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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A-not-A_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-A_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>A-not-A form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-A_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AB-not-AB_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AB-not-AB_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>AB-not-AB form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AB-not-AB_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A-not-AB_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-AB_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>A-not-AB form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-AB_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AB-not-A_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AB-not-A_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>AB-not-A form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AB-not-A_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-a-not-A_form_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#a-not-A_form_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>a-not-A form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-a-not-A_form_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-a-not-AB_form_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#a-not-AB_form_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>a-not-AB form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-a-not-AB_form_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_forms_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_forms_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Similar forms in English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Similar_forms_in_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Similar forms in English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Similar_forms_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approximations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approximations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Approximations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approximations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A-not-A_form_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-A_form_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>A-not-A form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-A_form_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AB-not-A_form_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AB-not-A_form_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>AB-not-A form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AB-not-A_form_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A-not-AB_form_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-AB_form_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>A-not-AB form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-AB_form_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AB-not-AB_form_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AB-not-AB_form_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>AB-not-AB form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AB-not-AB_form_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sinitic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sinitic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Sinitic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Sinitic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Sinitic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Sinitic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NQ_Morpheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NQ_Morpheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>NQ Morpheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NQ_Morpheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarity_to_kam-type_questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarity_to_kam-type_questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Similarity to kam-type questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarity_to_kam-type_questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement,_sensitivity,_and_parallels_to_weishenme_'why'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement,_sensitivity,_and_parallels_to_weishenme_'why'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Movement, sensitivity, and parallels to weishenme 'why'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement,_sensitivity,_and_parallels_to_weishenme_'why'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensitivity_to_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensitivity_to_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Sensitivity to islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensitivity_to_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinitic_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinitic_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sinitic examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sinitic_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sinitic examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sinitic_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Mandarin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Mandarin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In Mandarin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Mandarin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A-not-A_form_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-A_form_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>A-not-A form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-A_form_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AB-not-AB_form_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AB-not-AB_form_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.2</span> <span>AB-not-AB form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AB-not-AB_form_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A-not-AB_form_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-AB_form_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.3</span> <span>A-not-AB form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-AB_form_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AB-not-A_form_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AB-not-A_form_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.4</span> <span>AB-not-A form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AB-not-A_form_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-a-not-A_form_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#a-not-A_form_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.5</span> <span>a-not-A form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-a-not-A_form_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-a-not-AB_form_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#a-not-AB_form_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.6</span> <span>a-not-AB form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-a-not-AB_form_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_particles_used_to_form_A-not-A_questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_particles_used_to_form_A-not-A_questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Grammatical particles used to form A-not-A questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_particles_used_to_form_A-not-A_questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Verb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjective_or_adverb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_or_adverb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.2</span> <span>Adjective or adverb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_or_adverb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.3</span> <span>Preposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.4</span> <span>Modal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A-not-A_questions_in_Cantonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-A_questions_in_Cantonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>A-not-A questions in Cantonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-A_questions_in_Cantonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patterns_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A-not-A_form_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-A_form_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>A-not-A form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-A_form_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AB-not-AB_form_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AB-not-AB_form_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.2</span> <span>AB-not-AB form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AB-not-AB_form_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A-not-AB_form_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-AB_form_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.3</span> <span>A-not-AB form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-AB_form_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AB-not-A_form_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AB-not-A_form_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.4</span> <span>AB-not-A form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AB-not-A_form_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Amoy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Amoy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In Amoy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Amoy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_markers_in_Amoy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_markers_in_Amoy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Negative markers in Amoy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_markers_in_Amoy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A-not-A_constructions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-A_constructions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>A-not-A constructions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-A_constructions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_auxiliaries_that_can_be_used_as_main_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_auxiliaries_that_can_be_used_as_main_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1</span> <span>With auxiliaries that can be used as main verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_auxiliaries_that_can_be_used_as_main_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U_—_bou:_'have_—_not_have'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U_—_bou:_'have_—_not_have'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1.1</span> <span><span><i>U — bou</i></span>: 'have — not have'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U_—_bou:_'have_—_not_have'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bat_—_m_bat:_'to_have_experienced_—_not_to_have_experienced'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bat_—_m_bat:_'to_have_experienced_—_not_to_have_experienced'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1.2</span> <span><span><i>Bat — m bat</i></span>: 'to have experienced — not to have experienced'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bat_—_m_bat:_'to_have_experienced_—_not_to_have_experienced'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Si_—_m_si:_'to_be_—_not_to_be'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Si_—_m_si:_'to_be_—_not_to_be'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1.3</span> <span><span><i>Si — m si</i></span>: 'to be — not to be'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Si_—_m_si:_'to_be_—_not_to_be'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_auxiliaries_that_cannot_be_used_as_main_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_auxiliaries_that_cannot_be_used_as_main_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.2</span> <span>With auxiliaries that cannot be used as main verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_auxiliaries_that_cannot_be_used_as_main_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beq_—_m:_'to_want_to_—_not_to_want_to'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beq_—_m:_'to_want_to_—_not_to_want_to'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.2.1</span> <span><span><i>Beq — m</i></span>: 'to want to — not to want to'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beq_—_m:_'to_want_to_—_not_to_want_to'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiouq_—_m_bian:_'must_—_must_not'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiouq_—_m_bian:_'must_—_must_not'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.2.2</span> <span><span><i>Tiouq — m bian</i></span>: 'must — must not'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiouq_—_m_bian:_'must_—_must_not'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-T'ang_—_m_t'ang:_'may_—_may_not'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#T'ang_—_m_t'ang:_'may_—_may_not'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.2.3</span> <span><span><i>T'ang — m t'ang</i></span>: 'may — may not'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-T'ang_—_m_t'ang:_'may_—_may_not'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E_—_bue:_'could_—_could_not'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E_—_bue:_'could_—_could_not'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.2.4</span> <span><span><i>E — bue</i></span>: 'could — could not'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E_—_bue:_'could_—_could_not'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E_tang_—_bue_tang:_'can,_ability_to_do_something_—_can't,_inability_to_do_something'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E_tang_—_bue_tang:_'can,_ability_to_do_something_—_can't,_inability_to_do_something'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.2.5</span> <span><span><i>E tang — bue tang</i></span>: 'can, ability to do something — can't, inability to do something'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E_tang_—_bue_tang:_'can,_ability_to_do_something_—_can't,_inability_to_do_something'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E_sai_—_bue_sai:_'could,_can_manage_to_or_might_—_couldn't,_couldn't_manage_or_might_not'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E_sai_—_bue_sai:_'could,_can_manage_to_or_might_—_couldn't,_couldn't_manage_or_might_not'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.2.6</span> <span><span><i>E sai — bue sai</i></span>: 'could, can manage to or might — couldn't, couldn't manage or might not'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E_sai_—_bue_sai:_'could,_can_manage_to_or_might_—_couldn't,_couldn't_manage_or_might_not'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E_hiau_—_bue_hiau:_'to_know_how/be_knowledgeable_about_—_not_to_know_how/be_knowledgeable_about'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E_hiau_—_bue_hiau:_'to_know_how/be_knowledgeable_about_—_not_to_know_how/be_knowledgeable_about'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.2.7</span> <span><span><i>E hiau — bue hiau</i></span>: 'to know how/be knowledgeable about — not to know how/be knowledgeable about'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E_hiau_—_bue_hiau:_'to_know_how/be_knowledgeable_about_—_not_to_know_how/be_knowledgeable_about'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Korean</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Korean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Korean subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-predicate_negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-predicate_negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pre-predicate negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-predicate_negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-An" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span><span><i>An</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span><span><i>Mos</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inherently-negative_predicate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inherently-negative_predicate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Inherently-negative predicate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inherently-negative_predicate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molu-" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molu-"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span><span><i>Molu-</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molu--sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eps-" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eps-"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span><span><i>Eps-</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eps--sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ani-" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ani-"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span><span><i>Ani-</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ani--sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_modal_auxiliary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_modal_auxiliary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Negative modal auxiliary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_modal_auxiliary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span><span><i>Mal</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Conditional criteria for grammatical A-not-A question derivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional_criteria_for_grammatical_A-not-A_question_derivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A-not-A_operator_lowering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-not-A_operator_lowering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>A-not-A operator lowering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-not-A_operator_lowering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplication_of_first_syllable_of_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication_of_first_syllable_of_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Reduplication of first syllable of adjacent morphosyntactic word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication_of_first_syllable_of_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplication_of_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication_of_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Reduplication of adjacent morphosyntactic word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication_of_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplication_of_the_maximal_projection_containing_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication_of_the_maximal_projection_containing_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Reduplication of the maximal projection containing adjacent morphosyntactic word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication_of_the_maximal_projection_containing_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, an <b>A-not-A question</b>, also known as an <b>A-neg-A</b> question, is a <a href="/wiki/Polar_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar question">polar question</a> that offers two opposite possibilities for the answer. Predominantly researched in <a href="/wiki/Sinitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinitic">Sinitic</a> languages, the A-not-A question offers a choice between an affirmative <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> and its negative counterpart. They are functionally regarded as a type of <a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">"yes/no" question</a>, though A-not-A questions have a unique interrogative type pattern which does not permit simple yes/no answers and instead requires a response that echoes the original question. Therefore, to properly answer the query, the recipient must select the positive (affirmative form "A") or negative (negative predicate form "not-A") version and use it in the formation of their response.<sup id="cite_ref-gasde_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A-not-A questions are often interpreted as having a "neutral" presupposition or are used in neutral contexts,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that the interrogator does not presume the truth value of the proposition expressed in the question. The overarching principle is the value-neutral contrast of the positive and negative forms of a premise. The label of "A-not-A question" may refer to the specific occurrence of these question types in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> or, more broadly, to encompass other dialect-specific question types such as <i>kam</i> questions in <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> or <i>ka</i> questions in Singapore Teochew (ST), though these types possess unique properties and can even occur in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> with the A-not-A question type.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wider category of A-not-A questions contains multiple distinct forms. These forms are differentiated on the basis of the location of the Negation constituent and the presence or absence of duplicate material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A-not-A_form">A-not-A form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: A-not-A form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the most atomic form of the A-not-A question, which contains two identical instances of the constituent A separated by negation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AB-not-AB_form">AB-not-AB form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: AB-not-AB form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a more complex form, containing two instances of the complex constituent AB separated by the negation. AB may represent an embedded clause, a subject joined with a prepositional phrase, or a verb phrase containing a DP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A-not-AB_form">A-not-AB form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A-not-AB form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This form contains two unique constituents, A and AB, separated by the negation. A and AB are similar in that AB contains the entire content of A, but constituents are present in AB that are not present in A. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AB-not-A_form">AB-not-A form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: AB-not-A form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This form is similar to the A-not-AB form, but the more complex constituent AB occurs before the negation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="a-not-A_form_2">a-not-A form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: a-not-A form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This form is only found in instances where A is disyllabic constituent with initial syllable a, and the two constituents are separated by negation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="a-not-AB_form_2">a-not-AB form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: a-not-AB form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This form is similar to the a-not-A form with a representing the initial syllable of A and the two separated by negation, but A is joined to another constituent to form the complex constituent AB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_forms_in_English">Similar forms in English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Similar forms in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the English question (1.a) "Are you happy or sad?", the response to this question must be an <a href="/wiki/Echo_answer" title="Echo answer">echo answer</a>, stating either "I am happy," or the acceptable alternative, "I am sad". In other words, this sentence is a <a href="/wiki/Leading_question" title="Leading question">leading question</a>, where the speaker has an expectation as to what the answer will be. In contrast, (1.b) "Are you happy or not?" is a neutral question where the answer to this can be <a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">yes or no</a> in response to the first and more explicitly stated alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre> (1.a) Q: Are you <b>happy</b> or <b>sad</b>? A: I am happy. I am sad. (1.b) Q: Are you <b>happy</b> or <b>not (happy)</b>? A: Yes. No. </pre> <p>A-not-A questions are not usually used in English, but the following example shows how A-not-A questions are answered. </p> <pre> (2) Q: Did John eat beans or not? A: (Yes,) John ate beans. (No,) John didn't eat beans. *Yes. *No.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </pre> <p>As seen in this example, simply answering "Yes" or "No" does not suffice as a response to the question. This question must be answered in the "A" or "not A" form. If this question was asked in the A-not-A pattern, its direct form would be "Did John eat or not eat the beans?". However, the above examples also illustrate that A-not-A type questions in English usually contain some comparative operator such as "or" which is not seen in the Sinitic forms. There is also no significant evidence of either of the disyllabic A-not-A forms in English. These factors complicate the inclusion of English in the set of languages that contain the A-not-A question type, and though there are close English approximations in some cases, the A-not-A question is more accurately exemplified in Sinitic languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approximations">Approximations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Approximations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are examples of English approximations of the A-not-A question. They are similar to the Sinitic A-not-A in that they present two possibilities and require an echoed response. However, they include an extra segment ("or" in the below examples) in order to read grammatically, which changes these approximations to an alternative question (AltQ) type. This extra segment is not seen in Sinitic A-not-A questions, and in fact the Mandarin segment <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">還是</span></span> <i>haishi</i> 'or' is used to contrast the syntax of the A-not-A form and demonstrate the latter's sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Island_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Island (linguistics)">islands</a>. Nevertheless, for the convenience of understanding this phenomenon from the perspective of an English speaker, the below examples are included to provide context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A-not-A_form_3">A-not-A form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A-not-A form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <pre>(1) Was John at the party or not at the party? </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AB-not-A_form_2">AB-not-A form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: AB-not-A form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <pre>(2) Was John at the party last night or not at the party? </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A-not-AB_form_3">A-not-AB form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: A-not-AB form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <pre>(4) Was John at the party or not at the party last night? </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AB-not-AB_form_2">AB-not-AB form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: AB-not-AB form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <pre>(3) Was John at the party last night or not at the party last night? </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Sinitic">In Sinitic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Sinitic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NQ_Morpheme">NQ Morpheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: NQ Morpheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is proposed that the A-not-A sequence is morpheme created by the reduplication of the interrogative morpheme (represented by the A in A-not-A).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the specific syntactic location of this morpheme is not agreed upon, it is generally accepted that the A-not-A sequence is essentially a word formed by the concatenation of an abstract question morpheme and this duplicated predicate, which likens it to a VP-proclitic. This Morpheme is referred to as NQ in order to represent its character as negative and interrogative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarity_to_kam-type_questions">Similarity to kam-type questions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Similarity to kam-type questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An extensive cross-dialectic survey conducted in 1985 concluded that the Taiwanese question particle kam appears in the same contexts as the hypothesized Mandarin NQ.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this, it was concluded that kam-type questions and A-not-A questions are in complementary distribution: a language either has kam-type questions or A-not-A questions but not both. It was also interpreted that kam and NQ are "different morphological exponents of the same underlying morpheme".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement,_sensitivity,_and_parallels_to_weishenme_'why'"><span id="Movement.2C_sensitivity.2C_and_parallels_to_weishenme_.27why.27"></span>Movement, sensitivity, and parallels to weishenme 'why'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Movement, sensitivity, and parallels to weishenme 'why'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the yes/no question type formed using the segment "ma", the A-not-A question can be embedded, and may scope beyond its own clause. This scoping may be blocked if the original location of NQ and its intended final location are separated by an <a href="/wiki/Island_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Island (linguistics)">island</a> boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These distributional characteristics of NQ are parallel to non-nominal adjunct question particle <i>weishenme</i> 'why'. Due to the uncontroversial nature of the movement-based analysis of <i>weishenme,</i> the similarity of the NQ to <i>weishenme</i> implies that NQ may be subject to the same analysis of its movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sensitivity_to_islands">Sensitivity to islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sensitivity to islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>. In particular, "Islands" needs to be defined here..<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:A-not-A_question" title="Talk:A-not-A question">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The dominant view on A-not-A questions is that NQ is similar to a wh-word and related by the movement of NQ.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This movement is not seen in alternative-type questions using <i>haishi</i> 'or', and therefore delineates A-not-A questions from alternative questions in terms of structure. Due to this syntactic differentiation, A-not-A questions may be contrasted with <i>haishi</i> questions for the purpose of revealing island sensitivity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinitic_examples">Sinitic examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sinitic examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are examples of A-not-A questions in languages belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_linguistic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinitic linguistic family">Sinitic linguistic family</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Mandarin">In Mandarin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Mandarin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In forming A-not-A questions, A must remain the same on both sides. A is essentially a variable which can be replaced with a grammatical particle such as a <a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">modal</a>, adverb, adjective, verb, or preposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patterns">Patterns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, there are 6 attested patterns of A-not-A: A-not-A, AB-not-AB, A-not-AB, AB-not-A, a-not-A, and a-not-AB of which "A" stands for the full form of the predicate, "B" stands for the complement, and "a" stands for the first syllable of a disyllabic predicate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="A-not-A_form_4">A-not-A form</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: A-not-A form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (3) illustrates that A-not-A pattern, where A is the verb <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">qu</i></span> 'go', and <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">qu bu qu</i></span> is 'go not go'. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(3)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>去</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>qù</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>去</b>？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>qù</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>去</b> 不 <b>去</b>？</p><p style="display: none;">nǐ <b>qù</b> bù <b>qù</b></p><p style="display: none;">you <b>go</b> not <b>go</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Are you going?<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="AB-not-AB_form_3">AB-not-AB form</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: AB-not-AB form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (4) illustrates the AB-not-AB pattern, where AB is the constituent consisting of the verb <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rende</i></span>, 'know', as A, and the complement <i><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">zhe ge ren</i></span></i>, 'this CL man', as B, combining to form the AB constituent <i><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rende zhe ge ren</i></span></i> 'know this CL man'. This produces <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><i>rende zhe ge</i> <i>bu</i> <i>rende</i> <i>zhe ge ren</i></i></span>, 'know this CL man not know this CL man.' </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(4)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>認得</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>rèndé</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>know</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">這</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zhè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">個</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gè</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">人</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rén</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>認得</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>rèndé</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>know</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">這</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zhè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">個</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gè</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">人？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rén</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>認得</b> 這個人不 <b>認得</b> 這個人？</p><p style="display: none;">nǐ <b>rèndé</b> zhè gè rén bù <b>rèndé</b> zhè gè rén</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>know</b> this CL man not <b>know</b> this CL man</p><p style="clear: left;">Do you know this man?<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="A-not-AB_form_4">A-not-AB form</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: A-not-AB form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (5) illustrates the A-not-AB pattern, where A is the verb <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rende</i></span>, 'know', AB is the constituent consisting of the A verb <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rende</i></span>, 'know', and the complement <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">zhe ge ren</i></span>, 'this CL man', as B, combining to form the AB constituent <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rende zhe ge ren</i></span> 'know this CL man'. This produces <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rende bu rende zhe ge ren</i></span>, 'know not know this CL man'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(5)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>認得</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>rèndé</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>know</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>認得</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>rèndé</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>know</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">這</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zhè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">個</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gè</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">人？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rén</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>認得</b> 不 <b>認得</b> 這個人？</p><p style="display: none;">nǐ <b>rèndé</b> bù <b>rèndé</b> zhè gè rén</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>know</b> not <b>know</b> this CL man</p><p style="clear: left;">Do you know this man?<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="AB-not-A_form_3">AB-not-A form</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: AB-not-A form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (6) illustrates the AB-not-A pattern, where AB is the constituent <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rende zhe ge ren</i></span>, 'know this CL man' consisting of <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rende</i></span>, 'know' as A and <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">zhe ge ren</i></span>, 'this CL man as B; A is likewise <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rende</i></span>, 'know', in the second part of the construction. This produces <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rende zhe ge ren bu rende</i></span>, 'know this CL man not know'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(6)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>認得</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>rèndé</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>know</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">這</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zhè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">個</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gè</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">人</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rén</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>認得</b>?</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>rèndé</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>know</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>認得</b> 這個人不 <b>認得</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">nǐ <b>rèndé</b> zhè gè rén bù <b>rèndé</b></p><p style="display: none;">you <b>know</b> this CL man not <b>know</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Do you know this man?<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="a-not-A_form_5">a-not-A form</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: a-not-A form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (7) illustrates the a-not-A pattern, where a is the first syllable, <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">fang</i></span>, of the disyllabic predicate <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">fangbian</i></span>, 'convenient', and A is the full predicate <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">fangbian</i></span>, and <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">fang-bu-fangbian</i></span> is 'con(venient)-not convenient'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(7)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">知道</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zhīdào</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>方</b> 不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>fāng</b>-bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>con(venient)</b>-not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>方便</b>？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>fāngbiàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>convenient</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">不知道你 {<b>方</b> 不} <b>方便</b>？</p><p style="display: none;">bù zhīdào nǐ <b>fāng</b>-bù <b>fāngbiàn</b></p><p style="display: none;">not know you <b>con(venient)</b>-not <b>convenient</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Is that all right with you?<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="a-not-AB_form_5">a-not-AB form</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: a-not-AB form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (8) illustrates the a-not-AB pattern, where a is the first syllable, <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">he</i></span>, of the disyllabic predicate <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">heshi</i></span>, 'suitable', and AB is the constituent consisting of <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">heshi</i></span>, 'suitable' as A and <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">jiao quan</i></span>, 'teaching fist' as B, combining to form the AB constituent <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">heshi jia quan</i></span>, 'suitable teaching fist'. This produces <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">he-bu heshi jian quan</i></span>, 'suit(able)-not suitable teaching fist'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(8)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">看</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kàn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">這裡</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zhèlǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">here</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>合</b>不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hé</b>bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>suit(able)</b>-not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>合適</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>héshì</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>suitable</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">教</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jiào</p><p style="margin: 0px;">teaching</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">拳?</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">quán?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fist</p></div><p style="display: none;">你看這裡 <b>合</b>不 <b>合適</b> 教拳?</p><p style="display: none;">nǐ kàn zhèlǐ <b>hé</b>bù <b>héshì</b> jiào quán?</p><p style="display: none;">you see here <b>suit(able)</b>-not <b>suitable</b> teaching fist</p><p style="clear: left;">Is this suitable for your martial club?<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grammatical_particles_used_to_form_A-not-A_questions">Grammatical particles used to form A-not-A questions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Grammatical particles used to form A-not-A questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A-not-A can be formed by a verb, an adjective, or an adverb,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as modals.<sup id="cite_ref-gasde_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Verb">Verb</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Verb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative clause">interrogative clause</a>, A-not-A occurs by repeating the first part in the verbal group (with the option of an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary</a>) and the negative form of the particle is placed in between. However, this clause does not apply when using <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>. Instead, <span lang="zh">沒有</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">meiyou</span></i> is used to replace the repeated verb used in A-not-A form.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>V-NEG-V type:<sup id="cite_ref-gasde_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Here, the verb <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">qu</i></span>, 'go', is A, and there is no object. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1088965794">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .columns-start .column{float:left;min-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .columns-2 .column{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .columns-3 .column{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .columns-4 .column{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .columns-5 .column{width:20%}}</style><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(9.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>去</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>qù</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>去</b>？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>qù</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>去</b> 不 <b>去</b>？</p><p style="display: none;">nǐ <b>qù</b> bù <b>qù</b></p><p style="display: none;">you <b>go</b> not <b>go</b></p><p style="display: none;">DP <b>V</b> NEG <b>V</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Are you <b>going</b>?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>去</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>qù</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>去</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>qù</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: <b>去</b> / 不 <b>去</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>qù</b> / bù <b>qù</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>go</b> / not <b>go</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>V</b> / NEG <b>V</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Yes/No</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <dl><dd>V-NEG-V-Object type:<sup id="cite_ref-gasde_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Here the verb <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">kan</i></span>, 'watch', is again A, and while there is an object, the object is not included in "A", and is therefore not <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplicated</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(9.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">电影？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">diànyǐng?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">movie</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>看</b> 不 <b>看</b> 电影？</p><p style="display: none;">nǐ <b>kàn</b> bù <b>kàn</b> diànyǐng?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>watch</b> not <b>watch</b> movie</p><p style="display: none;">N <b>V</b> NEG <b>V</b> N</p><p style="clear: left;">Will you <b>watch</b> the movie?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: <b>看</b> / 不 <b>看</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>kàn</b> / bù <b>kàn</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>watch</b> / not <b>watch</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>V</b> / NEG <b>V</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Yes/No.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <dl><dd>V-Object-NEG type:<sup id="cite_ref-gasde_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Here, the verb <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">kan</i></span>, 'watch', is likewise A, and while the object is included before NEG, it is not included in A, and is therefore not reduplicated, although it remains an option. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(9.c)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">电影</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">diànyǐng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">movie</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>看</b> 电影不？</p><p style="display: none;">nǐ <b>kàn</b> diànyǐng bù?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>watch</b> movie not</p><p style="display: none;">N <b>V</b> DP NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">Will you <b>watch</b> the movie?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: <b>看</b> / 不 <b>看</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>kàn</b> / bù <b>kàn</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>watch</b> / not <b>watch</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>V</b> / NEG <b>V</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Yes/No</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <dl><dd>V-Object-NEG-V type<sup id="cite_ref-gasde_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(debatable):</dd></dl> <p>Here, the verb <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">kan</i></span>, 'watch', is also used for A, and while the object is included before NEG, it is not included in A, and is therefore not reduplicated. A is reduplicated here. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(9.d)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">电影</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">diànyǐng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">movie</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b>？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>看</b> 电影不 <b>看</b>？</p><p style="display: none;">nǐ <b>kàn</b> diànyǐng bù <b>kàn</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>watch</b> movie not <b>watch</b></p><p style="display: none;">DP <b>V</b> DP NEG <b>V</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Will you <b>watch</b> the movie?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>看</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kàn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>watch</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: <b>看</b> / 不 <b>看</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>kàn</b> / bù <b>kàn</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>watch</b> / not <b>watch</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>V</b> / NEG <b>V</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Yes/No</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <dl><dd>Answers to (9.a), (9.b), (9.c), and (9.d) must be in the form "V" or "not-V"</dd></dl> <p>There is some debate among speakers as to whether or not 3.d. is grammatical, and Gasde argues that it is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Adjective_or_adverb">Adjective or adverb</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Adjective or adverb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>A-NEG-A type:<sup id="cite_ref-gasde_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Here, the adjective <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">hao</i></span>, 'good', is A, and it is reduplicated. The word <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">ben</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">classifier</a>, which means it is a counter word for the noun 'book'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(10.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">这</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zhè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">本</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">běn</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">书</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">shū</p><p style="margin: 0px;">book</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>好</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hǎo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>good</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adjective">A</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>好</b>？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hǎo</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>good</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adjective">A</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">这本书 <b>好</b> 不 <b>好</b>？</p><p style="display: none;">zhè běn shū <b>hǎo</b> bù <b>hǎo</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">this CL book <b>good</b> not <b>good</b></p><p style="display: none;">DP {} {} <b>A</b> NEG <b>A</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Is this book <b>good</b>?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>好</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hǎo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>good</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adjective">A</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>好</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hǎo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>good</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adjective">A</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: <b>好</b> / 不 <b>好</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>hǎo</b> / bù <b>hǎo</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>good</b> / not <b>good</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>A</b> / NEG <b>A</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Yes/No</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <dl><dd>A-NEG type:<sup id="cite_ref-gasde_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Here, the adjective <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">hao</i></span>, 'good', is A, but it is not reduplicated. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(10.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">这</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zhè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">本</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">běn</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">书</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">shū</p><p style="margin: 0px;">book</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>好</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hǎo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>good</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adjective">A</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">这本书 <b>好</b> 不？</p><p style="display: none;">zhè běn shū <b>hǎo</b> bù?</p><p style="display: none;">this CL book <b>good</b> not</p><p style="display: none;">DP {} {} <b>A</b> NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">Is this book good?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>好</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hǎo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>good</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adjective">A</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>好</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hǎo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>good</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adjective">A</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: <b>好</b> / 不 <b>好</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>hǎo</b> / bù <b>hǎo</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>good</b> / not <b>good</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>A</b> / NEG <b>A</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Yes/No</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <dl><dd>Answers to (10.a), (10.b) must be in the form A or not-A.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Preposition">Preposition</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Preposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>P-NEG-P type:<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Here, the preposition <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">zai</i></span>, 'at', is A, and it is reduplicated. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(11.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">张三</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Zhāngsān</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Zhangsan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>在</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zài</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>at</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb">P</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>在</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zài</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>at</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb">P</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">图书馆？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">túshūguǎn?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">library</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">张三 <b>在</b> 不 <b>在</b> 图书馆？</p><p style="display: none;">Zhāngsān <b>zài</b> bù <b>zài</b> túshūguǎn?</p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan <b>at</b> not <b>at</b> library</p><p style="display: none;">DP <b>P</b> NEG <b>P</b> DP</p><p style="clear: left;">Is Zhangsan <b>at</b> the library?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>在</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zài</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>at</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb">P</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>在</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zài</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>at</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb">P</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: <b>在</b> / 不 <b>在</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>zài</b> / bù <b>zài</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>at</b> / not <b>at</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>P</b> / NEG <b>P</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Yes/No</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <dl><dd>P-NEG-P type:<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Here, the preposition <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">zai</i></span>, 'at', is A, and it is not reduplicated. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(11.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">张三</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Zhāngsān</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Zhangsan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>在</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zài</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>at</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb">P</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">图书馆</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">túshūguǎn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">library</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不？</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">张三 <b>在</b> 图书馆不？</p><p style="display: none;">Zhāngsān <b>zài</b> túshūguǎn bù?</p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan <b>at</b> library not</p><p style="display: none;">DP <b>P</b> DP NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">Is Zhangsan <b>at</b> the library?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>在</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zài</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>at</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb">P</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>在</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zài</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>at</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb">P</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: <b>在</b> / 不 <b>在</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>zài</b> / bù <b>zài</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>at</b> / not <b>at</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>P</b> / NEG <b>P</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Yes/No</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <dl><dd>Answers to (11.a) and (11.b) must be in the form P or not-P.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Modal">Modal</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>M-NEG-M-V-Object type:<sup id="cite_ref-gasde_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Here, the modal <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">dare</i></span> is A and it is reduplicated. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(12.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>敢</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>gǎn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>dare</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>敢</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>gǎn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>dare</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">杀</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">shā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kill</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">鸡?</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jī?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">chicken</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner phrase" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>敢</b> 不 <b>敢</b> 杀鸡?</p><p style="display: none;">nǐ <b>gǎn</b> bù <b>gǎn</b> shā jī?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>dare</b> not <b>dare</b> kill chicken</p><p style="display: none;">N <b>M</b> NEG <b>M</b> V DP</p><p style="clear: left;">Do you <b>dare</b> kill chicken?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>敢</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>gǎn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>dare</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>敢</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>gǎn</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>dare</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: <b>敢</b> / 不 <b>敢</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>gǎn</b> / bù <b>gǎn</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>dare</b> / not <b>dare</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>M</b> / NEG <b>M</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Yes/No</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <dl><dd>The answer to (12.a) must be in the form M or not-M.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A-not-A_questions_in_Cantonese">A-not-A questions in Cantonese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: A-not-A questions in Cantonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite having the same negative marker as <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, "不" <i>bat1</i> is only used in <a href="/wiki/Fixed_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed expression">fixed expressions</a> or to give literacy quality,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only "唔" <i>m4</i> is used as a negative marker in A-not-A questions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One distinction in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> when compared to Mandarin is that certain forms of A-not-A questions are not attested due to <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectal</a> differences.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patterns_2">Patterns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="A-not-A_form_6">A-not-A form</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: A-not-A form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like its Mandarin counterpart, this form is attested in Cantonese as shown by the sentence pair in (13),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where in example (13.a), A is the verb <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">lai</i></span>, 'come', and <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">lai m lai</i></span> is 'come not come', and in (13.b), A is the verb <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">lai</i></span>, 'come', and <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">lai bu lai</i></span> is 'come not come'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(13.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">佢哋</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">keoidei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">they</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>嚟</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>lai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>come</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">唔</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>嚟</b>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>lai</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>come</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">佢哋 <b>嚟</b> 唔 <b>嚟</b>？</p><p style="display: none;">keoidei <b>lai</b> m <b>lai</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">they <b>come</b> not <b>come</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Are they coming?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(13.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">他們</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tamen</p><p style="margin: 0px;">they</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>來</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>lai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>come</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>來</b>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>lai</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>come</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">他們 <b>來</b> 不 <b>來</b>？</p><p style="display: none;">tamen <b>lai</b> bu <b>lai</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">they <b>come</b> not <b>come</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Are they coming?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="AB-not-AB_form_4">AB-not-AB form</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: AB-not-AB form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As shown by (14.a), this is not an attested form in Cantonese, unlike the counterpart in Mandarin in (14.b).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here in (14.a) A is the verb <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">zungji</i></span>, 'like', and B the noun <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">jamok</i></span>, 'music', producing the AB form <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">zungji jamok</i></span>, 'like music'. This would produce the <a href="/wiki/Ungrammatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungrammatical">ungrammatical</a> structure <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">zungji jamok m zungji jamok</i></span>, 'like music not like', which is a poorly-formed sentence in Cantonese. </p><p>In the well-formed sentence shown below in (14.b), A is the verb <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">xihuan</i></span>, 'like', and B is the noun <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">yinyue</i></span>, 'music', producing the AB form <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">xihuan yinyue</i></span>, 'like music'. This produces <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">xihuan yinyue bu xihuan yinue</i></span>, 'like music not like music', a grammatical sentence in Mandarin. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(14.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">??/*你</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">??/*nei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">??/*you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>鐘意</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zungji</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>like</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>音樂</i></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>jamok</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>music</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">唔</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>鐘意</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zungji</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>like</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>音樂</i>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>jamok</i>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>music</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">??/*你 <b>鐘意</b> <i>音樂</i> 唔 <b>鐘意</b> <i>音樂</i>？</p><p style="display: none;">??/*nei <b>zungji</b> <b>jamok</b> m <b>zungji</b> <i>jamok</i>?</p><p style="display: none;">??/*you <b>like</b> <i>music</i> not <b>like</b> <i>music</i></p><p style="clear: left;">Do you like music?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(14.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>喜歡</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>xihuan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>like</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>音樂</i></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>yinyue</i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>music</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>喜歡</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>xihuan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>like</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>音樂</i>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>yinyue</i>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>music</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>喜歡</b> <i>音樂</i> 不 <b>喜歡</b> <i>音樂</i>？</p><p style="display: none;">ni <b>xihuan</b> <i>yinyue</i> bu <b>xihuan</b> <i>yinyue</i>?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>like</b> <i>music</i> not <b>like</b> <i>music</i></p><p style="clear: left;">Do you like music?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="A-not-AB_form_6">A-not-AB form</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: A-not-AB form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This form is only attested in Cantonese if the predicate is a monosyllabic word as shown by (15.a), where A is the verb <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">faan</i></span>, 'return', and AB is the constituent <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">faan ukkei</i></span>, 'return home'. This can be compared to the Mandarin counterpart in (15.b) where A is the verb <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">hui</i></span>, 'return', and AB is the constituent <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">hui jia</i></span>, 'return home.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(15.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>返</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>faan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>return</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">唔</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>返</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>faan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>return</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>屋企</i>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ukkei</i>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>home</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>返</b> 唔 <b>返</b> <i>屋企</i>？</p><p style="display: none;">nei <b>faan</b> m <b>faan</b> <i>ukkei</i>?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>return</b> not <b>return</b> <i>home</i></p><p style="clear: left;">Are you going home?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(15.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>回</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hui</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>return</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>回</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hui</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>return</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>家</i>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>jia</i>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>home</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>回</b> 不 <b>回</b> <i>家</i>？</p><p style="display: none;">ni <b>hui</b> bu <b>hui</b> <i>jia</i>?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>return</b> not <b>return</b> <i>home</i></p><p style="clear: left;">Are you going home?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>A-not-AB is not attested in Cantonese if the predicate is a bi-syllabic word as shown by (16.a), where A would be the verb <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">zungji</i></span>, 'like', and AB would be the constituent <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">zungji jamok</i></span>, 'like music'. This contrasts with its Mandarin counterpart in (16.b), where A is the verb <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">xihuan</i></span>, 'like', and B is the complement <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">yinyuee</i></span>, music', combining into the AB form <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">xihuan yinyue</i></span>, 'like music'.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such cases, Cantonese speakers usually use the form a-not-AB, like (8).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(16.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">??/*你</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">??/*nei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">??/*you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>鐘意</b>唔<b>鐘意</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zungji</b>-m-<b>zungji</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>like</b>-not-<b>like</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>音樂</i>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>jamok</i>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>music</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">??/*你 <b>鐘意</b>唔<b>鐘意</b> <i>音樂</i>？</p><p style="display: none;">??/*nei <b>zungji</b>-m-<b>zungji</b> <i>jamok</i>?</p><p style="display: none;">??/*you <b>like</b>-not-<b>like</b> <i>music</i></p><p style="clear: left;">Do you like music?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(16.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>喜歡</b>不<b>喜歡</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>xihuan</b>-bu-<b>xihuan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>like</b>-not-<b>like</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>音樂</i>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>yinyue</i>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>music</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>喜歡</b>不<b>喜歡</b> <i>音樂</i>？</p><p style="display: none;">ni <b>xihuan</b>-bu-<b>xihuan</b> <i>yinyue</i>?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>like</b>-not-<b>like</b> <i>music</i></p><p style="clear: left;">Do you like music?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="AB-not-A_form_4">AB-not-A form</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: AB-not-A form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This form is only attested in Cantonese if the predicate is a monosyllabic word A, exemplified in (17.a) with the verb <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">faan</i></span>, 'return', with an object B, exemplified in (17.a) with the noun <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">ukkei</i></span>, 'home'. (17.a) is shown below with its Mandarin counterpart in (17.b), where A is the verb <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">hui</i></span>, 'return', and B is the noun <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">jia</i></span>, 'home'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(17.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">?你</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">?nei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>返</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>faan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>return</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>屋企</i></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ukkei</i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>home</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">唔</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>返</b>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>faan</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>return</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">?你 <b>返</b> <i>屋企</i> 唔 <b>返</b>？</p><p style="display: none;">?nei <b>faan</b> <i>ukkei</i> m <b>faan</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>return</b> <i>home</i> not <b>return</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Are you going home?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(17.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>回</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hui</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>return</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>家</i></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>jia</i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>home</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>回</b>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hui</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>return</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>回</b> <i>家</i> 不 <b>回</b>？</p><p style="display: none;">ni <b>hui</b> <i>jia</i> bu <b>hui</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>return</b> <i>home</i> not <b>return</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Are you going home?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Such forms of AB-not-A in monosyllabic words are used by older generations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the predicate is a bi-syllabic word, then AB-not-A form is not attested as shown in (18.a), unlike its Mandarin counterpart in (18.b).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(18.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">*你</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*nei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>鐘意</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zungji</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>like</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>佢</i></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>keoi</i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>she</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">唔</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>鐘意</b>?</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>zungji</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>like</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">*你 <b>鐘意</b> <i>佢</i> 唔 <b>鐘意</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">*nei <b>zungji</b> <i>keoi</i> m <b>zungji</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>like</b> <i>she</i> not <b>like</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Do you like her?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(18.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>喜歡</b></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>xihuan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>like</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><i>她</i></p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ta</i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><i>she</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yue" style="margin: 0px;"><b>喜歡</b>？</p><p lang="yue-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>xihuan</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>like</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">你 <b>喜歡</b> <i>她</i> 不 <b>喜歡</b>？</p><p style="display: none;">ni <b>xihuan</b> <i>ta</i> bu <b>xihuan</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>like</b> <i>she</i> not <b>like</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Do you like her?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Amoy">In Amoy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In Amoy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a> exhibits A-not-A forms, and differs from Mandarin and Cantonese in its frequent use of modals or auxiliaries in forming these constructions. Amoy forms also differ in that the morphemes for A do not match each other in a given sentence. In these constructions one of the morphemes may also be deleted, as can be seen in Examples (27), (28), and (29), though when this happens it may only be deleted from the negative predicate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_markers_in_Amoy">Negative markers in Amoy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Negative markers in Amoy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following negative markers are used.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternate transliterations are shown in bold. </p> <pre> (19) a. <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">m</i></span> negative of volition (<i>m-1</i>) b. <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">m</i></span> negative simplex (<i>m-2</i>) c. <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bo</i></span> negative possessive/existential/affirmative aspect <b><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bou</i></span></b> d. <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bue</i></span> negative potential/possibility e. <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">be</i></span> negative perfective aspect </pre> <p>While <i>m-1</i> occurs as a free morpheme with its own semantic feature indicating volition, <i>m-2</i> cannot function by itself as a verb and works only to express negation. It is attested only with a limited amount of verbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A-not-A_constructions">A-not-A constructions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: A-not-A constructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shown below are A-not-A constructions in Amoy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="With_auxiliaries_that_can_be_used_as_main_verbs">With auxiliaries that can be used as main verbs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: With auxiliaries that can be used as main verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of A-not-A constructions in Amoy with auxiliary verbs which may function as the main verb of a sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="U_—_bou:_'have_—_not_have'"><span id="U_.E2.80.94_bou:_.27have_.E2.80.94_not_have.27"></span><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">U — bou</i></span>: 'have — not have'</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: U — bou: 'have — not have'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The auxiliary verb <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">u</i></span> here functions as an aspectual marker indicating that an action has been completed. In <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">u — bou</i></span> A-not-A constructions, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">u</i></span> functions as the first A, corresponding with the auxiliary 'have', while <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bou</i></span> functions as the second A of the A-not-A construction, corresponding with the negative counterpart 'not have'. Example (20) illustrates the use of this construction. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(20)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>u</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>have</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">k'ua</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">movie</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bou</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not have</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">li <b>u</b> k'ua hi <b>bou</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>have</b> see movie {<b>not have</b>}</p><p style="clear: left;">Did you see the movie?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Bat_—_m_bat:_'to_have_experienced_—_not_to_have_experienced'"><span id="Bat_.E2.80.94_m_bat:_.27to_have_experienced_.E2.80.94_not_to_have_experienced.27"></span><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">Bat — m bat</i></span>: 'to have experienced — not to have experienced'</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bat — m bat: 'to have experienced — not to have experienced'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The auxiliary verb <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bat</i></span> functions as an aspectual marker indicating experience. In <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bat — m bat</i></span> A-not-A constructions, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bat</i></span> functions as the first A, corresponding with an auxiliary expressing the sense of 'to have experienced', while <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">m bat</i></span> functions as the second A of the A-not-A constructions, corresponding with the negative counterpart 'not to have experienced'. Example (21) illustrates the use of this construction. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(21)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bat</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>have-ever</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">write</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">p'ue</p><p style="margin: 0px;">letter</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">give</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">him</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>m bat</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not have-ever</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">li <b>bat</b> sie p'ue ho i a {<b>m bat</b>}</p><p style="display: none;">you <b>have-ever</b> write letter give him or {<b>not have-ever</b>}</p><p style="clear: left;">Have you ever written to him?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Si_—_m_si:_'to_be_—_not_to_be'"><span id="Si_.E2.80.94_m_si:_.27to_be_.E2.80.94_not_to_be.27"></span><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">Si — m si</i></span>: 'to be — not to be'</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Si — m si: 'to be — not to be'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The auxiliary verb <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">si</i></span> works to express emphasis. In <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">si — m si</i></span> constructions A-not-A constructions, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">si</i></span> functions as the first A, roughly corresponding with 'to be', and <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">m si</i></span> as the second A, indicating the negative counterpart 'not to be'. Example (22) illustrates the use of this construction. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(22)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>si</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>be</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tiouq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">must</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">k'i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tai-pak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Taipei</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>m si</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not be</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">i <b>si</b> tiouq k'i Tai-pak a {<b>m si</b>}</p><p style="display: none;">he <b>be</b> must go Taipei or {<b>not be</b>}</p><p style="clear: left;">Does he <i>really</i> have to go to Taipei?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="With_auxiliaries_that_cannot_be_used_as_main_verbs">With auxiliaries that cannot be used as main verbs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: With auxiliaries that cannot be used as main verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of A-not-A constructions in Amoy with auxiliary verbs which may never be used as the main verb of a sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Beq_—_m:_'to_want_to_—_not_to_want_to'"><span id="Beq_.E2.80.94_m:_.27to_want_to_.E2.80.94_not_to_want_to.27"></span><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">Beq — m</i></span>: 'to want to — not to want to'</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Beq — m: 'to want to — not to want to'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of a <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">beq — m</i></span> construction is used to express an intention or an expectation. In these constructions, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">beq</i></span> functions as the first A, indicating 'to want to', and <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">m</i></span> as the second A, here working with <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">beq</i></span> to express its negative counterpart 'not want to.' Example (23) illustrates the use of this construction. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(23)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>beq</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>want</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tsiaq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cigarette</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>m</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">li <b>beq</b> tsiaq hun a <b>m</b></p><p style="display: none;">you <b>want</b> eat cigarette or <b>not</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Do you want to smoke?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Tiouq_—_m_bian:_'must_—_must_not'"><span id="Tiouq_.E2.80.94_m_bian:_.27must_.E2.80.94_must_not.27"></span><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">Tiouq — m bian</i></span>: 'must — must not'</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Tiouq — m bian: 'must — must not'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of a <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">tiouq — m bian</i></span> construction expresses a sense of obligation. In these constructions, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">tiouq</i></span> functions as the first A, indicating 'must', and <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">m bian</i></span> as the second A, here indicating the negative counterpart 'must not'. Example (24) illustrates the use of this construction. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(24)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>tiouq</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">must</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">k'i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ouq-tng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">school</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>m bian</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not must</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">li <b>tiouq</b> k'i ouq-tng a {<b>m bian</b>}</p><p style="display: none;">you must go school or {<b>not must</b>}</p><p style="clear: left;">Do you have to go to school?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="T'ang_—_m_t'ang:_'may_—_may_not'"><span id="T.27ang_.E2.80.94_m_t.27ang:_.27may_.E2.80.94_may_not.27"></span><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">T'ang — m t'ang</i></span>: 'may — may not'</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: T'ang — m t'ang: 'may — may not'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of a <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">t'ang — m t'ang</i></span> construction expresses a sense of permission. In these constructions, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">t'ang</i></span> functions as the first A, indicating 'may', and <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">m t'ang</i></span> as the second A, here indicating the negative counterpart 'may not'. Example (25) illustrates the use of this construction. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(25)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gua</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>t'ang</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>may</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ts'ut</p><p style="margin: 0px;">out</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">k'i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>m</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>t'ang</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>may</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">gua <b>t'ang</b> ts'ut k'i a <b>m</b> <b>t'ang</b></p><p style="display: none;">I <b>may</b> out go or <b>not</b> <b>may</b></p><p style="clear: left;">May I go out?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="E_—_bue:_'could_—_could_not'"><span id="E_.E2.80.94_bue:_.27could_.E2.80.94_could_not.27"></span><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">E — bue</i></span>: 'could — could not'</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: E — bue: 'could — could not'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of an <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">e — bue</i></span> construction expresses a sense of possibility or probability. In these constructions, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">e</i></span> functions as the first A, indicating 'could', and <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bue</i></span> as the second A, here indicating the negative counterpart 'could not'. Example (26) illustrates the use of this construction. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(26)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>e</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>could</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">k'i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tai-uan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Taiwan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bue</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not could</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">li <b>e</b> k'i Tai-uan a <b>bue</b></p><p style="display: none;">you <b>could</b> go Taiwan or {<b>not could</b>}</p><p style="clear: left;">Will you be going to Taiwan?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="E_tang_—_bue_tang:_'can,_ability_to_do_something_—_can't,_inability_to_do_something'"><span id="E_tang_.E2.80.94_bue_tang:_.27can.2C_ability_to_do_something_.E2.80.94_can.27t.2C_inability_to_do_something.27"></span><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">E tang — bue tang</i></span>: 'can, ability to do something — can't, inability to do something'</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: E tang — bue tang: 'can, ability to do something — can't, inability to do something'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of an <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">e tang — bue tang</i></span> construction expresses a sense of the ability to do something. In these constructions, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">e tang</i></span> functions as the first A, indicating 'can', and <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bue tang</i></span> as the second A, here indicating the negative counterpart 'can't'. Example (27) illustrates the use of this construction as well as an instance of deletion from the negative predicate. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(27)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bin-ã-tsai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tomorrow</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>e tang</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>can</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bue</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">bin-ã-tsai li {<b>e tang</b>} lai a <b>bue</b></p><p style="display: none;">tomorrow you <b>can</b> come or <b>not</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Can you come tomorrow?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="E_sai_—_bue_sai:_'could,_can_manage_to_or_might_—_couldn't,_couldn't_manage_or_might_not'"><span id="E_sai_.E2.80.94_bue_sai:_.27could.2C_can_manage_to_or_might_.E2.80.94_couldn.27t.2C_couldn.27t_manage_or_might_not.27"></span><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">E sai — bue sai</i></span>: 'could, can manage to or might — couldn't, couldn't manage or might not'</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: E sai — bue sai: 'could, can manage to or might — couldn't, couldn't manage or might not'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of an <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">e sai — bue sai</i></span> construction expresses a sense of a potential ability to do something. In these constructions, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">e sai</i></span> functions as the first A, indicating 'could', and <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bue sai</i></span> as the second A, here indicating the counterpart 'couldn't'. Example (28) illustrates the use of this construction as well as an instance of deletion from the negative predicate. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(28)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>e sai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>could</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">for</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gua</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mail</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">p'ue</p><p style="margin: 0px;">letter</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bue</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">li {<b>e sai</b>} ka gua kia p'ue a <b>bue</b></p><p style="display: none;">you <b>could</b> for I mail letter or <b>not</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Could you mail a letter for me?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="E_hiau_—_bue_hiau:_'to_know_how/be_knowledgeable_about_—_not_to_know_how/be_knowledgeable_about'"><span id="E_hiau_.E2.80.94_bue_hiau:_.27to_know_how.2Fbe_knowledgeable_about_.E2.80.94_not_to_know_how.2Fbe_knowledgeable_about.27"></span><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">E hiau — bue hiau</i></span>: 'to know how/be knowledgeable about — not to know how/be knowledgeable about'</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: E hiau — bue hiau: 'to know how/be knowledgeable about — not to know how/be knowledgeable about'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of an <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">e hiau — bue hiau</i></span> construction expresses a sense of one's knowledge. In these constructions, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">e hiau</i></span> functions as the first A, indicating 'to know how', and <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">bue hiau</i></span> as the second A, here indicating the negative counterpart 'not to know how'. Example (29) illustrates the use of this construction as well as an instance of deletion from the negative predicate. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(29)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>e hiau</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>know</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">speak</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ing-bun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">English</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nan" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bue</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">li {<b>e hiau</b>} kong Ing-bun a <b>bue</b></p><p style="display: none;">you <b>know</b> speak English or <b>not</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Do you know how to speak English?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Korean">In Korean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: In Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>. In particular, unclear transliteration schema.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:A-not-A_question" title="Talk:A-not-A question">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following are examples of A-not-A questions in <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three salient morphological varieties of A-not-A question in Korean.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all A-not-A questions, the questions can be answered with an affirmative, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">네</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><i>n</i>ey</i></span>, or negative <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아니요</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">anyo</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-predicate_negation">Pre-predicate negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Pre-predicate negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">an</i></span> and <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">mos</i></span> can precede the predicate in A-not-A questions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="An"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">An</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: An"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (26) illustrates the use of <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">an</i></span>, short form for <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ani-</i></span>, which expresses simple negation. Here A is <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ca-ni</i></span>, 'sleep-COMP', and <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ca-ni an ca-ni</i></span> is 'sleep-COMP not sleep-COMP'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(26)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">Q:</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">지우-는</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ciwu-nun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Jiwoo-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>자-니</b></p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ca-ni</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>sleep-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">안</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">an</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>자-니</b>?</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ca-ni</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>sleep-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">Q: 지우-는 <b>자-니</b> 안 <b>자-니</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">{} ciwu-nun <b>ca-ni</b> an <b>ca-ni</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">{} Jiwoo-TOP <b>sleep-COMP</b> not <b>sleep-COMP</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Is Jiwoo <b>sleeping</b> or not?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>자</b>-요</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ca</b>-yo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>sleep</b>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="honorific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HON</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">/안</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/an</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>자</b>-요</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ca</b>-yo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>sleep</b>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="honorific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HON</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: <b>자</b>-요 /안 <b>자</b>-요</p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>ca</b>-yo /an <b>ca</b>-yo</p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>sleep</b>-HON /not <b>sleep</b>-HON</p><p style="clear: left;">(She) is <b>sleeping</b>/(She) isn't <b>sleeping</b></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mos"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Mos</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Mos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (27) illustrates the use of <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">mos</i></span>, which expresses impossibility or inability. Here A is <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ka-ss-ni</i></span>, 'go-PAST-COMP' and <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ka-ss-ni mos ka-ss-ni</i></span> is 'go-PAST-COMP cannot go-PAST-COMP'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(27)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">Q:</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">민수 -는</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Minsoo-nun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Minsoo-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">학교 -에</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hakkuo-ey</p><p style="margin: 0px;">School-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>갔-니</b></p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ka-ss-ni</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">못</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mos</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cannot</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>갔-니</b>?</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ka-ss-ni</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">Q: {민수 -는} {학교 -에} <b>갔-니</b> 못 <b>갔-니</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">{} Minsoo-nun hakkuo-ey <b>ka-ss-ni</b> mos <b>ka-ss-ni</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">{} Minsoo-TOP School-LOC <b>go-PAST-COMP</b> cannot <b>go-PAST-COMP</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Could Minsoo go to school or not?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inherently-negative_predicate">Inherently-negative predicate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Inherently-negative predicate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korean has three negative predicates that can form A-not-A question, <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">molu-</i></span>, <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">eps-</i></span>, and <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ani-</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Molu-"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Molu-</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Molu-"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (28) illustrates the use of <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">molu-</i></span>, which means 'don't know'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(28)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">너-는</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne-nun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">저</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ce</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">학생-을</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haksayng-ul</p><p style="margin: 0px;">student-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>아-니</b></p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>a-ni</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>know-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>모르-니</b>?</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>molu-ni</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not.know-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">너-는 저 학생-을 <b>아-니</b> <b>모르-니</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">ne-nun ce haksayng-ul <b>a-ni</b> <b>molu-ni</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">you-TOP that student-ACC <b>know-COMP</b> <b>not.know-COMP</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Do you know that student or not?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eps-"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Eps-</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Eps-"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (29) illustrates the use of <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">esp-</i></span>, which means 'do not have; do not exist'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(29)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">지우-는</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ciwu-nun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Jiwoo-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">집-에</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cip-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">home-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>있니</b></p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>iss-ni</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>be-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>없니</b>?</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>esp-ni</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not.be-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">지우-는 집-에 <b>있니</b> <b>없니</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">ciwu-nun cip-e <b>iss-ni</b> <b>esp-ni</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">Jiwoo-TOP home-LOC <b>be-COMP</b> <b>not.be-COMP</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Is Jiwoo at home or not?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ani-"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Ani-</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Ani-"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example (30) illustrates the use of <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ani-</i></span>, which means 'is not'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(30)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">이게</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ike</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">네</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">책-<b>이-니</b></p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chayk-<b>i-ni</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">book-<b>be-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>아니-니</b></p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ani-ni</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not.be-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">이게 네 책-<b>이-니</b> <b>아니-니</b></p><p style="display: none;">ike ne chayk-<b>i-ni</b> <b>ani-ni</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">this you book-<b>be-COMP</b> <b>not.be-COMP</b></p><p style="clear: left;">IS this your book or not?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_modal_auxiliary">Negative modal auxiliary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Negative modal auxiliary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mal"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Mal</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Mal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meaning 'desist from', <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">mal</i></span> follows an affirmative polar question, and will occur instead of a reduplicated full verb that has a post predicate negation, meaning that there is only one full verb in this type of A-not-A question. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(31)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">우리-는</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wili-nun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">we-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>잘-까</b></p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ca-l-kka</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>sleep-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="propositive mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>말-까</b>?</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>mal-kka</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="propositive mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">우리-는 <b>잘-까</b> <b>말-까</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">wili-nun <b>ca-l-kka</b> <b>mal-kka</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">we-TOP <b>sleep-PROP-COMP</b> <b>not.PROP-COMP</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Should or shouldn't we go to bed?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Modal_auxiliary_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal auxiliary verb">modal auxiliary verb</a> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">mal</i></span> is restricted in that it does not co-occur in predicative adjectives or the factual <a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">complementizer</a> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ni</i></span>. Moreover, with <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">mal</i></span> being a <a href="/wiki/Bound_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound form">bound form</a>, it cannot be the echo negative answer. Instead, the full negative verb will be provided as the answer, taking <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">an</i></span> negation, as illustrated in (32). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(32)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">너-는</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne-nun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">콘서트-에</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khonsethu-ey</p><p style="margin: 0px;">concert-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>갈-래</b></p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ka-l-ay</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="desiderative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DES</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>말-래</b>?</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>mal-lay</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="desiderative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DES</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">너-는 콘서트-에 <b>갈-래</b> <b>말-래</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">ne-nun khonsethu-ey <b>ka-l-ay</b> <b>mal-lay</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">you-TOP concert-LOC <b>go-DES-COMP</b> <b>not.DES-COMP</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Are (you) going to the concert or not?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">A:</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">*<b>말-래</b></p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*<b>mal-lay</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="desiderative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DES</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">안</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">an</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;"><b>갈-래</b></p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ka-l-ay</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="desiderative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DES</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMP</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">A: *<b>말-래</b> {} 안 <b>갈-래</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} *<b>mal-lay</b> / an <b>ka-l-ay</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} <b>not-DES-COMP</b> / not <b>go-DES-COMP</b></p><p style="clear: left;">(I) am not going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis:_The_post-syntactic_approach">Analysis: The post-syntactic approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Analysis: The post-syntactic approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One analysis of the formation of the A-not-A construction is the post-syntactic approach, through two stages of M-merger. First, the A-not-A operator targets the <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosyntactic">morphosyntactic</a> word (MWd) which is the head that is closest to it and undergoes lowering. Then, <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> occurs to yield the surface form of the A-not-A question.<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MWd_vs_SWd.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/MWd_vs_SWd.png/220px-MWd_vs_SWd.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9f/MWd_vs_SWd.png 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Syntactic distinctions between morphosyntactic words (MWd) and subwords (SWd)</figcaption></figure> <p>Tseng suggests that A-not-A occurs post-syntactically, at the morphological level. It is movement that occurs overtly at the <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> form, after the syntactic movement has occurred. A-not-A is a feature of T that operates on the closest, c-commanded MWd, and not subwords (SWd). The elements that undergo post-syntactic movement are MWds. A node X is a MWd iff X is the highest segment and X is not contained in another X. A node X is a SWd if X is a terminal node and not an MWd.<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A-not-A operation is a MWd to MWd movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditional_criteria_for_grammatical_A-not-A_question_derivation">Conditional criteria for grammatical A-not-A question derivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Conditional criteria for grammatical A-not-A question derivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A-not-A_operator_lowering">A-not-A operator lowering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: A-not-A operator lowering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The A-not-A operator is defined as an MWd. The A-not-A operator can only lower to a MWd which is immediately dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_and_binding_theory#Government" title="Government and binding theory">maximal projection</a> that is also immediately dominated by the maximal projection of the A-not-A operator. An SWd cannot be the target for the A-not-A operator. In addition, if there is an intervening MWd or SWd between the A-not-A operator and its target, the A-not-A operation fails.<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A-not-A operator lowering must satisfy four conditions: </p> <ol><li>The A-not-A operator targets the closest MWd that is the <a href="/wiki/X-bar_theory" title="X-bar theory">X′-theoretic head</a> that it <a href="/wiki/C-command" title="C-command">c-commands</a>.</li> <li>Closeness of the head is qualified by: (i) The closest head is a X′-theoretic head of the maximal which is immediately dominated by the maximal projection of the A-not-A operator. (ii) The target must have overt phonological realization.</li> <li>There is not any non-X′-theoretic head or SWd intervening between the A-not-A operator and its target.</li> <li>Intervention is defined by c-command relation.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grammatical_a-not-a_lowering,_xihuan_Lisi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Grammatical_a-not-a_lowering%2C_xihuan_Lisi.png/220px-Grammatical_a-not-a_lowering%2C_xihuan_Lisi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Grammatical_a-not-a_lowering%2C_xihuan_Lisi.png/330px-Grammatical_a-not-a_lowering%2C_xihuan_Lisi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/ca/Grammatical_a-not-a_lowering%2C_xihuan_Lisi.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Grammatical A-not-A operator lowering to adjacent MWd verb <i>xihuan</i>. <i>Xihuan</i> is the closest X′-theoretical head that the A-not-A operator c-commands, thus satisfies lowering conditions.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ungrammatical_a-not-a_lowering,_xihuan_Lisi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Ungrammatical_a-not-a_lowering%2C_xihuan_Lisi.png/220px-Ungrammatical_a-not-a_lowering%2C_xihuan_Lisi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Ungrammatical_a-not-a_lowering%2C_xihuan_Lisi.png/330px-Ungrammatical_a-not-a_lowering%2C_xihuan_Lisi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Ungrammatical_a-not-a_lowering%2C_xihuan_Lisi.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Ungrammatical A-not-A operator lowering to adjacent MWd <i>hen</i>. Even though <i>hen</i> is the closest adjacent MWd, it is not an X’-theoretical head, thus lowering to it violates A-not-A lowering conditions</figcaption></figure> <p>After lowering, the A-not-A operator triggers <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> on the target node. The reduplication domain can be the first syllable of the targeted element, the targeted element itself, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_and_binding_theory#Government" title="Government and binding theory">maximal projection</a> that contains the targeted element. Reduplication is linear and the A-not-A operator cannot skip the adjacent constituent to copy the next constituent.<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduplication_of_first_syllable_of_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word">Reduplication of first syllable of adjacent morphosyntactic word</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Reduplication of first syllable of adjacent morphosyntactic word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In first syllable reduplication, the A-not-A operator copies the first syllable of the adjacent MWd and moves the <a href="/wiki/Reduplicant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduplicant">reduplicant</a>, i.e. copied syllable, to the left of the base MWd. Then the negation is inserted between the reduplicant and base to form a grammatical sentence. In (33.a), the A-not-A operator copies the first syllable <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tao</i></span> of the MWd <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan</i></span>. The reduplicant <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tao</i></span> is put at the left of the base <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan</i></span> and then the negative constituent <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bu</i></span> is inserted in between. In figure (33.b) <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">*Zhangsan taoyan Lisi-bu-tao</i></span> is ungrammatical because <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tao</i></span> cannot be put to the right of the maximal projection VP, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan Lisi</i></span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(33.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">张三</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Zhangsan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Zhangsan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>讨</b>不<b>讨</b>厌</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>tao</b>-bu-<b>tao</b>yan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>hate</b>-not-<b>hate</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">李四</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Lisi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Lisi</p></div><p style="display: none;">张三 <b>讨</b>不<b>讨</b>厌李四</p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan <b>tao</b>-bu-<b>tao</b>yan Lisi</p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan <b>hate</b>-not-<b>hate</b> Lisi</p><p style="clear: left;">Does Zhangsan hate Lisi or not?<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(33.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">*</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">张三</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Zhangsan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>讨</b>厌</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>tao</b>yan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">李四不<b>讨</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Lisi-bu-<b>tao</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">* 张三 <b>讨</b>厌李四不<b>讨</b></p><p style="display: none;">* Zhangsan <b>tao</b>yan Lisi-bu-<b>tao</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Zhangsan hate Lisi-not-hate<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduplication_of_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word">Reduplication of adjacent morphosyntactic word</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Reduplication of adjacent morphosyntactic word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In MWd reduplication, the A-not-A operator copies the adjacent MWd and moves the reduplicant MWd overtly to the left of the base MWd or to right of the base maximal projection containing the MWd. Otherwise, the reduplicant can move <a href="/wiki/Covert_(linguistics)" title="Covert (linguistics)">covertly</a>, i.e. in such a way that there is no overt surface evidence, to the right of the base maximal projection containing the MWd. The negation is then inserted between the reduplicant and base to form a grammatical sentence. In (34.a) the A-not-A operator copies the MWd <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan</i></span>. The reduplicant <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan</i></span> is overtly put at the left of the base <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan</i></span> and then the negative constituent <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bu</i></span> is inserted in between. In (34.b) the A-not-A operator copies the MWd <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan</i></span>. The reduplicant <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan</i></span> is overtly put at the right of the base <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan Lisi</i></span> and then the negative constituent <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bu</i></span> is inserted in between. In (34.c) the A-not-A operator copies the MWd <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan</i></span>. The reduplicant <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan</i></span> is covertly put at the right of the base <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan Lisi</i></span> after which the negative constituent <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bu</i></span> is inserted. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(34.a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">张三</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Zhangsan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Zhangsan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>讨厌</b>不<b>讨厌</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taoyan</b>-bu-<b>taoyan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">hate-not-hate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">李斯</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Lisi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Lisi</p></div><p style="display: none;">张三 <b>讨厌</b>不<b>讨厌</b> 李斯</p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan <b>taoyan</b>-bu-<b>taoyan</b> Lisi</p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan hate-not-hate Lisi</p><p style="clear: left;">Does Zhangsan hate Lisi or not?<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(34.b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">张三</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Zhangsan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Zhangsan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>讨厌</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taoyan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">hate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">李斯</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Lisi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Lisi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>讨厌</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taoyan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">hate</p></div><p style="display: none;">张三 <b>讨厌</b> 李斯不 <b>讨厌</b></p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan <b>taoyan</b> Lisi bu <b>taoyan</b></p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan hate Lisi not hate</p><p style="clear: left;">Does Zhangsan hate Lisi or not?<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(34.c)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">张三</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Zhangsan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Zhangsan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>讨厌</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taoyan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">hate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">李斯</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Lisi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Lisi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">(<b>讨厌</b>)</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(<b>taoyan</b>)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(hate)</p></div><p style="display: none;">张三 <b>讨厌</b> 李斯不 (<b>讨厌</b>)</p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan <b>taoyan</b> Lisi bu (<b>taoyan</b>)</p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan hate Lisi not (hate)</p><p style="clear: left;">Does Zhangsan hate Lisi or not?<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduplication_of_the_maximal_projection_containing_adjacent_morphosyntactic_word">Reduplication of the maximal projection containing adjacent morphosyntactic word</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Reduplication of the maximal projection containing adjacent morphosyntactic word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In maximal projection reduplication, the A-not-A operator copies the maximal projection that contains the adjacent MWd and moves the reduplicant either to the left or to the right of the base. The base may be just the MWd or the maximal projection containing the MWd. The maximal projection may be any XP (VP, AP, PP etc.). The negation is then inserted between the reduplicant and base to form a grammatical sentence. In (35) the A-not-A operator copies the maximal projection VP <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan Lisi</i></span>. The reduplicant <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan Lisi</i></span> is put at the left of the base <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taoyan Lisi</i></span> and then the negative constituent <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bu</i></span> is inserted in between. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(35)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">张三</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Zhangsan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Zhangsan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>讨厌</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taoyan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">hate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>李斯</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Lisi</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">Lisi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;">不</p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>讨厌</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taoyan</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">hate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="zh" style="margin: 0px;"><b>李斯</b></p><p lang="zh-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Lisi</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">Lisi</p></div><p style="display: none;">张三 <b>讨厌</b> <b>李斯</b> 不 <b>讨厌</b> <b>李斯</b></p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan <b>taoyan</b> <b>Lisi</b> bu <b>taoyan</b> <b>Lisi</b></p><p style="display: none;">Zhangsan hate Lisi not hate Lisi</p><p style="clear: left;">Does Zhangsan hate Lisi or not?<sup id="cite_ref-tseng_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-ended_question" title="Closed-ended question">Closed-ended question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_answer" title="Echo answer">Echo answer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">Yes–no question</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-not-A_question&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gasde-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gasde_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasde_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasde_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasde_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasde_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasde_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasde_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasde_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasde_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGasde2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gasde, Horst-Dieter (25 January 2004). 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James (1991), "Modularity and Chinese A-not-A Questions", <i>Interdisciplinary Approaches to Language</i>, Springer Netherlands, pp. 305–332, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-3818-5_16">10.1007/978-94-011-3818-5_16</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401056977" title="Special:BookSources/9789401056977"><bdi>9789401056977</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modularity+and+Chinese+A-not-A+Questions&rft.btitle=Interdisciplinary+Approaches+to+Language&rft.pages=305-332&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-3818-5_16&rft.isbn=9789401056977&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=C.-T.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA-not-A+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClare2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Clare, Li (2017). <i>The syntactic and pragmatic properties of a-not-a question in Chinese</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10092%2F13628">10092/13628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+syntactic+and+pragmatic+properties+of+a-not-a+question+in+Chinese&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10092%2F13628&rft.aulast=Clare&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA-not-A+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLü1985" class="citation journal cs1">Lü (1985). "疑文否定肯定 Yiwen, Fouding, Kending (Questioning, Negation, Affirmation)". <i>中國語文 Zhongguo Yuwen</i>. <b>4</b>: 241–250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87+Zhongguo+Yuwen&rft.atitle=%E7%96%91%E6%96%87+%E5%90%A6%E5%AE%9A+%E8%82%AF%E5%AE%9A+Yiwen%2C+Fouding%2C+Kending+%28Questioning%2C+Negation%2C+Affirmation%29&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=241-250&rft.date=1985&rft.au=L%C3%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA-not-A+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenWeiyun_He2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Y.; Weiyun He, A. (2001). "Dui bu dui as a pragmatic marker: Evidence from chinese classroom discourse". <i>Journal of Pragmatics</i>. <b>33</b> (9): 1441–1465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-2166%2800%2900084-9">10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00084-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=Dui+bu+dui+as+a+pragmatic+marker%3A+Evidence+from+chinese+classroom+discourse&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1441-1465&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0378-2166%2800%2900084-9&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Weiyun+He%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA-not-A+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2007" class="citation book cs1">Li, Eden Sam-hung (2007). "Enacting Relationships: Clause as Exchange". <i>Systemic Functional Grammar of Chinese</i>. A&C Black. pp. 116–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441127495" title="Special:BookSources/9781441127495"><bdi>9781441127495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enacting+Relationships%3A+Clause+as+Exchange&rft.btitle=Systemic+Functional+Grammar+of+Chinese&rft.pages=116-197&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781441127495&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Eden+Sam-hung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA-not-A+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tseng-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tseng_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tseng, W. H. K., & Lin, T. H. J. (2009). A Post-Syntactic Approach to the A-not-A Questions. UST Working Papers in Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 107-139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsYip2011" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Stephen; Yip, Virginia (2011). <i>Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415471312" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415471312"><bdi>978-0415471312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantonese%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415471312&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Yip%2C+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA-not-A+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShao2010" class="citation book cs1">Shao, J. -M (2010). <i>漢語方疑問範疇比較研究 Hanyu fangyan yiwen fanchou bijiao yanjiu [Comparative Study of Chinese Dialect Interrogative Question Category]</i>. Guangzhou: Jinan Daxue Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E7%96%91%E5%95%8F%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+Hanyu+fangyan+yiwen+fanchou+bijiao+yanjiu+%5BComparative+Study+of+Chinese+Dialect+Interrogative+Question+Category%5D&rft.place=Guangzhou&rft.pub=Jinan+Daxue+Database&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shao&rft.aufirst=J.+-M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA-not-A+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosland1998" class="citation journal cs1">Crosland, Jeff (1998). "Yes-No Question Patterns in Southern Min: Variation across Some Dialects in Fujian". <i>Journal of East Asian Linguistics</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 257–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008351807694">10.1023/A:1008351807694</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0925-8558">0925-8558</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20100747">20100747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117045533">117045533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Yes-No+Question+Patterns+in+Southern+Min%3A+Variation+across+Some+Dialects+in+Fujian&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=257-285&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0925-8558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117045533%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20100747%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1008351807694&rft.aulast=Crosland&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA-not-A+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeoh1967" class="citation journal cs1">Teoh, Irene (January 1967). "Auxiliary Verbs and the A-Not-A Question in Amoy". <i>Monumenta Serica</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 295–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1967.11744971">10.1080/02549948.1967.11744971</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-9948">0254-9948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=Auxiliary+Verbs+and+the+A-Not-A+Question+in+Amoy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=295-304&rft.date=1967-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1967.11744971&rft.issn=0254-9948&rft.aulast=Teoh&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA-not-A+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeong2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Ceong, Hailey Hyekyeong (2011). <i>The Syntax of Korean Polar Alternative Questions: A-not-A</i> (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Syntax+of+Korean+Polar+Alternative+Questions%3A+A-not-A&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ceong&rft.aufirst=Hailey+Hyekyeong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA-not-A+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="display:none;"> <p>DP:determiner phrase NEG:negation V:verb A:adjective N:noun </p> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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