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xlink:href="/public/img/icons/jg-icons.4766d4852af48641130a90fbc004f862.spritesheet.svg#icon-interests-gardens" href="/public/img/icons/jg-icons.4766d4852af48641130a90fbc004f862.spritesheet.svg#icon-interests-gardens"></use></svg><span class="section_nav__name">Gardens</span></a> <ul class="section_nav__items o-dot-menu"> <li class="section_nav__item"> <a class="section_nav__item__label" href="/e/e2099_types.html">Types of Gardens</a> </li> <li class="section_nav__item is-active"> <a class="section_nav__item__label" href="/e/e2099_elements.html">Garden Elements</a> </li> </ul> </div> <hr class="l-main_content_wrap l-main_content_wrap--section_header l-main_content_wrap--section_header-no-l"> </nav> <main class="site_main l-main_content_wrap"> <header class="page_header page_header--has_section_nav"> <div class="page_header__text"> <nav class="breadcrumbs l-margin_breakout l-margin_breakout--both l-margin_breakout--both-padding u-overflow-x-auto"> <ul class="breadcrumbs__crumbs"> <li class="breadcrumbs__crumb"> <a href="/e/e623.html">Interests</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs__divider">&rsaquo;</li> <li class="breadcrumbs__crumb"> <a href="/e/e2099.html">Gardens</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="page_title"> <h1 class="page_title__title">Garden Elements</h1> </div> </div> </header> <div class="page_wrap"> <div class="page_body"> <div class="top_pic l-margin_breakout l-margin_breakout--up-to-s"><figure class="image image--ratio image--overlay_cap" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img" src="/g20/2099_07.jpg" srcset="/g20/2099_07.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_07.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_07.jpg 415w" sizes="(min-width: 1240px) 740px, (min-width: 1072px) calc(100vw - 80px - 40px - 320px), (min-width: 1024px) calc(100vw - 64px - 40px - 320px), (min-width: 920px) 824px, (min-width: 780px) calc(100vw - 64px), (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 32px), 100vw" width="832" height="468"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption image__caption--overlay s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Ritsurin Koen in Takamatsu</span> </figcaption></figure></div><section class="page_section page_section--main_content" id="section_main_content"> <div class="page_section__body s-typography"> <p><a href=e2099.html>Japanese gardens</a> utilize elements such as ponds, streams, islands and hills to create miniature reproductions of natural scenery. The following are commonly employed elements:</p> <h3>Stones, gravel and sand</h3> <p>Since <a href=e2131.html>ancient times</a>, stones have played an important role in Japanese culture. In <a href=e2056.html>Shinto</a>, prominent large stones are worshiped, while gravel has been used to designate sacred grounds, as seen at some ancient <a href=e2059.html>shrines</a> such as the <a href=e4300.html>Ise Shrines</a> or <a href=e2158.html>Kyoto</a>'s <a href=e3941.html>Kamigamo Shrine</a>.</p> <p>In today's gardens, large stones symbolize mountains and hills, set decorative accents and serve as the building material for bridges and pathways. Smaller rocks and gravel are used to line ponds and streams. Meanwhile, dry gardens are comprised entirely of stones, with larger stones symbolizing mountains, islands and waterfalls, while gravel and sand replace water.</p> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_08.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_08.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_08.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_08.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Ancient sand structure at <a href=e3941.html>Kamigamo Shrine</a> (left) and dry garden at <a href=e3910.html>Daitokuji</a>'s Daisenin (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_09.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_09.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_09.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_09.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Raked sand at <a href=e3907.html>Ginkakuji</a> (left) and pebble-lined pond at <a href=e6352.html>Sumpu Castle</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_10.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_10.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_10.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_10.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text"><a href=e3930.html>Tofukuji Temple</a> (left) and Japan's largest rock garden at <a href=e4903.html>Kongobuji Temple</a> on <a href=e4900.html>Koyasan</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_11.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_11.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_11.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_11.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Large, beautiful or unusual stones have been considered status symbols (<a href=e3918.html>Nijojo Castle</a>)</span> </figcaption></figure> <h3>Ponds, streams and waterfalls</h3> <p>Ponds are a central element of most gardens and often represent real or mythical lakes or seas. Sometimes they provide a habitat for carps (koi) which introduce additional color and life to the garden. In dry gardens, ponds, streams and waterfalls are symbolized by raked gravel, sand and upright stones.</p> <p>In recreational <a href=e2099_types.html>types of gardens</a>, ponds can be used for boating or enjoyment from pavilions built out over the water or from plazas and embankments on shore, which often served as the site for aristocratic poetry or moon viewing parties in past centuries.</p> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_12.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_12.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_12.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_12.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Carp are commonly found in ponds (<a href=e5701.html>Korakuen</a>) (left) and <a href=e3929.html>Ninnaji Temple</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_13.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_13.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_13.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_13.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text"><a href=e3908.html>Kinkakuji</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_14.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_14.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_14.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_14.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Streams feed larger ponds in <a href=e5002.html>Motsuji Temple</a> (left) and <a href=e4200.html>Kenrokuen</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_15.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_15.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_15.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_15.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Waterfall at <a href=e3907.html>Ginkakuji</a> (left) and raked gravel representing rough seas at <a href=e3910.html>Daitokuji</a>'s Zuihoin (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_16.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_16.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_16.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_16.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text"><a href=e2099_types.html>Pure Land style</a> pond at <a href=e5002.html>Motsuji Temple</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <h3>Islands and bridges</h3> <p>Islands are another long standing component of Japanese gardens, and range in size from single stone outcroppings to large islands big enough to support buildings. They often represent real islands or have religious symbolism, such as those built to resemble turtles and cranes, symbols of longevity and health, or Horai, a sacred mystical mountain in Taoism.</p> <p>Bridges are another common feature that is used to connect islands and cross streams or ponds. They are built of stone or wood, and range in complexity from a simple slab of uncut rock laid across a stream to elaborate, covered wooden structures over ten meters long.</p> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_17.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_17.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_17.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_17.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Large ponds often have high arching Chinese style bridges under which boats can pass (<a href=e5701.html>Korakuen</a>)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_18.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_18.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_18.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_18.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Covered wooden bridge at <a href=e3904.html>Heian Jingu</a> (left) and a bridge at <a href=e3935.html>Sento Imperial Palace</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_19.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_19.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_19.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_19.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Stone bridge at <a href=e3026.html>Rikugien</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_20.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_20.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_20.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_20.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Wooden zig zag bridge at <a href=e5701.html>Korakuen</a> (left) and stone islands amid a sea of gravel at <a href=e3909.html>Ryoanji</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_21.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_21.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_21.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_21.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">A unique bridge made of coral at <a href=e7104.html>Shikinaen</a> in <a href=/list/e1247.html>Okinawa</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <h3>Vegetation</h3> <p>Trees, shrubs, lawns and <a href=e2423.html>flowers</a> of all kinds are used in Japanese gardens. Plants, such as maple and <a href=e2011.html>cherry trees</a>, are often chosen for their seasonal appeal and are expertly placed to emphasize these characteristics. Conversely, pine trees, bamboo and <a href=e2013.html>plum trees</a> are held in particular esteem for their beauty during the winter months when other plants go dormant. Mosses are also used extensively, with over a hundred species appearing at <a href=e3937.html>Kokedera</a> alone.</p> <p>Plants are carefully arranged around the gardens to imitate nature, and great efforts are taken to maintain their beauty. Trees, shrubs and lawns are meticulously manicured, and delicate mosses are swept clean of debris. During winter, straw, burlap and ropes are used to insulate and protect the trees and shrubs from the freezing snow, while straw wraps protect against bug infestations.</p> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_22.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_22.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_22.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_22.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Manicured shrubs at <a href=e5806.html>Adachi Museum of Art</a> (left) and maple trees at <a href=e3034_003.html>Koishikawa Korakuen</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_23.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_23.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_23.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_23.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Pine and cherry trees at <a href=e3034_001.html>Shinjuku Gyoen</a> (left) and bamboo grove at <a href=e3927.html>Kodaiji Temple</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_24.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_24.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_24.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_24.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Moss-covered statues at <a href=e3955.html>Sanzenin</a> (left) and a variety of moss on display at <a href=e3907.html>Ginkakuji</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_25.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_25.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_25.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_25.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Winterized plants at <a href=e3026.html>Rikugien</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <h3>Hills</h3> <p>Larger gardens, especially the strolling gardens of the <a href=e2128.html>Edo Period</a>, make use of large man-made hills. The hills may represent real or mythical mountains, and some can be ascended and have a viewpoint from where visitors are treated to a panoramic view out over the garden.</p> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_26.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_26.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_26.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_26.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Hill representing Mount Fuji at <a href=e4502.html>Suizenji Park</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_27.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_27.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_27.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_27.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">View from the artificial hill at the center of <a href=e3026.html>Rikugien</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <h3>Lanterns</h3> <p>Lanterns come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have been a common element of Japanese garden design throughout history. They are usually made of stone and placed in carefully selected locations, such as on islands, at the ends of peninsulas or next to significant buildings, where they provide both light and a pleasing aesthetic. Lanterns are often paired with water basins (see more details below), which together make up a basic component of tea gardens.</p> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_28.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_28.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_28.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_28.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Cut stone lantern at <a href=e3941.html>Shimogamo Shrine</a>, snow lantern at <a href=e4200.html>Kenrokuen</a> and pedestal lantern at <a href=e3026.html>Rikugien</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_29.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_29.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_29.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_29.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Buried shaft lantern at <a href=e3935.html>Sento Palace</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_30.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_30.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_30.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_30.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Row of pedestal lanterns at <a href=e3940.html>Saimyoji</a> (left) and uncut pedestal lantern at <a href=e4115.html>Yoshikien Garden</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <h3>Water basins</h3> <p>Many gardens contain stone water basins (tsukubai) for ritual cleansing, especially ahead of <a href=e2096.html>tea ceremonies</a>. The basins vary from simple depressions in uncut stone to elaborate, carved stone creations, and are usually provided with a bamboo dipper for scooping up water. These days they often appear as a decorative addition more than for a practical purpose. Water basins are an essential element of tea gardens and are often paired with lanterns.</p> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_31.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_31.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_31.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_31.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Stone lantern and water basin pairings in <a href=e3352.html>Urakuen</a> (left) and <a href=e3910.html>Kotoin</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_32.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_32.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_32.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_32.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Basins at <a href=e5001.html>Chusonji Temple</a> and <a href=e3909.html>Ryoanji Temple</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_33.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_33.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_33.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_33.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Cut stone water basin at Jojakkoji Temple in <a href=e3912.html>Arashiyama</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <h3>Paths</h3> <p>Paths became an integral part of Japanese gardens with the introduction of <a href=e2099_types.html>strolling and tea gardens</a>. Strolling gardens feature circular paths constructed of stepping stones, crushed gravel, sand or packed earth, which are carefully prescribed to lead visitors to the best - albeit controlled - views of the garden. Winding paths also serve to segregate different areas, such as an isolated grove or hidden pond, so that they may be contemplated individually.</p> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_34.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_34.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_34.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_34.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Packed earth paths lead through <a href=e5701.html>Korakuen</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_35.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_35.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_35.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_35.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Various stone paths at <a href=e3910.html>Kotoin</a> (left), <a href=e3034_006.html>Kiyosumi Teien</a> (center) and <a href=e3936.html>Shugakuin Imperial Villa</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_36.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_36.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_36.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_36.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">Stepping stone path through <a href=e3904.html>Heian Jingu</a>'s Dragon Pond</span> </figcaption></figure> <h3>Buildings</h3> <p>Many <a href=e2099_types.html>types of gardens</a> were built to be viewed from inside buildings, such as palaces, villas or <a href=e2058.html>temples</a>. In contrast, gardens meant to be entered and enjoyed from within, use buildings as a part of the garden's composition, including pavilions, tea houses and guest houses.</p> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_37.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_37.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_37.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_37.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text"><a href=e3920.html>Higashi Honganji</a>'s Shoseien Garden</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_38.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_38.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_38.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_38.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text"><a href=e5401.html>Ritsurin Koen</a> (left) and <a href=e3914.html>Katsura Rikyu Imperial Villa</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_39.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_39.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_39.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_39.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text">The celebrated Joan Teahouse in <a href=e3352.html>Urakuen</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_40.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_40.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_40.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_40.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text"><a href=e3969.html>Enkoji Temple</a> (left) and a pavilion at <a href=e4200.html>Kenrokuen</a> (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <h3>Borrowed scenery</h3> <p>Borrowed scenery (shakkei) is the concept of integrating the landscape outside of the garden into the design of the garden. Both, natural objects such as mountains and hills and man-made structures such as <a href=e2296.html>castles</a>, can be used as borrowed scenery. In modern times, skyscrapers have become a (usually) unintentional borrowed scenery for some gardens in the cities.</p> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 36.057692307692%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="300" data-src="/g20/2099_41.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_41.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_41.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_41.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text"><a href=e3913.html>Tenryuji</a> borrows the scenery of the Arashiyama mountains (left) and <a href=e5401.html>Ritsurin Koen</a> the backdrop of Mount Shiun (right)</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_42.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_42.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_42.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_42.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text"><a href=e5701.html>Korakuen</a> includes nearby <a href=e5702.html>Okayama Castle</a> as borrowed scenery</span> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="image image--ratio" style="max-width:832px;"> <div class="image__mask" style="padding-top: 56.25%"><img class="image__img lazyload" width="832" height="468" data-src="/g20/2099_43.jpg" data-srcset="/g20/2099_43.jpg 832w,/g20/740/2099_43.jpg 740w,/g20/415/2099_43.jpg 415w" data-sizes="auto"></div> <figcaption class="image__caption s-typography--links"> <span class="image__caption_text"><a href=e3025.html>Hama Rikyu</a>'s borrowed skyscraper backdrop was not part of the garden's original design, but it is fascinating</span> </figcaption></figure> </div> </section><div data-spot="B-mobile" data-page-id="/e/e2099_elements.html" class="ad_spot ad_spot--B-mobile ad_spot--has-ad_label 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