolition of Palestinian property">Israeli demolition of Palestinian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Israeli_settlements" title="Legality of Israeli settlements">Legality of Israeli settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_outpost" title="Israeli outpost">Israeli outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">Israeli settler violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip">Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2023" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023">Palestinian rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_tunnel_warfare_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip">Palestinian tunnel warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tunnel_barrier_along_the_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_border" title="Anti-tunnel barrier along the Gaza–Israel border">anti-tunnel barrier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing_by_Israel" title="Targeted killing by Israel">Israeli assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Women in the Israel–Hamas war">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of the Israel–Hamas war">Effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calls_for_the_destruction_of_Israel" title="Calls for the destruction of Israel">Calls for the destruction of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_government_response_to_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Israeli government response to the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Israeli government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_cabinet" title="Israeli war cabinet">Israeli war cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_detentions_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Mass detentions in the Israel–Hamas war">Mass detentions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Economic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Environment impact in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Evacuations during the Israel–Hamas war">Evacuations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_evacuations" title="Gaza Strip evacuations">Gaza Strip evacuations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Humanitarian crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_floating_pier" title="Gaza floating pier">Gaza floating pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gaza_Strip_healthcare_collapse" title="Timeline of the Gaza Strip healthcare collapse">Healthcare collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Gaza_Strip_preterm_births" title="2023–2024 Gaza Strip preterm births">Premature baby crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_famine" title="Gaza Strip famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_breakdown_in_the_Gaza_Strip_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war">Societal breakdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_public_diplomacy_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli public diplomacy in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Media coverage of the Israel–Hamas war">Media coverage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_journalists_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Killing of journalists in the Israel–Hamas war">Violence against journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Palestinian genocide accusation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_complicity_in_Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">United States complicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_against_Palestinians_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Israel–Hamas war">Sexual violence against Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_razing_of_cemeteries_and_necroviolence_against_Palestinians" title="Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians">Cemetery destruction and necroviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_torture_in_the_occupied_territories" title="Israeli torture in the occupied territories">Israeli torture in the occupied territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_resettlement_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip">Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="International reactions to the Israel–Hamas war">Reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calls_for_a_ceasefire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Calls for a ceasefire during the Israel–Hamas war">Calls for a ceasefire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_ceasefire_proposal" title="Three-phase Israel–Hamas war ceasefire proposal">Three-phase proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israel_hostage_deal_protests" title="September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests">September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Diplomatic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Diplomatic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_donors_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="University donors during the Israel–Hamas war">University donors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_reactions_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="European Union reactions to the Israel–Hamas war">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurmat-e-Masjid_Aqsa_Conference" title="Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference">Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards" title="2023 MTV Europe Music Awards">Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_resettlement_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip">Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Beijing_Declaration" title="2024 Beijing Declaration">2024 Beijing Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Israel_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of military aid to Israel during the Israel–Hamas war">Military aid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">US support for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United Kingdom support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">UK support for Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_antisemitic_riots_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="2023 antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus">Riots in the North Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Anti-Palestinianism during the Israel–Hamas war">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Islamophobia during the Israel–Hamas war">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_incidents_in_reaction_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Violent incidents in reaction to the Israel–Hamas war">Violent incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Wadea_al-Fayoume" title="Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume">Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Paul_Kessler" title="Death of Paul Kessler">Death of Paul Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_shooting_of_Palestinian_students_in_Burlington,_Vermont" title="2023 shooting of Palestinian students in Burlington, Vermont">Vermont student shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests" title="Israel–Hamas war protests">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses" title="2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses">University campuses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Columbia_University_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupations" title="2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupations">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sciences_Po_pro-Palestinian_occupation_protest" title="2024 Sciences Po pro-Palestinian occupation protest">Sciences Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupation" title="2024 University of California, Los Angeles pro-Palestinian campus occupation">UCLA</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_for_the_Republic_and_Against_Antisemitism" title="March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism">March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Bitung_clashes" title="2023 Bitung clashes">2023 Bitung clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_in_Israel" title="Israel–Hamas war protests in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_blockade_of_aid_delivery_to_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli blockade of aid delivery to the Gaza Strip">Humanitarian aid blockade</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_pro-Palestinian_strike_in_Spain" title="September 2024 pro-Palestinian strike in Spain">2024 pro-Palestinian strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Israel–Hamas war protests in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_in_the_United_States" title="Israel–Hamas war protests in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists4Ceasefire" title="Artists4Ceasefire">Artists4Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Democratic_National_Committee_protests" title="2023 Democratic National Committee protests">DNC protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Gaza" title="March on Washington for Gaza">March on Washington for Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Israel" title="March for Israel">March for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_March_on_Washington:_Free_Palestine" title="National March on Washington: Free Palestine">National March on Washington: Free Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protest_vote_movements" title="Israel–Hamas war protest vote movements">Protest votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_of_Aaron_Bushnell" title="Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell">Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-Chowk_Dharna" title="D-Chowk Dharna">D-Chowk Dharna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Faizabad_sit-in" title="2024 Faizabad sit-in">2024 Faizabad sit-in</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UN resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-10/21" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21">A/RES/ES-10/21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2712" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2712">S/RES/2712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-10/22" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22">A/RES/ES-10/22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2720" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2720">S/RES/2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2728" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2728">S/RES/2728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-10/23" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/23">A/RES/ES-10/23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2735" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2735">S/RES/2735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories#UN_General_Assembly_resolution" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">A/RES/ES-10/24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UN inquiry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory">Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war#Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory_report" title="Diplomatic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">War crimes and crimes against humanity report</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Palestine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine">ICC investigation in Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Israeli_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli figures">Arrest warrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war">Casualties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alim_Abdallah" title="Alim Abdallah">Alim Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Bashat" title="Yitzhak Ben-Bashat">Yitzhak Ben-Bashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayar_Davidov" title="Jayar Davidov">Jayar Davidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ginsberg" title="Eli Ginsberg">Eli Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Habaka" title="Salman Habaka">Salman Habaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Hamami" title="Asaf Hamami">Asaf Hamami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhar_Hofman" title="Yitzhar Hofman">Yitzhar Hofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roi_Levy" title="Roi Levy">Roi Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhar_Peled" title="Izhar Peled">Izhar Peled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonatan_Steinberg" title="Yonatan Steinberg">Yonatan Steinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Daxa" title="Ehsan Daxa">Ehsan Daxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lior_Asulin" title="Lior Asulin">Lior Asulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yuval_Castleman" title="Killing of Yuval Castleman">Yuval Castleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayim_Katsman" title="Hayim Katsman">Hayim Katsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofir_Libstein" title="Ofir Libstein">Ofir Libstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Shani_Louk" title="Killing of Shani Louk">Shani Louk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Aner_Shapira" title="Death of Aner Shapira">Aner Shapira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Silver" title="Vivian Silver">Vivian Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahav_Winner" title="Yahav Winner">Yahav Winner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hamas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Sinwar" title="Yahya Sinwar">Yahya Sinwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Arouri" title="Saleh al-Arouri">Saleh al-Arouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Dukhan" title="Abdul Fatah Dukhan">Abdul Fatah Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dababish" title="Mohammed Dababish">Mohammed Dababish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissam_Farhat" title="Wissam Farhat">Wissam Farhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ghandour_(militant)" title="Ahmed Ghandour (militant)">Ahmed Ghandour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Deif" title="Mohammed Deif">Mohammed Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Issa" title="Marwan Issa">Marwan Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursan_Khalifa" title="Fursan Khalifa">Fursan Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafa_Salama" title="Rafa Salama">Rafa Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_Mazini" title="Osama Mazini">Osama Mazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_Nofal" title="Ayman Nofal">Ayman Nofal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamila_Abdallah_Taha_al-Shanti" title="Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti">Jamila al-Shanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Al_Qadi" title="Ali Al Qadi">Ali Al Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaa_Shreiteh" title="Alaa Shreiteh">Alaa Shreiteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiq_Al-Mabhouh" title="Faiq Al-Mabhouh">Faiq Al-Mabhouh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other militants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Abu_Butihan" title="Fouad Abu Butihan">Fouad Abu Butihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Shehadeh" title="Jihad Shehadeh">Jihad Shehadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Tawfic_Abdel_Jabbar" title="Killing of Tawfic Abdel Jabbar">Tawfic Abdel Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majed_Abu_Maraheel" title="Majed Abu Maraheel">Majed Abu Maraheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiba_Abu_Nada" title="Hiba Abu Nada">Hiba Abu Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refaat_Alareer" title="Refaat Alareer">Refaat Alareer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Alloh" title="Hammam Alloh">Hammam Alloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Nahida_and_Samar_Anton" title="Killing of Nahida and Samar Anton">Nahida and Samar Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Astal" title="Ibrahim al-Astal">Ibrahim al-Astal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Bahar_(Palestinian_politician)" title="Ahmad Bahar (Palestinian politician)">Ahmad Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Barakat_(footballer)" title="Mohammed Barakat (footballer)">Mohammed Barakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mohammad_Bhar" title="Killing of Mohammad Bhar">Mohammad Bhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_David_Ben_Avraham" title="Killing of David Ben Avraham">David Ben Avraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Bursh" title="Adnan al-Bursh">Adnan al-Bursh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Dabour" title="Rashid Dabour">Rashid Dabour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Dalou" title="Mohamed al-Dalou">Mohamed al-Dalou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awni_El-Dous" title="Awni El-Dous">Awni El-Dous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ferwana" title="Omar Ferwana">Omar Ferwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Ghaben" title="Fathi Ghaben">Fathi Ghaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihab_al-Ghussein" title="Ihab al-Ghussein">Ihab al-Ghussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medo_Halimy" title="Medo Halimy">Medo Halimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Sidra_Hassouna" title="Killing of Sidra Hassouna">Sidra Hassouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Yazan_al-Kafarneh" title="Death of Yazan al-Kafarneh">Yazan al-Kafarneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mohammad_Khdour" title="Killing of Mohammad Khdour">Mohammad Khdour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_Al-Masdar" title="Hani Al-Masdar">Hani Al-Masdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qusaya" title="Ibrahim Qusaya">Ibrahim Qusaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Hind_Rajab" title="Killing of Hind Rajab">Hind Rajab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shabir" title="Mohammed Shabir">Mohammed Shabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Abu_Sakhila" title="Rashad Abu Sakhila">Rashad Abu Sakhila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abu_Shawish" title="Omar Abu Shawish">Omar Abu Shawish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufian_Tayeh" title="Sufian Tayeh">Sufian Tayeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Al_Zard" title="Wael Al Zard">Wael Al Zard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Abu_Zarifa" title="Talal Abu Zarifa">Talal Abu Zarifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Shaban_al-Dalou" title="Killing of Shaban al-Dalou">Shaban al-Dalou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasen_al-Khateeb" title="Mahasen al-Khateeb">Mahasen al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagham_Abu_Samra" title="Nagham Abu Samra">Nagham Abu Samra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spillover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Arouri" title="Saleh al-Arouri">Saleh al-Arouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hussein_Barji" title="Ali Hussein Barji">Ali Hussein Barji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waibhav_Anil_Kale" title="Waibhav Anil Kale">Waibhav Anil Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razi_Mousavi" title="Razi Mousavi">Razi Mousavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissam_al-Tawil" title="Wissam al-Tawil">Wissam al-Tawil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Omidzadeh" title="Sadegh Omidzadeh">Sadegh Omidzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushtaq_Talib_Al-Saeedi" title="Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi">Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Zahedi" title="Mohammad Reza Zahedi">Mohammad Reza Zahedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Shukr" title="Fuad Shukr">Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Aqil" title="Ibrahim Aqil">Ibrahim Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Karaki" title="Ali Karaki">Ali Karaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabil_Qaouk" title="Nabil Qaouk">Nabil Qaouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Nilforoushan" title="Abbas Nilforoushan">Abbas Nilforoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Sharif" title="Fatah Sharif">Fatah Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashem_Safieddine" title="Hashem Safieddine">Hashem Safieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Afif" title="Mohammad Afif">Mohammad Afif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of journalists killed in the Israel–Hamas war">Journalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issam_Abdallah" title="Issam Abdallah">Issam Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samer_Abu_Daqqa" title="Samer Abu Daqqa">Samer Abu Daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ismail_al-Ghoul" title="Killing of Ismail al-Ghoul">Ismail al-Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belal_Jadallah" title="Belal Jadallah">Belal Jadallah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Friendly fire during the Israel–Hamas war">Friendly fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Israelis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Aloni" title="Nimrod Aloni">Nimrod Aloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Goldberg-Polin" title="Rachel Goldberg-Polin">Rachel Goldberg-Polin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitan_Okun" title="Eitan Okun">Eitan Okun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagel_Oshri" title="Yagel Oshri">Yagel Oshri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbal_Rabin-Lieberman" title="Inbal Rabin-Lieberman">Inbal Rabin-Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Tibon" title="Amir Tibon">Amir Tibon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palestinians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Al-Dahdouh" title="Wael Al-Dahdouh">Wael Al-Dahdouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plestia_Alaqad" title="Plestia Alaqad">Plestia Alaqad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motaz_Azaiza" title="Motaz Azaiza">Motaz Azaiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisan_Owda" title="Bisan Owda">Bisan Owda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Moien_Ayyash" title="Mustafa Moien Ayyash">Mustafa Moien Ayyash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_secret_document_leak_scandal" title="2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal">2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdel_Khalek" title="Ahmed Abdel Khalek">Ahmed Abdel Khalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saqqa_House" title="Al-Saqqa House">Al-Saqqa House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qarara_Cultural_Museum" title="Al Qarara Cultural Museum">Al Qarara Cultural Museum</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_Eyes_on_Rafah" title="All Eyes on Rafah">All Eyes on Rafah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockout_2024" title="Blockout 2024">Blockout 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Archives_of_Gaza_City" title="Central Archives of Gaza City">Central Archives of Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_Witness_(2023_film)" title="Bearing Witness (2023 film)">Bearing Witness</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/From_the_river_to_the_sea" title="From the river to the sea">From the river to the sea</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Daily" title="Gaza Daily">Gaza Daily</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Harbu_Darbu" title="Harbu Darbu">Harbu Darbu</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hind%27s_Hall" title="Hind's Hall">Hind's Hall</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(Eden_Golan_song)" title="Hurricane (Eden Golan song)">Hurricane</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_demolition_of_Palestinian_property" title="Israeli demolition of Palestinian property">Israeli demolition of Palestinian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exception" title="Palestine Exception">Palestine Exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_sports_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Options_for_a_policy_regarding_Gaza%27s_civilian_population" title="Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population">Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Nimbus" title="Project Nimbus">Project Nimbus</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rajieen" title="Rajieen">Rajieen</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Category:Israel–Hamas war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_nationalism" title="Template talk:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">1941 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalists" title="Category:Arab nationalists">Personalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassem_Alwan" title="Jassem Alwan">Jassem Alwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Atassi" title="Jamal al-Atassi">Jamal al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Darwaza" title="Izzat Darwaza">Izzat Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%C3%A9fa_Merarda" title="Mostéfa Merarda">Mostéfa Merarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">Adnan Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_nationalist_parties" title="List of Arab nationalist parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatat" title="Al-Fatat">Al-Fatat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Action_Party" title="Arab Socialist Action Party">Arab Socialist Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Iraq)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)">Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_People%27s_Union" title="Arabian Peninsula People's Union">Arabian Peninsula People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Legion" title="Islamic Legion">Islamic Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Political_Command" title="Unified Political Command">Unified Political Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Awakening" title="The Arab Awakening">The Arab Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalist_symbols" title="Category:Arab nationalist symbols">Symbolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic">Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation" title="Flag of the Arab Federation">Flag of the Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">Flag of the Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk_of_Quraish" title="Hawk of Quraish">Hawk of Quraish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalism" title="Category:Arab nationalism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/42px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/21px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/42px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151622#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012659253205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli–Palestinian_conflict&oldid=1259311738">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli–Palestinian_conflict&oldid=1259311738</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Category:Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_conflicts" title="Category:20th-century conflicts">20th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_conflicts" title="Category:21st-century conflicts">21st-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam-related_controversies" title="Category:Islam-related controversies">Islam-related controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israeli_irredentism" title="Category:Israeli irredentism">Israeli irredentism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_nationalism" title="Category:Jewish nationalism">Jewish nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palestinian_nationalism" title="Category:Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Conflicts in the Middle East">Conflicts in the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guerrilla_wars" title="Category:Guerrilla wars">Guerrilla wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insurgencies_in_Asia" title="Category:Insurgencies in Asia">Insurgencies in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnicity-based_civil_wars" title="Category:Ethnicity-based civil wars">Ethnicity-based civil wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-based_civil_wars" title="Category:Religion-based civil wars">Religion-based civil wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Israel" title="Category:Wars involving Israel">Wars involving Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Palestinians" title="Category:Wars involving Palestinians">Wars involving Palestinians</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2020">Use dmy dates from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_December_2011" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2011">Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_November_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from November 2022">Vague or ambiguous time from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from August 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2018">Articles needing additional references from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2007" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_February_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 13:36 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ng8f6","wgBackendResponseTime":203,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.459","walltime":"5.080","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24085,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1288832,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":224503,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":78,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1301086,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4125.293 1 -total"," 53.36% 2201.381 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.39% 635.048 110 Template:Cite_book"," 13.01% 536.896 100 Template:Cite_news"," 9.94% 409.895 66 Template:Cite_web"," 6.83% 281.895 1 Template:Navboxes"," 6.65% 274.289 72 Template:Harvnb"," 5.25% 216.661 17 Template:Fix"," 3.23% 133.216 1 Template:Langx"," 3.19% 131.487 1 Template:Israeli-Palestinian_Conflict"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.685","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19089171,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAhren2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlfonseca2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlgemeiner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssafAttiaDarwishWardam2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvineri2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvraham_Sela2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaconi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarak-Erez2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBashi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Ami2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Ami2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Ami2022\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFBenhorin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenhorin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBohn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBregerReiterHammer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByron2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaplan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalabi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilders1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky1999\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFChristison2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClevelandBunton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis_Ross2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamondLabott2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrew1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumper1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErakat2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFErlanger2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlanger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsber2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsveld2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2012\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFlapan1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlapan1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarfinkle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarryChecchi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelvin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelvin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelvin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammad2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonig-Parnass2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHourani2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHourani2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsraeli2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarsh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassim2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatibMcKeeYusuf2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmerling2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKober2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapidoth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLappin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurens2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLev2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenberg1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevs2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoewenstein2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouwerse2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalleyAgha2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMattar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCluskey2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedzini2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesserschmid2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Mann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillsHassan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasrallah2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman_Finkelstein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOren2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOster2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappé2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPappé2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatience2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeled2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPertile2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersDajani_Daoudi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPressman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuandt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuigley2005\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRadley1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajvanshi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavid2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSa\u0026#039;idAbu-Lughod2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSales\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheindlin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott-Baumann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSela2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShaul_Mishal,_Avraham_Sela2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShavit2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwood2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaim2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSridhar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_writers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern-Weiner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern-Weiner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSufian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThrall2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotten2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurak2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaxman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebteam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWren2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaniv1987\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab-Israeli Conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Broader\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulletedlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 110,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 100,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 66,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Israeli-Palestinian Conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign relations of Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign relations of Palestine\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gaps\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 72,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Iran–Israel proxy conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Israeli-Palestinian Conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Israel–Hamas war\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish nationalism and the region of Palestine\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 24,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Ongoing military conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Palestinian nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 13,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","11.9"],["?","320","11.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","9.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","7.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","6.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","5.2"],["type","100","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.2"],["[others]","960","35.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-wt7ss","timestamp":"20241124160804","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q151622","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q151622","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-27T12:26:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T13:36:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ea\/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg","headline":"ongoing military and political conflict in Near East"}</script> </body> </html>