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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution_to_remove_Speaker_Boehner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_chief_of_staff_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_chief_of_staff_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Congressional chief of staff behavior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_chief_of_staff_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a 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href="#White_House_chief_of_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 White House chief of staff </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-White_House_chief_of_staff-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle White House chief of staff subsection </button> <ul id="toc-White_House_chief_of_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Efforts_to_overturn_2020_presidential_election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_to_overturn_2020_presidential_election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Efforts to overturn 2020 presidential election results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efforts_to_overturn_2020_presidential_election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._House_select_committee_on_the_January_6_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_select_committee_on_the_January_6_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 U.S. House select committee on the January 6 attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_select_committee_on_the_January_6_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classified_documents_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classified_documents_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Classified documents investigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classified_documents_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_investigation_(Georgia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_investigation_(Georgia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Election investigation (Georgia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_investigation_(Georgia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_investigation_(federal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_investigation_(federal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Election investigation (federal) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_investigation_(federal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_after_White_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_after_White_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Career after White House </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_after_White_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political positions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political positions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 COVID-19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_and_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_and_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Environment and energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_and_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 LGBT rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Russia investigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مارك ميدوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارك ميدوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مارک مدوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارک مدوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mark Meadows" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mark Meadows" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Μαρκ Μέντοους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρκ Μέντοους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mark Meadows" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مارک مدوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارک مدوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mark Meadows" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mark Meadows" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%81%AC_%EB%A9%94%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="마크 메도스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마크 메도스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mark Meadows" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mark Meadows" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%96" title="מארק מדוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארק מדוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارك مايدوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارك مايدوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BA" title="マーク・メドウズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーク・メドウズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mark Meadows" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Медоуз, Марк Рэндалл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медоуз, Марк Рэндалл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mark Meadows" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows_(politiker)" title="Mark Meadows (politiker) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mark Meadows (politiker)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B7" title="Марк Медовз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марк Медовз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E9%81%93%E6%96%AF" title="馬克·米道斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬克·米道斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3956796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Mark Meadows, see <a href="/wiki/Mark_Meadows_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mark Meadows (disambiguation)">Mark Meadows (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mark Meadows</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Meadows_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mark_Meadows_2023.jpg/220px-Mark_Meadows_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mark_Meadows_2023.jpg/330px-Mark_Meadows_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mark_Meadows_2023.jpg/440px-Mark_Meadows_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3317" data-file-height="4174" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Meadows in 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">29th <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 31, 2020 – January 20, 2021</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney" title="Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">House Oversight Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 12, 2020 – March 30, 2020</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jim Jordan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jim Jordan</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">House Freedom Caucus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 2017 – October 1, 2019</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Jim Jordan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jim Jordan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Biggs" title="Andy Biggs">Andy Biggs</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="North Carolina's 11th congressional district">11th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 2013 – March 30, 2020</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heath_Shuler" title="Heath Shuler">Heath Shuler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madison_Cawthorn" title="Madison Cawthorn">Madison Cawthorn</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mark Randall Meadows</div> (1959-07-28) July 28, 1959 (age 65) <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Debbie Meadows</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1979)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">AA</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mark Randall Meadows (born July 28, 1959) is an American politician who served as the 29th <a href="/wiki/White_House_chief_of_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="White House chief of staff">White House chief of staff</a> from 2020 to 2021 under the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he also served as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. representative">U.S. representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="North Carolina's 11th congressional district">North Carolina's 11th congressional district</a> from 2013 to 2020. During his legislative tenure, Meadows chaired the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a> from 2017 to 2019. He was considered one of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s closest allies in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> before his appointment as chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a> Republican, Meadows was a founding member of the Freedom Caucus. During his time in Congress, he was one of the most conservative Republican lawmakers and played an important part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government_shutdown_of_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government shutdown of 2013">United States federal government shutdown of 2013</a>. He also sought to remove <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a>. Meadows resigned from Congress on March 31, 2020, to become White House chief of staff. As chief of staff, he played an influential role in the Trump administration's response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. He pressured the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> to adopt less strict guidelines for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a> trials,<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a> and admonished the White House's own infectious disease experts for not "staying on message" with Trump's rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> In October 2020, Meadows said it was futile to try "to control the pandemic", emphasizing instead a plan to contain it with vaccines and therapeutics. As the virus spread among White House staff in the fall of 2020, he reportedly sought to conceal the cases, including his own.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-5">[5]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>, Meadows participated in Trump's effort to overturn the election results and remain in power.<a href="#cite_note-Benner-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-77Days-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> On December 14, 2021, Meadows was held in criminal <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">contempt of Congress</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> for refusing to cooperate with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">January 6 Select Committee</a>. He is the first White House chief of staff since the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> and first former member of Congress to have been held in contempt of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The contempt charge was referred to the Justice Department, which declined to prosecute him.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-12">[12]</a> On October 26, 2022, a South Carolina circuit judge ordered Meadows to testify before a Georgia <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> investigating Republican efforts to reverse the 2020 presidential election results in Georgia. The grand jury was empaneled by Fulton County District Attorney <a href="/wiki/Fani_Willis" title="Fani Willis">Fani Willis</a>, who said the inquiry is examining "the multistate, coordinated efforts to influence the results of the November 2020 election in Georgia and elsewhere."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> On August 14, 2023, he was indicted along with 18 other people in the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">prosecution related to the 2020 election in Georgia</a>; Meadows is the second White House Chief of Staff to face criminal charges, after <a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-14">[14]</a> On April 24, 2024, Meadows was <a href="/wiki/Arizona_prosecution_of_fake_electors" title="Arizona prosecution of fake electors">indicted</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> grand jury on felony charges along with several others related to their alleged efforts to subvert Joe Biden’s 2020 victory in the state, according to an announcement by the state attorney general. Others indicted on the same charges include <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenna_Ellis" title="Jenna Ellis">Jenna Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Eastman" title="John Eastman">John Eastman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Bobb" title="Christina Bobb">Christina Bobb</a>, top campaign adviser <a href="/wiki/Boris_Epshteyn" title="Boris Epshteyn">Boris Epshteyn</a>, and former campaign aide <a href="/wiki/Mike_Roman" title="Mike Roman">Mike Roman</a>. "They are accused of allegedly aiding an unsuccessful strategy to award the state’s electoral votes to Trump instead of Biden after the 2020 election. Also charged are the Republicans who signed paperwork on Dec. 14, 2020, that falsely purported Trump was the rightful winner, including former state party chair Kelli Ward, state Sens. <a href="/wiki/Jake_Hoffman_(politician)" title="Jake Hoffman (politician)">Jake Hoffman</a> and Anthony Kern, and Tyler Bowyer, a GOP national committeeman and chief operating officer of Turning Point Action, the campaign arm of the pro-Trump conservative group Turning Point USA."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Meadows's mother was from <a href="/wiki/Sevierville,_Tennessee" title="Sevierville, Tennessee">Sevierville, Tennessee</a>, and his father from <a href="/wiki/Pine_Bluff,_Arkansas" title="Pine Bluff, Arkansas">Pine Bluff, Arkansas</a>. He was born at a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> hospital in <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>, France, where his father was serving in the Army and his mother worked as a civilian nurse.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Meadows grew up in <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Florida" title="Brandon, Florida">Brandon, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Contorno-17">[17]</a> He has said he was a "fat nerd" who went on a diet after a classmate rejected him for a date.<a href="#cite_note-Contorno-17">[17]</a> Meadows attended <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a> for one year in 1977–78.<a href="#cite_note-Contorno-17">[17]</a> It was reported that Meadows held a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a> for many years in his official biography maintained by the Office of the <a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian of the U.S. House of Representatives</a>. In actuality, he graduated from the University of South Florida with an <a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate of Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Contorno-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> In 1987, Meadows started "Aunt D's", a small restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Highlands,_North_Carolina" title="Highlands, North Carolina">Highlands, North Carolina</a>, with building space provided by members of the Community Bible Church in Highlands. He later sold the sandwich shop, and used the proceeds to start a <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> development company in the <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>, area where he resided until 2013, after he won the NC-11 Congressional district.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> After a stint working in a local hardware store, Meadows received support from Ginger Burnett Glasson: she provided a tract of land for a house; a joint business operating as Randall Burnett Investments, and work at a pizzeria she bought "to have something to do during the day and to help [Meadows] out."<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> While living in Highlands, Meadows served as chairman of the Republican Party in <a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_North_Carolina" title="Macon County, North Carolina">Macon County</a>, and was a delegate to several state and national Republican conventions.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Meadows was on North Carolina's Board for Economic Development in Western North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 2011, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Glenville,_North_Carolina" title="Glenville, North Carolina">Glenville, North Carolina</a>. In 2016, he sold his house and moved into an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Farms" title="Biltmore Farms">Biltmore Park</a>, a mixed-use community in <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a>, while deciding where to buy next in either Henderson or Buncombe counties.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> He is the owner of Highlands Properties, which specializes in construction and land development.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 2014, Meadows sold 134 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a> (54 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>) of land in <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur,_Colorado" title="Dinosaur, Colorado">Dinosaur, Colorado</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">young earth creationist</a> group. He appeared in the controversial creationist film Raising the Allosaur: The True Story of a Rare Dinosaur and the Home Schoolers Who Found It (2002), which was debunked by experts.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives">edit</a>]</div> In Congress, Meadows had an ultraconservative voting record.<a href="#cite_note-Benner-6">[6]</a> He signed the <a href="/wiki/Contract_from_America" title="Contract from America">Contract from America</a>, a set of ten policies assembled by the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-reform-26">[26]</a> Meadows was, with Jim Jordan, a founding member of the Freedom Caucus.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Meadows,_Official_Portrait,_113th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mark_Meadows%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/200px-Mark_Meadows%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mark_Meadows%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/300px-Mark_Meadows%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mark_Meadows%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/400px-Mark_Meadows%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="3602" /></a><figcaption>Official congressional portrait, 2012</figcaption></figure> Meadows voted against disaster relief spending for October 2012's <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a>, which struck the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> and caused severe damage.<a href="#cite_note-Elis-28">[28]</a> He was one of several Republicans who claimed the funding bill contained <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">pork-barrel</a> spending that had nothing to do with hurricane relief, a claim the bill's supporters denied.<a href="#cite_note-Elis-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bouie-29">[29]</a> Meadows's opposition to Sandy relief was recalled in 2017 news accounts after he and many Republicans who had opposed it voted in favor of disaster aid following <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a>, which caused massive damage in Louisiana and Texas that August.<a href="#cite_note-Elis-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bouie-29">[29]</a> Critics alleged that Republicans were hypocritically opposing spending in states with Democratic majorities while supporting it in Republican states.<a href="#cite_note-Ledyard-30">[30]</a> Republicans, including Meadows, claimed the situations were different because the Harvey spending bill contained no "pork".<a href="#cite_note-Ledyard-30">[30]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> review determined that the Sandy spending bill's funds were almost all devoted to recovery from Sandy.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Meadows served as chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_Government_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Government Operations">Subcommittee on Government Operations</a> up until June 20, 2015, when fellow Republican congressman <a href="/wiki/Jason_Chaffetz" title="Jason Chaffetz">Jason Chaffetz</a> removed him from the position. A member of the House Republican leadership, Chaffetz removed Meadows due to Meadows's vote against a procedural motion the Republican leadership presented.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Meadows was one of 34 Republicans who voted against the motion, which allowed for consideration of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s request for fast-track authority on trade agreements. Speaker <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> supported the measure, but many Republicans felt it gave too much power to Democrats and Obama specifically.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-33">[33]</a> Chaffetz's action was seen as controversial, with many prominent Republican politicians, including Texas senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>, speaking out against the punishment. Meadows served as ranking member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">House Oversight Committee</a> for 18 days, until he assumed the office of White House Chief of Staff.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Meadows was a member of these committees: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">Committee on Foreign Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Foreign_Affairs_Subcommittee_on_Africa,_Global_Health,_Global_Human_Rights_and_International_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations">Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Foreign_Affairs_Subcommittee_on_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa">Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_Government_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Government Operations">Subcommittee on Government Operations</a> (chair)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_Economic_Growth,_Job_Creation_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Job Creation and Regulatory Affairs">Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Job Creation and Regulatory Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure" title="United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure">Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Aviation" title="United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Aviation">Subcommittee on Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Economic_Development,_Public_Buildings_and_Emergency_Management" title="United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management">Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Water_Resources_and_Environment" title="United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment">Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment</a></li></ul></li></ul> Meadows was a member of these caucuses: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Western_Caucus" title="Congressional Western Caucus">Congressional Western Caucus</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan Caucus">U.S.-Japan Caucus</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">House Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_federal_government_shutdown">2013 federal government shutdown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2013 federal government shutdown">edit</a>]</div> Meadows has been described as playing an important part of the <a href="/wiki/2013_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="2013 United States federal government shutdown">2013 United States federal government shutdown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-architect-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-constituents-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-road-40">[40]</a> On August 21, 2013, he wrote an <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> to Boehner and Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a> encouraging them to "affirmatively de-fund the implementation and enforcement of Obamacare in any relevant appropriations bills brought to the House floor in the 113th Congress, including any continuing appropriations bill."<a href="#cite_note-auto8-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-encouraging-42">[42]</a> The document was signed by 79 of Meadows's colleagues in the House.<a href="#cite_note-architect-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-encouraging-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a> (which opened operations in North Carolina in January 2011<a href="#cite_note-heritage-43">[43]</a>), ran critical Internet advertisements in the districts of 100 Republican lawmakers who failed to sign the letter.<a href="#cite_note-Stolberg2013-44">[44]</a> The letter has been described as controversial within the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-architect-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-missive-45">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">New York Daily News</a> said Meadows put the federal government on the road to shutdown, saying calls to defund Obamacare through spending bills languished until Meadows wrote his letter.<a href="#cite_note-road-40">[40]</a> Meadows downplayed his influence, saying "I'm one of 435 members and a very small part of this."<a href="#cite_note-road-40">[40]</a> CNN described Meadows as the "architect of the brink" for his letter suggesting that Obamacare be defunded in any continuing appropriations bill.<a href="#cite_note-architect-38">[38]</a> Meadows said that sensationalized his role.<a href="#cite_note-constituents-39">[39]</a> John Ostendorff of the Asheville Citizen-Times wrote that Meadows "said it's best to close the government in the short term to win a delay on 'Obamacare', despite the potential negative impact on the economy."<a href="#cite_note-constituents-39">[39]</a> Ostendorff wrote that Meadows said he was doing what <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a> members in <a href="/wiki/Western_North_Carolina" title="Western North Carolina">Western North Carolina</a> wanted him to do.<a href="#cite_note-constituents-39">[39]</a> Meadows said his constituents wanted him to fight against Obamacare "regardless of consequences."<a href="#cite_note-architect-38">[38]</a> Jane Bilello, head of the <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville</a> Tea Party, said Meadows "truly represents us" on the issue of Obamacare.<a href="#cite_note-architect-38">[38]</a> Meadows reportedly held conference calls with members of the Asheville Tea Party, telling them what was going on in Congress and about challenges he faced promoting their agenda.<a href="#cite_note-architect-38">[38]</a> In public comments, Meadows said he was working on a compromise that involved passing appropriations bills that would fund only parts of the government, such as a <a href="/wiki/October_2013_mini-continuing_resolutions" title="October 2013 mini-continuing resolutions">bill</a> to fund the National Park Service, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/October_2013_mini-continuing_resolutions" title="October 2013 mini-continuing resolutions">bill</a> to fund the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>. But partial or "mini" funding bills were rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> majority in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-constituents-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution_to_remove_Speaker_Boehner">Resolution to remove Speaker Boehner</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resolution to remove Speaker Boehner">edit</a>]</div> On July 28, 2015, Meadows filed a resolution to vote on removing <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tries-46">[46]</a> If the resolution passed, the House would then vote to elect a new speaker.<a href="#cite_note-tries-46">[46]</a> Because he filed it as a nonprivileged resolution, it was sent to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules">House Committee on Rules</a> for a vote first, rather than the House floor.<a href="#cite_note-tries-46">[46]</a> The Committee on Rules was considered to have many members who were loyal to Boehner, so the resolution was seen as unlikely to move forward.<a href="#cite_note-tries-46">[46]</a> Meadows said he filed the resolution because Boehner had "endeavored to consolidate power, bypassing the majority" of Congress; "through inaction, caused the power of Congress to atrophy," "uses the power of the office to punish Members who vote according to their conscience"; "has intentionally provided for voice votes on consequential and controversial legislation to be taken without notice and with few Members present"; "uses the legislative calendar to create crises for the American People"; allowed members less than three days to review legislation before voting; and limited meaningful debate on the House floor.<a href="#cite_note-resolution-47">[47]</a> The resolution received support from Congressman <a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Jones_Jr." title="Walter B. Jones Jr.">Walter B. Jones Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-oustingboehner-48">[48]</a> Boehner responded, "Listen, you have a member here and a member there who are off the reservation. No big deal ... Listen, this is one member. All right. I've got broad support amongst my colleagues. And frankly, it isn't even deserving of a vote."<a href="#cite_note-ousting-49">[49]</a> On September 25, 2015, Boehner announced his intention to resign as speaker.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-50">[50]</a> He officially resigned on October 31, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_chief_of_staff_behavior">Congressional chief of staff behavior</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Congressional chief of staff behavior">edit</a>]</div> A group of employees reported to Meadows' deputy chief of staff in October 2014 that they were uncomfortable with Meadows' then chief of staff, Kenny West, calling his behavior "inappropriate towards them". Meadows asked Representative <a href="/wiki/Trey_Gowdy" title="Trey Gowdy">Trey Gowdy</a>'s chief of staff (a woman and former sex-crimes prosecutor<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a>) to interview the employees, and Meadows eventually limited or prohibited West's presence in Meadows's Washington and district offices.<a href="#cite_note-controversy-52">[52]</a> Although West resigned after the employees accused him of inappropriate behavior, he remained on the House payroll in violation of House rules, according to an independent <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ethics" title="United States House Committee on Ethics">House Ethics Committee</a> investigation. Meadows paid West $58,125 from April 2015 to August 2015 even though he was no longer working in Meadows' office.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> There is "substantial reason to believe that Representative Meadows retained an employee who did not perform duties commensurate with the compensation the employee received and certified that the compensation met applicable House standards, in violation of House rules and standards of conduct," the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Office of Congressional Ethics</a> report said. In November 2018, the House Ethics Committee fined Meadows over $40,000 (representing the amount West had been paid improperly<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a>) after concluding he "did not do enough to address" sexual harassment allegations against West. The committee concluded Meadows took "immediate and appropriate steps" by separating West from female staffers and requesting an investigation, but noted that West retained his title and "apparent authority over staff" during this period. "Representative Meadows could have and should have done more to ensure that his congressional office was free from discrimination or the perception of discrimination," the committee wrote. The committee fined Meadows $40,625 "for Mr. West's salary that was not commensurate with his work." The Daily Beast previously reported that a former aide told the committee Meadows and other top staff members in his office were aware of West's behavior before it was publicly reported.<a href="#cite_note-ongoingcontroversy-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012">2012</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2012">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina#District_11" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina">2012 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina § District 11</a></div> In late 2011 Meadows announced he was running for Congress in North Carolina's 11th congressional district, for the seat being vacated by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> incumbent <a href="/wiki/Heath_Shuler" title="Heath Shuler">Heath Shuler</a>. The district had been significantly altered in <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">redistricting</a>. New lines were drawn straight through the middle of Warren Wilson College. Notably, it lost most of <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville</a> to the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="North Carolina's 10th congressional district">10th district</a>, while picking up some heavily Republican territory in the foothills. The old 11th had a slight Republican lean, but the new 11th was on paper the most Republican district in the state.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2011 the North Carolina state legislature redrew the congressional districts based on updated population information from the 2010 census.<a href="#cite_note-redistricting-55">[55]</a> As a result, the district is now 91.2% White, 3.0% Black, 1.4% Native American and 1.0% Asian.<a href="#cite_note-redistricting-55">[55]</a> The district was drawn in such a way that in some parts of Asheville, one side of the street shifted to the 10th while the other side of the street stayed in the 11th.<a href="#cite_note-NBCredistricting-56">[56]</a> Meadows won the July 2012 Republican primary runoff,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and in the November general election faced Democratic nominee Hayden Rogers, who had been Shuler's chief of staff. On August 28, Meadows spoke at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 Republican National Convention</a> in Tampa.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> He won the general election with approximately 57% of the vote<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and took office in January 2013. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2014">2014</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2014">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina#District_11" title="2014 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina">2014 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina § District 11</a></div> Meadows was reelected with 62.9% of the vote. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016">2016</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2016">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina#District_11" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina">2016 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina § District 11</a></div> Meadows appeared with candidate <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> on the campaign trail in <a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a>, in July 2016 just after the Republican National Convention, leading the crowd in a chant, "Lock her up", an anti-Hillary Clinton refrain.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Meadows won re-election with 64.1% of the vote. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018">2018</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2018">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina#District_11" title="2018 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina">2018 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina § District 11</a></div> Meadows won reelection to his seat in the November 2018 election, receiving 59% of the vote to his Democratic opponent Phillip Price's 38%.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> During the campaign Meadows supported President Trump's agenda, calling him a "conservative president" in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and suggesting that Republicans who didn't support Trump should be removed from office.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Trump's son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Jared_Kushner" title="Jared Kushner">Jared Kushner</a> attended a private fundraiser for Meadows.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In January 2018, Meadows traveled to <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>, Switzerland, with a congressional delegation for the World Economic Forum, along with a White House delegation including Trump and cabinet members including Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a>, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a>, and Energy Secretary <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020">2020</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2020">edit</a>]</div> On December 19, 2019, Meadows announced that he would not seek reelection in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina#District_11" title="2020 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina">2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-won't_run-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="White_House_chief_of_staff">White House chief of staff</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: White House chief of staff">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_and_Mark_Meadows_on_Air_Force_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Donald_Trump_and_Mark_Meadows_on_Air_Force_One.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_and_Mark_Meadows_on_Air_Force_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Donald_Trump_and_Mark_Meadows_on_Air_Force_One.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_and_Mark_Meadows_on_Air_Force_One.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Donald_Trump_and_Mark_Meadows_on_Air_Force_One.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_and_Mark_Meadows_on_Air_Force_One.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Meadows with President Trump on March 4, 2020</figcaption></figure> By 2017, Meadows and Donald Trump began telephone conversations following evening broadcasts by <a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a> on <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> In December 2018, Meadows was vocal about his desire to work in the White House as <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> upon the January 2019 departure of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kelly" title="John F. Kelly">John F. Kelly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Until December 2018, Meadows claimed to have received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree.<a href="#cite_note-Contorno-17">[17]</a> When questions about his credentials arose during media speculation that he was under consideration to serve as White House chief of staff, Meadows amended his official House biography and other sources to indicate that his degree was an associate, not a bachelor's.<a href="#cite_note-Contorno-17">[17]</a> On March 6, 2020, Trump named Meadows the next White House chief of staff,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> succeeding Acting Chief <a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney" title="Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Meadows resigned from the House on March 30, 2020,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and began his new role the next day.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Meadows and his wife allegedly committed voter fraud in 2020 when they registered to vote at a mobile home in North Carolina where they did not live. They voted by absentee ballot from that address.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Two years later, North Carolina removed Meadows from the voter rolls while it investigated.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> On December 30, 2022, the attorney general's office of North Carolina closed the investigation, stating it had found insufficient evidence of voter fraud.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efforts_to_overturn_2020_presidential_election_results">Efforts to overturn 2020 presidential election results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Efforts to overturn 2020 presidential election results">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Raffensperger_phone_call" title="Trump–Raffensperger phone call">Trump–Raffensperger phone call</a></div> After <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>, and Trump refused to concede while making false claims of systemic and pervasive fraud, Meadows aided Trump in his efforts to overturn the election and to pressure election officials in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> to overturn the results of the election in that state (which Biden won) based on Trump's baseless claims of fraud.<a href="#cite_note-:8-79">[79]</a> He urged Georgia Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Brad_Raffensperger" title="Brad Raffensperger">Brad Raffensperger</a> to overturn the certification of Georgia's election results in a "spirit of cooperation and compromise". In a taped phone call during which Meadows was present, Trump attempted to pressure Raffensperger into recounting Georgia's votes, claiming he had won the state.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-79">[79]</a> Alongside Trump's son-in-law and advisor <a href="/wiki/Jared_Kushner" title="Jared Kushner">Jared Kushner</a>, Meadows conveyed to Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> that the Trump administration would pursue all possible avenues in a bid to overturn the election results.<a href="#cite_note-77Days-7">[7]</a> Meadows also connected Trump to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Martin_(judge)" title="Mark Martin (judge)">Mark Martin</a>, a former North Carolina judge who advanced the radical claim that Trump's <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>, could refuse to <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">count the electoral votes from states Biden won</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77Days-7">[7]</a> Meadows also repeatedly pressed Acting Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Rosen" title="Jeffrey A. Rosen">Jeffrey A. Rosen</a> to have the Justice Department investigate unfounded <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> claiming fraud, including one that posited that people in Italy <a href="/wiki/Italygate_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Italygate conspiracy theory">used military technology and satellites to tamper with voting machine and turning Trump votes into Biden votes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benner-6">[6]</a> The claim was one of several outlandish claims circulating online in the days before <a href="/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 storming of the United States Capitol">a pro-Trump mob attacked the Capitol on January 6, 2021</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benner-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._House_select_committee_on_the_January_6_attack">U.S. House select committee on the January 6 attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: U.S. House select committee on the January 6 attack">edit</a>]</div> On September 24, 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives committee investigating the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 United States Capitol attack">2021 United States Capitol attack</a> subpoenaed Meadows for records and testimony relating to the insurrection,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> but he failed to show up for a deposition before the committee. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Schiff" title="Adam Schiff">Adam Schiff</a> has said the committee is working on issuing a criminal referral for Meadows.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In early December 2021, Meadows provided to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">January 6 Select Committee</a> a <a href="/wiki/PowerPoint" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a> presentation on how the election could be overturned that he had received by email the day before the storming of the capitol. The presentation recommended that the president declare a national emergency to retain power. A lawyer representing Meadows stated that he did not act upon the document.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> On December 14, 2021, Meadows was held in criminal contempt of Congress for refusing to cooperate with the January 6 Select Committee. He is the first former member of Congress to have been held in contempt of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The contempt charge was referred to the Justice Department, which declined to prosecute him.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-12">[12]</a> In April 2022, the January 6 Select Committee and <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> obtained texts Meadows had sent and received between the 2020 election and the January 6 Capitol attack. In the messages, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kilmeade" title="Brian Kilmeade">Brian Kilmeade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Laura Ingraham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a> texted Meadows during the riot urging him to get Trump to condemn the violence on Capitol Hill.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Other texts include plans to fight the election results and strategies to deflect blame for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Former Meadows top aide <a href="/wiki/Cassidy_Hutchinson" title="Cassidy Hutchinson">Cassidy Hutchinson</a> provided extensive closed-door testimony to the January 6 committee, which signaled it considered her a key witness. As committee public hearings were beginning in June 2022, Hutchinson had replaced her attorney, who had deep connections with Trump associates, with a former chief of staff to Trump's first attorney general <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a>, who had enraged Trump by recusing himself from oversight of the <a href="/wiki/Mueller_investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mueller investigation">Mueller investigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classified_documents_investigation">Classified documents investigation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Classified documents investigation">edit</a>]</div> In September 2022, Meadows turned over additional texts and emails to the National Archives following the <a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Election_investigation_(Georgia)">Election investigation (Georgia)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Election investigation (Georgia)">edit</a>]</div> In late November 2022, the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="South Carolina Supreme Court">South Carolina Supreme Court</a> ruled that Meadows must testify in the Georgia election probe into the Trump–Raffensperger phone call.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> On August 14, 2023, along with 18 co-defendants, he was <a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">indicted in the Georgia investigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-14">[14]</a> Meadows turned himself in at the Fulton County jail on August 24, 2023, and was released on $100,000 <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hill-24aug2023-93">[93]</a> On September 5, 2023, Meadows, along with co-defendants <a href="/wiki/John_Eastman" title="John Eastman">John Eastman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark" title="Jeffrey Clark">Jeffrey Clark</a>, waived his arraignment and entered a written not guilty plea.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Election_investigation_(federal)">Election investigation (federal)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Election investigation (federal)">edit</a>]</div> In June 2023, it was reported that Meadows had testified to a federal grand jury as part of special counsel <a href="/wiki/Jack_Smith_(lawyer)" title="Jack Smith (lawyer)">Jack Smith</a>'s ongoing investigation into the former president's handling of classified documents.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> On October 24, 2023, it was disclosed that Meadows, under a grant of immunity by Smith, admitted that he had repeatedly informed President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> that there was no basis to the contentions that there had been election fraud that caused him to lose the 2020 presidential election, and despite the fact that Meadows had authored a book that made claims directly to the contrary.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_after_White_House">Career after White House</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Career after White House">edit</a>]</div> Meadows became a principal at the controversial <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Partnership_Institute" title="Conservative Partnership Institute">Conservative Partnership Institute</a> in January 2021 as Biden took office. The group has aimed to elect conservatives, particularly using <a href="/wiki/Dark_money" title="Dark money">dark money</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and changing voting rules.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Political positions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion">Abortion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Abortion">edit</a>]</div> Meadows is opposed to abortion and has called <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion</a> a tragedy. He opposes federal funding for abortion and believes parents should be notified of underage abortion procedures. He also opposes requiring churches and other religious sites to provide <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> options to employees.<a href="#cite_note-issues-101">[101]</a> In February 2013 Meadows voted against renewing the <a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a>. Meadows has said he casts his votes based not on his personal feelings but on what the majority of his constituents in "God's Country" tell him to do.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> While in Congress, Meadows advocated for a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">balanced budget amendment</a> to the United States Constitution. He supports a moratorium on all earmarks until the budget has been balanced. Meadows opposes any cuts to military spending levels.<a href="#cite_note-issues-101">[101]</a> Meadows opposed the federal stimulus spending during the Obama administration;<a href="#cite_note-issues-101">[101]</a> as Trump's White House chief of staff, he supported Trump's fiscal stimulus proposals, and was Trump's lead negotiator on stimulus legislation, pushing for $1.8 trillion in federal stimulus spending, a number some Senate Republicans resisted.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Meadows has signed the <a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Protection_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxpayer Protection Pledge">Taxpayer Protection Pledge</a>, and he opposes raising any taxes, including the income tax. He supports a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat-rate income tax</a> for all earners and a repeal of the raise in the <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">capital gains tax</a>. He also supports eliminating the <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">estate tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-issues-101">[101]</a> In 2016 Meadows wrote Trump a letter demanding the repeal of the federal "<a href="/wiki/Prevailing_wage" title="Prevailing wage">prevailing wage</a>" requirement, which requires that laborers and mechanics on <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> projects be paid the locally prevailing wages. The rule was initially made to protect traveling black workers in the South from being paid far less than local workers. It evolved into a protection for union workers, ensuring that non-unionized competitors would have to pay the same rate, making it difficult to underbid for work. The letter also demanded the repeal of the overtime rule from the Obama administration, which said people making less than $47,000 a year must be paid extra for overtime hours, compared to the previous requirement that those making over $23,000 a year could be denied overtime pay if the worker's duties could be considered "managerial". The letter also demanded the end of regulations requiring federal contractors to be paid for sick leave.<a href="#cite_note-:0-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: COVID-19">edit</a>]</div> As chief of staff, Meadows played an influential role in the Trump administration's response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. He pressured the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> to adopt less strict guidelines for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a> trials<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a> and admonished the White House's own infectious disease experts for not "staying on message" with Trump's rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> In October 2020, Meadows said it was futile to try "to control the pandemic", emphasizing instead a plan to contain it with vaccines and therapeutics. On November 4, 2020, Meadows tested positive for COVID-19, but only disclosed it to a small group of people who were asked to keep it quiet, thus preventing others who had interacted with Meadows from taking the proper precautions and hindering contact tracing.<a href="#cite_note-auto-5">[5]</a> Within the administration, Meadows advised Trump not to openly embrace mask-wearing, saying, "The base will revolt."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> He admonished <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a>, one of the administration's leading experts in guiding the response, for not "staying on message". He impressed upon Fauci, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Birx" title="Deborah Birx">Deborah Birx</a> and other government public health experts not to comment on restrictive measures for dealing with the virus.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> While interacting with reporters, Meadows refused to wear a mask.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In October 2020, when asked about the lack of face mask usage at Trump rallies, Meadows said it was futile to try "to control the pandemic" and that the focus would be on getting a vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-:6-108">[108]</a> Public health experts, including those in the White House, have pointed to face masks as one of the most basic precautions that have been proven to halt the spread of COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> While chief of staff, Meadows pressured the Food and Drug Administration to adopt less strict guidelines for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a> trials.<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a> He criticized FDA commissioner <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hahn_(oncologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Hahn (oncologist)">Stephen M. Hahn</a> as too heavily influenced by the FDA's scientist staff.<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a> During coronavirus relief negotiations, Meadows argued against giving additional funding to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> On November 6, 2020, it was reported that Meadows had tested positive for COVID-19; per the Trump administration, he tested positive on November 4.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Meadows did not issue a statement after he tested positive and did not make it widely known to administration staff.<a href="#cite_note-:7-112">[112]</a> A small group of people were informed and told to keep it quiet.<a href="#cite_note-:7-112">[112]</a> This caused consternation among other administration staff, as it hindered contact tracing efforts and endangered staff.<a href="#cite_note-:7-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_and_energy">Environment and energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Environment and energy">edit</a>]</div> In December 2016 Meadows gave Trump a wish list of regulations to be repealed. It included a demand to get rid of federal funding to study climate change. He also requested Trump repeal several environmental regulations, including the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuel_Standard_(United_States)" title="Renewable Fuel Standard (United States)">Renewable Fuel Standard</a>, end the prohibition of drilling oil on federal lands, and pull the US out of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Climate Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-105">[105]</a> Meadows opposes <a href="/wiki/Cap-and-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap-and-trade">cap-and-trade</a> emission policies and supported off-shore oil and gas extraction.<a href="#cite_note-issues-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: LGBT rights">edit</a>]</div> Meadows opposes <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>. In March 2013, he said that if the Supreme Court ruled gay marriage bans unconstitutional, it would be a "huge invasion into <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>" and cause a constitutional crisis.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulations">Regulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Regulations">edit</a>]</div> Meadows opposes any <a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun control in the United States">restrictions on gun purchases</a> and opposes a national gun registry that would list detailed information about firearm ownership.<a href="#cite_note-issues-101">[101]</a> Meadows opposes regulations that require all internet providers provide <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States" title="Net neutrality in the United States">internet at equal speeds to all parties</a>. In 2016 he gave Trump a list of regulations to repeal that included net neutrality regulations by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a>]</div> Meadows opposes the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (Obamacare), and has said that it should be replaced by private enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-issues-101">[101]</a> Less than a year after entering Congress, Meadows wrote the letter that initially urged House Speaker <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> to shut down the government unless the ACA was defunded. Some constituents have criticized him as responsible for the 2013 government shutdown; <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> called him its "chief architect". His district lost up to $1 million per day during the shutdown because the national parks were closed.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In January 2017, Meadows voted for a budget resolution that initiated the process of repealing Obamacare.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> On May 4, 2017, Meadows voted for the <a href="/wiki/American_Health_Care_Act_of_2017" title="American Health Care Act of 2017">American Health Care Act</a> (AHCA), which would partially repeal and replace Obamacare.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) released numbers about the AHCA's effects on Americans in 2017, there were several reports that Meadows became emotional after reading about the AHCA's likely effects on those with preexisting conditions.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Others reported he cried only after bringing up his family members who had dealt with preexisting conditions, including his sister who had died of breast cancer, and his father who had died of lung cancer. Meadows said he wouldn't "make a political decision today that affects somebody's sister or father because I wouldn't do it to myself."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> When asked about the CBO numbers, Meadows said Trump was "committed to making sure preexisting conditions are covered in principle and in practice, which means that funding has to be there to make it work."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> Meadows is a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> He said that the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula#1979–1982_Israeli_withdrawal" title="Sinai Peninsula">Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Gaza</a> did not bring peace, but rather "In many ways, ... made [the situation] more difficult."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Meadows has opposed the <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a> movement targeting Israel.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Meadows was among 60 Republicans to oppose condemning <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Trump's action of withdrawing forces from Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Matt Gaetz</a> and a handful of Republicans, Meadows broke with his party and voted to end Saudi assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">War in Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On December 8, 2019, Meadows claimed that Trump never asked a foreign leader to investigate a political rival,<a href="#cite_note-:2-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> despite a transcript of the July 25, 2019, phone call between Trump and Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Zelensky">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> where Trump asks Zelensky to investigate former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-125">[125]</a> and in spite of Trump's October 3, 2019, public calling upon <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to investigate <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden" title="Hunter Biden">Hunter Biden</a>'s business activities there while his father was vice president.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-128">[128]</a> Meadows said he would be "OK" with a Democratic president doing what Trump did: "We have Democrat Senators who have done just that."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_investigation">Russia investigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Russia investigation">edit</a>]</div> Meadows, a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">House Oversight and Government Reform Committee</a>, has been a harsh critic of Special Counsel Robert Mueller's <a href="/wiki/Special_Counsel_investigation_(2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)">investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election</a>. During Trump's presidency, Meadows regularly conferred with Trump about Mueller's probe.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Meadows has been described as a "Trump ally".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In May 2018, Meadows called for a financial audit of the Mueller investigation.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In July 2018, along with <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jim Jordan</a>, Meadows called on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> to "review allegations that Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Rod_Rosenstein" title="Rod Rosenstein">Rod Rosenstein</a> threatened to subpoena phone records and documents from a House Intelligence Committee staffer". An aide termed the deputy AG's threats "downright chilling". In their written request, they wrote that in his use of investigative powers, Rosenstein retaliated "against rank-and-file staff members", therefore abusing his authority.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Furthermore, during a <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> interview by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Laura Ingraham</a> that same month, he "threatened to force a vote on the GOP resolution" that would impeach the deputy AG. Arguing he could force the resolution to the floor as a "<a href="/wiki/Raise_a_question_of_privilege" title="Raise a question of privilege">privileged motion</a>", he elaborated: "we hope it doesn't have to come to that". He filed articles of impeachment against Rosenstein on July 25, although the measure cannot be "brought straight to the House floor".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Meadows's Democratic opponent in the 2018 election, Phillip Price, condemned the impeachment resolution as an attempt to shut down the Justice Department's investigation of Russian meddling into the 2016 election through "obstruction of justice."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_Georgia_election_racketeers" title="List of alleged Georgia election racketeers">List of alleged Georgia election racketeers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBadeCheneyJohnson2018" class="citation news cs1">Bade, Rachael; 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Mark Meadows resigns from Congress to become Trump's chief of staff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 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Now His Voting Record is Under Scrutiny"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved April 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mark+Meadows+Spread+Trump%27s+Voter+Fraud+Claims.+Now+His+Voting+Record+is+Under+Scrutiny&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Reid+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F03%2F08%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fmark-meadows-trump-vote-north-carolina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2022" class="citation news cs1">Kessler, Glenn (March 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/23/debra-meadows-appears-have-filed-three-false-voter-forms/">"Debra Meadows appears to have filed at least two false voter forms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved April 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Debra+Meadows+appears+to+have+filed+at+least+two+false+voter+forms&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F03%2F23%2Fdebra-meadows-appears-have-filed-three-false-voter-forms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobic2022" class="citation web cs1">Bobic, Igor (April 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-voter-fraud-mark-meadows_n_6256ee0ee4b06c2ea325f02f">"Former Trump Aide Mark Meadows Removed From Voter Rolls Over 'Potential Voter Fraud'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. 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All Things Considered. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 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Retrieved September 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=House+Jan.+6+panel+subpoenas+Trump+advisers%2C+associates&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft.aulast=Jalonick&rft.aufirst=Mary+Clare&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fdonald-trump-capitol-siege-subpoenas-mark-meadows-bennie-thompson-41b9b7a09f4530b7a182549e556a9ad9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBursztynsky2021" class="citation web cs1">Bursztynsky, Jessica (November 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/14/schiff-says-jan-6-house-committee-will-move-quickly-to-refer-meadows-for-criminal-contempt.html">"Schiff says Jan. 6 House committee will move quickly to refer Meadows for criminal contempt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. Retrieved November 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Schiff+says+Jan.+6+House+committee+will+move+quickly+to+refer+Meadows+for+criminal+contempt&rft.date=2021-11-14&rft.aulast=Bursztynsky&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F11%2F14%2Fschiff-says-jan-6-house-committee-will-move-quickly-to-refer-meadows-for-criminal-contempt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/jan-6-panel-considers-contempt-vote-against-mark-meadows-but-wont-rush">"Jan. 6 panel considers contempt vote against Mark Meadows but 'won't rush'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS_NewsHour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS NewsHour">PBS NewsHour</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 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Retrieved November 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=Jan.+6+panel+considers+contempt+vote+against+Mark+Meadows+but+%27won%27t+rush%27&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fpolitics%2Fjan-6-panel-considers-contempt-vote-against-mark-meadows-but-wont-rush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugen2021" class="citation web cs1">Brugen, Isabel van (November 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/mark-meadows-adam-schiff-criminal-contempt-january-6-capitol-riot-subpoena-committee-1649144">"Mark Meadows faces criminal contempt charges as noose tightens on Trump allies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. Retrieved November 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Mark+Meadows+faces+criminal+contempt+charges+as+noose+tightens+on+Trump+allies&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft.aulast=Brugen&rft.aufirst=Isabel+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fmark-meadows-adam-schiff-criminal-contempt-january-6-capitol-riot-subpoena-committee-1649144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadwaterFeuer2021" class="citation news cs1">Broadwater, Luke; Feuer, Alan (December 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/10/us/politics/capitol-attack-meadows-powerpoint.html">"Jan. 6 Committee Examines PowerPoint Document Sent to Meadows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jan.+6+Committee+Examines+PowerPoint+Document+Sent+to+Meadows&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft.aulast=Broadwater&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Feuer%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F12%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fcapitol-attack-meadows-powerpoint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownSwaineAlemanyDawsey2021" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Emma; Swaine, Jon; Alemany, Jacqueline; Dawsey, Josh; Hamburger, Tom (December 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/phil-waldron-mark-meadows-powerpoint/2021/12/11/4ea67938-59df-11ec-9a18-a506cf3aa31d_story.html">"Phil Waldron, backer of Jan. 6 PowerPoint, says he met with Mark Meadows, briefed lawmakers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved December 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Phil+Waldron%2C+backer+of+Jan.+6+PowerPoint%2C+says+he+met+with+Mark+Meadows%2C+briefed+lawmakers&rft.date=2021-12-11&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Swaine%2C+Jon&rft.au=Alemany%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=Dawsey%2C+Josh&rft.au=Hamburger%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Finvestigations%2Fphil-waldron-mark-meadows-powerpoint%2F2021%2F12%2F11%2F4ea67938-59df-11ec-9a18-a506cf3aa31d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinbergGarcia2021" class="citation news cs1">Feinberg, Andrew; Garcia, Eric (December 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/mark-meadows-capitol-riot-congress-contempt-b1976232.html">"Mark Meadows: House votes to hold ex-Trump aide in contempt of Congress and refers him for prosecution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 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Retrieved June 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Fox+News+hosts+urged+Meadows+to+have+Trump+stop+Jan.+6+violence%2C+texts+show&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fmedia%2F2021%2F12%2F13%2Ffox-ingraham-hannity-kilmeade-jan-6-trump-texts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/25/politics/read-mark-meadows-texts-sean-hannity-ivanka-trump-marjorie-taylor-greene/index.html">"READ: Text messages Sean Hannity, Marjorie Taylor Greene, Ivanka Trump and others sent to Mark Meadows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. April 25, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=READ%3A+Text+messages+Sean+Hannity%2C+Marjorie+Taylor+Greene%2C+Ivanka+Trump+and+others+sent+to+Mark+Meadows&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F04%2F25%2Fpolitics%2Fread-mark-meadows-texts-sean-hannity-ivanka-trump-marjorie-taylor-greene%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff_Swan2022" class="citation news cs1">Woodruff Swan, Betsy (June 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/09/hutchinson-former-meadows-aide-replaces-lawyer-jan-6-hearings-00038439">"Hutchinson, former Meadows aide, replaces lawyer on cusp of Jan. 6 hearings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Hutchinson%2C+former+Meadows+aide%2C+replaces+lawyer+on+cusp+of+Jan.+6+hearings&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft.aulast=Woodruff+Swan&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F06%2F09%2Fhutchinson-former-meadows-aide-replaces-lawyer-jan-6-hearings-00038439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamie_Gangel,_Kristen_Holmes,_Jeremy_Herb_and_Evan_Perez2022" class="citation web cs1">Jamie Gangel, Kristen Holmes, Jeremy Herb and Evan Perez (September 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/02/politics/mark-meadows-texts-emails-national-archives/index.html">"After Mar-a-Lago search, Meadows turns over more texts and emails to Archives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 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Retrieved December 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Mark+Meadows+claims+Trump+did+not+ask+Ukraine+to+investigate+rivals&rft.date=2019-12-08&rft.aulast=Kullgren&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2F08%2Fmark-meadows-trump-ukraine-investigate-rivals-078189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerSonmez2019" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, John; Sonmez, Felicia (October 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-impeachment-whistleblower/2019/10/02/80df829a-e494-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html">"Live updates: Trump calls for China to investigate Bidens; former Ukraine envoy testifies on Capitol Hill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20191002213736/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-impeachment-whistleblower/2019/10/02/80df829a-e494-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Live+updates%3A+Trump+calls+for+China+to+investigate+Bidens%3B+former+Ukraine+envoy+testifies+on+Capitol+Hill&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sonmez%2C+Felicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-impeachment-whistleblower%2F2019%2F10%2F02%2F80df829a-e494-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-128"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgerGambino2019" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian; Gambino, Lauren (October 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/03/trump-biden-china-investigation-demand">"Trump calls on China to investigate Biden in extraordinary demand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004142600/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/03/trump-biden-china-investigation-demand">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Trump+calls+on+China+to+investigate+Biden+in+extraordinary+demand&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Gambino%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2019%2Foct%2F03%2Ftrump-biden-china-investigation-demand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2019/12/08/sotu-meadows-dem.cnn">Meadows: I'd be OK with a Dem doing what Trump did - CNN Video</a>, December 8, 2019, retrieved December 8, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meadows%3A+I%27d+be+OK+with+a+Dem+doing+what+Trump+did+-+CNN+Video&rft.date=2019-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F12%2F08%2Fsotu-meadows-dem.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/05/16/trump-mueller-russia-probe-doj-documents-592148">"GOP lawmakers to Trump: Make DOJ release Mueller documents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved May 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=GOP+lawmakers+to+Trump%3A+Make+DOJ+release+Mueller+documents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F05%2F16%2Ftrump-mueller-russia-probe-doj-documents-592148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuckerCostaLeonnigDawsey2018" class="citation news cs1">Rucker, Philip; Costa, Robert; Leonnig, Carol D.; Dawsey, Josh (May 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/bigger-than-watergate-trump-joins-push-by-allies-to-expose-an-fbi-source/2018/05/17/db211542-59ea-11e8-8836-a4a123c359ab_story.html">"'Bigger than Watergate': Trump joins push by allies to expose role of an FBI source"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved May 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Bigger+than+Watergate%27%3A+Trump+joins+push+by+allies+to+expose+role+of+an+FBI+source&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Rucker&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Costa%2C+Robert&rft.au=Leonnig%2C+Carol+D.&rft.au=Dawsey%2C+Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fbigger-than-watergate-trump-joins-push-by-allies-to-expose-an-fbi-source%2F2018%2F05%2F17%2Fdb211542-59ea-11e8-8836-a4a123c359ab_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum2018" class="citation news cs1">Birnbaum, Emily (September 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/406008-trump-blasts-fbi-doj-over-strzok-page-media-leak-strategy/">"Trump blasts FBI, DOJ over Strzok-Page 'Media Leak Strategy'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved September 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Trump+blasts+FBI%2C+DOJ+over+Strzok-Page+%27Media+Leak+Strategy%27&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F406008-trump-blasts-fbi-doj-over-strzok-page-media-leak-strategy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelk2018" class="citation news cs1">Delk, Josh (May 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/387163-freedom-caucus-chairman-wants-financial-audit-of-mueller-investigation/">"Freedom Caucus chairman wants financial audit of Mueller investigation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved May 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Freedom+Caucus+chairman+wants+financial+audit+of+Mueller+investigation&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.aulast=Delk&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F387163-freedom-caucus-chairman-wants-financial-audit-of-mueller-investigation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrufke2018" class="citation web cs1">Brufke, Julie Grace (July 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/397340-freedom-caucus-lawmakers-call-on-doj-to-probe-rosenstein-allegations/">"Freedom Caucus lawmakers call on DOJ to probe Rosenstein allegations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved July 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Freedom+Caucus+lawmakers+call+on+DOJ+to+probe+Rosenstein+allegations&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft.aulast=Brufke&rft.aufirst=Julie+Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F397340-freedom-caucus-lawmakers-call-on-doj-to-probe-rosenstein-allegations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum2018" class="citation web cs1">Birnbaum, Emily (July 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/398931-republican-threatens-to-force-a-vote-on-rosenstein-impeachment/">"Meadows threatens to force a vote on Rosenstein impeachment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved July 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Meadows+threatens+to+force+a+vote+on+Rosenstein+impeachment&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F398931-republican-threatens-to-force-a-vote-on-rosenstein-impeachment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hendersonvillelightning.com/four-seasons-politics/7145-democrat-rips-meadows-justice-threat-as-obstruction-of-justice.html">"Democrat rips Meadows' Rosenstein threat as 'obstruction of justice'"</a>. Hendersonville Lightning. <a href="/wiki/Hendersonville,_North_Carolina" title="Hendersonville, North Carolina">Hendersonville, North Carolina</a>. Retrieved August 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hendersonville+Lightning&rft.atitle=Democrat+rips+Meadows%27+Rosenstein+threat+as+%27obstruction+of+justice%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hendersonvillelightning.com%2Ffour-seasons-politics%2F7145-democrat-rips-meadows-justice-threat-as-obstruction-of-justice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadows2021" class="citation book cs1">Meadows, Mark (December 7, 2021). The Chief's Chief. All Seasons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7374785-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7374785-2-2"><bdi>978-1-7374785-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chief%27s+Chief&rft.pub=All+Seasons+Press&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.isbn=978-1-7374785-2-2&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeHartson2021" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Burke, Louise; Hartson, Kate (June 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202173153/https://www.allseasonspress.com/articles/press-release-all-seasons-press/">"New publishing house to reject cancel culture and celebrate American ideals"</a> (Press release). All Seasons Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allseasonspress.com/articles/press-release-all-seasons-press/">the original</a> on December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+publishing+house+to+reject+cancel+culture+and+celebrate+American+ideals&rft.pub=All+Seasons+Press&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft.au=Hartson%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allseasonspress.com%2Farticles%2Fpress-release-all-seasons-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Anderson, Porter (June 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishingperspectives.com/2021/06/new-us-conservative-publisher-all-season-press-announces-opening/">"New US political publisher, All Season Press, announces opening"</a>. Publishing Perspectives. Retrieved December 2, 2021. <q>Publishers formerly with Hachette and Simon & Schuster open politically conservative All Seasons Press 'to take head-on the cancel culture' decried by Trump's advocates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishing+Perspectives&rft.atitle=New+US+political+publisher%2C+All+Season+Press%2C+announces+opening&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishingperspectives.com%2F2021%2F06%2Fnew-us-conservative-publisher-all-season-press-announces-opening%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Meadows" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Meadows&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heath_Shuler" title="Heath Shuler">Heath Shuler</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from North Carolina">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="North Carolina's 11th congressional district">North Carolina's 11th congressional district</a> 2013–2020 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Madison_Cawthorn" title="Madison Cawthorn">Madison Cawthorn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Jim Jordan</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">House Oversight Committee</a> 2020 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Jim Jordan</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jim Jordan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a> 2017–2019 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Biggs" title="Andy Biggs">Andy Biggs</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney" title="Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a> 2020–2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Renee_Ellmers" title="Renee Ellmers">Renee Ellmers</a></div>as Former US Representative </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Former US Representative </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pittenger" title="Robert Pittenger">Robert Pittenger</a></div>as Former US Representative </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/John_R._Steelman" title="John R. Steelman">Steelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Adams" title="Sherman Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Persons" title="Wilton Persons">Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O%27Donnell" title="Kenneth O'Donnell">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Jenkins" title="Walter Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Moyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Valenti" title="Jack Valenti">Valenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Marvin_Watson" title="W. Marvin Watson">M. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Jones" title="James R. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">Haldeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Jordan" title="Hamilton Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Watson_(presidential_adviser)" title="Jack Watson (presidential adviser)">J. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">J. Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">H. Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Duberstein" title="Kenneth Duberstein">Duberstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Skinner" title="Samuel K. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">J. 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href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/100px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/150px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/200px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2850" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Jim Mattis</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> (2019–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">William Barr</a> (2019–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Zinke" title="Ryan Zinke">Ryan Zinke</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bernhardt" title="David Bernhardt">David Bernhardt</a> (2019–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Sonny Perdue</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ross" title="Wilbur Ross">Wilbur Ross</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Acosta" title="Alexander Acosta">Alexander Acosta</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Scalia" title="Eugene Scalia">Eugene Scalia</a> (2019–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">Tom Price</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Azar" title="Alex Azar">Alex Azar</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Brouillette" title="Dan Brouillette">Dan Brouillette</a> (2019–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Shulkin" title="David Shulkin">David Shulkin</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilkie" title="Robert Wilkie">Robert Wilkie</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kelly" title="John F. Kelly">John F. Kelly</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirstjen_Nielsen" title="Kirstjen Nielsen">Kirstjen Nielsen</a> (2017–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Pruitt" title="Scott Pruitt">Scott Pruitt</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_R._Wheeler" title="Andrew R. Wheeler">Andrew R. Wheeler</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney" title="Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney</a> (2017–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Coats" title="Dan Coats">Dan Coats</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(American_politician)" title="John Ratcliffe (American politician)">John Ratcliffe</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Director of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Haspel" title="Gina Haspel">Gina Haspel</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lighthizer" title="Robert Lighthizer">Robert Lighthizer</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a> (2017–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_McMahon" title="Linda McMahon">Linda McMahon</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovita_Carranza" title="Jovita Carranza">Jovita Carranza</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Reince Priebus</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kelly" title="John F. Kelly">John F. Kelly</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mark Meadows</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_of_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Political appointments of Donald Trump">Political appointments of Donald Trump</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Carolina&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_113th–116th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Carolina&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_113th–116th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_North_Carolina" title="United States congressional delegations from North Carolina">North Carolina</a>'s delegation(s) to the 113th–116th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">R. Burr</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Kay_Hagan" title="Kay Hagan">K. Hagan</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from North Carolina">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Howard_Coble" title="Howard Coble">H. Coble</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Price_(American_politician)" title="David Price (American politician)">D. Price</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mel_Watt" title="Mel Watt">M. Watt</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Jones_Jr." title="Walter B. Jones Jr.">W. Jones Jr.</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_McIntyre" title="Mike McIntyre">M. McIntyre</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Virginia_Foxx" title="Virginia Foxx">V. Foxx</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_McHenry" title="Patrick McHenry">P. McHenry</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Renee_Ellmers" title="Renee Ellmers">R. Ellmers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Holding" title="George Holding">G. Holding</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Hudson_(American_politician)" title="Richard Hudson (American politician)">R. Hudson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Meadows</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Pittenger" title="Robert Pittenger">R. Pittenger</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Alma_Adams" title="Alma Adams">A. Adams</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">R. Burr</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">T. Tillis</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from North Carolina">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Price_(American_politician)" title="David Price (American politician)">D. Price</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Jones_Jr." title="Walter B. Jones Jr.">W. Jones Jr.</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Virginia_Foxx" title="Virginia Foxx">V. Foxx</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_McHenry" title="Patrick McHenry">P. McHenry</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Renee_Ellmers" title="Renee Ellmers">R. Ellmers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Holding" title="George Holding">G. Holding</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Hudson_(American_politician)" title="Richard Hudson (American politician)">R. Hudson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Meadows</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Pittenger" title="Robert Pittenger">R. Pittenger</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Alma_Adams" title="Alma Adams">A. Adams</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Rouzer" title="David Rouzer">D. Rouzer</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mark_Walker_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="Mark Walker (North Carolina politician)">M. Walker</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">R. Burr</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">T. Tillis</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from North Carolina">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Price_(American_politician)" title="David Price (American politician)">D. Price</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Jones_Jr." title="Walter B. Jones Jr.">W. Jones Jr.</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Virginia_Foxx" title="Virginia Foxx">V. Foxx</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_McHenry" title="Patrick McHenry">P. McHenry</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Holding" title="George Holding">G. Holding</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Hudson_(American_politician)" title="Richard Hudson (American politician)">R. Hudson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Meadows</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Pittenger" title="Robert Pittenger">R. Pittenger</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Alma_Adams" title="Alma Adams">A. Adams</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Rouzer" title="David Rouzer">D. Rouzer</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mark_Walker_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="Mark Walker (North Carolina politician)">M. Walker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Budd" title="Ted Budd">T. Budd</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">R. Burr</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">T. Tillis</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from North Carolina">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Price_(American_politician)" title="David Price (American politician)">D. Price</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Jones_Jr." title="Walter B. Jones Jr.">W. Jones Jr.</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Virginia_Foxx" title="Virginia Foxx">V. Foxx</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_McHenry" title="Patrick McHenry">P. McHenry</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Holding" title="George Holding">G. Holding</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Hudson_(American_politician)" title="Richard Hudson (American politician)">R. Hudson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Meadows</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Alma_Adams" title="Alma Adams">A. Adams</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Rouzer" title="David Rouzer">D. Rouzer</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mark_Walker_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="Mark Walker (North Carolina politician)">M. Walker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Budd" title="Ted Budd">T. Budd</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Bishop" title="Dan Bishop">D. Bishop</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Greg_Murphy_(politician)" title="Greg Murphy (politician)">G. Murphy</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template:First impeachment and impeachment trial of Donald Trump"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template talk:First impeachment and impeachment trial of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First impeachment and impeachment trial of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">First <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">impeachment</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">impeachment trial</a> of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump" title="Efforts to impeach Donald Trump">Efforts to impeach Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump" title="List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump">Resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump">Inquiry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Testifying witnesses: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atkinson_(Inspector_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Atkinson (Inspector General)">Michael Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Cooper" title="Laura Cooper">Laura Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Croft" title="Catherine Croft">Catherine Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hale_(diplomat)" title="David Hale (diplomat)">David Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Hill_(presidential_advisor)" title="Fiona Hill (presidential advisor)">Fiona Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Holmes_(diplomat)" title="David Holmes (diplomat)">David Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Linick" title="Steve Linick">Steve Linick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Maguire" title="Joseph Maguire">Joseph Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Morrison_(presidential_advisor)" title="Tim Morrison (presidential advisor)">Tim Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_T._Reeker" title="Philip T. Reeker">Philip T. Reeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sandy" title="Mark Sandy">Mark Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sondland" title="Gordon Sondland">Gordon Sondland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Taylor_Jr." title="William B. Taylor Jr.">William B. Taylor Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vindman" title="Alexander Vindman">Alexander Vindman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Volker" title="Kurt Volker">Kurt Volker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Williams" title="Jennifer Williams">Jennifer Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Yovanovitch" title="Marie Yovanovitch">Marie Yovanovitch</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Impeachment trial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Presiding officer: <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li> House managers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Schiff" title="Adam Schiff">Adam Schiff</a> (lead manager)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Crow" title="Jason Crow">Jason Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Demings" title="Val Demings">Val Demings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Garcia" title="Sylvia Garcia">Sylvia Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren">Zoe Lofgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li></ul> President's counsel: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Bondi" title="Pam Bondi">Pam Bondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Cipollone" title="Pat Cipollone">Pat Cipollone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_F._Philbin" title="Patrick F. Philbin">Patrick F. Philbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Purpura" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Purpura">Michael Purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ray_(prosecutor)" title="Robert Ray (prosecutor)">Robert Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Sekulow" title="Jay Sekulow">Jay Sekulow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a></li></ul> Congressional defense team: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Collins_(politician)" title="Doug Collins (politician)">Doug Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jim Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Lesko" title="Debbie Lesko">Debbie Lesko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mark Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(American_politician)" title="John Ratcliffe (American politician)">John Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Zeldin" title="Lee Zeldin">Lee Zeldin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump" title="Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump">Proposed expungement</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3956796#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3956796#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3956796#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000499793206">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7337154441755335460008">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDmB4TBTGChPqD8VMdcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1173521054">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018166027">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001187">US Congress</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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