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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Repeaters and FM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeaters_and_FM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications_beyond_50_miles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications_beyond_50_miles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Communications beyond 50 miles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communications_beyond_50_miles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communications beyond 50 miles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communications_beyond_50_miles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tropospheric_ducting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropospheric_ducting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tropospheric ducting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropospheric_ducting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sporadic_E" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sporadic_E"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sporadic E</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sporadic_E-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Satellite communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transequatorial_propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transequatorial_propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Transequatorial propagation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transequatorial_propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteor_burst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteor_burst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Meteor burst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteor_burst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auroral_propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auroral_propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Auroral propagation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auroral_propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moonbounce_(EME)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moonbounce_(EME)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Moonbounce (EME)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moonbounce_(EME)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Brendan_Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Brendan_Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>The Brendan Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Brendan_Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Los_Angeles_County_statute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Los_Angeles_County_statute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Los Angeles County statute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Los_Angeles_County_statute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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title="Banda de 2m – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banda de 2m" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_des_2_m%C3%A8tres" title="Bande des 2 mètres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bande des 2 mètres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_dei_2_metri" title="Banda dei 2 metri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banda dei 2 metri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAM-2" title="HAM-2 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HAM-2" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasmo_2_m" title="Pasmo 2 m – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pasmo 2 m" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="ย่านความถี่ 2 เมตร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ย่านความถี่ 2 เมตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-metre_band%C4%B1" title="2-metre bandı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="2-metre bandı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Діапазон 2 метри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діапазон 2 метри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q209421#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%222-meter+band%22">"2-meter band"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%222-meter+band%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%222-meter+band%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%222-meter+band%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%222-meter+band%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%222-meter+band%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>2-meter</b> <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> band is a portion of the <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> radio spectrum that comprises frequencies stretching from 144 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a> to 148 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union_region" class="mw-redirect" title="International Telecommunication Union region">International Telecommunication Union region (ITU) Regions</a> 2 (North and South America plus Hawaii) and 3 (Asia and Oceania) <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-USFCCBP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFCCBP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 144 MHz to 146 MHz in ITU Region 1 (Europe, Africa, and Russia). <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The license privileges of <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operator" title="Amateur radio operator">amateur radio operators</a> include the use of frequencies within this band for telecommunication, usually conducted locally with a line-of-sight range of about 100 miles (160 km). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alinco_2m_transceiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alinco_2m_transceiver.jpg/100px-Alinco_2m_transceiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alinco_2m_transceiver.jpg/150px-Alinco_2m_transceiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alinco_2m_transceiver.jpg/200px-Alinco_2m_transceiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>A 2-meter band handheld transceiver.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Because it is local and reliable, and because the licensing requirements to transmit on the 2-meter band are easy to meet in many parts of the world,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this band is one of the most popular non-<a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> ham bands. This popularity, the compact size of needed radios and antennas, and this band's ability to provide easy reliable local communications also means that it is also the most used band for local <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_emergency_communications" title="Amateur radio emergency communications">emergency communications efforts</a>, such as providing communications between <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> shelters and local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, that role in emergency communications is furthered by the fact that many amateur-radio operators have a 2-meter handheld transceiver (HT), also known as a handie-talkie or <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkie</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repeaters_and_FM">Repeaters and FM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Repeaters and FM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of 2-meter <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> operations use radio <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeaters</a>, which consist of a radio receiver and transmitter that instantly retransmits a received signal on a separate frequency. Repeaters are normally located in high locations such as a tall building or a hill top overlooking expanses of territory. On VHF frequencies such as 2-meters, antenna height greatly influences how far one can talk. Typical reliable repeater range is about 25 miles (40 km). Some repeaters in unusually high locations, such as skyscrapers or mountain tops, can be usable as far out as 75 miles (121 km). Reliable range is very dependent on the height of the repeater antenna and also on the height and surroundings of the handheld or mobile unit attempting to access to the repeater. Line of sight would be the ultimate in reliability. The typical hand held two meter FM transceiver produces about 5 watts of transmit power. Stations in a car or home might provide higher power, 25 to 75 watts, and may use a simple vertical antenna mounted on a pole or on the rooftop of a house or a vehicle. </p><p>Even without repeaters available, however, the 2-meter band provides reliable crosstown communications throughout smaller towns, making it ideal for emergency communications. Antennas for repeater work are almost always vertically polarized since 2-meter antennas on cars are usually vertically polarized. Matching polarization allows for maximum signal coupling which equates to stronger signals in both directions. Simple radios for FM repeater operation have become plentiful and inexpensive in recent years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications_beyond_50_miles">Communications beyond 50 miles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Communications beyond 50 miles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the 2 meter band is best known as a local band using the FM mode, there are many opportunities for <a href="/wiki/DXing" title="DXing">long distance</a> (DX) communications using other modes. A well-placed antenna and high-power equipment can achieve distances of up to a few hundred miles, and fortuitous propagation conditions called "signal enhancements" can on occasion reach across oceans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2yagi144MHz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2yagi144MHz.jpg/220px-2yagi144MHz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2yagi144MHz.jpg/330px-2yagi144MHz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2yagi144MHz.jpg/440px-2yagi144MHz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>A set of two long <a href="/wiki/Yagi_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagi antenna">Yagi antennas</a> for the 2 meter band fed in phase to obtain more gain and narrow main lobe of radiation (station WA6PY).</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The typical 2 meter station using <a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">CW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a> (single side band) modes consists of a radio driving a power amplifier generating about 200–500 watts of RF power. This extra power is usually fed to a multi-element, compound antenna, usually a <a href="/wiki/Yagi-Uda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagi-Uda">Yagi-Uda</a> or <i>Yagi</i>, which can beam most of the signal power towards the intended receiving station. "Beam antennas" provide substantial increase in signal directivity over ordinary <a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">dipole</a> or <a href="/wiki/Whip_antenna" title="Whip antenna">vertical antennas</a>. Antennas used for distance work are usually horizontally polarized instead of the vertical polarization customarily used for local contacts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Stations that have antennas located in relatively high locations with views (from the antenna) clear to the horizon have a big advantage over other stations. Such stations are able to communicate 100–300 miles (160–480 km) consistently. It is usual for them to be heard at distances far beyond line of sight on a daily basis without help from signal enhancements. <i>Signal enhancements</i> are unusual circumstances in the atmosphere and ionosphere that bend the signal path into an arc that better follows the curve of the Earth, instead of the radio waves traveling in the usual straight line off into space. The best known of these are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>tropospheric ducting</li> <li>sporadic E</li> <li>meteor scatter</li></ul> <p>These and other well-known forms of VHF signal enhancement that allow trans-oceanic and trans-continental contacts on 2 meters are described in the subsections that follow within this section.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the exception of sporadic E, directional antennas such as <a href="/wiki/Yagi-Uda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagi-Uda">Yagis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Log_periodic_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Log periodic antenna">log periodic antennas</a> are almost essential to take advantage of signal enhancements. When a well-equipped station with its antenna well-located “high and in the clear” is operating during a signal enhancement, astonishing distances can be bridged, momentarily approaching what is regularly possible on <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">mediumwave</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropospheric_ducting">Tropospheric ducting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tropospheric ducting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occasionally, signal bending in the atmosphere's <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_ducting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropospheric ducting">tropospheric ducting</a> can allow 2 meter signals to carry hundreds or even thousands of kilometers as evidenced by the occasional 2 meter contact between the west coast of the United States and the Hawaiian Islands, the northeast region to the Florida coast, and across the Gulf of Mexico. These so-called "Openings" are generally first spotted by amateurs operating SSB (Single Side Band)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and CW (Continuous Wave)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modes since amateurs using these modes typically are attempting distance contacts (DX) and alert for signal enhancement events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Completion of contacts using these weak signal modes involves the exchange of signal level reports and location by grid square which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Maidenhead_Locator_System" title="Maidenhead Locator System">Maidenhead Locator System</a>. Two way ducting contacts can have very strong signals and are often made with moderate power, small antennas, and other types of modes. Long distance ducting contacts do occur using FM modes as well but for the most part go unnoticed by many FM operators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sporadic_E">Sporadic E</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sporadic E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another form of VHF propagation is called <a href="/wiki/Sporadic_E_propagation" title="Sporadic E propagation">Sporadic E propagation</a>. This is a phenomenon whereby radio signals are reflected back towards Earth by highly ionized segments of the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> which can facilitate contacts in excess of <span class="nowrap">1,000 miles (1,600 km)</span> with very strong signals received by both parties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unlike some other long distance modes, high power and large antennas are often not required to make contact with distant stations via a sporadic E event. A two-way conversation can take place over a distance of several hundred kilometers or more, often using low levels of <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> power. Sporadic E is a rare and completely random propagation phenomenon lasting anywhere from a matter of minutes to several hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_communications">Satellite communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Satellite communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satellites are basically repeater stations in orbit. The 2 meter band is also used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/70-centimeter_band" title="70-centimeter band">70-centimeter band</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/10-meter_band" title="10-meter band">10-meter band</a> and various microwave bands via orbiting <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">amateur radio satellites</a>. This is known as cross band repeating. On-board software defines what mode or band is in use at any particular time and this is determined by amateurs at so-called earth stations who control or instruct the satellite behavior. Amateurs know what mode is in use via published internet schedules.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For instance, a favorite mode is Mode "B" or "V/U" which simply indicates the uplink and downlink frequencies or bands the satellite is currently using. In this example, V/U means VHF/UHF or VHF uplink with UHF downlink. Most amateur satellites are <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth Orbit</a> satellites, or LEO's as they are affectionately known, and generally are at about 450 miles (700 km) altitude. At that height, amateurs can expect reception distances of up to around 3,000 miles (4,800 km).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A few amateur satellites have very high elliptical orbits. These satellites can reach altitudes of 30,000 miles (50,000 km) above the earth where an entire hemisphere is visible providing outstanding communications capabilities from any two points on the earth within line of sight of the satellite; distances that are far beyond the reach of the LEOs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transequatorial_propagation">Transequatorial propagation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transequatorial propagation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transequatorial propagation, also known as (TEP), is a regular daytime occurrence on the 2 meter band over the equatorial regions and is common in the temperate latitudes in late spring, early summer and, to a lesser degree, in early winter. For receiving stations located within ± 10 degrees of the geomagnetic equator, equatorial E-skip can be expected on most days throughout the year, peaking around midday local time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteor_burst">Meteor burst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meteor burst"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By speeding up <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> using <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">analog tape</a> or digital modes such as <a href="/wiki/WSJT_(amateur_radio_software)#JT6M" title="WSJT (amateur radio software)">JT6M</a> or <a href="/wiki/WSJT_(amateur_radio_software)#FSK441" title="WSJT (amateur radio software)">FSK441</a>, very short high-speed bursts of digital data can be bounced off the ionized gas trail of <a href="/wiki/Meteor_burst_communications" title="Meteor burst communications">meteor showers</a>. The speed required to confirm a two way contact via a short lived ionized meteor trail can only be performed by fast computers on both ends with very little human interaction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One computer will send a request for contact and if successfully received by a distant station, a reply will be sent by the receiving stations computer usually via the same ionized meteor trail to confirm the contact. If nothing is received after the request, a new request is transmitted. This continues until a reply is received to confirm the contact or until no contact can be made and no new requests are sent. Using this high speed digital mode, a full two way contact can be completed in one second or less and can only be validated using a computer. Depending on the intensity of the ionized meteor trail, multiple contacts from multiple stations can be made off the same trail until it dissipates and can no longer reflect VHF signals with sufficient strength. This mode is often called <a href="/wiki/Burst_transmission" title="Burst transmission">burst transmission</a> and can yield communication distances similar to sporadic E as described above.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auroral_propagation">Auroral propagation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Auroral propagation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another phenomenon that produces upper atmosphere ionization suitable for 2-meter DXing are the <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">auroras</a>. Since the ionization persists much longer than meteor trails, voice modulated radio signals may sometimes be used, but the constant movement of the ionized gas leads to heavy distortion of the signals causing the audio to sound "ghostly" and whispered. In most instances using auroral reflections on 2 meters, audio or voice is totally unintelligible and ham operators wishing to make contacts via aurora, must resort to CW (<a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>CW signals returning from an auroral reflection have no distinct sound or tone but simply sound like a swishing or whooshing noise. An exception to this phenomenon would be the 6 meter band which is significantly lower in frequency than the 2 meter band by 94 MHz. In many instances 6 meter voice modes are readable but with varying degrees of difficulty when reflected off an aurora. Therefore, when using an auroral event as a radio signal reflector, the reflected signal strength and signal intelligibility decreases with increasing transmitting frequency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moonbounce_(EME)"><span id="Moonbounce_.28EME.29"></span>Moonbounce (EME)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Moonbounce (EME)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To communicate over the longest distances, hams use <a href="/wiki/Earth%E2%80%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication" title="Earth–Moon–Earth communication">moon bounce</a>. VHF signals normally escape the Earth's atmosphere, so using the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a> as a target is quite practical. Due to the distance involved and the very high path loss getting a readable signal bounced off the moon involves high power ~1,000 watts and steerable high gain antennas. Receiving these very weak return signals, again involves the use of high gain antennas (usually the same type used to transmit the signal) and a very low-noise front end RF amplifier and a frequency stable receiver.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, new and recent technological advances in weak signal detection has allowed the successful reception of signals off the moon using much smaller or less well equipped stations allowing reception of signals that are "in the noise" and not audible to the human ear. One of these modes is <a href="/wiki/WSJT_(amateur_radio_software)#JT65" title="WSJT (amateur radio software)">JT65</a> which is a digital mode. Due to the delay of the signal traveling to the moon and back (<a href="/wiki/Time_of_arrival" title="Time of arrival">travel time</a> approx. 2.5 seconds), a person transmitting may hear the end of their own transmission returning.<sup id="cite_ref-VHFmanual_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VHFmanual-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Brendan_Awards">The Brendan Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Brendan Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Radio_Transmitters_Society" title="Irish Radio Transmitters Society">Irish Radio Transmitters Society</a> has provided a series of awards for the first successful all-natural, non-bounce contacts on 2 metres between the North American and European continents. Named for <a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Saint Brendan of Clonfert</a>, the three awards differentiate between successful "traditional" phone/CW contact (the Brendan Trophies), successful "non-traditional" digital two-way contact (the Brendan Shields), and an award for the first verified reception in either direction, regardless of method (the Brendan Plates).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts at the Brendan awards have established contact, but further examination revealed the signal was bounced off the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Los_Angeles_County_statute">Los Angeles County statute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Los Angeles County statute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Los Angeles County has a statute (which dates from 1944) concerning mounting a "shortwave receiver" in a motor vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the statute specifically states one of the forbidden bands as 150–160 MHz, most two-meter transceivers can tune into this portion of the spectrum at least as receivers, and are therefore unlawful to mount in a motor vehicle in Los Angeles County. While arrest rarely happens, the statute is still on the books. There are also <a href="/wiki/California_Penal_Code" title="California Penal Code">California Penal Code</a> statutes covering similar activities. Recently, however, with new legislation in various states, licensed ham radio operators are exempt from these prohibitions including exemptions from using a radio while driving. Such prohibitions or exemptions vary from state to state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Note:</b> Federal law preempts many local ordinances and state laws which may prohibit a licensed amateur radio operator from possessing an amateur radio based on its factory ability to receive frequencies outside of ham bands.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/graphical-frequency-allocations">"Graphical Frequency Allocations"</a>. <i>www.arrl.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arrl.org&rft.atitle=Graphical+Frequency+Allocations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Fgraphical-frequency-allocations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2-meter+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Amateur Radio Frequency Allocations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/allocate.html">http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/allocate.html</a> accessed 12 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USFCCBP-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USFCCBP_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/oet/spectrum/table/fcctable.pdf">"FCC ONLINE TABLE OF FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS - 47 C.F.R. § 2.106 - 5.216,5.217 - 144-148 : United States Federal Communications Commission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>fcc.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fcc.gov&rft.atitle=FCC+ONLINE+TABLE+OF+FREQUENCY+ALLOCATIONS+-+47+C.F.R.+%C2%A7+2.106+-+5.216%2C5.217+-+144-148+%3A+United+States+Federal+Communications+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2Foet%2Fspectrum%2Ftable%2Ffcctable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2-meter+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsgb.org/committees/spectrumforum/docs/rsgb_band_plan_2013.htm">"Spectrum Forum - Radio Society of Great Britain - Main Site : Radio Society of Great Britain – Main Site"</a>. <i>www.rsgb.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rsgb.org&rft.atitle=Spectrum+Forum+-+Radio+Society+of+Great+Britain+-+Main+Site+%3A+Radio+Society+of+Great+Britain+%E2%80%93+Main+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsgb.org%2Fcommittees%2Fspectrumforum%2Fdocs%2Frsgb_band_plan_2013.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2-meter+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharing spectrum with other services a ham radio reality. The ARRL Letter, Vol. 20, No. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter/01/1102/">http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter/01/1102/</a> Accessed 14 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rsgb.org/getlicence/#foundation">http://www.rsgb.org/getlicence/#foundation</a> RSGB licensing guide</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rsgb.org/emergency/">http://www.rsgb.org/emergency/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030219141328/http://www.rsgb.org/emergency/">Archived</a> 2003-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> RSGB Radio Emergency & Public Service Communications website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hamradioschool.com/understanding-single-sideband-ssb-2/">"Understanding single sideband (SSB)"</a>. <i>hamradioschool.com</i>. 26 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hamradioschool.com&rft.atitle=Understanding+single+sideband+%28SSB%29&rft.date=2021-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhamradioschool.com%2Funderstanding-single-sideband-ssb-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2-meter+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/cw-mode">"CW mode"</a>. <i>ARRL.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARRL.org&rft.atitle=CW+mode&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Fcw-mode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2-meter+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VHFmanual-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VHFmanual_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>ARRL VHF Manual</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ARRL+VHF+Manual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2-meter+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irts.ie/cgi/st.cgi?brendan">"Brendan"</a>. <i>www.irts.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irts.ie&rft.atitle=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irts.ie%2Fcgi%2Fst.cgi%3Fbrendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2-meter+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brendanquest.org/epilogue.html">"epilogue"</a>. <i>brendanquest.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brendanquest.org&rft.atitle=epilogue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brendanquest.org%2Fepilogue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2-meter+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monitoringtimes.com/html/mtlaws_oct03.html">"Los Angeles County Statute"</a>. <i>www.monitoringtimes.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.monitoringtimes.com&rft.atitle=Los+Angeles+County+Statute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitoringtimes.com%2Fhtml%2Fmtlaws_oct03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2-meter+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PR 91-36. Also known as FCC 93-410. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.arrl.org/files/file/pr91-36.pdf">http://www.arrl.org/files/file/pr91-36.pdf</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mikestechblog.com/ubuntu-antenna/build-a-2-meter-vertical-antenna">Build a vertical antenna for the 2-meter band</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://3roam.com/144-mhz-antenna-length-calculator/">2m band Antenna Length Calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxmaps.com/spots/map.php">DX-Sherlock's real-time 2m propagation maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxmaps.com/spots/map.php?Frec=TIC">DX-Sherlock's real-time VHF&up propagation ticker</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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id="International_amateur_radio_frequency_allocations&#91;v&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations" title="Amateur radio frequency allocations">International amateur radio frequency allocations</a><sup>[<b>v</b>]</sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wikitable wraplinks" style="margin:1px auto; width:99.9%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: lightskyblue">Range </th> <th style="background: lightskyblue">Band </th> <th style="background: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/ITU_Region" title="ITU Region">ITU Region 1</a> </th> <th style="background: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/ITU_Region" title="ITU Region">ITU Region 2</a> </th> <th style="background: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/ITU_Region" title="ITU Region">ITU Region 3</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2200-meter_band" title="2200-meter band">2200 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">135.7–137.8 kHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/630-meter_band" title="630-meter band">630 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">472–479 kHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/160-meter_band" title="160-meter band">160 m</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1.810–1.850 MHz</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">1.800–2.000 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/80-meter_band" title="80-meter band">80 / 75 m</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">3.500–3.800 MHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">3.500–4.000 MHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">3.500–3.900 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/60-meter_band" title="60-meter band">60 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">5.3515–5.3665 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/40-meter_band" title="40-meter band">40 m</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">7.000–7.200 MHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">7.000–7.300 MHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">7.000–7.200 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/30-meter_band" class="mw-redirect" title="30-meter band">30 m</a></b><sup>[<b>w</b>]</sup> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">10.100–10.150 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/20-meter_band" title="20-meter band">20 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">14.000–14.350 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/17-meter_band" class="mw-redirect" title="17-meter band">17 m</a></b><sup>[<b>w</b>]</sup> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">18.068–18.168 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/15-meter_band" title="15-meter band">15 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">21.000–21.450 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/WARC_bands" title="WARC bands">12 m</a></b><sup>[<b>w</b>]</sup> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">24.890–24.990 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/10-meter_band" title="10-meter band">10 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">28.000–29.700 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> </th> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/8-meter_band" title="8-meter band">8 m</a></b></i><sup>[<b>x</b>]</sup> </td> <td><i><span class="nowrap">40.000–40.700 MHz</span></i> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/6-meter_band" title="6-meter band">6 m</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">50.000–52.000 MHz</span><br /><span class="nowrap">(50.000–54.000 MHz)</span><sup>[<b>y</b>]</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">50.000–54.000 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/5-meter_band" title="5-meter band">5 m</a></b></i><sup>[<b>x</b>]</sup> </td> <td><i><span class="nowrap">58.000–60.100 MHz</span></i> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/4-meter_band" class="mw-redirect" title="4-meter band">4 m</a></b></i><sup>[<b>x</b>]</sup> </td> <td><i><span class="nowrap">70.000–70.500 MHz</span></i> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2 m</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">144.000–146.000 MHz</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">144.000–148.000 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1.25-meter_band" title="1.25-meter band">1.25 m</a></b> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span class="nowrap">220.000–225.000 MHz</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/70-centimeter_band" title="70-centimeter band">70 cm</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">430.000–440.000 MHz</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">430.000–440.000 MHz</span><br /><span class="nowrap">(420.000–450.000 MHz)</span><sup>[<b>y</b>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/33-centimeter_band" title="33-centimeter band">33 cm</a></b> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span class="nowrap">902.000–928.000 MHz</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/23-centimeter_band" title="23-centimeter band">23 cm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">1.240–1.300 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/13-centimeter_band" title="13-centimeter band">13 cm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">2.300–2.450 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/9-centimeter_band" title="9-centimeter band">9 cm</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">3.400–3.475 GHz</span><sup>[<b>y</b>]</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">3.300–3.500 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/5-centimeter_band" title="5-centimeter band">5 cm</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">5.650–5.850 GHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">5.650–5.925 GHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">5.650–5.850 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/3-centimeter_band" title="3-centimeter band">3 cm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">10.000–10.500 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1.2-centimeter_band" title="1.2-centimeter band">1.2 cm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">24.000–24.250 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/6-millimeter_band" title="6-millimeter band">6 mm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">47.000–47.200 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/4-millimeter_band" title="4-millimeter band">4 mm</a></b><sup>[<b>y</b>]</sup> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><i>75.500 GHz</i><sup>[<b>x</b>]</sup> – 81.500 GHz</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">76.000–81.500 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2.5-millimeter_band" title="2.5-millimeter band">2.5 mm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">122.250–123.000 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2-millimeter_band" title="2-millimeter band">2 mm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">134.000–141.000 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1-millimeter_band" title="1-millimeter band">1 mm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">241.000–250.000 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tremendously_high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremendously high frequency">THF</a> </th> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_amateur_radio" title="Submillimeter amateur radio">Sub-mm</a></b></i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>Some administrations have authorized spectrum for amateur use in this region;<br />others have declined to regulate frequencies above 300 GHz.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left;background: lightskyblue"> <p>[<b>v</b>] All allocations are subject to variation by country. For simplicity, only common allocations found internationally are listed. See a band's article for specifics.<br /> [<b>w</b>] HF allocation created at the 1979 <a href="/wiki/World_Administrative_Radio_Conference" title="World Administrative Radio Conference">World Administrative Radio Conference</a>. These are commonly called the "<a href="/wiki/WARC_band" class="mw-redirect" title="WARC band">WARC bands</a>".<br /> [<b>x</b>] This is not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>'s <i>Table of Frequency Allocations</i>, but many individual administrations have commonly adopted this allocation under <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/frr.htm">"Article 4.4"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+4.4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flife.itu.int%2Fradioclub%2Frr%2Ffrr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2-meter+band" class="Z3988"></span><br /> [<b>y</b>] This includes a currently active <i>footnote allocation</i> mentioned in the ITU's <i>Table of Frequency Allocations</i>. These allocations may only apply to a group of countries. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;background: skyblue">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Radio_spectrum" title="Template:Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template:Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209421#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4191242-1">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&oldid=1245644003">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2-meter_band&oldid=1245644003</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amateur_radio_bands" title="Category:Amateur radio bands">Amateur radio bands</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2021">Articles needing additional references from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 September 2024, at 07:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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