CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Portsmouth - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9a64f203-44eb-45ea-9000-e4f70931b1ae","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Portsmouth","wgTitle":"Portsmouth","wgCurRevisionId":1258914814,"wgRevisionId":1258914814,"wgArticleId":24207,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from June 2020","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Use British English from July 2022","Use dmy dates from April 2022", "Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2020","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2020","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Incomplete lists from October 2019","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Portsmouth","1180 establishments in England","Local government districts of South East England","Local government in Hampshire","Populated coastal places in Hampshire","Port cities and towns in South East England","Ports and harbours of Hampshire", "Ports and harbours of the English Channel","Towns in Hampshire","Unitary authority districts of England","Unparished areas in Hampshire","Boroughs in England","Former civil parishes in Hampshire","Cities in South East England"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Portsmouth","wgRelevantArticleId":24207,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":50.80583333333333 ,"lon":-1.087222222222222},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q72259","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="885"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg/800px-Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="590"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg/640px-Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="472"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Portsmouth - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Portsmouth rootpage-Portsmouth skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portsmouth" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portsmouth" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portsmouth" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portsmouth" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_to_Tudor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_to_Tudor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Norman to Tudor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_to_Tudor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stuart_to_Georgian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stuart_to_Georgian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Stuart to Georgian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stuart_to_Georgian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution_to_Edwardian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution_to_Edwardian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Industrial Revolution to Edwardian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution_to_Edwardian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1913_terrorist_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1913_terrorist_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1913 terrorist attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1913_terrorist_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_and_Second_World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_and_Second_World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 First and Second World Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_and_Second_World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1945 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minister_for_Portsmouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_for_Portsmouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Minister for Portsmouth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_for_Portsmouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Landmarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunwharf_Quays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunwharf_Quays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Gunwharf Quays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunwharf_Quays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southsea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southsea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Southsea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southsea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Ferries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Buses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Closed_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4.1 Closed stations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.5 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.6 Former canal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.7 Future plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notable residents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_-_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_-_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Twin towns - sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_-_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Freedom of the City </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Freedom of the City subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Military units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisations_and_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations_and_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.3 Organisations and groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations_and_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.3 General references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Portsmouth</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="بورتسموث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بورتسموث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmut" title="Portsmut – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portsmut" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="پورتسموث – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پورتسموث" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5" title="পোর্টসমাথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোর্টসমাথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="Portsmouth (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Portsmouth (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Портсмут – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Портсмут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Портсмут (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Портсмут (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Портсмът – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портсмът" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Портсмут – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Портсмут" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian,_Inglatera,_Portsmouth)" title="Portsmouth (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Portsmouth) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Portsmouth (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Portsmouth)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, Hampshire – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Portsmouth, Hampshire" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8" title="Πόρτσμουθ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόρτσμουθ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="پورتسموث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پورتسموث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%B8%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="포츠머스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포츠머스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Պորտսմութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտսմութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA%27" title="פורטסמות' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטסמות'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Портсмут – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Портсмут" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, Hampshire – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Portsmouth, Hampshire" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portus_Ostium" title="Portus Ostium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Portus Ostium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmuta" title="Portsmuta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portsmuta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_(borough)" title="Portsmouth (borough) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Portsmouth (borough)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmutas" title="Portsmutas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portsmutas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_(Anglia)" title="Portsmouth (Anglia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portsmouth (Anglia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Портсмут – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портсмут" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5" title="पोर्टस्मथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोर्टस्मथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="بورتسموث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بورتسموث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="پورتسموث – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پورتسموث" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%8A" title="ꯄꯣꯔꯠꯁꯃꯥꯎꯊ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯔꯠꯁꯃꯥꯎꯊ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Portsmouth (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portsmouth (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="ポーツマス (イングランド) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーツマス (イングランド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Портсмут – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Портсмут" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porch%C3%A9mue" title="Porchémue – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Porchémue" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmut" title="Portsmut – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portsmut" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Портсмут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портсмут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="پۆرتسموت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆرتسموت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Портсмут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портсмут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="போர்ட்ஸ்மவுத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போர்ட்ஸ்மவுத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82_(%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Портсмут (Бөекбритания) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Портсмут (Бөекбритания)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97" title="พอร์ตสมัท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอร์ตสมัท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Портсмут – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Портсмут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="پورٹسماؤتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پورٹسماؤتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmut_(Anglii)" title="Portsmut (Anglii) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Portsmut (Anglii)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%AF%E5%8F%A3%E5%9F%8E" title="港口城 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="港口城" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%B8%E8%8C%A8%E8%8C%85%E5%A4%AB" title="樸茨茅夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="樸茨茅夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Portsmouth" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B4%E8%8C%A8%E8%8C%85%E6%96%AF" title="朴茨茅斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朴茨茅斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72259#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Portsmouth" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portsmouth" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Portsmouth" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&oldid=1258914814" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Portsmouth&id=1258914814&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortsmouth">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortsmouth">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Portsmouth&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Portsmouth" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72259" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Portsmouth&params=50_48_21_N_01_05_14_W_region:GB_type:city">50°48′21″N 01°05′14″W / 50.80583°N 1.08722°W / 50.80583; -1.08722</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Hampshire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Hampshire, England. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Portsmouth (disambiguation)">Portsmouth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and unitary authority in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Portsmouth</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style=";height:72px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_Waterfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Portsmouth_Waterfront.jpg/268px-Portsmouth_Waterfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Portsmouth_Waterfront.jpg/402px-Portsmouth_Waterfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Portsmouth_Waterfront.jpg/536px-Portsmouth_Waterfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="451" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour" title="Portsmouth Harbour">Portsmouth Harbour</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_Tower" title="Spinnaker Tower">Spinnaker Tower</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div style=";height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg/123px-Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg/185px-Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg/246px-Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="755" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Guildhall" title="Portsmouth Guildhall">The Guildhall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style=";height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_,_Southsea_Beach_%5E_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2880004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portsmouth_%2C_Southsea_Beach_%5E_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2880004.jpg/141px-Portsmouth_%2C_Southsea_Beach_%5E_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2880004.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portsmouth_%2C_Southsea_Beach_%5E_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2880004.jpg/212px-Portsmouth_%2C_Southsea_Beach_%5E_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2880004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portsmouth_%2C_Southsea_Beach_%5E_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2880004.jpg/282px-Portsmouth_%2C_Southsea_Beach_%5E_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2880004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4214" data-file-height="2730" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Southsea" title="Southsea">Southsea</a> beach</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style=";height:88px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS-Victory_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HMS-Victory_-_panoramio.jpg/132px-HMS-Victory_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HMS-Victory_-_panoramio.jpg/198px-HMS-Victory_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HMS-Victory_-_panoramio.jpg/264px-HMS-Victory_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style=";height:88px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_rose_museum_exterior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mary_rose_museum_exterior.JPG/132px-Mary_rose_museum_exterior.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mary_rose_museum_exterior.JPG/198px-Mary_rose_museum_exterior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mary_rose_museum_exterior.JPG/264px-Mary_rose_museum_exterior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose_Museum" title="Mary Rose Museum">Mary Rose Museum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style=";height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gunwharf_Quays,_Canalside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gunwharf_Quays%2C_Canalside.jpg/132px-Gunwharf_Quays%2C_Canalside.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gunwharf_Quays%2C_Canalside.jpg/198px-Gunwharf_Quays%2C_Canalside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gunwharf_Quays%2C_Canalside.jpg/264px-Gunwharf_Quays%2C_Canalside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2430" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Gunwharf_Quays" title="Gunwharf Quays">Gunwharf Quays</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style=";height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_Pier,_Southsea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25632.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Clarence_Pier%2C_Southsea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25632.jpg/132px-Clarence_Pier%2C_Southsea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25632.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Clarence_Pier%2C_Southsea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25632.jpg/198px-Clarence_Pier%2C_Southsea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25632.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Clarence_Pier%2C_Southsea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25632.jpg/264px-Clarence_Pier%2C_Southsea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25632.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Pier" title="Clarence Pier">Clarence Pier</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Flag_of_Portsmouth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Portsmouth"><img alt="Flag of Portsmouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/City_Flag_of_Portsmouth.svg/150px-City_Flag_of_Portsmouth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/City_Flag_of_Portsmouth.svg/225px-City_Flag_of_Portsmouth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/City_Flag_of_Portsmouth.svg/300px-City_Flag_of_Portsmouth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_City_Coat_of_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Portsmouth"><img alt="Official logo of Portsmouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Portsmouth_City_Coat_of_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="116" data-file-height="114" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of Arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Pompey</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Heaven's Light Our Guide</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shown within Hampshire"><img alt="Shown within Hampshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Portsmouth_UK_locator_map.svg/200px-Portsmouth_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Portsmouth_UK_locator_map.svg/300px-Portsmouth_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Portsmouth_UK_locator_map.svg/400px-Portsmouth_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1213" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Shown within Hampshire</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portsmouth is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Portsmouth is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/200px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/400px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2083" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.951%;left:75.097%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Portsmouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Portsmouth</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United Kingdom</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Portsmouth&params=50_48_21_N_01_05_14_W_region:GB_type:city">50°48′21″N 01°05′14″W / 50.80583°N 1.08722°W / 50.80583; -1.08722</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sovereign state</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/County_Flag_of_Hampshire.svg/23px-County_Flag_of_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/County_Flag_of_Hampshire.svg/35px-County_Flag_of_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/County_Flag_of_Hampshire.svg/46px-County_Flag_of_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1800" /> <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">Unitary authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_City_Council" title="Portsmouth City Council">Portsmouth City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England#Councillors_and_mayors" title="Local government in England">Leadership</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Leader and Cabinet</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Council control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">No overall control</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">Members of Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Morgan_(British_politician)" title="Stephen Morgan (British politician)">Stephen Morgan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Martin" title="Amanda Martin">Amanda Martin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">40.25 km2 (15.54 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011, 2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">208,100<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">238,137<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">855,679 (<a href="/wiki/South_Hampshire" title="South Hampshire">South Hampshire</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-8">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 85.2% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.9% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.4% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.6% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.8% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion (2021)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-8">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 47.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 39.4% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.4% not stated </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 4.9% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.8% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (GMT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (Wednesday 8:30 am)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/PO_postcode_area" title="PO postcode area">PO</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">023</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB-POR</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Police</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_Constabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampshire Constabulary">Hampshire and Isle of Wight</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ambulance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Ambulance_Service" title="South Central Ambulance Service">South Central</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fire</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_and_Isle_of_Wight_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Hampshire and Isle of Wight Fire and Rescue Service">Hampshire and Isle of Wight</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portsmouth.gov.uk">portsmouth.gov.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Portsmouth (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɔːrtsməθ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/27\/En-uk-Portsmouth.ogg\/En-uk-Portsmouth.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Portsmouth.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/En-uk-Portsmouth.ogg/En-uk-Portsmouth.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Portsmouth.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Portsmouth.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PORTS-məth</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, England. Most of Portsmouth is located on <a href="/wiki/Portsea_Island" title="Portsea Island">Portsea Island</a>, off the south coast of England in the <a href="/wiki/Solent" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent">Solent</a>, making Portsmouth the only city in England not located primarily on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">mainland</a>. The city is located 22 miles (35 km) south-east of <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, 50 miles (80 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a> and 74 miles (119 km) south-west of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. With a population last recorded at 208,100, it is the most densely-populated city in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[6]</a> Portsmouth forms part of the <a href="/wiki/South_Hampshire" title="South Hampshire">South Hampshire</a> urban area with <a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fareham" title="Borough of Fareham">Fareham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Havant" title="Borough of Havant">Havant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Eastleigh" title="Borough of Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a> and Southampton. Portsmouth's history can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman times</a> and has been a significant Royal Navy dockyard and base for centuries. Portsmouth was founded <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1180 by Anglo-Norman merchant <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Gisors" title="Jean de Gisors">Jean de Gisors</a> in the south-west area of Portsea Island, a location now known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Portsmouth" title="Old Portsmouth">Old Portsmouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-portsmouth-guide_co_uk-10">[7]</a> Around this time, de Gisors ordered the construction of a chapel dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">St Thomas Becket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-portsmouth-guide_co_uk-10">[7]</a> This became a parish church by the 14th century. Portsmouth was established as a town with a royal charter on 2 May 1194.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuail199414–18-12">[9]</a> The city is home to the first drydock ever built. It was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> in 1496.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> Portsmouth has the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a>, "The Great Stone Dock"; originally built in 1698, rebuilt in 1769 and presently known as "No.5 Dock".<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> The world's first mass <a href="/wiki/Production_line" title="Production line">production line</a> was established at the naval base's <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Block_Mills" title="Portsmouth Block Mills">Block Mills</a> which produced pulley blocks for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> fleet. By the early-19th century, Portsmouth was the most heavily <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortified</a> city in the world, and was considered "the world's greatest naval port" at the height of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a>. By 1859, a ring of defensive land and sea forts, known as the <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Forts,_Portsmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmerston Forts, Portsmouth">Palmerston Forts</a>, had been built around Portsmouth in anticipation of an invasion from continental Europe. In the 20th century, Portsmouth achieved <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> on 21 April 1926.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the city was a pivotal embarkation point for the <a href="/wiki/D-Day_landings" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day landings">D-Day landings</a> and was bombed extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth Blitz">Portsmouth Blitz</a>, which resulted in the deaths of 930 people. In 1982, a large Royal Navy task force departed from Portsmouth for the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>. <a href="/wiki/HMY_Britannia" title="HMY Britannia">Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia</a> was formerly based in Portsmouth and oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">transfer of Hong Kong</a> in 1997, after which Britannia was retired from royal service, decommissioned and relocated to <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> as a museum ship. <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth" title="HMNB Portsmouth">HMNB Portsmouth</a> is an operational Royal Navy base and is home to two-thirds of the UK's surface fleet. The base has long been nicknamed Pompey, a nickname it shares with the wider city of Portsmouth and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth Football Club">Portsmouth Football Club</a>. The naval base also contains the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="National Museum of the Royal Navy">National Museum of the Royal Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Historic_Dockyard" title="Portsmouth Historic Dockyard">Portsmouth Historic Dockyard</a>; which has a collection of historic warships, including the Mary Rose, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Lord Nelson</a>'s flagship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a> (the world's oldest naval ship still in commission), and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS Warrior</a>, the Royal Navy's first <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a>. The former <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vernon_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Vernon (shore establishment)">HMS Vernon</a> shore establishment has been redeveloped into a large retail <a href="/wiki/Outlet_store" title="Outlet store">outlet</a> destination known as <a href="/wiki/Gunwharf_Quays" title="Gunwharf Quays">Gunwharf Quays</a> which opened in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> Portsmouth is among the few British cities with two cathedrals: the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Cathedral" title="Portsmouth Cathedral">Anglican Cathedral of St Thomas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_John_the_Evangelist,_Portsmouth" title="Cathedral of St John the Evangelist, Portsmouth">Cathedral of St John the Evangelist</a>. The waterfront and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour" title="Portsmouth Harbour">Portsmouth Harbour</a> are dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_Tower" title="Spinnaker Tower">Spinnaker Tower</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of tallest structures in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom's tallest structures</a> at 560 feet (170 m). <a href="/wiki/Southsea" title="Southsea">Southsea</a> is Portsmouth's <a href="/wiki/British_coastal_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="British coastal resort">seaside resort</a>, which was named after Southsea Castle. Southsea has two piers; <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Pier" title="Clarence Pier">Clarence Pier</a> amusement park and <a href="/wiki/South_Parade_Pier" title="South Parade Pier">South Parade Pier</a>. The world's only regular hovercraft service operates from <a href="/wiki/Southsea_Hoverport" title="Southsea Hoverport">Southsea Hoverport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ryde" title="Ryde">Ryde</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southsea_Common" class="mw-redirect" title="Southsea Common">Southsea Common</a> is a large open-air public recreation space which serves as a venue for a wide variety of annual events. The city has several mainline railway stations that connect to <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Victoria railway station">London Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Waterloo railway station">London Waterloo</a> amongst other lines in southern England. <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_International_Port" title="Portsmouth International Port">Portsmouth International Port</a> is a commercial cruise ship and ferry port for international destinations. The port is the second busiest in the United Kingdom after <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dover" title="Port of Dover">Dover</a>, handling around three million passengers a year. The city formerly had its own airport, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Airport_(Hampshire)" title="Portsmouth Airport (Hampshire)">Portsmouth Airport</a>, until its closure in 1973. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth" title="University of Portsmouth">University of Portsmouth</a> enrolls 23,000 students. Portsmouth is the birthplace of notable people such as author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, engineer <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, actor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a> and author-journalist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portsmouth" title="History of Portsmouth">History of Portsmouth</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Romans</a> built <a href="/wiki/Portus_Adurni" title="Portus Adurni">Portus Adurni</a> (now called <a href="/wiki/Portchester_Castle" title="Portchester Castle">Portchester Castle</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">fort</a>, at nearby <a href="/wiki/Portchester" title="Portchester">Portchester</a> in the late third century.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> Anglo-Saxon name, "Portesmuða", is derived from port (a haven) and muða (the mouth of a large river or estuary).<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, a warrior named Port and his two sons killed a noble Briton in Portsmouth in 501.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, in <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples" title="A History of the English-Speaking Peoples">A History of the English-Speaking Peoples</a>, wrote that Port was a pirate who founded Portsmouth in 501.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill201541-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> England's southern coast was vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danish Viking</a> invasions during the eighth and ninth centuries, and was conquered by Danish pirates in 787.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201526-22">[19]</a> In 838, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf, King of Wessex</a>, a Danish fleet landed between Portsmouth and Southampton and plundered the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201527-23">[20]</a> Æthelwulf sent Wulfherd and the governor of <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorsetshire</a> to confront the Danes at Portsmouth, where most of their ships were docked. Although the Danes were driven off, Wulfherd was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201527-23">[20]</a> The Danes returned in 1001 and pillaged Portsmouth and the surrounding area, threatening the English with extinction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201529-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201530-25">[22]</a> They were massacred by the English survivors the following year; rebuilding began, although the town experienced further attacks until <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">1066</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201531-26">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_to_Tudor">Norman to Tudor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Norman to Tudor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Round_Tower_(Portsmouth)2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A front facing view of Portsmouth's Round Tower, which once guarded the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour. The Round Tower itself is made of stone and has a large circular base." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Round_Tower_%28Portsmouth%292009.jpg/220px-Round_Tower_%28Portsmouth%292009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Round_Tower_%28Portsmouth%292009.jpg/330px-Round_Tower_%28Portsmouth%292009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Round_Tower_%28Portsmouth%292009.jpg/440px-Round_Tower_%28Portsmouth%292009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3879" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Round_Tower_(Portsmouth)" title="Round Tower (Portsmouth)">Round Tower</a> was built in 1418 to defend the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour" title="Portsmouth Harbour">Portsmouth Harbour</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although Portsmouth was not mentioned in the 1086 <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>, Bocheland (<a href="/wiki/Buckland,_Portsmouth" title="Buckland, Portsmouth">Buckland</a>), Copenore (<a href="/wiki/Copnor" title="Copnor">Copnor</a>), and Frodentone (<a href="/wiki/Fratton" title="Fratton">Fratton</a>) were.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a> According to some sources, it was founded in 1180 by the Anglo-Norman merchant <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Gisors" title="Jean de Gisors">Jean de Gisors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> died in 1189; his son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> (who had spent most of his life in France), arrived in Portsmouth en route to his coronation in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201532-28">[25]</a> When Richard returned from captivity in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a> in May 1194, he summoned an army and a fleet of 100 ships to the port.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201533-29">[26]</a> Richard gave Portsmouth market-town status with a royal charter on 2 May, authorising an annual fifteen-day free-market fair, weekly markets and a local court to deal with minor matters, and exempted its inhabitants from an £18 annual tax.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuail199414–18-12">[9]</a> The 1194 royal charter's 800th anniversary was celebrated in 1994 with ceremonies at the city museum.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> reaffirmed Richard I's rights and privileges, and established a permanent naval base. The first docks were begun by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Wrotham" title="William of Wrotham">William of Wrotham</a> in 1212,<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201533-29">[26]</a> and John summoned his earls, barons, and military advisers to plan an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201534-31">[28]</a> In 1229, declaring war against France, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> assembled a force described by historian Lake Allen as "one of the finest armies that had ever been raised in England".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201536-32">[29]</a> The invasion stalled, and returned from France in October 1231.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201537-33">[30]</a> Henry III summoned troops to invade <a href="/wiki/Guienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Guienne">Guienne</a> in 1242, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> sent supplies for his army in France in 1295.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201537,_39-34">[31]</a> Commercial interests had grown by the following century, and its exports included wool, corn, grain, and livestock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201543-35">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> ordered all ports on the south coast to assemble their largest vessels at Portsmouth to carry soldiers and horses to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a> in 1324 to strengthen defences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201544-36">[33]</a> A French fleet commanded by <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II of Scotland</a> attacked in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, ransacked the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> and threatened the town. <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> instructed all maritime towns to build vessels and raise troops to rendezvous at Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201544-36">[33]</a> Two years later, a French fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_B%C3%A9huchet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Béhuchet">Nicholas Béhuchet</a> <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Portsmouth_(1338)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Portsmouth (1338)">raided Portsmouth</a> and destroyed most of the town; only the stone-built church and hospital survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990395,_396-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward1988-38">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] After the raid, Edward III exempted the town from national taxes to aid its reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-porthis-39">[36]</a> In 1377, shortly after Edward died, the French landed in Portsmouth. Although the town was plundered and burnt, its inhabitants drove the French off to raid towns in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201548-40">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_portsmouth_a_bit_before_1540.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white map of Portsmouth dated around 1540" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_portsmouth_a_bit_before_1540.PNG/220px-Map_of_portsmouth_a_bit_before_1540.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_portsmouth_a_bit_before_1540.PNG/330px-Map_of_portsmouth_a_bit_before_1540.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_portsmouth_a_bit_before_1540.PNG/440px-Map_of_portsmouth_a_bit_before_1540.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>Portsmouth <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> gathered his forces in Portsmouth for an invasion of France in 1415, it was while staying at Portchester Castle that the Southampton plot was uncovered. This campaign would culminate with victory at the battle of Agincourt.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> He also built Portsmouth's first permanent <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Portsmouth" title="Fortifications of Portsmouth">fortifications</a>. In 1416, a number of French ships blockaded the town (which housed ships which were set to invade Normandy); Henry gathered a fleet at Southampton, and invaded the Norman coast in August that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201549-42">[39]</a> Recognising the town's growing importance, he ordered a wooden <a href="/wiki/Round_Tower_(Portsmouth)" title="Round Tower (Portsmouth)">Round Tower</a> to be built at the mouth of the harbour; it was completed in 1426.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201327-43">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> rebuilt the fortifications with stone, assisted Robert Brygandine and Sir <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bray" title="Reginald Bray">Reginald Bray</a> in the construction of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201333-44">[41]</a> and raised the <a href="/wiki/Square_Tower" title="Square Tower">Square Tower</a> in 1494.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201327-43">[40]</a> He made Portsmouth a Royal Dockyard, England's only dockyard considered "national".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201553-45">[42]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">King Alfred</a> may have used Portsmouth to build ships as early as the ninth century, the first warship recorded as constructed in the town was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweepstake_(warship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sweepstake (warship) (page does not exist)">Sweepstake</a> (built in 1497).<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> built Southsea Castle, financed by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a>, in 1539 in anticipation of a French invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015143-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> He also invested heavily in the town's dockyard, expanding it to 8 acres (3.2 ha).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201323-49">[46]</a> Around this time, a Tudor <a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">defensive boom</a> stretched from the Round Tower to Fort Blockhouse in Gosport to protect Portsmouth Harbour.<a href="#cite_note-boom-50">[47]</a> From Southsea Castle, Henry witnessed his flagship Mary Rose sink in action against the French fleet in the 1545 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Solent" title="Battle of the Solent">Battle of the Solent</a> with the loss of about 500 lives.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> Some historians believe that the Mary Rose turned too quickly and submerged her open gun ports; according to others, it sank due to poor design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201337-52">[49]</a> Portsmouth's fortifications were improved by successive monarchs. The town experienced an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> in 1563, which killed about 300 of its 2,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stuart_to_Georgian">Stuart to Georgian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stuart to Georgian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Portsmouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of Old Portsmouth taken from the viewing deck of the Spinnaker Tower. Old buildings, cobbled streets and a small island can be seen in the frame." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Old_Portsmouth.jpg/220px-Old_Portsmouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Old_Portsmouth.jpg/330px-Old_Portsmouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Old_Portsmouth.jpg/440px-Old_Portsmouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2649" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Old_Portsmouth" title="Old Portsmouth">Old Portsmouth</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_Tower" title="Spinnaker Tower">Spinnaker Tower</a></figcaption></figure> In 1623, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> (then Prince of Wales) returned to Portsmouth from France and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201554-53">[50]</a> His unpopular military adviser, <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a>, was stabbed to death in an <a href="/wiki/Old_Portsmouth" title="Old Portsmouth">Old Portsmouth</a> pub by war veteran <a href="/wiki/John_Felton_(assassin)" title="John Felton (assassin)">John Felton</a> five years later.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201554,_55-54">[51]</a> Felton never attempted to escape, and was caught walking the streets when soldiers confronted him; he said, "I know that he is dead, for I had the force of forty men when I struck the blow".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201556-55">[52]</a> Felton was hanged, and his body chained to a <a href="/wiki/Gibbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbet">gibbet</a> on Southsea Common as a warning to others.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201556-55">[52]</a> The murder took place in the Greyhound public house on High Street, which is now Buckingham House and has a commemorative plaque.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Most residents (including the mayor) supported the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">parliamentarians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, although military governor <a href="/wiki/George_Goring,_Lord_Goring" title="George Goring, Lord Goring">Colonel Goring</a> supported the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">royalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> The town, a base of the parliamentarian navy, was blockaded from the sea. Parliamentarian troops were sent to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Portsmouth" title="Siege of Portsmouth">besiege it</a>, and the guns of Southsea Castle were fired at the town's royalist garrison. Parliamentarians in <a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a> joined the assault, damaging <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Cathedral" title="Portsmouth Cathedral">St Thomas's Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-siege-57">[54]</a> On 5 September 1642, the remaining royalists in the garrison at the Square Tower were forced to surrender after Goring threatened to blow it up; he and his garrison were allowed safe passage out of the city.<a href="#cite_note-siege-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-siege1-58">[55]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake_(admiral)" title="Robert Blake (admiral)">Robert Blake</a> used the harbour as his base during the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a> in 1652 and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a>. He died within sight of the town, returning from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-siege1-58">[55]</a> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a>, Portsmouth was among the first towns to declare <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> king and began to prosper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201557-59">[56]</a> The first ship built in over 100 years, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Portsmouth_(1650)" title="HMS Portsmouth (1650)">HMS Portsmouth</a>, was launched in 1650; twelve ships were built between 1650 and 1660. After <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">the Restoration</a>, Charles II married <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Dei" title="Domus Dei">Royal Garrison Church</a> on 14 May 1662.<a href="#cite_note-garr-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201357-61">[58]</a> Catherine was reputed to have introduced the cultural practice of <a href="/wiki/Tea_culture#United_Kingdom" title="Tea culture">tea drinking</a> to England at this event.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> During the late 17th century, Portsmouth continued to grow; a new wharf was constructed in 1663 for military use, and a <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mast</a> pond was dug in 1665. In 1684, a list of ships docked in Portsmouth was evidence of its increasing national importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201558-63">[60]</a> Between 1667 and 1685, the town's fortifications were rebuilt; new walls were constructed with <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> and two moats were dug, making Portsmouth one of the world's most heavily fortified places.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> In 1759, General <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a> sailed to capture <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>; the expedition, although successful, cost him his life. His body was brought back to Portsmouth in November, and received high naval and military honours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201565-64">[61]</a> Two years later, on 30 May 1775, Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> arrived on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">HMS Endeavour</a> after circumnavigating the globe.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingridge2003311-65">[62]</a> The 11-ship <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> left on 13 May 1787 to establish the first European colony in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the beginning of prisoner transportation;<a href="#cite_note-Gutenberg_FF-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2012165-67">[64]</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bounty" title="HMS Bounty">HMS Bounty</a> also sailed from the harbour that year.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013223-68">[65]</a> After the 28 April 1789 <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">mutiny on the Bounty</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pandora_(1779)" title="HMS Pandora (1779)">HMS Pandora</a> was dispatched from Portsmouth to bring the mutineers back for trial. The <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> opened on 12 September 1792 aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Duke_(1777)" title="HMS Duke (1777)">HMS Duke</a> in Portsmouth Harbour; of the ten remaining men, three were sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013223,_224-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHough1972276-70">[67]</a> In 1789, a chapel was erected in Prince George's Street and was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">St John</a> by the Bishop of Winchester. Around this time, a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> was passed in the House of Commons on the creation of a canal to link Portsmouth to Chichester; however, the project was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015130-71">[68]</a> The city's nickname, Pompey, is thought to have derived from the log entry of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Point" title="Portsmouth Point">Portsmouth Point</a> (contracted "Po'm.P." – Po'rtsmouth P.oint) as ships entered the harbour; navigational charts use the contraction.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> According to one historian, the name may have been brought back from a group of Portsmouth-based sailors who visited <a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_Pillar_(column)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey's Pillar (column)">Pompey's Pillar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt, around 1781.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201398-73">[70]</a> Another theory is that it is named after the harbour's guardship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pompee_(1793)" title="HMS Pompee (1793)">Pompee</a>, a 74-gun French <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ship of the line</a> captured in 1793.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreverton2010282-74">[71]</a> Portsmouth's coat of arms is attested in the early 19th century as "azure a crescent or, surmounted by an estoile of eight points of the last."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerryGlover1828-75">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Its design is apparently based on 18th-century mayoral seals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEast1891656-76">[73]</a> A connection of the coat of arms with the Great Seal of Richard I (which had a separate star and crescent) dates to the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution_to_Edwardian">Industrial Revolution to Edwardian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution to Edwardian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warrior_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of the iron-clad HMS Warrior docked in Portsmouth's historic harbour. The ship has since been restored to its original Victorian condition." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Warrior_1.JPG/220px-Warrior_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Warrior_1.JPG/330px-Warrior_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Warrior_1.JPG/440px-Warrior_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS Warrior</a> (launched in 1860) has been restored to its original Victorian condition.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel" title="Marc Isambard Brunel">Marc Isambard Brunel</a> established the world's first mass-production line at <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Block_Mills" title="Portsmouth Block Mills">Portsmouth Block Mills</a>, making <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulley</a> <a href="/wiki/Block_(sailing)" title="Block (sailing)">blocks</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a> on the navy's ships.<a href="#cite_note-royal-78">[75]</a> The first machines were installed in January 1803, and the final set (for large blocks) in March 1805. In 1808, the mills produced 130,000 blocks.<a href="#cite_note-block-79">[76]</a> By the turn of the 19th century, Portsmouth was the largest industrial site in the world; it had a workforce of 8,000, and an annual budget of £570,000.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> In 1805, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Admiral Nelson</a> left Portsmouth to command the fleet which defeated France and Spain at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a> The Royal Navy's reliance on Portsmouth led to its becoming the most fortified city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1967422-81">[78]</a> The Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron</a>, tasked with halting the slave trade, began operating out of Portsmouth in 1808.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_slave_trade-82">[79]</a> A network of forts, known as the <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Forts,_Portsmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmerston Forts, Portsmouth">Palmerston Forts</a>, was built around the town as part of a programme led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> to defend British military bases from an inland attack following an Anglo-French war scare in 1859. The forts were nicknamed "Palmerston's Follies" because their armaments were pointed inland and not out to sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201379-83">[80]</a> In April 1811, the Portsea Island Company constructed the first piped-water supply<a href="#cite_note-water-84">[81]</a> to upper- and middle-class houses.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> It supplied water to about 4,500 of Portsmouth's 14,000 houses, generating an income of £5,000 a year.<a href="#cite_note-water-84">[81]</a> HMS Victory's active career ended in 1812, when she was moored in Portsmouth Harbour and used as a <a href="/wiki/Depot_ship" title="Depot ship">depot ship</a>. The town of Gosport contributed £75 a year to the ship's maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201339-85">[82]</a> In 1818, <a href="/wiki/John_Pounds" title="John Pounds">John Pounds</a> began teaching working-class children in the country's first <a href="/wiki/Ragged_school" title="Ragged school">ragged school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201366,_67-87">[84]</a> The Portsea Improvement Commissioners installed gas street lighting throughout Portsmouth in 1820,<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a> followed by Old Portsmouth three years later.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> During the 19th century, Portsmouth expanded across Portsea Island. <a href="/wiki/Buckland,_Portsmouth" title="Buckland, Portsmouth">Buckland</a> was merged into the town by the 1860s, and Fratton and <a href="/wiki/Stamshaw" title="Stamshaw">Stamshaw</a> were incorporated by the next decade. Between 1865 and 1870, the council built sewers after more than 800 people died in a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic; according to a <a href="/wiki/By-law" title="By-law">by-law</a>, any house within 100 feet (30 m) of a sewer had to be connected to it.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a> By 1871 the population had risen to 100,000,<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> and the national census listed Portsmouth's population as 113,569.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a> A working-class suburb was constructed in the 1870s, when about 1,820 houses were built, and it became <a href="/wiki/Somerstown,_Hampshire" title="Somerstown, Hampshire">Somerstown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a> Despite public-health improvements, 514 people died in an 1872 <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a> On 21 December of that year, the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> embarked on a 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) circumnavigation of the globe for scientific research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199927–48-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was at its height of power, covering a quarter of Earth's total land area and 458 million people at the turn of the 20th century, Portsmouth was considered "the world's greatest naval port".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201324-90">[87]</a> In 1900, Portsmouth Dockyard employed 8,000 people – a figure which increased to 23,000 during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201391-91">[88]</a> The whole of Portsea Island came united under the control of Portsmouth borough council in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-portsenc-92">[89]</a> In 1906, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS Dreadnought</a> was launched from Portsmouth Dockyard. The ship revolutionised naval warfare and began an arms race with Germany. The ship's entry into service in 1906 represented such an advance in naval technology that her name came to be associated with an entire generation of battleships. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1913_terrorist_attack">1913 terrorist attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1913 terrorist attack">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_Semaphore_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portsmouth_Semaphore_Tower.jpg/220px-Portsmouth_Semaphore_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portsmouth_Semaphore_Tower.jpg/330px-Portsmouth_Semaphore_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portsmouth_Semaphore_Tower.jpg/440px-Portsmouth_Semaphore_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>A fire started by <a href="/wiki/Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragettes">suffragettes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore tower">semaphore tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_dockyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth dockyard">Portsmouth dockyard</a>, in December 1913, killed two men.</figcaption></figure> A major <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> incident occurred in the city in 1913, which led to the deaths of two men. During the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a> of 1912–1914, <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragettes">suffragettes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> carried out a series of politically motivated bombing and arson attacks nationwide as part of their campaign for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> In one of the more serious suffragette attacks, a fire was purposely started at <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_dockyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth dockyard">Portsmouth dockyard</a> on 20 December 1913, in which two sailors were killed after it spread through the industrial area.<a href="#cite_note-Portsmouth-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webb-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bearman-96">[93]</a> The fire spread rapidly as there were many old wooden buildings in the area, including the historic semaphore tower which dated back to the eighteenth century, which was completely destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-95">[92]</a> The damage to the dockyard area cost the city £200,000 in damages, equivalent to £23,600,000 today.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-95">[92]</a> In the midst of the firestorm, a battleship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Mary" title="HMS Queen Mary">HMS Queen Mary</a>, had to be towed to safety to avoid the flames.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-95">[92]</a> The two victims were a pensioner and a signalman.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-95">[92]</a> The attack was notable enough to be reported on in the press in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> reporting on the disaster two days after with the headline "Big Portsmouth Fire Loss".<a href="#cite_note-Portsmouth-94">[91]</a> The report also disclosed that at a previous police raid on a suffragette headquarters, "papers were discovered disclosing a plan to fire the yard".<a href="#cite_note-Portsmouth-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_and_Second_World_Wars">First and Second World Wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First and Second World Wars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_VI_inspecting_the_crew_of_HNoMS_Draug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In this photograph, King George VI is inspecting the crew of the Norwegian ship HNoMS Draug, which was docked in Portsmouth sometime during the war." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/George_VI_inspecting_the_crew_of_HNoMS_Draug.jpg/220px-George_VI_inspecting_the_crew_of_HNoMS_Draug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/George_VI_inspecting_the_crew_of_HNoMS_Draug.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> inspecting the crew of the <a href="/wiki/HNoMS_Draug_(1908)" title="HNoMS Draug (1908)">HNoMS Draug</a> in Portsmouth during the Second World War</figcaption></figure> On 1 October 1916, Portsmouth was bombed by a <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> airship.<a href="#cite_note-nazi1-97">[94]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">Oberste Heeresleitung</a> (German Supreme Army Command) said that the town was "lavishly bombarded with good results", there were no reports of bombs dropped in the area.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> According to another source, the bombs were mistakenly dropped into the harbour rather than the dockyard.<a href="#cite_note-nazi1-97">[94]</a> About 1,200 ships were refitted in the dockyard during the war, making it one of the empire's most strategic ports at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201391-91">[88]</a> Portsmouth's boundaries were extended onto the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> between 1920 and 1932 by incorporating <a href="/wiki/Paulsgrove" title="Paulsgrove">Paulsgrove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wymering" title="Wymering">Wymering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosham" title="Cosham">Cosham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drayton,_Hampshire" title="Drayton, Hampshire">Drayton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farlington,_Hampshire" title="Farlington, Hampshire">Farlington</a> into Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-portsenc-92">[89]</a> Portsmouth was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> in 1926 after a long campaign by the borough council.<a href="#cite_note-portsenc-92">[89]</a> The application was made on the grounds that it was the "first naval port of the kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> In 1929, the city council added the <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> "Heaven's Light Our Guide" to the medieval coat of arms. Except for the celestial objects in the arms, the motto was that of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Star of India</a> and referred to the troopships bound for <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> which left from the port.<a href="#cite_note-blu-100">[97]</a> The crest and <a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">supporters</a> are based on those of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of the United Kingdom">royal arms</a>, but altered to show the city's maritime connections: the lions and unicorn have fish tails, and a <a href="/wiki/Naval_crown" title="Naval crown">naval crown</a> and a representation of the Tudor defensive boom which stretched across Portsmouth Harbour are around the unicorn.<a href="#cite_note-boom-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-blu-100">[97]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the city (particularly the port) was bombed extensively by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> in the Portsmouth Blitz.<a href="#cite_note-history3-11">[8]</a> Portsmouth experienced 67 air raids between July 1940 and May 1944, which destroyed 6,625 houses and severely damaged 6,549.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> The air raids caused 930 deaths and wounded almost 3,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-guild-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> many in the dockyard and military establishments.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> On the night of the city's heaviest raid (10 January 1941), the Luftwaffe dropped 140 tonnes of high-explosive bombs which killed 171 people and left 3,000 homeless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013151-104">[101]</a> Many of the city's houses were damaged, and areas of <a href="/wiki/Landport" title="Landport">Landport</a> and Old Portsmouth destroyed; the future site of <a href="/wiki/Gunwharf_Quays" title="Gunwharf Quays">Gunwharf Quays</a> was razed to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013186-105">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Guildhall" title="Portsmouth Guildhall">Guildhall</a> was hit by an incendiary bomb which burnt out the interior and destroyed its inner walls,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013147-106">[103]</a> although the civic plate was retrieved unharmed from the vault under the front steps.<a href="#cite_note-guild-101">[98]</a> After the raid, Portsmouth mayor Denis Daley wrote for the Evening News: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We are bruised but we are not daunted, and we are still as determined as ever to stand side by side with other cities who have felt the blast of the enemy, and we shall, with them, persevere with an unflagging spirit towards a conclusive and decisive victory.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sir Denis Daley, January 1941<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013146-107">[104]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Portsmouth Harbour was a vital military embarkation point for the 6 June 1944 D-Day landings. <a href="/wiki/Southwick_House" title="Southwick House">Southwick House</a>, just north of the city, was the headquarters of Supreme Allied Commander <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013155,_156-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> A <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> hit Newcomen Road on 15 July 1944, killing 15 people.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945_to_present">1945 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1945 to present">edit</a>]</div> Much of the city's housing stock was damaged during the war. The wreckage was cleared in an attempt to improve housing quality after the war; before permanent accommodations could be built, Portsmouth City Council built <a href="/wiki/Prefabs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prefabs in the United Kingdom">prefabs</a> for those who had lost their homes. More than 700 prefab houses were constructed between 1945 and 1947, some over bomb sites.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> The first permanent houses were built away from the city centre, in new developments such as Paulsgrove and <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Park" title="Leigh Park">Leigh Park</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013160-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leigh_Park_history-111">[108]</a> construction of council estates in Paulsgrove was completed in 1953. The first Leigh Park housing estates were completed in 1949, although construction in the area continued until 1974.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> Builders still occasionally find <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">unexploded bombs</a>, such as on the site of the destroyed Hippodrome Theatre in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Despite efforts by the city council to build new housing, a 1955 survey indicated that 7,000 houses in Portsmouth were unfit for human habitation. A controversial decision was made to replace a section of the central city, including Landport, Somerstown and Buckland, with council housing during the 1960s and early 1970s. The success of the project and the quality of its housing are debatable.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Yacht_Britannia_in_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1702549.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia is docked in Portsmouth Harbour for the 50th anniversary of the D-Day Landings in 1994. More modern Royal Navy ships are docked in behind her, and the masts of the HMS Victory can be seen in the far background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Royal_Yacht_Britannia_in_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1702549.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Yacht_Britannia_in_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1702549.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Royal_Yacht_Britannia_in_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1702549.jpg/330px-The_Royal_Yacht_Britannia_in_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1702549.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Royal_Yacht_Britannia_in_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1702549.jpg/440px-The_Royal_Yacht_Britannia_in_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1702549.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMY_Britannia" title="HMY Britannia">Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia</a> in Portsmouth Harbour during the 50th anniversary of the D-Day Landings in 1994. The masts of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a> can be seen in the background.</figcaption></figure> Portsmouth was affected by the decline of the British Empire in the second half of the 20th century. Shipbuilding jobs fell from 46 per cent of the workforce in 1951 to 14 per cent in 1966, drastically reducing manpower in the dockyard. The city council attempted to create new work; an industrial estate was built in Fratton in 1948, and others were built at Paulsgrove and Farlington during the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> Although traditional industries such as brewing and corset manufacturing disappeared during this time, electrical engineering became a major employer. Despite the cutbacks in traditional sectors, Portsmouth remained attractive to industry. <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Insurance_Group" title="Zurich Insurance Group">Zurich Insurance Group</a> moved their UK headquarters to the city in 1968, and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> relocated their European headquarters in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> Portsmouth's population had dropped from about 200,000 to 177,142 by the end of the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013161-113">[110]</a> Defence Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Nott" title="John Nott">John Nott</a> decided in the early 1980s that of the four home dockyards, Portsmouth and <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Dockyard" title="Chatham Dockyard">Chatham</a> would be closed. The city council won a concession, however, and the dockyard was downgraded instead to a naval base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201392-114">[111]</a> In 1956, the Soviet cruiser Ordzhonikidze docked in Portsmouth harbour on a diplomatic mission that had taken head of state Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin to Britain. Naval intelligence was interested in the design of the ship and <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> recruited diver <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a> to collect intelligence on the ship particularly its propulsion. After diving into the harbour Crabb was never seen again. This led to a diplomatic incident with the Soviet Union and scandal in British domestic politics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces invaded two British territories in the South Atlantic: the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>. The British government's response was to dispatch a <a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Falklands_War" title="British logistics in the Falklands War">naval task force</a>, and the aircraft carriers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(R12)" title="HMS Hermes (R12)">HMS Hermes</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Invincible_(R05)" title="HMS Invincible (R05)">HMS Invincible</a> sailed from Portsmouth for the South Atlantic on 5 April. The successful outcome of the war reaffirmed Portsmouth's significance as a naval port and its importance to the defence of British interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201393-115">[112]</a> In January 1997, <a href="/wiki/HMY_Britannia" title="HMY Britannia">Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia</a> embarked from the city on her final voyage to oversee the handover of Hong Kong; for many, this marked the end of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrendon2007660-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> She was decommissioned on 11 December of that year at Portsmouth Naval Base in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a>, and twelve senior members of the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Redevelopment of the naval shore establishment <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vernon_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Vernon (shore establishment)">HMS Vernon</a> began in 2001 as a complex of retail outlets, clubs, pubs, and a shopping centre known as Gunwharf Quays.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> Construction of the 552-foot-tall (168 m) <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_Tower" title="Spinnaker Tower">Spinnaker Tower</a>, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a>, began at Gunwharf Quays in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tricorn_Centre" title="Tricorn Centre">Tricorn Centre</a>, called "the ugliest building in the UK" by the BBC, was demolished in late 2004 after years of debate over the expense of demolition and whether it was worth preserving as an example of 1960s <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">brutalist architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2009-122">[119]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Designed by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Luder" title="Owen Luder">Owen Luder</a> as part of a project to "revitalise" Portsmouth in the 1960s, it consisted of a shopping centre, market, nightclubs, and a <a href="/wiki/Multistorey_car_park" title="Multistorey car park">multistorey car park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013164-123">[120]</a> Portsmouth celebrated the 200th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> in 2005, with Queen Elizabeth II present at a <a href="/wiki/Fleet_review" title="Fleet review">fleet review</a> and a mock battle.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> The naval base is home to two-thirds of Britain's surface fleet.<a href="#cite_note-RN1-124">[121]</a> The city also hosted international commemorations for 50th, 75th and 80th anniversaries of the D-Day landings, these were attended by international leaders and remaining veterans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_photograph_of_Portsmouth_Dockyard_taken_during_a_Photex,_taken_from_2,000_feet._MOD_45144955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An aerial view of western side of Portsmouth (including Gunwharf Quays, the dockyard and the Spinnaker tower), the harbour itself, and the town of Gosport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Aerial_photograph_of_Portsmouth_Dockyard_taken_during_a_Photex%2C_taken_from_2%2C000_feet._MOD_45144955.jpg/220px-Aerial_photograph_of_Portsmouth_Dockyard_taken_during_a_Photex%2C_taken_from_2%2C000_feet._MOD_45144955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Aerial_photograph_of_Portsmouth_Dockyard_taken_during_a_Photex%2C_taken_from_2%2C000_feet._MOD_45144955.jpg/330px-Aerial_photograph_of_Portsmouth_Dockyard_taken_during_a_Photex%2C_taken_from_2%2C000_feet._MOD_45144955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Aerial_photograph_of_Portsmouth_Dockyard_taken_during_a_Photex%2C_taken_from_2%2C000_feet._MOD_45144955.jpg/440px-Aerial_photograph_of_Portsmouth_Dockyard_taken_during_a_Photex%2C_taken_from_2%2C000_feet._MOD_45144955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Harbour</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London,_Great_Britain_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_(5457306673).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/London%2C_Great_Britain_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306673%29.jpg/220px-London%2C_Great_Britain_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306673%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/London%2C_Great_Britain_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306673%29.jpg/330px-London%2C_Great_Britain_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306673%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/London%2C_Great_Britain_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306673%29.jpg/440px-London%2C_Great_Britain_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306673%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3289" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>England population density and low elevation coastal zones. Portsmouth is particularly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.</figcaption></figure> Portsmouth is 73.5 miles (118.3 km) by road from central London, 49.5 miles (79.7 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, and 22.3 miles (35.9 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GM-125">[122]</a> It is located primarily on <a href="/wiki/Portsea_Island" title="Portsea Island">Portsea Island</a> and is the United Kingdom's only island city, although the city has expanded to the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201314,_16-126">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a> is a town and borough to the west.<a href="#cite_note-GM-125">[122]</a> Portsea Island is separated from the mainland by <a href="/wiki/Portsbridge_Creek" title="Portsbridge Creek">Portsbridge Creek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVine1990-127">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] which is crossed by three road bridges (the <a href="/wiki/M275_motorway" title="M275 motorway">M275 motorway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/A3_road" title="A3 road">A3 road</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/A2030_road" title="A2030 road">A2030 road</a>), a railway bridge, and two footbridges.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Portsea Island, part of the <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_Basin" title="Hampshire Basin">Hampshire Basin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> is low-lying; most of the island is less than 3 metres (9.8 ft) <a href="/wiki/Height_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Height above sea level">above sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rising-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> The island's highest natural elevation is the Kingston Cross road junction, at 21 feet (6.4 m) above ordinary spring tide.<a href="#cite_note-highpoint-132">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Portsmouth" title="Old Portsmouth">Old Portsmouth</a>, the original town, is in the south-west part of the island and includes <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Point" title="Portsmouth Point">Portsmouth Point</a> (nicknamed Spice Island).<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> The main channel entering Portsmouth Harbour, west of the island,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVine1990-127">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] passes between Old Portsmouth and Gosport.<a href="#cite_note-GM-125">[122]</a> Portsmouth Harbour has a series of lakes, including Fountain Lake (near the commercial port), Portchester Lake (south central), Paulsgrove Lake (north), Brick Kiln Lake and Tipner (east), and Bombketch and Spider Lakes (west). Further northwest, around Portchester, are Wicor, Cams, and Great Cams Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-GM-125">[122]</a> The large tidal inlet of <a href="/wiki/Langstone_Harbour" title="Langstone Harbour">Langstone Harbour</a> is east of the island. The <a href="/wiki/Farlington_Marshes" title="Farlington Marshes">Farlington Marshes</a>, in the north off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Farlington,_Hampshire" title="Farlington, Hampshire">Farlington</a>, is a 125 hectares (310 acres) <a href="/wiki/Grazing_marsh" title="Grazing marsh">grazing marsh</a> and saline lagoon. One of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Local_nature_reserve" title="Local nature reserve">local reserves</a> in the county, built from reclaimed land in 1771, it provides a habitat for migratory wildfowl and <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SelseyHaylingPortsea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A high aerial view of Portsea Island (the island which Portsmouth is situated on), and neighbouring Hayling Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SelseyHaylingPortsea.JPG/170px-SelseyHaylingPortsea.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SelseyHaylingPortsea.JPG/255px-SelseyHaylingPortsea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SelseyHaylingPortsea.JPG/340px-SelseyHaylingPortsea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4224" /></a><figcaption>Portsea Island and Hayling Island</figcaption></figure> South of Portsmouth are <a href="/wiki/Spithead" title="Spithead">Spithead</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solent" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent">Solent</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. Its southern coast was fortified by the <a href="/wiki/Round_Tower_(Portsmouth)" title="Round Tower (Portsmouth)">Round Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Square_Tower" title="Square Tower">Square Tower</a>, Southsea Castle, <a href="/wiki/Lumps_Fort" title="Lumps Fort">Lumps Fort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cumberland_(England)" title="Fort Cumberland (England)">Fort Cumberland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1985-135">[132]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Four sea forts were built in the Solent by <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spitbank_Fort" title="Spitbank Fort">Spitbank Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Fort" title="St Helens Fort">St Helens Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_Sand_Fort" title="Horse Sand Fort">Horse Sand Fort</a> and <a href="/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land_Fort" title="No Man's Land Fort">No Man's Land Fort</a>. The resort of <a href="/wiki/Southsea" title="Southsea">Southsea</a> is on the central southern shoreline of Portsea Island,<a href="#cite_note-pissea-136">[133]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastney" title="Eastney">Eastney</a> is east.<a href="#cite_note-eastney-137">[134]</a> Eastney Lake covered nearly 170 acres (69 hectares) in 1626.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb198911-138">[135]</a> North of Eastney is the residential <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Portsmouth" title="Milton, Portsmouth">Milton</a> and an area of reclaimed land known as Milton Common (formerly Milton Lake),<a href="#cite_note-GM-125">[122]</a> a "flat scrubby land with a series of freshwater lakes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2007188-139">[136]</a> Further north on the east coast is <a href="/wiki/Baffins" title="Baffins">Baffins</a>, with the Great Salterns recreation ground and golf course around <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_College" title="Portsmouth College">Portsmouth College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GM-125">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hilsea_Lines" title="Hilsea Lines">Hilsea Lines</a> are a series of defunct fortifications on the island's north coast, bordering Portsbridge Creek and the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201380-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1988-141">[138]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Portsdown_Hill" title="Portsdown Hill">Portsdown Hill</a> dominates the skyline in the north, and contains several large <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Forts,_Portsmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmerston Forts, Portsmouth">Palmerston Forts</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[d]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fareham" title="Fort Fareham">Fort Fareham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wallington" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Wallington">Fort Wallington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson,_Hampshire" title="Fort Nelson, Hampshire">Fort Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Southwick" title="Fort Southwick">Fort Southwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Widley" title="Fort Widley">Fort Widley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Purbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Purbrook">Fort Purbrook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1985-135">[132]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201379,_80-143">[139]</a> Portsdown Hill is a large band of <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>; the rest of Portsea Island is composed of layers of <a href="/wiki/London_Clay" title="London Clay">London Clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Bagshot_Formation" title="Bagshot Formation">Bagshot Formation</a>), formed principally during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Northern areas of the city include <a href="/wiki/Stamshaw" title="Stamshaw">Stamshaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilsea" title="Hilsea">Hilsea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copnor" title="Copnor">Copnor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosham" title="Cosham">Cosham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drayton,_Hampshire" title="Drayton, Hampshire">Drayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farlington,_Hampshire" title="Farlington, Hampshire">Farlington</a>, Paulsgrove and <a href="/wiki/Port_Solent" title="Port Solent">Port Solent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Other districts include <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Hampshire" title="North End, Hampshire">North End</a> and Fratton.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> The west of the city contains <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public housing in the United Kingdom">council estates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Buckland,_Portsmouth" title="Buckland, Portsmouth">Buckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landport" title="Landport">Landport</a>, and Portsea, which replaced Victorian terraces destroyed by Second World War bombing.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a> After the war, the 2,000-acre (810 ha) <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Park" title="Leigh Park">Leigh Park</a> estate was built to address the chronic housing shortage during post-war reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013160-110">[107]</a> Although the estate has been under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Havant" title="Borough of Havant">Havant Borough Council</a> since the early 2000s, Portsmouth City Council remains its landlord (the borough's largest landowner).<a href="#cite_note-Leigh_Park_history-111">[108]</a> The city's main station, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_and_Southsea_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth and Southsea railway station">Portsmouth and Southsea railway station</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> is in the city centre near the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Guildhall" title="Portsmouth Guildhall">Guildhall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Civic_Offices" title="Portsmouth Civic Offices">Civic Offices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guild-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> South of the Guildhall is Guildhall Walk, with a number of pubs and clubs.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> The city's other railway station, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour_railway_station" title="Portsmouth Harbour railway station">Portsmouth Harbour railway station</a>, is located on a pier at the harbour's edge, near Old Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> Edinburgh Road contains the city's Roman Catholic cathedral and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Portsmouth" title="Victoria Park, Portsmouth">Victoria Park</a>, a 15-acre (6.1 ha) park which opened in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-vic-152">[148]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_panorama_from_Portsdown_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South-facing panorama of Portsmouth from Portsdown Hill. Langstone Harbour and Hayling Island are on the left, and Portsmouth Harbour is on the right."><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Portsmouth_panorama_from_Portsdown_Hill.jpg/2000px-Portsmouth_panorama_from_Portsdown_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="2000" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Portsmouth_panorama_from_Portsdown_Hill.jpg/3000px-Portsmouth_panorama_from_Portsdown_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Portsmouth_panorama_from_Portsdown_Hill.jpg/4000px-Portsmouth_panorama_from_Portsdown_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7344" data-file-height="540" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_panorama_from_Portsdown_Hill.jpg" title="File:Portsmouth panorama from Portsdown Hill.jpg"> </a></div>South-facing panorama of Portsmouth from <a href="/wiki/Portsdown_Hill" title="Portsdown Hill">Portsdown Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Langstone_Harbour" title="Langstone Harbour">Langstone Harbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayling_Island" title="Hayling Island">Hayling Island</a> are on the left, and Portsmouth Harbour is on the right.</div></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbouring_towns,_villages,_and_places" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_towns,_villages,_and_places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighbouring towns, villages, and places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portchester" title="Portchester">Portchester</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waterlooville" title="Waterlooville">Waterlooville</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havant" title="Havant">Havant</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour" title="Portsmouth Harbour">Portsmouth Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Portsmouth<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Langstone_Harbour" title="Langstone Harbour">Langstone Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayling_Island" title="Hayling Island">Hayling Island</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Solent" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent">Solent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spithead" title="Spithead">Spithead</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Portsmouth has a mild <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>, with more sunshine than most of the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> Frosts are light and short-lived and snow is quite rare in winter, with temperatures rarely dropping below freezing.<a href="#cite_note-rising-130">[127]</a> The average maximum temperature in January is 10 °C (50 °F), and the average minimum is 5 °C (41 °F). The lowest recorded temperature is −8 °C (18 °F).<a href="#cite_note-metextreme-154">[150]</a> In summer, temperatures sometimes reach 30 °C (86 °F). The average maximum temperature in July is 22 °C (72 °F), and the average minimum is 15 °C (59 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 35 °C (95 °F).<a href="#cite_note-metextreme-154">[150]</a> The city gets about 645 millimetres (25.4 in) of rain annually, with a minimum of 1 mm (0.04 in) of rain reported 103 days per year.<a href="#cite_note-weather-155">[151]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Solent MRSC weather station, Lee-on-Solent, elevation: 9 metres (30 feet) (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.56 (47.41) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.74 (47.73) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.01 (51.82) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.94 (57.09) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.07 (62.73) </td> <td style="background: #FF972F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.59 (67.26) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.62 (70.92) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.38 (66.88) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.73 (60.31) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.88 (53.38) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.17 (48.51) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.89 (58.80) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.77 (38.79) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.77 (38.79) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.75 (40.55) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.57 (43.83) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.54 (49.17) </td> <td style="background: #FFC891; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.42 (54.36) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.49 (58.08) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC891; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.43 (54.37) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.84 (49.71) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.56 (43.81) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.25 (39.65) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.58 (47.44) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.86 (2.91) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.32 (2.06) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.44 (1.79) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.45 (1.63) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.06 (1.62) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.25 (1.90) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.30 (1.90) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.74 (2.19) </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.27 (2.10) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.40 (3.28) </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">90.78 (3.57) </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.61 (3.53) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">723.48 (28.48) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">108.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Met Office<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Southsea, Portsmouth 1976–2005 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9 (58.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.2 (48.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 (2.4) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 (3.2) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 (3.1) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">647 (25.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">103.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.6 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">132.7 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.5 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.8 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">247.6 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261.8 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.7 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.9 </td> <td style="background: #B7B75B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">121.8 </td> <td style="background: #9B9B9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.3 </td> <td style="background: #6E6E6E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.5 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,919.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="#cite_note-weather-155">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: BADC<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Average sea temperature<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9ff;">9.6 °C (49.3 °F) </td> <td style="background:#9ff;">9.1 °C (48.4 °F) </td> <td style="background:#9ff;">8.7 °C (47.7 °F) </td> <td style="background:#9ff;">9.8 °C (49.6 °F) </td> <td style="background:#9fc;">11.4 °C (52.5 °F) </td> <td style="background:#cf9;">13.4 °C (56.1 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">15.2 °C (59.4 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">16.7 °C (62.1 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff6;">17.2 °C (63.0 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">16.2 °C (61.2 °F) </td> <td style="background:#cf9;">14.3 °C (57.7 °F) </td> <td style="background:#9fc;">11.8 °C (53.2 °F) </td> <td style="background:#9fc;">12.1 °C (53.8 °F) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Portsmouth_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Portsmouth_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Portsmouth_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Portsmouth_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Portsmouth_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Portsmouth_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2163" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Portsmouth (unitary authority) in 2021</figcaption></figure> Portsmouth is the second-most densely populated city in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, after <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PortsmouthCouncil-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-OffNatStat-160">[156]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a>, the city had 208,100 residents.<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[6]</a> The city used to be even more densely populated, with the 1951 census showing a population of 233,545.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinson1998390-161">[157]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> In a reversal of that decrease, its population has been gradually increasing since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> With about 860,000 residents, <a href="/wiki/South_Hampshire" title="South Hampshire">South Hampshire</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">fifth-largest urban area in England</a> and the largest in <a href="/wiki/South-East_England" class="mw-redirect" title="South-East England">South-East England</a> outside London; it is the centre of one of the United Kingdom's most-populous metropolitan areas.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The city is predominantly white (85.3% of the population). However, Portsmouth's long association with the Royal Navy ensures some diversity.<a href="#cite_note-hant-165">[161]</a> Some large, well-established non-white communities have their roots in the Royal Navy, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> community from <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hant-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Portsmouth's long industrial history with the Royal Navy has drawn many people from across the British Isles (particularly Irish Catholics) to its factories and docks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly201127-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[e]</a> According to the 2011 census, Portsmouth's population was 84% <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a>, 3.8% <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">other White</a>, 1.3% <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a>, 1.4% <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a>, 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">mixed race</a>, 1.8% <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a>, 0.5% <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census" title="2001 United Kingdom census">other</a>, 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black African</a>, 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">white Irish</a>, 1.3% <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">other Asian</a>, 0.3% <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a>, 0.3% <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Black Caribbean</a> and 0.1% other Black.<a href="#cite_note-Population2-171">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:70%; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:120%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="24" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a> in Portsmouth since 1310<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1976-173">[168]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;">Year </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">1310 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">1560 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">1801 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">1851 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">1901 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">1951 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">1961 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">1971 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">1981 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">1991 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">2001 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">2011 </th> <th style="background:#fff; color:navy;">2021 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;">Population </th> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">740 (est) </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">1000 (est) </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">32,160 </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">72,096 </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">188,133 </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">233,545 </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">215,077 </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">197,431 </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">175,382 </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">177,142 </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">186,700 </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">205,400 </td> <td style="background:#fff; color:black;">208,100 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic Group </th> <th colspan="10">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1981 estimations<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1991<a href="#cite_note-:412-175">[170]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-:36-177">[172]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>165,149 </th> <th>97.5% </th> <th>170,210 </th> <th>97.3% </th> <th>176,882 </th> <th>94.7% </th> <th>181,182 </th> <th>88.4% </th> <th>177,277 </th> <th>85.3% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>171,510 </td> <td>91.9% </td> <td>172,313 </td> <td>84% </td> <td>161,664 </td> <td>77.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,339 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,071 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,066 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>85 </td> <td> </td> <td>118 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>324 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>4,033 </td> <td> </td> <td>7,713 </td> <td> </td> <td>14,105 </td> <td>6.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>2,879 </th> <th>1.6% </th> <th>6,162 </th> <th>3.3% </th> <th>12,474 </th> <th>6.1% </th> <th>14,370 </th> <th>6.9% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>702 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,320 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,911 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,104 </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>68 </td> <td> </td> <td>215 </td> <td> </td> <td>539 </td> <td> </td> <td>603 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,046 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,522 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,649 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,742 </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>725 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>1,607 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,611 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,116 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: Other Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>338 </td> <td> </td> <td>498 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,764 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,805 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>778 </th> <th>0.4% </th> <th>942 </th> <th>0.5% </th> <th>3,777 </th> <th>1.8% </th> <th>7,070 </th> <th>3.5% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>175 </td> <td> </td> <td>219 </td> <td> </td> <td>540 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,369 </td> <td>2.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">African</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>246 </td> <td> </td> <td>601 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,958 </td> <td> </td> <td>950 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Black</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>357 </td> <td> </td> <td>122 </td> <td> </td> <td>279 </td> <td> </td> <td>751 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed or British Mixed</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>1,859 </th> <th>1% </th> <th>5,467 </th> <th>2.7% </th> <th>5,487 </th> <th>2.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black Caribbean </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>414 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,103 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,176 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black African </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>235 </td> <td> </td> <td>935 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,244 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>560 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,381 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,540 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: Other Mixed </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>650 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,048 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,527 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>830 </th> <th>0.5% </th> <th>856 </th> <th>0.5% </th> <th>2,156 </th> <th>1.1% </th> <th>3,797 </th> <th>1.8% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,078 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,007 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>830 </td> <td> </td> <td>856 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,078 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,790 </td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-White: Total </th> <th>4,203 </th> <th>2.5% </th> <th>4,487 </th> <th>2.7% </th> <th>9,819 </th> <th>5.3% </th> <th>23,874 </th> <th>11.6% </th> <th>30,724 </th> <th>14.3% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>169,352 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>174,697 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>186,701 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>205,056 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>208,001 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_Guildhall_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A front-facing view of Portsmouth Guildhall and the surrounding civic offices" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portsmouth_Guildhall_2014.JPG/220px-Portsmouth_Guildhall_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portsmouth_Guildhall_2014.JPG/330px-Portsmouth_Guildhall_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portsmouth_Guildhall_2014.JPG/440px-Portsmouth_Guildhall_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5096" data-file-height="3392" /></a><figcaption>The neo-classical <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Guildhall" title="Portsmouth Guildhall">Portsmouth Guildhall</a> and surrounding <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Civic_Offices" title="Portsmouth Civic Offices">Civic Offices</a> are the centre of government.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortsmouthNorth2007Constituency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PortsmouthNorth2007Constituency.svg/110px-PortsmouthNorth2007Constituency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PortsmouthNorth2007Constituency.svg/165px-PortsmouthNorth2007Constituency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PortsmouthNorth2007Constituency.svg/220px-PortsmouthNorth2007Constituency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Portsmouth North (UK Parliament constituency)">Portsmouth North</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortsmouthSouth2007Constituency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PortsmouthSouth2007Constituency.svg/110px-PortsmouthSouth2007Constituency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PortsmouthSouth2007Constituency.svg/165px-PortsmouthSouth2007Constituency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PortsmouthSouth2007Constituency.svg/220px-PortsmouthSouth2007Constituency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Portsmouth South (UK Parliament constituency)">Portsmouth South</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_UK_ward_map_2010_(blank).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Portsmouth_UK_ward_map_2010_%28blank%29.svg/110px-Portsmouth_UK_ward_map_2010_%28blank%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Portsmouth_UK_ward_map_2010_%28blank%29.svg/165px-Portsmouth_UK_ward_map_2010_%28blank%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Portsmouth_UK_ward_map_2010_%28blank%29.svg/220px-Portsmouth_UK_ward_map_2010_%28blank%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>The 14 electoral wards of Portsmouth</figcaption></figure> The city is administered by <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_City_Council" title="Portsmouth City Council">Portsmouth City Council</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> which is responsible for local affairs. Portsmouth was granted its first market town charter in 1194.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> In 1904, its boundaries were extended to all of Portsea Island and were later expanded onto the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> between 1920 and 1932 by incorporating Paulsgrove, <a href="/wiki/Wymering" title="Wymering">Wymering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosham" title="Cosham">Cosham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drayton,_Hampshire" title="Drayton, Hampshire">Drayton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farlington,_Hampshire" title="Farlington, Hampshire">Farlington</a> into Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-portsmouth1-180">[175]</a> Portsmouth was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> on 21 April 1926.<a href="#cite_note-portsmouth1-180">[175]</a> On 1 April 1974, it formed the second tier of local government (below <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County_Council" title="Hampshire County Council">Hampshire County Council</a>);<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> Portsmouth and Southampton became administratively independent of Hampshire with the creation of the unitary authority on 1 April 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201318-182">[177]</a> The city is divided into two parliamentary constituencies, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Portsmouth South (UK Parliament constituency)">Portsmouth South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Portsmouth North (UK Parliament constituency)">Portsmouth North</a>, represented in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Morgan_(U.K._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Morgan (U.K. politician)">Stephen Morgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Martin" title="Amanda Martin">Amanda Martin</a>, both of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> The two Parliamentary constituencies each contain 7 electoral wards, giving an overall total of 14 electoral wards. Portsmouth's inner city centre is located in the Portsmouth South constituency. Portsmouth City Council has 14 electoral wards, each ward returns three councillors, making 42 in total.<a href="#cite_note-ward-184">[179]</a> Each councillor serves a four-year term.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2018 United Kingdom local elections">May 2018 local elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> formed a minority administration, they have run the city since then. The leader of the council is the Liberal Democrat, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Vernon-Jackson" title="Gerald Vernon-Jackson">Gerald Vernon-Jackson</a>. The lord mayor usually has a one-year term.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> The council is based in the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Civic_Offices" title="Portsmouth Civic Offices">Civic Offices</a>, which house the tax support, housing-benefits, resident-services, and municipal-functions departments.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> They are in Guildhall Square, with the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Guildhall" title="Portsmouth Guildhall">Portsmouth Guildhall</a> and Portsmouth Central Library. The Guildhall, a symbol of Portsmouth, is a cultural venue. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>-based architect <a href="/wiki/William_Hill_(English_architect)" title="William Hill (English architect)">William Hill</a>, who began it in the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neo-classical style</a> in 1873 at a cost of £140,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013146-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> It was opened to the public in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_for_Portsmouth">Minister for Portsmouth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Minister for Portsmouth">edit</a>]</div> Between January 2014 and July 2016, Portsmouth uniquely had a dedicated government minister, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Portsmouth" title="Minister for Portsmouth">Minister for Portsmouth</a>, a position created in response to the loss of 900 jobs from BAE Systems within HMNB Portsmouth. The minister was charged with bringing economic growth to the city.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vehicles_lining_up_to_embark_at_the_continental_ferry_port,_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_499738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In this photograph, many large containers and other cargo are lined up in the city's ferry port. A ferry can be seen docked in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vehicles_lining_up_to_embark_at_the_continental_ferry_port%2C_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_499738.jpg/220px-Vehicles_lining_up_to_embark_at_the_continental_ferry_port%2C_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_499738.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vehicles_lining_up_to_embark_at_the_continental_ferry_port%2C_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_499738.jpg/330px-Vehicles_lining_up_to_embark_at_the_continental_ferry_port%2C_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_499738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vehicles_lining_up_to_embark_at_the_continental_ferry_port%2C_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_499738.jpg/440px-Vehicles_lining_up_to_embark_at_the_continental_ferry_port%2C_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_499738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_International_Port" title="Portsmouth International Port">Portsmouth International Port</a> is a major employer.</figcaption></figure> Ten per cent of Portsmouth's workforce is employed at <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth" title="HMNB Portsmouth">Portsmouth Naval Dockyard</a>, which is linked to the city's biggest industry, defence; the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Surface_Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Systems Surface Ships">BAE Systems Surface Ships</a> is in the city.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> BAE's Portsmouth shipyard received construction work on the two new <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier">Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-tel-194">[189]</a> A £100 million contract was signed to develop needed facilities for the vessels.<a href="#cite_note-tel-194">[189]</a> However defence shipbuilding was ended in the city in favour of Glasgow during the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum. The Government was accused of making the decision to keep the more antiquated Glasgow shipyard over Portsmouth for political reasons as part of the pro union campaign. Ministers at the time did state shipbuilding would return to the city if Scotland left the UK. A minister for Portsmouth was established to help deal with the economic fallout of the decision.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> A ferry port handles passengers and cargo,<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> and a fishing fleet of 20 to 30 boats operates out of Camber Quay, <a href="/wiki/Old_Portsmouth" title="Old Portsmouth">Old Portsmouth</a>; most of the catch is sold at the quayside fish market.<a href="#cite_note-fish-197">[192]</a> The city is host to <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s UK headquarters and Portsmouth was also the UK headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Financial_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich Financial Services">Zurich Financial Services</a> until 2007.<a href="#cite_note-history2-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> City shopping is centred on Commercial Road and the 1980s Cascades Shopping Centre.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> The shopping centre has 185,000 to 230,000 visitors weekly.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> Redevelopment has created new shopping areas, including the <a href="/wiki/Gunwharf_Quays" title="Gunwharf Quays">Gunwharf Quays</a> (the repurposed <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vernon_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Vernon (shore establishment)">HMS Vernon</a> shore establishment,<a href="#cite_note-guns-202">[197]</a> with stores, restaurants and a cinema) and the Historic Dockyard, which caters to tourists and holds an annual Victorian <a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-gun-204">[199]</a> Ocean Retail Park, on the north-eastern side of Portsea Island, was built in September 1985 on the site of a former metal-box factory.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gunwharf_Quays_Vernon_Avenue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of some shops in the Gunwharf Quays shopping centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gunwharf_Quays_Vernon_Avenue.JPG/220px-Gunwharf_Quays_Vernon_Avenue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gunwharf_Quays_Vernon_Avenue.JPG/330px-Gunwharf_Quays_Vernon_Avenue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gunwharf_Quays_Vernon_Avenue.JPG/440px-Gunwharf_Quays_Vernon_Avenue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gunwharf_Quays" title="Gunwharf Quays">Gunwharf Quays</a> shopping centre</figcaption></figure> Development of Gunwharf Quays continued until 2007, when the 330-foot-tall (101 m) No. 1 Gunwharf Quays residential tower was completed.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> The development of the former Brickwoods Brewery site included the construction of the 22-storey Admiralty Quarter Tower, the tallest in a complex of primarily low-rise residential buildings.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> Number One Portsmouth, a proposed 25-storey 330 feet (101 m) tower opposite Portsmouth & Southsea station, was announced at the end of October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> In August 2009, internal demolition of the existing building had begun.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> A high-rise student dormitory, nicknamed "The Blade", has begun construction on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">swimming baths</a> at the edge of Victoria Park. The 300-foot (91 m) tower will be Portsmouth's second-tallest structure, after the Spinnaker Tower.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> In April 2007, Portsmouth F.C. announced plans to move from Fratton Park to a new stadium on reclaimed land next to the Historic Dockyard. The £600 million mixed-use development, designed by <a href="/wiki/Herzog_%26_de_Meuron" title="Herzog & de Meuron">Herzog & de Meuron</a>, would include shops, offices and 1,500 harbourside apartments.<a href="#cite_note-SAA-212">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> The scheme was criticised for its size and location, and some officials said that it would interfere with harbour operations.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> The project was rejected by the city council due to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2008 financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Rosyth_Dockyard_MOD_45158229.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier docked in Scotland. This ship is one of two aircraft carriers, Portsmouth is its home port." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Rosyth_Dockyard_MOD_45158229.jpg/220px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Rosyth_Dockyard_MOD_45158229.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Rosyth_Dockyard_MOD_45158229.jpg/330px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Rosyth_Dockyard_MOD_45158229.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Rosyth_Dockyard_MOD_45158229.jpg/440px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Rosyth_Dockyard_MOD_45158229.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Portsmouth is the home port of the two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers.</figcaption></figure> Portsmouth's two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(R08)" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)">HMS Queen Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(R09)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (R09)">HMS Prince of Wales</a>, were ordered by defence secretary <a href="/wiki/Des_Browne" title="Des Browne">Des Browne</a> on 25 July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> They were built in the Firth of Forth at <a href="/wiki/Rosyth_Dockyard" title="Rosyth Dockyard">Rosyth Dockyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Surface_Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Systems Surface Ships">BAE Systems Surface Ships</a> in Glasgow, <a href="/wiki/Babcock_International" title="Babcock International">Babcock International</a> at Rosyth, and at HMNB Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> The government announced before the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">2014 Scottish independence referendum</a> that military shipbuilding would end in Portsmouth, with all UK surface-warship construction focused on the two older BAE facilities in Glasgow.<a href="#cite_note-end-220">[215]</a> The announcement was criticised by local politicians as a political decision to aid the referendum's "No" campaign.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> Portsmouth has several theatres. The <a href="/wiki/New_Theatre_Royal" title="New Theatre Royal">New Theatre Royal</a> in Guildhall Walk, near the city centre, specialises in professional drama.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> The restored Kings Theatre in Southsea features amateur musicals and national tours.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> The Groundlings Theatre, built in 1784, is housed at the Old Beneficial School in Portsea.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> New Prince's Theatre and Southsea's Kings Theatre were designed by Victorian architect <a href="/wiki/Frank_Matcham" title="Frank Matcham">Frank Matcham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> The city has three musical venues: the Guildhall,<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wedgewood_Rooms" title="The Wedgewood Rooms">the Wedgewood Rooms</a> (which includes Edge of the Wedge, a smaller venue),<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Pyramids_Centre" title="Portsmouth Pyramids Centre">Portsmouth Pyramids Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Guildhall" title="Portsmouth Guildhall">Portsmouth Guildhall</a> is one of the largest venues in <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a> of 2,500.<a href="#cite_note-guild-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> A concert series is presented at the Guildhall by the <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra">Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Sinfonia" title="Portsmouth Sinfonia">Portsmouth Sinfonia</a> approached classical music from a different angle during the 1970s, recruiting players with <a href="/wiki/Outsider_music" title="Outsider music">no musical training</a> or who played an instrument new to them.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> The Portsmouth Summer Show is held at <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_Fields" title="King George's Fields">King George's Fields</a>. The 2016 show held during the last weekend of April, featured <a href="/wiki/Cover_band" title="Cover band">cover bands</a> such as the Silver Beatles, the Bog Rolling Stones, and Fleetingwood Mac.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> A number of musical works are set in the city. <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a> is a comic opera in two acts set in Portsmouth Harbour, with music by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a> and libretto by <a href="/wiki/W.S._Gilbert" class="mw-redirect" title="W.S. Gilbert">W.S. Gilbert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStedman1996157–158-235">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Point_(Walton)" title="Portsmouth Point (Walton)">Portsmouth Point</a> is a 1925 <a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">overture</a> for orchestra by English composer <a href="/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a>'s etching of Portsmouth Point in Old Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> The overture was played during a 2007 BBC <a href="/wiki/The_Proms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proms">Proms</a> concert.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Cranko" title="John Cranko">John Cranko</a>'s 1951 ballet <a href="/wiki/Pineapple_Poll" title="Pineapple Poll">Pineapple Poll</a>, which features music from <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>'s operetta The Bumboat Woman's Story, is also set in Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> Portsmouth hosts yearly remembrances of the D-Day landings, attended by veterans from Allied and Commonwealth nations.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> The city played a major role in the 50th D-Day anniversary in 1994; visitors included US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V of Norway</a>, French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, New Zealand Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Jim Bolger</a>, Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>, the Queen, and the Duke of Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> The 75th Anniversary of D-Day was similarly commemorated in the city. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> led the event, and was joined by leaders of the US, Canada, Australia, France and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Mohan-Hickson-245">[240]</a> The annual Portsmouth International Kite Festival, organised by the city council and the Kite Society of Great Britain, celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victorious_Festival" title="Victorious Festival">Victorious Festival</a>, the biggest metropolitan music festival in the UK takes place on Southsea Seafront in Portsmouth. It has been an annual event at this location since 2014. It's a large family-friendly music festival and has featured headliners including Stereophonics, Noel Gallager's High Flying Birds, The Prodigy, and other prominent household names.<a href="#cite_note-charity-247">[242]</a> Portsmouth is frequently used as a filming location for television and film productions, especially the Historic Dockyard. Productions include <a href="/wiki/Tommy_(1975_film)" title="Tommy (1975 film)">Tommy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Dies" title="Tomorrow Never Dies">Tomorrow Never Dies</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Park_(1999_film)" title="Mansfield Park (1999 film)">Mansfield Park</a> and the Hollywood adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Les_Miserables" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Miserables">Les Miserables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> In 2005, Portsmouth featured in the first series of ITV's Britain's Toughest Towns.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> As this documentary also indicated, Portsmouth has issues with gangs and anti-social behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-News_May_2021-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-News_June_2021...-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-News_June_2021-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-HL_June_2020-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-News_Sept_2020-255">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Charles_Dickens_in_Guildhall_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3871763.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Statue_of_Charles_Dickens_in_Guildhall_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3871763.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Charles_Dickens_in_Guildhall_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3871763.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Statue_of_Charles_Dickens_in_Guildhall_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3871763.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Charles_Dickens_in_Guildhall_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3871763.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Statue_of_Charles_Dickens_in_Guildhall_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3871763.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Charles_Dickens_in_Guildhall_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3871763.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>This statue to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> in Portsmouth is one of only three statues to the historic writer in the world. Dickens wrote in his will that he did not want such statues built in his honour.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> Portsmouth is the hometown of Fanny Price, the main character of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Park" title="Mansfield Park">Mansfield Park</a>, and most of its closing chapters are set there.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> Nicholas and Smike, the main protagonists of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' novel <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Nicholas_Nickleby" class="mw-redirect" title="The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby">The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby</a>, make their way to Portsmouth and become involved with a theatrical troupe.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> Portsmouth is most often the port from which Captain Jack Aubrey's ships sail in <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a>'s seafaring historical <a href="/wiki/Aubrey-Maturin_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubrey-Maturin series">Aubrey-Maturin series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> Portsmouth is the main setting of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Meades" title="Jonathan Meades">Jonathan Meades</a>'s 1993 novel Pompey.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> Since the novel was published, Meades has presented a TV programme documenting Victorian architecture in Portsmouth Dockyard.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> Victorian novelist and historian <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Besant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Besant">Sir Walter Besant</a> documented his 1840s childhood in By Celia's Arbour: A Tale of Portsmouth Town, precisely describing the town before its defensive walls were removed.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> Southsea (as Port Burdock) features in <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Mr_Polly" title="The History of Mr Polly">The History of Mr Polly</a> by <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, who describes it as "one of the three townships that are grouped around the Port Burdock naval dockyards".<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> The resort is also the setting of the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Tragical_Comedy_or_Comical_Tragedy_of_Mr._Punch" title="The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch">The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch</a> by <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a> author <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>, who grew up in Portsmouth. A Southsea street was renamed The Ocean at the End of the Lane by the city council in honour of Gaiman's <a href="/wiki/The_Ocean_at_the_End_of_the_Lane" title="The Ocean at the End of the Lane">novel of the same name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flood-263">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> Crime novels set in Portsmouth and the surrounding area include <a href="/wiki/Graham_Hurley" title="Graham Hurley">Graham Hurley</a>'s D.I. Faraday/D.C. Winter novels<a href="#cite_note-graham-265">[260]</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._J._Sansom" title="C. J. Sansom">C. J. Sansom</a>'s Tudor crime novel, Heartstone; the latter refers to the warship Mary Rose and describes Tudor life in the town.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> Portsmouth Fairy Tales for Grown Ups, a collection of short stories, was published in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> The collection, set around Portsmouth, includes stories by crime novelists William Sutton and Diana Bretherick.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Portsmouth" title="List of schools in Portsmouth">List of schools in Portsmouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Building,_University_of_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_548659.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A side-facing view of the Park Building, one of the buildings which make up the University of Portsmouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Park_Building%2C_University_of_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_548659.jpg/170px-Park_Building%2C_University_of_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_548659.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Park_Building%2C_University_of_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_548659.jpg/255px-Park_Building%2C_University_of_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_548659.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Park_Building%2C_University_of_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_548659.jpg/340px-Park_Building%2C_University_of_Portsmouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_548659.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Park Building, University of Portsmouth</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth" title="University of Portsmouth">University of Portsmouth</a> was founded in 1992 as a <a href="/wiki/New_university" class="mw-redirect" title="New university">new university</a> from Portsmouth Polytechnic; in 2016, it had 20,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> The university was ranked among the world's top 100 modern universities in April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Gurney-272">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-uopnews-273">[268]</a> In 2013, it had about 23,000 students and over 2,500 staff members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013198-274">[269]</a> Several local colleges also award <a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diplomas</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Highbury_College" title="Highbury College">Highbury College</a> (specialising in vocational education),<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> and Portsmouth College (which offers academic courses).<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Lord_Nelson_School" title="Admiral Lord Nelson School">Admiral Lord Nelson School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miltoncross_Academy" title="Miltoncross Academy">Miltoncross Academy</a> were built in the late 1990s to meet the needs of a growing school-age population.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> After the cancellation of the national building programme for schools, redevelopment halted.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> Two schools in the city were judged "inadequate", and 29 of its 63 schools were considered "no longer good enough" by <a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> Before it was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Ark_(charity)" title="Ark (charity)">Ark Schools</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Ark_Charter_Academy" title="Ark Charter Academy">Ark Charter Academy</a>, St Luke's Church of England secondary school was one of England's worst schools in GCSE achievement. It was criticised by officials for its behavioural standards, with students reportedly throwing chairs at teachers.<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> Since it became an academy in 2009, the school has improved; 69 per cent of its students achieved five GCSEs with grades of A* to C, including English and mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> The academy's intake policy is for a standard comprehensive school, drawing from the community rather than by religion.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth Grammar School">Portsmouth Grammar School</a>, the city's oldest independent school, was founded in 1732.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013200-285">[280]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Other independent schools include <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_High_School,_Southsea" title="Portsmouth High School, Southsea">Portsmouth High School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayville_High_School,_Southsea" title="Mayville High School, Southsea">Mayville High School</a> (founded in 1897).<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Landmarks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Warrior_and_Spinnaker_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of the port side of HMS Warrior alongside Portsmouth Harbour. The Spinnaker Tower can be seen to the far left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/HMS_Warrior_and_Spinnaker_Tower.jpg/220px-HMS_Warrior_and_Spinnaker_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/HMS_Warrior_and_Spinnaker_Tower.jpg/330px-HMS_Warrior_and_Spinnaker_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/HMS_Warrior_and_Spinnaker_Tower.jpg/440px-HMS_Warrior_and_Spinnaker_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS Warrior</a> (right) and the <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_Tower" title="Spinnaker Tower">Spinnaker Tower</a> are two of Portsmouth's main attractions.</figcaption></figure> Many of Portsmouth's former defences are now museums or event venues. Several Victorian-era forts on Portsdown Hill are tourist attractions;<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson,_Hampshire" title="Fort Nelson, Hampshire">Fort Nelson</a>, at its summit, is home to the Royal Armouries museum.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> Tudor-era Southsea Castle has a small museum, and much of the seafront defences leading to the <a href="/wiki/Round_Tower_(Portsmouth)" title="Round Tower (Portsmouth)">Round Tower</a> are open to the public. The castle was withdrawn from active service in 1960, and was purchased by Portsmouth City Council.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> The southern part of the Royal Marines' <a href="/wiki/Eastney_Barracks" title="Eastney Barracks">Eastney Barracks</a> is now the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines_Museum" title="Royal Marines Museum">Royal Marines Museum</a>, and was opened to the public under the <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Act_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heritage Act 1983">National Heritage Act 1983</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> The museum received a £14 million grant from the National Lottery Fund, and was scheduled to relocate to Portsmouth Historic Dockyard in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> The birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, at Mile End Terrace,<a href="#cite_note-dickens-293">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201373-294">[289]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens%27_Birthplace_Museum" title="Charles Dickens' Birthplace Museum">Charles Dickens' Birthplace Museum</a>; the four-storey red brick building became a Grade I listed building in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a> Other tourist attractions include the Blue Reef Aquarium (with an "underwater safari" of British aquatic life)<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> and the Cumberland House Natural History Museum, housing a variety of local wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Victory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of HMS Victory, the world's oldest commissioned naval ship, situated in Portsmouth's dry dock. The ship itself is missing its figurehead in this photo, but retains its original sails." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HMS_Victory.jpg/220px-HMS_Victory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HMS_Victory.jpg/330px-HMS_Victory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HMS_Victory.jpg/440px-HMS_Victory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a> at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, the world's oldest naval ship still in commission, is one of the city's most popular tourist attractions.</figcaption></figure> Most of the city's landmarks and tourist attractions are related to its naval history. They include <a href="/wiki/The_D-Day_Story" title="The D-Day Story">the D-Day Story</a> in Southsea, which contains the 83-metre-long (272 ft) <a href="/wiki/Overlord_Embroidery" title="Overlord Embroidery">Overlord Embroidery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013156-300">[295]</a> Portsmouth is home to several well-known ships; Horatio Nelson's flagship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>, the world's oldest naval ship still in commission, is in the <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Historic_Dockyard" title="Portsmouth Historic Dockyard">Portsmouth Historic Dockyard</a>. The Victory was placed in a permanent dry dock in 1922 when the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Nautical_Research" title="Society for Nautical Research">Society for Nautical Research</a> led a national appeal to restore her,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201339-85">[82]</a> and 22 million people have visited the ship.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> The remains of Henry VIII's flagship, Mary Rose, was rediscovered on the seabed in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201337-52">[49]</a> She was raised and brought to a purpose-built structure in Portsmouth Historic Dockyard in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-rose-302">[297]</a> Britain's first iron-hulled warship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS Warrior</a>, was restored and moved to Portsmouth in June 1987 after serving as an oil fuel pier at <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Dock" title="Pembroke Dock">Pembroke Dock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a> for fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201342-303">[298]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinton19875-305">[300]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="National Museum of the Royal Navy">National Museum of the Royal Navy</a>, in the dockyard, is sponsored by a charity which promotes research into the Royal Dockyard's history and archaeology.<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> The dockyard hosts the Victorian Festival of Christmas, featuring <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a> in a traditional green robe, each November.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> Portsmouth's long association with the armed forces is demonstrated by a large number of war memorials, including several at the Royal Marines Museum<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> and a large collection of memorials related to the Royal Navy in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Portsmouth" title="Victoria Park, Portsmouth">Victoria Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vic-152">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Memorial" title="Portsmouth Naval Memorial">Portsmouth Naval Memorial</a>, in Southsea Common, commemorates the 24,591 British sailors who died during both World Wars and have no known grave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013135-310">[305]</a> Designed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lorimer" title="Robert Lorimer">Robert Lorimer</a>, it was unveiled by <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> on 15 October 1924.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> In the city centre, the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Square_Cenotaph" class="mw-redirect" title="Guildhall Square Cenotaph">Guildhall Square Cenotaph</a> contains the names of the fallen and is guarded by stone sculptures of machine gunners by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sargeant_Jagger" title="Charles Sargeant Jagger">Charles Sargeant Jagger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> The west face of the memorial reads: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This memorial was erected by the people of Portsmouth in proud and loving memory of those who in the glorious morning of their days for England's sake lost all but England's praise. May light perpetual shine upon them.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a></blockquote> The city has three cemeteries: Kingston, Milton Road, and Highland Road. Kingston Cemetery, opened in 1856, is in east Fratton. At 52 acres (21 ha), it is Portsmouth's largest cemetery and has about 400 burials a year.<a href="#cite_note-cemeteries-314">[309]</a> In February 2014, a ceremony celebrating the 180th anniversary of Portsmouth's Polish community was held at the cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> The approximately 25-acre (10 ha) Milton Road Cemetery, founded on 8 April 1912, has about 200 burials per year. There is a <a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">crematorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portchester" title="Portchester">Portchester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cemeteries-314">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gunwharf_Quays">Gunwharf Quays</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gunwharf Quays">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gunwharf_Quays" title="Gunwharf Quays">Gunwharf Quays</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinnaker_Tower_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of the Spinnaker Tower from the ground at Gunwharf Quays. The tower itself resembles a sail, reflecting Portsmouth's maritime history." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spinnaker_Tower_2014.jpg/170px-Spinnaker_Tower_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spinnaker_Tower_2014.jpg/255px-Spinnaker_Tower_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spinnaker_Tower_2014.jpg/340px-Spinnaker_Tower_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Spinnaker Tower, seen from the waterfront at Gunwharf Quays</figcaption></figure> The naval shore establishment <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vernon_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Vernon (shore establishment)">HMS Vernon</a> contained the Royal Navy's arsenal; weapons and ammunition which would be taken from ships at its 'Gun Wharf' as they entered the harbour, and resupplied when they headed back to sea. The 1919 Southsea and Portsmouth Official Guide described the establishment as "the finest collections of weapons outside the Tower of London, containing more than 25,000 rifles".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013185,_186-316">[311]</a> During the early nineteenth century, the 'Gunwharf' supplied the fleet with a "grand arsenal" of cannons, mortars, bombs, and ordnance. Although gunpowder was not provided due to safety concerns, it could be obtained at Priddy's Hard (near Gosport).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015123-317">[312]</a> An armoury sold small arms to soldiers, and the <a href="/wiki/Stone_frigate" title="Stone frigate">stone frigate</a> also had blacksmith and carpenter shops for armourers. It was run by three officers: a viz (storekeeper), a clerk, and a foreman. By 1817, Gunwharf reportedly employed 5,000 men and housed the world's largest naval arsenal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015123,_124-318">[313]</a> HMS Vernon was closed on 1 April 1996<a href="#cite_note-vernon-319">[314]</a> and was redeveloped by Portsmouth City Council as Gunwharf Quays,<a href="#cite_note-guns-202">[197]</a> a mixed residential and retail site with <a href="/wiki/Outlet_store" title="Outlet store">outlet stores</a>, restaurants, pubs, cafés and a cinema.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_Tower" title="Spinnaker Tower">Spinnaker Tower</a> began in 2001, and was completed in the summer of 2005. The project exceeded its budget and cost £36 million, of which Portsmouth City Council contributed £11 million.<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013232-323">[318]</a> The 560-foot (170 m) tower is visible at a distance of 23 miles (37 km) in clear weather, and its viewing platforms overlook the Solent (towards the Isle of Wight), the harbour and Southsea Castle.<a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013233-325">[320]</a> The tower weighs over 33,000 tonnes (32,000 long tons; 36,000 short tons).<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013233-325">[320]</a>and has the largest glass floor in Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southsea">Southsea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Southsea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southsea" title="Southsea">Southsea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southsea_Clarence_Pier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of the Southsea Promenade, which contains arcades, restaurants, cinemas and a pier (which cannot be seen in this photograph)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Southsea_Clarence_Pier.jpg/220px-Southsea_Clarence_Pier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Southsea_Clarence_Pier.jpg/330px-Southsea_Clarence_Pier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Southsea_Clarence_Pier.jpg/440px-Southsea_Clarence_Pier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Southsea Promenade, which includes the Clarence Pier amusement park</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southsea_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Portsmouth Naval Memorial in Southsea: a large stone pillar and a plaque commemorating the fallen sailors of both World Wars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southsea_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297412.jpg/170px-Southsea_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297412.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southsea_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297412.jpg/255px-Southsea_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southsea_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297412.jpg/340px-Southsea_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1297412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Memorial" title="Portsmouth Naval Memorial">Portsmouth Naval Memorial</a> in Southsea</figcaption></figure> Southsea is a <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resort</a> and residential area of Portsmouth located at the southern end of Portsea Island. Its name originates from Southsea Castle, a seafront castle built in 1544 by Henry VIII to help defend the <a href="/wiki/Solent" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent">Solent</a> and Portsmouth Harbour.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> The area was developed in 1809 as Croxton Town; by the 1860s, the suburb of Southsea had expanded to provide working-class housing.<a href="#cite_note-pissea-136">[133]</a> Southsea developed as a seaside and bathing resort.<a href="#cite_note-pissea-136">[133]</a> A pump room and baths were built near the present-day <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Pier" title="Clarence Pier">Clarence Pier</a>, and a complex was developed which included vapour baths, showers, and card-playing and assembly rooms for holiday-goers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuail200016–17-328">[323]</a> Clarence Pier, opened in 1861 by the Prince and Princess of Wales, was named after Portsmouth military governor <a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_FitzClarence" title="Lord Frederick FitzClarence">Lord Frederick FitzClarence</a> and was described as "one of the largest amusement parks on the south coast".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013140-329">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Parade_Pier" title="South Parade Pier">South Parade Pier</a> was built in 1878, and is among the United Kingdom's 55 remaining private piers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013138-330">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuail200046-331">[326]</a> Originally a terminal for ferries travelling to the Isle of Wight, it was soon redeveloped as an entertainment centre. The pier was rebuilt after fires in 1904, 1967 and 1974 (during the filming of <a href="/wiki/Tommy_(1975_film)" title="Tommy (1975 film)">Tommy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013138-330">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-pissea-136">[133]</a> Plans were announced in 2015 for a Solent Eye at Clarence Pier: a £750,000, 24-gondola <a href="/wiki/Ferris_wheel" title="Ferris wheel">Ferris wheel</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> Southsea is dominated by Southsea Common, a 480-acre (190 ha) grassland created by draining the marshland next to the vapour baths in 1820. The common met the demands of the early-19th-century military for a clear <a href="/wiki/Shooting_range" title="Shooting range">firing range</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuail200019–20-333">[328]</a> and parallels the shore from Clarence Pier to Southsea Castle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuail200019–20-333">[328]</a> A popular recreation area, it hosts a number of annual events which include carnivals, Christmas markets, and Victorian festivals.<a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013136-335">[330]</a> The common has a large collection of mature <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a> trees, believed to be the oldest and largest surviving in Hampshire and which have escaped <a href="/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a> due to their isolation. Other plants include the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Canary Island">Canary Island</a> date palms (<a href="/wiki/Phoenix_canariensis" title="Phoenix canariensis">Phoenix canariensis</a>), some of Britain's largest, which have recently produced viable seed.<a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a> Southsea is often mistaken as a town separate from Portsmouth, mainly due to the confusing <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_%26_Southsea_railway_station" title="Portsmouth & Southsea railway station">Portsmouth & Southsea railway station</a> name.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The resort of Southsea previously had its own dedicated light railway line; the <a href="/wiki/Southsea_Railway" title="Southsea Railway">Southsea Railway</a> and its own terminus, <a href="/wiki/East_Southsea_railway_station" title="East Southsea railway station">East Southsea railway station</a>. The Southsea Railway and station were closed in 1914, with the station's name merged into that of Portsmouth's main railway station name in 1925. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Portsmouth" title="List of places of worship in Portsmouth">List of places of worship in Portsmouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouthcatholiccathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A front facing view of Portsmouth's Roman Catholic cathedral, St John the Evangelist. The cathedral itself is made of brick and has a large chancel and nave at the front. Stained windows are also seen above the front door." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Portsmouthcatholiccathedral.jpg/220px-Portsmouthcatholiccathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Portsmouthcatholiccathedral.jpg/330px-Portsmouthcatholiccathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Portsmouthcatholiccathedral.jpg/440px-Portsmouthcatholiccathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>St John the Evangelist, the Roman Catholic cathedral built in 1882, is one of the city's two cathedrals.</figcaption></figure> Portsmouth has two cathedrals: the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Cathedral" title="Portsmouth Cathedral">Anglican Cathedral of St Thomas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Portsmouth" title="Old Portsmouth">Old Portsmouth</a> and the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_John_the_Evangelist,_Portsmouth" title="Cathedral of St John the Evangelist, Portsmouth">Cathedral of St John the Evangelist</a>. The city is one of 34 British settlements with a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-cathhh-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a> Portsmouth's first chapel, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>, was built by Jean de Gisors in the second half of the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-chapel2-339">[334]</a> It was rebuilt and developed into a <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a> and an Anglican cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-chapel2-339">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a> Damaged during the 1642 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Portsmouth" title="Siege of Portsmouth">Siege of Portsmouth</a>, its tower and <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> were rebuilt after <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">the Restoration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnowles200621-341">[336]</a> Significant changes were made when the Diocese of Portsmouth was founded in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201344-342">[337]</a> It became a cathedral in 1932 and was enlarged, although construction was halted during the Second World War. The cathedral was re-consecrated before <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Domus_Dei" title="Domus Dei">Royal Garrison Church</a> was founded in 1212 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_des_Roches" title="Peter des Roches">Peter des Roches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Winchester</a>. After centuries of decay, it became an ammunition store in 1540. The 1662 marriage of Charles II and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a> was celebrated in the church, and large receptions were held there after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at the 1813 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>. In 1941, a firebomb fell on its roof and destroyed the nave.<a href="#cite_note-garr-60">[57]</a> Although the church's chancel was saved by servicemen shortly after the raid, replacing the roof was deemed impossible due to the large amounts of salt solution absorbed by the stonework.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013150-344">[339]</a> The Cathedral of St John the Evangelist was built in 1882 to accommodate Portsmouth's increasing Roman Catholic population, and replaced a chapel built in 1796 to the west. Before 1791, Roman Catholic chapels in towns with <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough status</a> were prohibited. The chapel opened after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1791" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791</a> was passed, and was replaced by the cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-catholic-345">[340]</a> It was constructed in phases; the nave was completed in 1882; the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">crossing</a> in 1886, and the <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a> by 1893. During the blitz, the cathedral was badly damaged when Luftwaffe bombing destroyed Bishop's House next door; it was restored in 1970, 1982, and 2001.<a href="#cite_note-catholic-345">[340]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Portsmouth" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth">Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth</a> was founded in 1882 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[f]</a> Smaller places of worship in the city include St Jude's Church in Southsea,<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Portsea" title="St Mary's Church, Portsea">St Mary's Church</a> in Portsea,<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Ann%27s_Church,_HMNB_Portsmouth" title="St Ann's Church, HMNB Portsmouth">St Ann's Chapel</a> in the naval base<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_and_Southsea_Synagogue" title="Portsmouth and Southsea Synagogue">Portsmouth and Southsea Synagogue</a>, one of Britain's oldest.<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> Other places of worship include the Immanuel Baptist Church, Southsea; Trinity Methodist Church, Highland Road; Buckland United Reformed Church; The Oasis Centre Elim Penteostal Church; Jubilee Pentecostal Church, Somers Road; Kings Church Assemblies of God (St Peter's Somers Road); Family Church; Christ Central Church, John Pounds Centre; The Jami Mosque, Bradford Junction; The Sikh Gurudwara, Margate Road. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fratton_Park,_Sep_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fratton Park football stadium at night, home of Portsmouth F.C. The pitch is lit by floodlights." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fratton_Park%2C_Sep_2006.jpg/220px-Fratton_Park%2C_Sep_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fratton_Park%2C_Sep_2006.jpg/330px-Fratton_Park%2C_Sep_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fratton_Park%2C_Sep_2006.jpg/440px-Fratton_Park%2C_Sep_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Fratton Park, home of Portsmouth F.C.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C." title="Portsmouth F.C.">Portsmouth F.C.</a> play their home games at <a href="/wiki/Fratton_Park" title="Fratton Park">Fratton Park</a>. They have won two <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> titles (1949 and 1950),<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-rsssf-353">[347]</a> and won the <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> in 1939 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeasom198421-354">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a> The club returned to the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a> They were relegated to the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League Championship">Championship</a> in 2010 and, experiencing serious financial difficulties in February 2012,<a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a> were relegated again to <a href="/wiki/Football_League_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League One">League One</a>. The club was relegated the following year to <a href="/wiki/EFL_League_Two" title="EFL League Two">League Two</a>, the fourth tier of <a href="/wiki/Football_in_England#Men's_League_system" title="Football in England">English football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> Portsmouth F.C. was purchased in April 2013 by the Pompey Supporters Trust, becoming the largest fan-owned club in English Football history.<a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[354]</a> In May 2017, as League Two champions, they were promoted to <a href="/wiki/EFL_League_One" title="EFL League One">League One</a> for the 2017–18 season. They won promotion back to the Championship as Champions of League One in May 2024. <a href="/wiki/Moneyfields_F.C." title="Moneyfields F.C.">Moneyfields F.C.</a> have played in the <a href="/wiki/Wessex_Football_League" title="Wessex Football League">Wessex Football League</a> Premier Division since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_F.C." title="United Services Portsmouth F.C.">United Services Portsmouth F.C.</a> (formerly known as Portsmouth Royal Navy) and <a href="/wiki/Baffins_Milton_Rovers_F.C." title="Baffins Milton Rovers F.C.">Baffins Milton Rovers F.C.</a> compete in Wessex League Division One; United Services was founded in 1962,<a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> and Baffins Milton Rovers in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-363">[357]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a> teams <a href="/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club">United Services Portsmouth RFC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_Rugby_Union" title="Royal Navy Rugby Union">Royal Navy Rugby Union</a> play their home matches at the <a href="/wiki/United_Services_Recreation_Ground" title="United Services Recreation Ground">United Services Recreation Ground</a>. Royal Navy Rugby Union play in the annual <a href="/wiki/Army_Navy_Match" title="Army Navy Match">Army Navy Match</a> at <a href="/wiki/Twickenham" title="Twickenham">Twickenham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[358]</a> Portsmouth began hosting <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class cricket</a> at the United Services Recreation Ground in 1882,<a href="#cite_note-365">[359]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Hampshire County Cricket Club">Hampshire County Cricket Club</a> matches were played there from 1895 to 2000. In 2000, Hampshire moved their home matches to the new <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(cricket_ground)" title="Rose Bowl (cricket ground)">Rose Bowl</a> cricket ground in <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Hampshire" title="West End, Hampshire">West End</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PRO-366">[360]</a> Portsmouth is home to two <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a> clubs: Portsmouth Hockey Club, based at the <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Lord_Nelson_School" title="Admiral Lord Nelson School">Admiral Lord Nelson School</a> and United Services Portsmouth Hockey Club, based on Burnaby Road.<a href="#cite_note-367">[361]</a> Great Salterns Golf Club, established in 1926,<a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a> is an 18-hole parkland course with two holes played across a lake;<a href="#cite_note-369">[363]</a> there are coastal courses at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayling_Golf_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayling Golf Club (page does not exist)">Hayling</a> and the Gosport and Stokes Bay Golf Club.<a href="#cite_note-GM-125">[122]</a> Boxing was a popular sport between 1910 and 1960, and a monument commemorating the city's boxing heritage was built in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Hampshire" title="Transport in South Hampshire">Transport in South Hampshire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> In March 2008, Portsmouth City Council became the first local authority in the UK to implement city-wide 20 miles per hour speed limit zones.<a href="#cite_note-371">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferries">Ferries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ferries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_busy_scene_with_ferries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1306443.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of various ferries, cargo and military vessels moving out of Portsmouth Harbour. This photograph was taken from the viewing deck of the Spinnaker Tower." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_busy_scene_with_ferries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1306443.jpg/220px-A_busy_scene_with_ferries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1306443.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_busy_scene_with_ferries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1306443.jpg/330px-A_busy_scene_with_ferries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1306443.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_busy_scene_with_ferries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1306443.jpg/440px-A_busy_scene_with_ferries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1306443.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Ferries and cargo and military vessels in Portsmouth Harbour</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour_railway_station" title="Portsmouth Harbour railway station">Portsmouth Harbour</a> has passenger-ferry links to <a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>,<a href="#cite_note-373">[367]</a> with car-ferry service to the Isle of Wight nearby.<a href="#cite_note-374">[368]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hovertravel" title="Hovertravel">Hovertravel</a>, Britain's longest-standing commercial <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a> service, begun in the 1960s, runs from near Clarence Pier in <a href="/wiki/Southsea" title="Southsea">Southsea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ryde" title="Ryde">Ryde</a>, Isle of Wight.<a href="#cite_note-375">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_International_Port" title="Portsmouth International Port">Portsmouth International Port</a> has links to <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville" title="Cherbourg-Octeville">Cherbourg-Octeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Malo" class="mw-redirect" title="St Malo">St Malo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> in France,<a href="#cite_note-376">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santander, Cantabria">Santander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> in Spain,<a href="#cite_note-bit-378">[372]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chan-379">[373]</a> Ferry services from the port are operated by <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Ferries" title="Brittany Ferries">Brittany Ferries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condor_Ferries" title="Condor Ferries">Condor Ferries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bit-378">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[375]</a> On 18 May 2006, <a href="/wiki/Trasmediterranea" class="mw-redirect" title="Trasmediterranea">Trasmediterranea</a> began service to Bilbao in competition with <a href="/wiki/P%26O_Ferries" title="P&O Ferries">P&O</a>'s service. Its ferry, Fortuny, was detained in Portsmouth by the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Maritime and Coastguard Agency">Maritime and Coastguard Agency</a> for a number of safety violations.<a href="#cite_note-382">[376]</a> They were quickly corrected and the service was cleared for passengers on 23 May of that year.<a href="#cite_note-383">[377]</a> Trasmediterránea discontinued its Bilbao service in March 2007, citing a need to deploy the Fortuny elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-384">[378]</a> P&O Ferries ended their service to <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> on 27 September 2010 due to "unsustainable losses".<a href="#cite_note-385">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[380]</a> The second-busiest ferry port in the UK (after <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>), Portsmouth handles about three million passengers per year.<a href="#cite_note-387">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Buses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Portsmouth" title="Buses in Portsmouth">Buses in Portsmouth</a></div> Local bus services are provided by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_South" title="Stagecoach South">Stagecoach South</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Hampshire_%26_Dorset" title="First Hampshire & Dorset">First Hampshire & Dorset</a> to the city and its surrounding towns. Hovertravel and First Hampshire & Dorset operate a Hoverbus service from the city centre to Southsea Hovercraft Terminal and the Hard Interchange, near the seafront.<a href="#cite_note-389">[383]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a> service from Portsmouth operates primarily from the Hard Interchange to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Victoria Coach Station</a>, Cornwall, <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Interchange" title="Bradford Interchange">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_bus_station" title="Bristol bus station">Bristol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-390">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Railways">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249493202">.mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.mw-parser-output .RMinline{float:none;width:100%;margin:0;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.routemap{padding:0;border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMcollapse{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMreplace{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;bottom:0}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMsi{display:inline;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMir{padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl1{padding:0 3px!important;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr1{padding:0 3px!important;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl{padding:0!important;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr{padding:0!important;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl4{padding:0 3px 0 0!important;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr4{padding:0 0 0 3px!important;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.routemap>tbody>tr{line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.routemap>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.RMcollapse>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.RMreplace>tbody>tr>td{padding:0;width:auto;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .RMir>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:0;height:20px;min-height:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir img{height:initial!important;max-width:initial!important}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMov{position:relative}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMov .RMic,.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMov .RMtx{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMtx{line-height:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMsp{height:20px;min-height:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMtx>abbr,.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMtx>div{line-height:.975;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMts{font-size:90%;transform:scaleX(.89)}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMf_{height:5px;min-height:5px;width:20px;min-width:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMfm{height:100%;min-height:100%;width:4px;min-width:4px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMo{width:2.5px;min-width:2.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMc{width:5px;min-width:5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMoc{width:7.5px;min-width:7.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMd{width:10px;min-width:10px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMod{width:12.5px;min-width:12.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcd{width:15px;min-width:15px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMocd{width:17.5px;min-width:17.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_{width:20px;min-width:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_o{width:22.5px;min-width:22.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_c{width:25px;min-width:25px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_oc{width:27.5px;min-width:27.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_d{width:30px;min-width:30px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_od{width:32.5px;min-width:32.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cd{width:35px;min-width:35px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_ocd{width:37.5px;min-width:37.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMb{width:40px;min-width:40px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcb{width:45px;min-width:45px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMdb{width:50px;min-width:50px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcdb{width:55px;min-width:55px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_b{width:60px;min-width:60px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cb{width:65px;min-width:65px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_db{width:70px;min-width:70px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cdb{width:75px;min-width:75px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMs{width:80px;min-width:80px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMds{width:90px;min-width:90px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_s{width:100px;min-width:100px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_ds{width:110px;min-width:110px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbs{width:120px;min-width:120px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMdbs{width:130px;min-width:130px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bs{width:140px;min-width:140px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_dbs{width:150px;min-width:150px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMw{width:160px;min-width:160px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_w{width:180px;min-width:180px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbw{width:200px;min-width:200px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bw{width:220px;min-width:220px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMsw{width:240px;min-width:240px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_sw{width:260px;min-width:260px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbsw{width:280px;min-width:280px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bsw{width:300px;min-width:300px}.mw-parser-output .RMsplit{font-weight:inherit;color:black;background:transparent;margin-top:-3px;margin-bottom:-3px;width:initial!important;box-sizing:initial;display:inline-table;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl>.RMsplit,.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr>.RMsplit{font-size:90%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}</style> <table class="collapsible collapsed RMbox" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em;empty-cells:show;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#FFF;background:#27404E;text-align:center;padding:5px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;margin-right:5px;white-space:nowrap"><ul class="navbar-brackets" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portsmouth_lines" title="Template:Portsmouth lines"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portsmouth_lines" title="Template talk:Portsmouth lines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portsmouth_lines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portsmouth lines"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="margin-left:55px"><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">Railways in the Portsmouth area</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><div style="position:relative;text-align:left;"><div style="width:;height:;position:absolute;top:-15px;right:-27px;bottom:;left:;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:105%"><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Direct_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth Direct Line">Portsmouth Direct Line</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit;font-style:italic">to <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Waterloo railway station">London Waterloo</a> via <a href="/wiki/Guildford_railway_station_(Surrey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guildford railway station (Surrey)">Guildford</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RMd"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_CONT4%2B2.svg/20px-BSicon_CONT4%2B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_CONT4%2B2.svg/30px-BSicon_CONT4%2B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_CONT4%2B2.svg/40px-BSicon_CONT4%2B2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BSicon_STRc3.svg/20px-BSicon_STRc3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BSicon_STRc3.svg/30px-BSicon_STRc3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BSicon_STRc3.svg/40px-BSicon_STRc3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BSicon_STR%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_STR%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BSicon_STR%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_STR%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BSicon_STR%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_STR%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_dCONTfq.svg/10px-BSicon_dCONTfq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_dCONTfq.svg/15px-BSicon_dCONTfq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_dCONTfq.svg/20px-BSicon_dCONTfq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:105%"><a href="/wiki/West_Coastway_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coastway Line">West Coastway Line</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit;font-style:italic">to <a href="/wiki/Brighton_railway_station" title="Brighton railway station">Brighton</a> & <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Victoria railway station">London Victoria</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:105%"><a href="/wiki/West_Coastway_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coastway Line">West Coastway Line</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit;font-style:italic">to <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Central_railway_station" title="Southampton Central railway station">Southampton Central</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BSicon_dCONTgq.svg/10px-BSicon_dCONTgq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BSicon_dCONTgq.svg/15px-BSicon_dCONTgq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BSicon_dCONTgq.svg/20px-BSicon_dCONTgq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BSicon_STRc1.svg/20px-BSicon_STRc1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BSicon_STRc1.svg/30px-BSicon_STRc1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BSicon_STRc1.svg/40px-BSicon_STRc1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_ABZg%2B4.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZg%2B4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_ABZg%2B4.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZg%2B4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_ABZg%2B4.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZg%2B4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RMd"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portchester_railway_station" title="Portchester railway station">Portchester</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Havant_railway_station" title="Havant railway station">Havant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/M27_motorway_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="M27 motorway (Great Britain)">M27</a></div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg/20px-BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg/30px-BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg/40px-BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bedhampton_railway_station" title="Bedhampton railway station">Bedhampton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cosham_railway_station" title="Cosham railway station">Cosham</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg/20px-BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg/30px-BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg/40px-BSicon_SKRZ-Bu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/A3(M)_motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="A3(M) motorway">A3(M)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BSicon_3STR2.svg/20px-BSicon_3STR2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BSicon_3STR2.svg/30px-BSicon_3STR2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BSicon_3STR2.svg/40px-BSicon_3STR2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_STR2.svg/20px-BSicon_STR2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_STR2.svg/30px-BSicon_STR2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_STR2.svg/40px-BSicon_STR2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BSicon_-3STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_-3STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BSicon_-3STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_-3STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BSicon_-3STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_-3STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BSicon_STRc23.svg/20px-BSicon_STRc23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BSicon_STRc23.svg/30px-BSicon_STRc23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BSicon_STRc23.svg/40px-BSicon_STRc23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_3STR3.svg/20px-BSicon_3STR3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_3STR3.svg/30px-BSicon_3STR3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_3STR3.svg/40px-BSicon_3STR3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BSicon_STR3.svg/20px-BSicon_STR3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BSicon_STR3.svg/30px-BSicon_STR3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BSicon_STR3.svg/40px-BSicon_STR3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BSicon_STRc1.svg/20px-BSicon_STRc1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BSicon_STRc1.svg/30px-BSicon_STRc1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BSicon_STRc1.svg/40px-BSicon_STRc1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BSicon_exlv-HST%40G.svg/20px-BSicon_exlv-HST%40G.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BSicon_exlv-HST%40G.svg/30px-BSicon_exlv-HST%40G.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BSicon_exlv-HST%40G.svg/40px-BSicon_exlv-HST%40G.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BSicon_ABZ%2B14.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZ%2B14.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BSicon_ABZ%2B14.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZ%2B14.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BSicon_ABZ%2B14.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZ%2B14.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BSicon_STRc4.svg/20px-BSicon_STRc4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BSicon_STRc4.svg/30px-BSicon_STRc4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BSicon_STRc4.svg/40px-BSicon_STRc4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Farlington_Halt_railway_station" title="Farlington Halt railway station">Farlington Halt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BSicon_dRAq.svg/10px-BSicon_dRAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BSicon_dRAq.svg/15px-BSicon_dRAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BSicon_dRAq.svg/20px-BSicon_dRAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg/20px-BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg/30px-BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg/40px-BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BSicon_dRAq.svg/10px-BSicon_dRAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BSicon_dRAq.svg/15px-BSicon_dRAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BSicon_dRAq.svg/20px-BSicon_dRAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/A27_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A27 road (Great Britain)">A27</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg/40px-BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg/60px-BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg/80px-BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Portsbridge_Creek" title="Portsbridge Creek">Portsbridge Creek</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:105%"><a href="/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth" title="HMNB Portsmouth">HMNB Portsmouth</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit;font-style:italic"><a href="/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth#The_dockyard_railway" title="HMNB Portsmouth">Admiralty Line</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/BSicon_exKDSTa.svg/20px-BSicon_exKDSTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/BSicon_exKDSTa.svg/30px-BSicon_exKDSTa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/BSicon_exKDSTa.svg/40px-BSicon_exKDSTa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BSicon_BS2c1.svg/20px-BSicon_BS2c1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BSicon_BS2c1.svg/30px-BSicon_BS2c1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BSicon_BS2c1.svg/40px-BSicon_BS2c1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_lv-HST.svg/20px-BSicon_lv-HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_lv-HST.svg/30px-BSicon_lv-HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_lv-HST.svg/40px-BSicon_lv-HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BSicon_STRl%2B4h.svg/20px-BSicon_STRl%2B4h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BSicon_STRl%2B4h.svg/30px-BSicon_STRl%2B4h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BSicon_STRl%2B4h.svg/40px-BSicon_STRl%2B4h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hilsea_railway_station" title="Hilsea railway station">Hilsea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_%26_Southsea_railway_station" title="Portsmouth & Southsea railway station">Portsmouth & Southsea</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZxl%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZxl%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZxl%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZxl%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZxl%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZxl%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/20px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/30px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/40px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/20px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/30px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/40px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BSicon_ABZr%2Bxr.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZr%2Bxr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BSicon_ABZr%2Bxr.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZr%2Bxr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BSicon_ABZr%2Bxr.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZr%2Bxr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fratton_railway_station" title="Fratton railway station">Fratton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour_railway_station" title="Portsmouth Harbour railway station">Portsmouth Harbour</a> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_KBHFe.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_KBHFe.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_KBHFe.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BSicon_exSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_exSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BSicon_exSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_exSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BSicon_exSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_exSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Southsea_Railway" title="Southsea Railway">Southsea Railway</a> 1885–1914</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gosport_Ferry" title="Gosport Ferry">Gosport Ferry</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Wightlink" title="Wightlink">Wightlink</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ryde_Pier_Head_railway_station" title="Ryde Pier Head railway station">Ryde Pier Head</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/BSicon_BOOT.svg/20px-BSicon_BOOT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/BSicon_BOOT.svg/30px-BSicon_BOOT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/BSicon_BOOT.svg/40px-BSicon_BOOT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Road_Bridge_Halt_railway_station" title="Jessie Road Bridge Halt railway station">Jessie Road Bridge Halt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Road_Bridge_Halt_railway_station" title="Albert Road Bridge Halt railway station">Albert Road Bridge Halt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_exKHSTe.svg/20px-BSicon_exKHSTe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_exKHSTe.svg/30px-BSicon_exKHSTe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_exKHSTe.svg/40px-BSicon_exKHSTe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/East_Southsea_railway_station" title="East Southsea railway station">East Southsea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Portsmouth has four railway stations on Portsea Island: <a href="/wiki/Hilsea_railway_station" title="Hilsea railway station">Hilsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fratton_railway_station" title="Fratton railway station">Fratton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_%26_Southsea_railway_station" title="Portsmouth & Southsea railway station">Portsmouth & Southsea</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[385]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour_railway_station" title="Portsmouth Harbour railway station">Portsmouth Harbour</a>,<a href="#cite_note-392">[386]</a> with a fifth station at <a href="/wiki/Cosham_railway_station" title="Cosham railway station">Cosham</a> in the northern mainland suburb of <a href="/wiki/Cosham" title="Cosham">Cosham, Portsmouth</a>. Portsmouth previously had additional stations at <a href="/wiki/East_Southsea_railway_station" title="East Southsea railway station">Southsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farlington_Halt_railway_station" title="Farlington Halt railway station">Farlington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulsgrove_Halt_railway_station" title="Paulsgrove Halt railway station">Paulsgrove</a>, but these were closed at various periods of the twentieth century. The city of Portsmouth is on two direct <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Western Railway (train operating company)">South Western Railway</a> routes to <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Waterloo railway station">London Waterloo</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Guildford_railway_station" title="Guildford railway station">Guildford</a> and via <a href="/wiki/Basingstoke_railway_station" title="Basingstoke railway station">Basingstoke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[387]</a> There is a South Western Railway stopping service to <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Central_railway_station" title="Southampton Central railway station">Southampton Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a> service to <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station" title="Cardiff Central railway station">Cardiff Central</a> via Southampton, <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_railway_station" title="Salisbury railway station">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath_Spa_railway_station" title="Bath Spa railway station">Bath Spa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station" title="Bristol Temple Meads railway station">Bristol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[388]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern (train operating company)">Southern</a> has service to <a href="/wiki/Brighton_railway_station" title="Brighton railway station">Brighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport_railway_station" title="Gatwick Airport railway station">Gatwick Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Croydon_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="East Croydon railway station">Croydon</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Victoria railway station">London Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[389]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closed_stations">Closed stations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Closed stations">edit</a>]</div> Southsea once had its own branch line, the <a href="/wiki/Southsea_Railway" title="Southsea Railway">Southsea Railway</a>, which opened in 1885 between <a href="/wiki/East_Southsea_railway_station" title="East Southsea railway station">Southsea railway station</a> and Fratton; it was closed in 1914 due to competition from tram services.<a href="#cite_note-396">[390]</a> <a href="/wiki/Farlington_Halt_railway_station" title="Farlington Halt railway station">Farlington Halt railway station</a> was built to serve Portsmouth Park <a href="/wiki/Horseracing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseracing in the United Kingdom">racecourse</a>, opening as Farlington Race Course on 26 June 1891.<a href="#cite_note-Butt-397">[391]</a> The racecourse was closed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War One</a>, but the station was retained to serve the ammunition dump put in its place.<a href="#cite_note-398">[392]</a> The station closed in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-Butt-397">[391]</a> Re-opened in 1922 until 1927.<a href="#cite_note-Butt-397">[391]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(UK)" title="Southern Railway (UK)">Southern Railway</a>, it re-opened as a general public <a href="/wiki/Railway_halt" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway halt">halt</a> in 1928 named Farlington Halt;<a href="#cite_note-Butt-397">[391]</a> however, this was short-lived as the station closed due to insufficient customers on 4 July 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Butt-397">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paulsgrove_Halt_railway_station" title="Paulsgrove Halt railway station">Paulsgrove Halt railway station</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[393]</a> was a railway station opened in 1928 to serve the adjacent Portsmouth <a href="/wiki/Racecourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Racecourse">Racecourse</a>, a pony racing stronghold.<a href="#cite_note-400">[394]</a> The station was formerly located between Cosham and Portchester stations. Paulsgrove Halt was closed along with the racecourse when the land was acquired by the military in 1939, at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Airport_(Hampshire)" title="Portsmouth Airport (Hampshire)">Portsmouth Airport</a>, with a grass runway, was in operation from 1932 to 1973. After it closed, housing (Anchorage Park) and industry were built on the site.<a href="#cite_note-401">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[396]</a> The nearest airport is <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Airport" title="Southampton Airport">Southampton Airport</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Eastleigh" title="Borough of Eastleigh">Borough of Eastleigh</a>, 19.8 miles (31.9 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-GM-125">[122]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Western Railway (train operating company)">South Western Railway</a> rail connection, requiring a change at <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Central_railway_station" title="Southampton Central railway station">Southampton Central</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eastleigh_railway_station" title="Eastleigh railway station">Eastleigh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[397]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick</a> are 65 miles (105 km) and 75 miles (121 km) away, respectively. Gatwick is linked by Southern train service to London Victoria station and Heathrow is linked by coach to <a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a>, which is on both rail lines to London Waterloo and the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[398]</a> Heathrow is linked to Portsmouth by National Express coaches.<a href="#cite_note-405">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_canal">Former canal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Former canal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsea_islandcanal1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Portsea_islandcanal1815.jpg/250px-Portsea_islandcanal1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Portsea_islandcanal1815.jpg/375px-Portsea_islandcanal1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Portsea_islandcanal1815.jpg/500px-Portsea_islandcanal1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="1719" /></a><figcaption>A map of the planned route of Portsmouth and Arundel Canal across Portsea Island from 1815</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_and_Arundel_Canal" title="Portsmouth and Arundel Canal">Portsmouth and Arundel Canal</a> ran between the towns and was built in 1823 by the Portsmouth & Arundel Navigation Company. Never financially successful, and found to be contaminating Portsea Island fresh water wells,<a href="#cite_note-406">[400]</a> it was abandoned in 1855 and the company was wound up in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200618–19-407">[401]</a> The canal was part of a larger scheme for a secure inland canal route from London to Portsmouth, allowing boats to avoid the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. It had three sections: a pair of ship canals (one on Portsea Island and one to <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>) and a barge canal from <a href="/wiki/Ford,_West_Sussex" title="Ford, West Sussex">Ford</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Arun" title="River Arun">River Arun</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hunston,_West_Sussex" title="Hunston, West Sussex">Hunston</a>, where it joined the canal's Chichester section.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1971144–145-408">[402]</a> The route through Portsea Island began from a basin formerly located on Arundel Street and cut through <a href="/wiki/Landport" title="Landport">Landport</a>, Fratton and <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Portsmouth" title="Milton, Portsmouth">Milton</a>, ending at the eastern end of Locksway Road in Milton (where a set of lock gates accessed <a href="/wiki/Langstone_Harbour" title="Langstone Harbour">Langstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Harbour" title="Chichester Harbour">Chichester Harbours</a>. After the island route was closed, the drained canal-bed sections through Landport and Fratton were reused for the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Direct_line" title="Portsmouth Direct line">Portsmouth Direct line</a>, or filled-in to surface level to form a new main road route to Milton, named Goldsmith Avenue. The brick-lined canal walls are clearly visible between the Fratton and Portsmouth & Southsea railway stations. The canal lock entrance at Locksway Road in Milton is east of the Thatched House <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_plans">Future plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Future plans">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: This never happened, section now undue and probably needs to be removed. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A new public transport structure was once under discussion, including <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">monorails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a>. Although a light-rail link to Gosport was authorised in 2002 (with completion expected to be in 2005), the project was in jeopardy as the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> refused to fund it in November 2005.<a href="#cite_note-410">[404]</a> In April 2011, <a href="/wiki/The_News_(Portsmouth)" title="The News (Portsmouth)">The News</a> reported a scheme to replace conventional rail lines to Southampton via Fareham, <a href="/wiki/Bursledon" title="Bursledon">Bursledon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sholing" title="Sholing">Sholing</a> with light rail.<a href="#cite_note-411">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[406]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> Portsmouth, Southampton and their adjacent towns are served primarily by programming from the <a href="/wiki/Rowridge_transmitting_station" title="Rowridge transmitting station">Rowridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chillerton_Down_transmitting_station" title="Chillerton Down transmitting station">Chillerton Down</a> transmitters on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley1972-413">[407]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] although the transmitter at <a href="/wiki/Midhurst_transmitting_station" title="Midhurst transmitting station">Midhurst</a> can substitute for Rowridge. Portsmouth was one of the first cities in the UK to have a local TV station (MyTV), although the Isle of Wight began local television broadcasting in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-414">[408]</a> In November 2014, <a href="/wiki/That%27s_Solent" title="That's Solent">That's Solent</a> was introduced as part of a nationwide roll-out of local <a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a> channels in south-central England.<a href="#cite_note-415">[409]</a> The stations broadcast from Rowridge.<a href="#cite_note-416">[410]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> local radio station that broadcast to the city is <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Solent" title="BBC Radio Solent">BBC Radio Solent</a> on 96.1 FM. According to <a href="/wiki/RAJAR" title="RAJAR">RAJAR</a>, popular radio stations include regional <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_South" title="Greatest Hits Radio South">Greatest Hits Radio South</a> and Global Radio's <a href="/wiki/Heart_South" title="Heart South">Heart South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_South" title="Capital South">Capital South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Easy_Radio_South_Coast" title="Easy Radio South Coast">Easy Radio South Coast</a> broadcasts from Southampton to the city on 107.4 MHz,<a href="#cite_note-417">[411]</a> and the non-profit community station, Express FM, broadcasts on 93.7.<a href="#cite_note-418">[412]</a> Patients at <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra_Hospital" title="Queen Alexandra Hospital">Queen Alexandra Hospital</a> (Portsmouth's primary hospital) receive local programming from Portsmouth Hospital Broadcasting, which began in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-419">[413]</a> When the first local commercial radio stations were licensed during the 1970s by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Independent Broadcasting Authority">Independent Broadcasting Authority</a> (IBA), <a href="/wiki/Radio_Victory" title="Radio Victory">Radio Victory</a> received the first licence and began broadcasting in 1975. In 1986, the IBA increased the Portsmouth licence to include Southampton and the Isle of Wight. The new licence went to Ocean Sound (later known as Ocean FM), with studios in <a href="/wiki/Fareham" title="Fareham">Fareham</a>; Ocean FM became <a href="/wiki/Heart_Hampshire" title="Heart Hampshire">Heart Hampshire</a>. For the city's 800th birthday in 1994, Victory FM broadcast for three 28-day periods over 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-420">[414]</a> It was purchased by TLRC, who relaunched the station in 2001 as the Quay;<a href="#cite_note-421">[415]</a> Portsmouth Football Club became a stakeholder in 2007, selling it in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-422">[416]</a> Portsmouth's daily newspaper is <a href="/wiki/The_News_(Portsmouth)" title="The News (Portsmouth)">The News</a>, founded in 1873 and previously known as the Portsmouth Evening News. The Journal, a free weekly newspaper, is published by News publisher <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Press" title="Johnston Press">Johnston Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-423">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notable residents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Portsmouth" title="List of people from Portsmouth">List of people from Portsmouth</a></div> Portsmouth has been home to a number of famed authors; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, whose works include <a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</a>, was born there.<a href="#cite_note-425">[419]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> stories, practised medicine in the city and played in goal for the amateur Portsmouth Association Football Club.<a href="#cite_note-426">[420]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> (poet and author of <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a>)<a href="#cite_note-blue-427">[421]</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a>, lived in Portsmouth during the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-428">[422]</a> Novelist and historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Besant" title="Walter Besant">Walter Besant</a>, author of By Celia's Arbour, A Tale of Portsmouth Town, was born in Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-429">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[424]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Frances Yates</a>, known for her work on Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esotericism</a>, was born in the city. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Austen" title="Francis Austen">Francis Austen</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, briefly lived in the area after graduating from Portsmouth Naval Academy.<a href="#cite_note-431">[425]</a> Contemporary literary figures include social critic, journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, who was born in Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-432">[426]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nevil_Shute" title="Nevil Shute">Nevil Shute</a> moved to the city in 1934 when he relocated his aircraft company, and his former home is in Southsea.<a href="#cite_note-433">[427]</a> Fantasy author <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> grew up in <a href="/wiki/Purbrook" title="Purbrook">Purbrook</a> and Southsea.<a href="#cite_note-Flood-263">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowlby-434">[428]</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a> was born in Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-435">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[430]</a> His father, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel" title="Marc Isambard Brunel">Marc Isambard Brunel</a>, worked for the Royal Navy and developed the world's first <a href="/wiki/Production_line" title="Production line">production line</a> to mass-produce <a href="/wiki/Block_(sailing)" title="Block (sailing)">pulley blocks</a> for ship rigging.<a href="#cite_note-royal-78">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, British prime minister from 1976 to 1979, was born and raised in Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-437">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[432]</a> Son of a Protestant Northern Irish petty officer in the Royal Navy, Callaghan was the only person to hold all four <a href="/wiki/Great_Offices_of_State" title="Great Offices of State">Great Offices of State</a>: foreign secretary, home secretary, chancellor and prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-439">[433]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Pounds" title="John Pounds">John Pounds</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Ragged_school" title="Ragged school">ragged schools</a> (which provided free education to working-class children), lived in Portsmouth and founded England's first ragged school there.<a href="#cite_note-440">[434]</a> Comedian and actor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a> was born in Southsea,<a href="#cite_note-441">[435]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> briefly lived and trained in Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-442">[436]</a> Other actors who were born or lived in the city include <a href="/wiki/EastEnders" title="EastEnders">EastEnders</a> actresses <a href="/wiki/Emma_Barton" title="Emma Barton">Emma Barton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Stanley" title="Lorraine Stanley">Lorraine Stanley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-443">[437]</a> comedienne and singer <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Jeans" title="Audrey Jeans">Audrey Jeans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-444">[438]</a> and Bollywood actress <a href="/wiki/Geeta_Basra" title="Geeta Basra">Geeta Basra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-445">[439]</a> Cryptozoologist Jonathan Downes was born in Portsmouth, and lived there for a time.<a href="#cite_note-446">[440]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant_Middleton" title="Ant Middleton">Ant Middleton</a>, former SBS, current television presenter and author was born in Portsmouth. <a href="/wiki/Helen_Duncan" title="Helen Duncan">Helen Duncan</a>, the last person to be imprisoned under the 1735 Witchcraft Act, was arrested in Portsmouth.<a href="#cite_note-447">[441]</a> Notable sportspeople include Commonwealth Games gold medalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_East_(athlete)" title="Michael East (athlete)">Michael East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-448">[442]</a> Olympic medallist in cycling <a href="/wiki/Rob_Hayles" title="Rob Hayles">Rob Hayles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-449">[443]</a> former British light-heavyweight boxing champion <a href="/wiki/Tony_Oakey" title="Tony Oakey">Tony Oakey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-450">[444]</a> Olympic medallist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Pascoe" title="Alan Pascoe">Alan Pascoe</a> as well as professional footballer <a href="/wiki/Mason_Mount" title="Mason Mount">Mason Mount</a>.<a href="#cite_note-451">[445]</a> Single-handed yachtsman <a href="/wiki/Alec_Rose" title="Alec Rose">Alec Rose</a>,<a href="#cite_note-452">[446]</a> <a href="/wiki/2003_World_Aquatics_Championships" title="2003 World Aquatics Championships">2003 World Aquatics Championships</a> gold medallist <a href="/wiki/Katy_Sexton" title="Katy Sexton">Katy Sexton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-453">[447]</a> and Olympic medallist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Black" title="Roger Black">Roger Black</a> were also born in the city.<a href="#cite_note-454">[448]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamshid_bin_Abdullah_of_Zanzibar" title="Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar">Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar</a>, the last constitutional monarch of the island state, lives in exile in Portsmouth with his wife and six children.<a href="#cite_note-455">[449]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_-_sister_cities">Twin towns - sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Twin towns - sister cities">edit</a>]</div> Sources:<a href="#cite_note-456">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[451]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a>, Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Colorado" title="Lakewood, Colorado">Lakewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Colorado" title="Jefferson County, Colorado">Jefferson County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizuru" title="Maizuru">Maizuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture" title="Kyoto Prefecture">Kyoto Prefecture</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockingham_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Rockingham County, New Hampshire">Rockingham County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, China</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City">edit</a>]</div> According to the Portsmouth City Council website, the following individuals and military units have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> in Portsmouth:<a href="#cite_note-458">[452]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (October 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Macnaghten,_Baron_Macnaghten" title="Edward Macnaghten, Baron Macnaghten">Baron Macnaghten</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts of Kandahar</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(Portsmouth_MP)" title="John Baker (Portsmouth MP)">Sir John Baker</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fitzwygram" title="Frederick Fitzwygram">Sir Frederick Fitzwygram</a> (1901)</li> <li>Sir William Pink (1905)</li> <li>Sir T. Scott Foster (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> (1921)</li> <li>F. G. Foster (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Prince of Wales</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Seely,_1st_Baron_Mottistone" title="J. E. B. Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone">J. E. B. Seely</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford" title="William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford">Sir William Joynson-Hicks</a> (1927)</li> <li>Frank J. Privett (1928)</li> <li>Sir Harold R. Pink (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/William_James_(Royal_Navy_admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="William James (Royal Navy admiral)">Sir William James</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Lord Montgomery of Alamein</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Sir Winston Churchill</a> (1950)<a href="#cite_note-459">[453]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Portsmouth" title="List of mayors of Portsmouth">Albert Johnson</a> (1966)</li> <li>J. P. D. Lacey (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Rose" title="Alec Rose">Sir Alec Rose</a> (1968)<a href="#cite_note-460">[454]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten of Burma</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Prince of Wales</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Lord Callaghan of Cardiff</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Princess of Wales</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Judd,_Baron_Judd" title="Frank Judd, Baron Judd">Lord Judd of Portsea</a> (1995)</li> <li>Lady Margaret Daley (1996)</li> <li>Josef Krings (1997)</li> <li>Ian G. Gibson (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Mandari%C4%87" title="Milan Mandarić">Milan Mandarić</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Blake" title="Alfred Blake">Sir Alfred Blake</a> (2003)</li> <li>Brian Kidd (2003), former Head of Parks and Gardens in Portsmouth<a href="#cite_note-461">[455]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Redknapp" title="Harry Redknapp">Harry Redknapp</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syd_Rapson" title="Syd Rapson">Syd Rapson</a> (2016)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_units">Military units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Military units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hampshire_Regiment" title="Royal Hampshire Regiment">Royal Hampshire Regiment</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Portsmouth" title="Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth">Portsmouth Command</a> of the Royal Navy (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales%27s_Royal_Regiment" title="Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment">Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_King_Alfred_(1994_shore_establishment)" title="HMS King Alfred (1994 shore establishment)">HMS King Alfred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve" title="Royal Naval Reserve">RNR</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Endurance_(A171)" title="HMS Endurance (A171)">HMS Endurance</a>, RN (2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations_and_groups">Organisations and groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Organisations and groups">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Key_worker" title="Key worker">Essential Workers of Portsmouth</a>: 16 March 2021 (service will be held in May 2021).<a href="#cite_note-462">[456]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Naval</a> Association: 8 December 2021.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> Association (Portsmouth Branch): 8 December 2021.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Naval Service">Association of Wrens and Women of the Royal Naval Services</a>: 8 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-463">[457]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C." title="Portsmouth F.C.">Pompey in the Community</a>: 29 March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-464">[458]</a></li> <li>Life House: 15 December 2022.<a href="#cite_note-465">[459]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Co-operative" title="Southern Co-operative">The Southern Co-operative Limited</a>: 10 July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-466">[460]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EnglandHampshire.svg/23px-EnglandHampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EnglandHampshire.svg/34px-EnglandHampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EnglandHampshire.svg/45px-EnglandHampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="247" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hampshire" title="Portal:Hampshire">Hampshire portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Portsmouth" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Portsmouth">List of tallest buildings and structures in Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom">List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_power_station" title="Portsmouth power station">Portsmouth power station</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> 2021 census </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> 2011 census </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> 2011 census </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> These were part of a network of fortifications intended to guard military bases on the British coastline from an inland attack. They were built in the 19th century by order of Lord Palmerston.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201379-83">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Portsmouth is one of 34 British towns and cities with a Catholic cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-cathhh-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> Vatican policy in England at the time was to found <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">sees</a> in locations other than those used for Anglican cathedrals.<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/E06000044/">"Portsmouth, 2021 UK Census"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth%2C+2021+UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fvisualisations%2Fcensuspopulationchange%2FE06000044%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2024/uk/results">"UK election results 2024 | Constituency map"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+election+results+2024+%26%23124%3B+Constituency+map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Felection%2F2024%2Fuk%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2011E34004977" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2011_ks/report?compare=E34004977">"Local Area Report – South Hampshire Built-up area (E34004977)"</a>. Nomis. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=Local+Area+Report+%E2%80%93+South+Hampshire+Built-up+area+%28E34004977%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2011_ks%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE34004977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2011E35001312" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2011_ks/report?compare=E35001312">"Local Area Report – Portsmouth Built-up area sub division (E35001312)"</a>. Nomis. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=Local+Area+Report+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth+Built-up+area+sub+division+%28E35001312%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2011_ks%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE35001312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E06000044" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E06000044">"2021 Census Area Profile – Portsmouth Local Authority (E06000044)"</a>. Nomis. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a>. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth+Local+Authority+%28E06000044%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE06000044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/E06000044/">"How the population changed in Portsmouth, Census 2021 - ONS"</a>. www.ons.gov.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=How+the+population+changed+in+Portsmouth%2C+Census+2021+-+ONS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fvisualisations%2Fcensuspopulationchange%2FE06000044%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-portsmouth-guide_co_uk-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-portsmouth-guide_co_uk_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-portsmouth-guide_co_uk_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk/local_f/history/history3.htm">"The History of Portsmouth 1164AD - 1417AD"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Portsmouth+1164AD+-+1417AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth-guide.co.uk%2Flocal_f%2Fhistory%2Fhistory3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history3-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history3_11-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513023331/http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/yourcouncil/6408.html">"History of Portsmouth"</a>. Portsmouth Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/yourcouncil/6408.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Portsmouth+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fyourcouncil%2F6408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuail199414–18-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuail199414–18_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuail199414–18_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuail1994">Quail 1994</a>, pp. 14–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portsmouthdockyard.org.uk/timeline/details/1495-worlds-first-dry-dock">"1495 - Worlds First Dry Dock - Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1495+-+Worlds+First+Dry+Dock+-+Portsmouth+Royal+Dockyard+Historical+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportsmouthdockyard.org.uk%2Ftimeline%2Fdetails%2F1495-worlds-first-dry-dock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portsmouthdockyard.org.uk/Page%206.htm">"Portsmouth Royal Dockyard History"</a>. Portsmouthdockyard.org.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Royal+Dockyard+History&rft.pub=Portsmouthdockyard.org.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportsmouthdockyard.org.uk%2FPage%25206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portsmouthdockyard.org.uk/timeline/details/1926-portsmouth-created-a-city">"1926 – Portsmouth Created a City – Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust"</a>. Portsmouthdockyard.org.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1926+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth+Created+a+City+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth+Royal+Dockyard+Historical+Trust&rft.pub=Portsmouthdockyard.org.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportsmouthdockyard.org.uk%2Ftimeline%2Fdetails%2F1926-portsmouth-created-a-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/new-era-dawns-portsmouth-gunwharf-quays-opens-1267913">"New era dawns for Portsmouth as Gunwharf quays opens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News_(Portsmouth)" title="The News (Portsmouth)">The News</a>. Portsmouth. 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=New+era+dawns+for+Portsmouth+as+Gunwharf+quays+opens&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnew-era-dawns-portsmouth-gunwharf-quays-opens-1267913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy" class="citation web cs1">Amy, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417083255/http://www.pompeymarkets.com/historic%20portsmouth.html">"Classic Britannica – the home of the Roman Fleet"</a>. Pompeymarkets. PM Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeymarkets.com/Historic%20Portsmouth.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pompeymarkets&rft.atitle=Classic+Britannica+%E2%80%93+the+home+of+the+Roman+Fleet&rft.aulast=Amy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pompeymarkets.com%2FHistoric%2520Portsmouth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Hampshire/Portsmouth">"Portsmouth name origin"</a>. Key to English Place-names. University of Nottingham. Retrieved 11 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Key+to+English+Place-names&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+name+origin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkepn.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fmap%2Fplace%2FHampshire%2FPortsmouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vortigernstudies.org.uk/arthist/vortigernquotesasc.htm">"Vortigern in the Sources: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle"</a>. VortigernStudies. Robert Vermaat. Retrieved 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VortigernStudies&rft.atitle=Vortigern+in+the+Sources%3A+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vortigernstudies.org.uk%2Farthist%2Fvortigernquotesasc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill201541-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill201541_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChurchill2015">Churchill 2015</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/commercial/holidaysthroughhistory/see-portsmouth-through-history-9309890.html">"See Portsmouth through history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=See+Portsmouth+through+history&rft.date=2014-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fcommercial%2Fholidaysthroughhistory%2Fsee-portsmouth-through-history-9309890.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201526-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201526_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201527-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201527_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201527_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201529-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201529_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201530-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201530_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201531-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201531_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-history2-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history2_27-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/portsmouth.html">"A History of Portsmouth"</a>. Local Histories. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Local+Histories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Fportsmouth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201532-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201532_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201533-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201533_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201533_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk/local/port800.htm">"Portsmouth 800"</a>. www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth-guide.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fport800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201534-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201534_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201536-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201536_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201537-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201537_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201537,_39-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201537,_39_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 37, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201543-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201543_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201544-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201544_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201544_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990395,_396-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990395,_396_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 395, 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward1988-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward1988_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeward1988">Seward 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-porthis-39"><a href="#cite_ref-porthis_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514064951/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/GBR_Portsmouth_Continental_Ferry_Port_1368.php">"Portsmouth port history"</a>. World Post Source. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/GBR_Portsmouth_Continental_Ferry_Port_1368.php">the original</a> on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+port+history&rft.pub=World+Post+Source&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldportsource.com%2Fports%2Freview%2FGBR_Portsmouth_Continental_Ferry_Port_1368.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201548-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201548_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/portchester-castle/history-and-stories/history/">"History of Portchester Castle"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Portchester+Castle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fplaces%2Fportchester-castle%2Fhistory-and-stories%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201549-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201549_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201327-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201327_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201327_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201333-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201333_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201553-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201553_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24836582">"Portsmouth's long shipbuilding history comes to an end"</a>. BBC. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Portsmouth%27s+long+shipbuilding+history+comes+to+an+end&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-24836582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015143-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015143_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00792h2/Coast_Shorts_Cuttlefish_and_Pompey/">"Two Programmes – Coast, Shorts, Cuttlefish and Pompey"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Programmes+%E2%80%93+Coast%2C+Shorts%2C+Cuttlefish+and+Pompey&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fiplayer%2Fepisode%2Fb00792h2%2FCoast_Shorts_Cuttlefish_and_Pompey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201323-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201323_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-boom-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boom_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boom_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707023533/http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/yourcouncil/1090.html">"Portsmouth's Coat of Arms"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. 29 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/yourcouncil/1090.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth%27s+Coat+of+Arms&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft.date=2007-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fyourcouncil%2F1090.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009152010/http://southseacastle.co.uk/tudor-castle/about-the-castle">"Southsea Castle History"</a>. Portsmouth Museums. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southseacastle.co.uk/tudor-castle/about-the-castle">the original</a> on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southsea+Castle+History&rft.pub=Portsmouth+Museums&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southseacastle.co.uk%2Ftudor-castle%2Fabout-the-castle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201337-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201337_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201337_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201554-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201554_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201554,_55-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201554,_55_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 54, 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201556-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201556_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201556_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackhouse" class="citation web cs1">Backhouse, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216004829/http://www.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk/old-portsmouth/buckingham.htm">"Old Portsmouth—Duke of Buckingham"</a>. Memorials and Monuments in Portsmouth. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk/old-portsmouth/buckingham.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memorials+and+Monuments+in+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Old+Portsmouth%E2%80%94Duke+of+Buckingham&rft.aulast=Backhouse&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk%2Fold-portsmouth%2Fbuckingham.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-siege-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siege_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siege_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/the%20siege%20of%20portsmouth.html">"The Siege of Portsmouth"</a>. Portsmouth History. Retrieved 20 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Portsmouth+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Fthe%2520siege%2520of%2520portsmouth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-siege1-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siege1_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siege1_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603053505/http://www.littlewoodham.org.uk/research/cwp.htm">"The Siege of Portsmouth, August to September 1642"</a>. Little Woodham. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littlewoodham.org.uk/research/cwp.htm">the original</a> on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Portsmouth%2C+August+to+September+1642&rft.pub=Little+Woodham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littlewoodham.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fcwp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201557-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201557_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-garr-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garr_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garr_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/royal-garrison-church-portsmouth/history/">"Royal Garrison Church, Portsmouth"</a>. English Heritage. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Garrison+Church%2C+Portsmouth&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fplaces%2Froyal-garrison-church-portsmouth%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201357-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201357_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/blog/very-royal-wedding-charles-ii-catherine-braganza">"A very Royal Wedding - Charles II and Catherine of Braganza | Royal Museums Greenwich"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+very+Royal+Wedding+-+Charles+II+and+Catherine+of+Braganza+%26%23124%3B+Royal+Museums+Greenwich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fstories%2Fblog%2Fvery-royal-wedding-charles-ii-catherine-braganza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201558-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201558_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201565-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201565_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingridge2003311-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingridge2003311_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollingridge2003">Collingridge 2003</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutenberg_FF-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Gutenberg_FF_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/first-fleet.html">"The First Fleet"</a>. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 24 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Fleet&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Ffirst-fleet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2012165-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2012165_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2012">Frost 2012</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013223-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013223_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013223,_224-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013223,_224_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, pp. 223, 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHough1972276-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHough1972276_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHough1972">Hough 1972</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015130-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015130_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808021811/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nicknames.htm">"Pompey, Chats and Guz: the Origins of Naval Town nicknames"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Naval Museum">Royal Naval Museum</a>. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nicknames.htm">the original</a> on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pompey%2C+Chats+and+Guz%3A+the+Origins+of+Naval+Town+nicknames&rft.pub=Royal+Naval+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavalmuseum.org%2Finfo_sheets_nicknames.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201398-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201398_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreverton2010282-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreverton2010282_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreverton2010">Breverton 2010</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerryGlover1828-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerryGlover1828_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerryGlover1828">Berry & Glover 1828</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEast1891656-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEast1891656_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEast1891">East 1891</a>, p. 656. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Valentine Dyall, Unsolved Mysteries: A Collection of Weird Problems from the Past, 1954, p. 14). </li> <li id="cite_note-royal-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royal_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-royal_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portsmouthdockyard.org.uk/Page%206.htm">"Portsmouth Royal Dockyard history: 1690–1840"</a>. Portsmouth Royal Dockyard. Retrieved 22 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Royal+Dockyard+history%3A+1690%E2%80%931840&rft.pub=Portsmouth+Royal+Dockyard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportsmouthdockyard.org.uk%2FPage%25206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-block-79"><a href="#cite_ref-block_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk/local/blockmills.htm">"Portsmouth Dockyard Block Mills history"</a>. Portsmouth Guide. Portsmouth Council. Retrieved 22 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Guide&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+Dockyard+Block+Mills+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth-guide.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fblockmills.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820101524/http://www.ataleofonecity.portsmouth.gov.uk/topic/shipbuilding-the-dockyard/">"Shipbuilding & The Dockyard"</a>. A Tale of One City. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ataleofonecity.portsmouth.gov.uk/topic/shipbuilding-the-dockyard/">the original</a> on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Tale+of+One+City&rft.atitle=Shipbuilding+%26+The+Dockyard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ataleofonecity.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Ftopic%2Fshipbuilding-the-dockyard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1967422-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1967422_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPevsner1967">Pevsner 1967</a>, p. 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_slave_trade-82"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_slave_trade_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/6430401.stm">"From slave trade to humanitarian aid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 19 March 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=From+slave+trade+to+humanitarian+aid&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fhampshire%2F6430401.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201379-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201379_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201379_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-water-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-water_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-water_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320130502/http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/portsmouth%20water.html">"A History of Portsmouth Water Supply"</a>. Welcome to Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/portsmouth%20water.html">the original</a> on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Portsmouth+Water+Supply&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Fportsmouth%2520water.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201339-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201339_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201339_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410154507/http://www.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk/old-portsmouth/john-pounds.htm">"John Pounds Memorial Church"</a>. InPortsmouth. CIS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk/old-portsmouth/john-pounds.htm">the original</a> on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InPortsmouth&rft.atitle=John+Pounds+Memorial+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk%2Fold-portsmouth%2Fjohn-pounds.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201366,_67-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201366,_67_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, pp. 66, 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199927–48-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199927–48_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRice1999">Rice 1999</a>, pp. 27–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514202553/http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/challenger.html">"The Voyage of the Challenger"</a>. Stony Brook University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/challenger.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+of+the+Challenger&rft.pub=Stony+Brook+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flife.bio.sunysb.edu%2Fmarinebio%2Fchallenger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201324-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201324_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201391-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201391_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201391_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-portsenc-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-portsenc_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-portsenc_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-portsenc_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/lib-portsmouth-encyclopaedia-2011.pdf">"The Portsmouth Encyclopaedia: A History of Places and People in Portsmouth, with an Index to Streets"</a> (PDF). Portsmouth City Libraries. 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Portsmouth+Encyclopaedia%3A+A+History+of+Places+and+People+in+Portsmouth%2C+with+an+Index+to+Streets&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Libraries&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F05%2Flib-portsmouth-encyclopaedia-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203912/https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy">"Suffragettes, violence and militancy"</a>. British Library. 6 February 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy">the original</a> on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Suffragettes%2C+violence+and+militancy&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fvotes-for-women%2Farticles%2Fsuffragettes-violence-and-militancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portsmouth-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portsmouth_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portsmouth_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portsmouth_94-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times1913" class="citation news cs1">New York Times (22 December 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1913/12/22/archives/big-portsmouth-fire-loss-1000000-damage-and-two-deaths-suffragettes.html">"Big Portsmouth Fire Loss; $1,000,000 Damage and Two Deaths – Suffragettes Suspected"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Big+Portsmouth+Fire+Loss%3B+%241%2C000%2C000+Damage+and+Two+Deaths+%E2%80%93+Suffragettes+Suspected&rft.date=1913-12-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.au=New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1913%2F12%2F22%2Farchives%2Fbig-portsmouth-fire-loss-1000000-damage-and-two-deaths-suffragettes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_95-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2021" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Simon (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xrVzQEACAAJ">The Suffragette Bombers: Britain's Forgotten Terrorists</a>. Pen and Sword. pp. 133–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78340-064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78340-064-5"><bdi>978-1-78340-064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suffragette+Bombers%3A+Britain%27s+Forgotten+Terrorists&rft.pages=133-135&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78340-064-5&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0xrVzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bearman-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Bearman_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bearman, C. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3490924">"An Examination of Suffragette Violence"</a>. The English Historical Review. 120 (486): 383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcei119">10.1093/ehr/cei119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3490924">3490924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=An+Examination+of+Suffragette+Violence&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=486&rft.pages=383&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3490924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcei119&rft.aulast=Bearman&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3490924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nazi1-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nazi1_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nazi1_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991009205758/http://www.richthofen.com/dark_autumn/">"Portsmouth Zeppelin air raid"</a>. Richthofen.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richthofen.com/dark_autumn/">the original</a> on 9 October 1999. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Zeppelin+air+raid&rft.pub=Richthofen.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richthofen.com%2Fdark_autumn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p022ycdl">"Portsmouth Dockyard, Hampshire: Mystery Zeppelin Attack"</a>. BBC. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Dockyard%2C+Hampshire%3A+Mystery+Zeppelin+Attack&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp022ycdl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33154" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33154/page/2776">"No. 33154"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 23 April 1926. pp. 2776–2777.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33154&rft.pages=2776-2777&rft.date=1926-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33154%2Fpage%2F2776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blu-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blu_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blu_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820123211/https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/the-council/lord-mayor/portsmouths-coat-of-arms.aspx">"Portsmouth's Coat of Arms history"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. 27 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/the-council/lord-mayor/portsmouths-coat-of-arms.aspx">the original</a> on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth%27s+Coat+of+Arms+history&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fext%2Fthe-council%2Flord-mayor%2Fportsmouths-coat-of-arms.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guild-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guild_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guild_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guild_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guild_101-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk/about-us/guildhall-history">"Guildhall History – Portsmouth Guildhall"</a>. www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk&rft.atitle=Guildhall+History+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth+Guildhall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fguildhall-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720222101/http://www.portsmouthnowandthen.com/galleries-and-articles-01/gallery-guildall-area.html">"Portsmouth Guildhall bombed during WWII"</a>. Portsmouthnowandthen.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthnowandthen.com/galleries-and-articles-01/gallery-guildall-area.html">the original</a> on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Guildhall+bombed+during+WWII&rft.pub=Portsmouthnowandthen.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthnowandthen.com%2Fgalleries-and-articles-01%2Fgallery-guildall-area.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/the%20blitz.html">"The Blitz, Portsmouth"</a>. Welcometoportsmouth.co.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Blitz%2C+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Welcometoportsmouth.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Fthe%2520blitz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013151-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013151_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013186-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013186_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013147-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013147_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013146-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013146_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013146_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013155,_156-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013155,_156_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, pp. 155, 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, Jerome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427021314/http://www.historyarticles.com/southwick.htm">"Southwick House"</a>. Historyarticles.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyarticles.com/southwick.htm">the original</a> on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southwick+House&rft.pub=Historyarticles.com&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyarticles.com%2Fsouthwick.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013160-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013160_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013160_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-Leigh_Park_history-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_Park_history_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_Park_history_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/leigh.html">"Leigh Park history"</a>. Localhistories.org. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leigh+Park+history&rft.pub=Localhistories.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Fleigh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHind2013" class="citation web cs1">Hind, Bob (3 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813034641/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/heritage/last-bomb-of-the-war-found-in-guildhall-walk-1-4648626">"Last bomb of the war found in Guildhall Walk"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/heritage/last-bomb-of-the-war-found-in-guildhall-walk-1-4648626">the original</a> on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+bomb+of+the+war+found+in+Guildhall+Walk&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft.aulast=Hind&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fheritage%2Flast-bomb-of-the-war-found-in-guildhall-walk-1-4648626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013161-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013161_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201392-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201392_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201393-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201393_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrendon2007660-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrendon2007660_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrendon2007">Brendon 2007</a>, p. 660. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/duke-of-edinburgh-slams-move-to-decommission-180047">"Duke of Edinburgh slams move to decommission the Royal Yacht Britannia"</a>. Daily Mirror. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Duke+of+Edinburgh+slams+move+to+decommission+the+Royal+Yacht+Britannia&rft.date=2011-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fduke-of-edinburgh-slams-move-to-decommission-180047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalyachtbritannia.co.uk/about-the-royal-yacht/royal-residence/decommissioning/">"Learn About The Decommissioning of the Royal Yacht Britannia"</a>. The Royal Yacht Britannia Trust. Retrieved 11 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+About+The+Decommissioning+of+the+Royal+Yacht+Britannia&rft.pub=The+Royal+Yacht+Britannia+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalyachtbritannia.co.uk%2Fabout-the-royal-yacht%2Froyal-residence%2Fdecommissioning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlderson2003" class="citation news cs1">Alderson, Andrew (20 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1427992/Queen-blamed-Major-for-royal-yacht-fiasco.html">"Queen blamed Major for royal yacht fiasco"</a>. The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Queen+blamed+Major+for+royal+yacht+fiasco&rft.date=2003-04-20&rft.aulast=Alderson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1427992%2FQueen-blamed-Major-for-royal-yacht-fiasco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcdoa.org.uk/Millennium_Spinnaker_Tower.htm">"Construction of the Spinnaker Tower"</a>. Mcdoa.org.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Construction+of+the+Spinnaker+Tower&rft.pub=Mcdoa.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcdoa.org.uk%2FMillennium_Spinnaker_Tower.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3561069.stm">"R.I.P. Britain's Ugliest Building"</a>. BBC News. 24 March 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=R.I.P.+Britain%27s+Ugliest+Building&rft.date=2004-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F3561069.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2009-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2009_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2009">Clark 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013164-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013164_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-RN1-124"><a href="#cite_ref-RN1_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/where-we-are/naval-base/portsmouth">"HMNB Portsmouth"</a>. Royal Navy. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMNB+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Four-organisation%2Fwhere-we-are%2Fnaval-base%2Fportsmouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GM-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GM_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_125-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_125-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_125-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_125-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_125-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir/Portsmouth,+UK/London/@51.1511947,-1.2804238,154981m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x487442a41814f1e9:0x45b683ea03373b79!2m2!1d-1.0879769!2d50.8197675!1m5!1m1!1s0x47d8a00baf21de75:0x52963a5addd52a99!2m2!1d-0.1277583!2d51.5073509">"Portsmouth"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Portsmouth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2FPortsmouth%2C%2BUK%2FLondon%2F%4051.1511947%2C-1.2804238%2C154981m%2Fdata%3D%213m2%211e3%214b1%214m13%214m12%211m5%211m1%211s0x487442a41814f1e9%3A0x45b683ea03373b79%212m2%211d-1.0879769%212d50.8197675%211m5%211m1%211s0x47d8a00baf21de75%3A0x52963a5addd52a99%212m2%211d-0.1277583%212d51.5073509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201314,_16-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201314,_16_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, pp. 14, 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVine1990-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVine1990_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVine1990_127-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVine1990">Vine 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.envf.port.ac.uk/hantsgaz/hantsgaz/s0005406.htm">"Ports Bridge, Portsmouth information"</a>. Old Hampshire Gazetteer. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ports+Bridge%2C+Portsmouth+information&rft.pub=Old+Hampshire+Gazetteer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.envf.port.ac.uk%2Fhantsgaz%2Fhantsgaz%2Fs0005406.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Melville, R.V. & Freshney E.C. (4th Ed 1982), The Hampshire Basin and adjoining areas, British Regional Geology series, Institute of Geological Sciences, London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rising-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rising_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rising_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826024358/https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/documents-external/dev-seafront-masterplan-portseaisland-landscape-character-assessment.pdf">"Landscape Character Assessment – Portsea Island Coastal Defence Flood Risk Areas"</a> (PDF). Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/documents-external/dev-seafront-masterplan-portseaisland-landscape-character-assessment.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landscape+Character+Assessment+%E2%80%93+Portsea+Island+Coastal+Defence+Flood+Risk+Areas&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fext%2Fdocuments-external%2Fdev-seafront-masterplan-portseaisland-landscape-character-assessment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203928/http://www.buildingfutures.org.uk/assets/downloads/Facing_Up_To_Rising_Sea_Levels.pdf">"Rising Sea Levels: Case Study – Portsmouth (see page 13)"</a> (PDF). Building Futures. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildingfutures.org.uk/assets/downloads/Facing_Up_To_Rising_Sea_Levels.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rising+Sea+Levels%3A+Case+Study+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth+%28see+page+13%29&rft.pub=Building+Futures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildingfutures.org.uk%2Fassets%2Fdownloads%2FFacing_Up_To_Rising_Sea_Levels.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-highpoint-132"><a href="#cite_ref-highpoint_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHind" class="citation web cs1">Hind, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006050819/https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/lifestyle/heritage/the-high-point-of-my-childhood-1-4676993">"The high point of my childhood"</a>. The News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/lifestyle/heritage/the-high-point-of-my-childhood-1-4676993">the original</a> on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=The+high+point+of+my+childhood&rft.aulast=Hind&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Flifestyle%2Fheritage%2Fthe-high-point-of-my-childhood-1-4676993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk/local/old-port.htm">"Spice island gates"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spice+island+gates&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth-guide.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fold-port.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/things-to-do/farlington-marshes-wildlife-reserve-p60153">"Farlington Marshes Wildlife Reserve"</a>. Visit Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Farlington+Marshes+Wildlife+Reserve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitportsmouth.co.uk%2Fthings-to-do%2Ffarlington-marshes-wildlife-reserve-p60153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1985-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson1985_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson1985_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson1985">Patterson 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-pissea-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pissea_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pissea_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pissea_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pissea_136-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/southsea.html">"A History of Southsea"</a>. Local History. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Southsea&rft.pub=Local+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Fsouthsea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eastney-137"><a href="#cite_ref-eastney_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/20909">"History of Eastney"</a>. A Vision of Britain Through Time. University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Vision+of+Britain+Through+Time&rft.atitle=History+of+Eastney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fplace%2F20909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb198911-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb198911_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebb1989">Webb 1989</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2007188-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2007188_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2007">Long 2007</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201380-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201380_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1988-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1988_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1988">Mitchell 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201379,_80-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201379,_80_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, pp. 79, 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest" class="citation web cs1">West, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/Solent-Introduction.htm">"Solent Geology"</a>. University of Southampton. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solent+Geology&rft.pub=University+of+Southampton&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.ac.uk%2F~imw%2FSolent-Introduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812035408/https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/the-council/voting-and-elections/electoral-areas-in-portsmouth.aspx">"Electoral areas in Portsmouth"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/the-council/voting-and-elections/electoral-areas-in-portsmouth.aspx">the original</a> on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+areas+in+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fext%2Fthe-council%2Fvoting-and-elections%2Felectoral-areas-in-portsmouth.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/northend.html">"A History of North End"</a>. Local Histories. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+North+End&rft.pub=Local+Histories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Fnorthend.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/fratton.html">"A History of Fratton"</a>. Local Histories. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fratton&rft.pub=Local+Histories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Ffratton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historyinportsmouth.co.uk/places/southsea-railway.htm">"History in Portsmouth: Southsea Railway Line"</a>. History in Portsmouth. University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+in+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=History+in+Portsmouth%3A+Southsea+Railway+Line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoryinportsmouth.co.uk%2Fplaces%2Fsouthsea-railway.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112701/http://www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk/your-visit/getting-here">"Getting Here – Portsmouth Guildhall"</a>. Portsmouth Guildhall. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk/your-visit/getting-here">the original</a> on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Guildhall&rft.atitle=Getting+Here+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth+Guildhall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk%2Fyour-visit%2Fgetting-here&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-12332347">"Portsmouth's Guildhall Walk among 'violent' streets"</a>. BBC News. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Portsmouth%27s+Guildhall+Walk+among+%27violent%27+streets&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-12332347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetrainline.com/stations/portsmouth-harbour">"Portsmouth Harbour station"</a>. The Train Line. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Harbour+station&rft.pub=The+Train+Line&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetrainline.com%2Fstations%2Fportsmouth-harbour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vic-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vic_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vic_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/victoria%20park%20portsmouth.html">"Victoria Park history"</a>. Welcome to Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Victoria+Park+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Fvictoria%2520park%2520portsmouth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/weather_climate/climate_rev4.shtml">"GCSE Bitesize: UK climate"</a>. BBC Bitesize. BBC. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=GCSE+Bitesize%3A+UK+climate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Fgeography%2Fweather_climate%2Fclimate_rev4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metextreme-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metextreme_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metextreme_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/uk/se/portsmouth_forecast_temp.html">"Portsmouth record temperatures"</a>. Metoffice.gov.uk. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+record+temperatures&rft.pub=Metoffice.gov.uk&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fweather%2Fuk%2Fse%2Fportsmouth_forecast_temp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weather-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weather_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weather_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcp0zn6wn">"Portsmouth Climate, Met Office"</a>. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Climate%2C+Met+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fpublic%2Fweather%2Fclimate%2Fgcp0zn6wn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcp1h90k5">"Portsmouth 1991–2020 averages"</a>. Station, District and regional averages 1991–2020. Met Office. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Station%2C+District+and+regional+averages+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+1991%E2%80%932020+averages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Fmaps-and-data%2Fuk-climate-averages%2Fgcp1h90k5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/midas_stations/search_by_name.cgi.py?name=southsea&minyear=&maxyear=">"Southsea Weather Station"</a>. BADC. October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southsea+Weather+Station&rft.pub=BADC&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbadc.nerc.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmidas_stations%2Fsearch_by_name.cgi.py%3Fname%3Dsouthsea%26minyear%3D%26maxyear%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/united-kingdom/portsmouth-january.htm">"Portsmouth Sea Temperature"</a>. World Sea Temperature. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Sea+Temperature&rft.pub=World+Sea+Temperature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seatemperature.org%2Feurope%2Funited-kingdom%2Fportsmouth-january.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PortsmouthCouncil-159"><a href="#cite_ref-PortsmouthCouncil_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/services/health-and-care/health/joint-strategic-needs-assessment/portsmouth-demography/">"Portsmouth demography – JSNA report"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+demography+%E2%80%93+JSNA+report&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fservices%2Fhealth-and-care%2Fhealth%2Fjoint-strategic-needs-assessment%2Fportsmouth-demography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OffNatStat-160"><a href="#cite_ref-OffNatStat_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland">"Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland"</a>. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimates+of+the+population+for+the+UK%2C+England%2C+Wales%2C+Scotland+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinson1998390-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickinson1998390_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickinson1998">Dickinson 1998</a>, p. 390. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukpopulation2016.com/population-of-portsmouth-in-2016.html">"Population Of Portsmouth In 2016"</a>. UK Population 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Of+Portsmouth+In+2016&rft.pub=UK+Population+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukpopulation2016.com%2Fpopulation-of-portsmouth-in-2016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101742/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/portsmouth_historical_profile-3.pdf">"A demographic profile of Portsmouth Past, Hampshire County Council"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.hants.gov.uk/portsmouth_historical_profile-3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+demographic+profile+of+Portsmouth+Past%2C+Hampshire+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.hants.gov.uk%2Fportsmouth_historical_profile-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/UK-EnglandUA.html">"United Kingdom: Urban Areas in England – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"</a>. City Population. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom%3A+Urban+Areas+in+England+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics+in+Maps+and+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FUK-EnglandUA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hant-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hant_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hant_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216010931/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/planning/factsandfigures/population-statistics/census_pages/census_information/pop_ethnicity.htm">"Portsmouth Census and Ethnicity Information"</a>. Hampshire County Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.hants.gov.uk/planning/factsandfigures/population-statistics/census_pages/census_information/pop_ethnicity.htm">the original</a> on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Census+and+Ethnicity+Information&rft.pub=Hampshire+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.hants.gov.uk%2Fplanning%2Ffactsandfigures%2Fpopulation-statistics%2Fcensus_pages%2Fcensus_information%2Fpop_ethnicity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510220739/http://www.portsmouthchinese.org.uk/attachments/article/5/25GloriousYearsEN.pdf">"A Review of A Glorious 25 years"</a> (PDF). Portsmouth Chinese Association. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthchinese.org.uk/attachments/article/5/25GloriousYearsEN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Chinese+Association&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+A+Glorious+25+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthchinese.org.uk%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F5%2F25GloriousYearsEN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly201127-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly201127_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaly2011">Daly 2011</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-cathhh-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cathhh_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathhh_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbcew.org.uk/CBCEW-Home/Dioceses">"Non-Anglican cathedrals"</a>. English Cathedrals. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-Anglican+cathedrals&rft.pub=English+Cathedrals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbcew.org.uk%2FCBCEW-Home%2FDioceses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovemytown.co.uk/Cathedrals/CathedralsTable5.asp">"List of Catholic Cathedrals in the UK"</a>. Love My Town. Retrieved 19 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Catholic+Cathedrals+in+the+UK&rft.pub=Love+My+Town&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lovemytown.co.uk%2FCathedrals%2FCathedralsTable5.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Population2-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Population2_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218174255/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/2011_census_portsmouth_summary_factsheet.pdf">"Portsmouth Census Summary, Hampshire County Council"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.hants.gov.uk/2011_census_portsmouth_summary_factsheet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Census+Summary%2C+Hampshire+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.hants.gov.uk%2F2011_census_portsmouth_summary_factsheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_20111946157284" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2011_ks/report?compare=1946157284">"Local Area Report – Portsmouth Local Authority (1946157284)"</a>. Nomis. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=Local+Area+Report+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth+Local+Authority+%281946157284%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2011_ks%2Freport%3Fcompare%3D1946157284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1976-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson1976_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson1976">Patterson 1976</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquality1985" class="citation journal cs1">Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806">"Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement"</a>. Commission for Racial Equality: Table 2.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commission+for+Racial+Equality&rft.atitle=Ethnic+minorities+in+Britain%3A+statistical+information+on+the+pattern+of+settlement&rft.pages=Table+2.2&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Equality&rft.aufirst=Commission+for+Racial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.28327806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:412-175"><a href="#cite_ref-:412_175-0">^</a> Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Office+of+National+Statistics%3B+2001+Census+Key+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-key-statistics%2Flocal-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Flocal-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-177"><a href="#cite_ref-:36_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+Group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks201ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data">"Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics"</a>. www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS021%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1%2Ffilter-outputs%2Fd2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027%23get-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014180617/http://www.history.inportsmouth.co.uk/events/coatofarms.htm">"Portsmouth first charter"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.inportsmouth.co.uk/events/coatofarms.htm">the original</a> on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+first+charter&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.inportsmouth.co.uk%2Fevents%2Fcoatofarms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-portsmouth1-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-portsmouth1_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-portsmouth1_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/lib-portsmouth-encyclopaedia-2011.pdf">"The Portsmouth Encyclopaedia"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Portsmouth+Encyclopaedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F05%2Flib-portsmouth-encyclopaedia-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/RP95-84.pdf">"Local Government Review in England"</a> (PDF). Parliament UK. 5 July 1995. Retrieved 26 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Government+Review+in+England&rft.pub=Parliament+UK&rft.date=1995-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbriefing-papers%2FRP95-84.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201318-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201318_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095029/https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/the-council/voting-and-elections/electoral-areas-in-portsmouth.aspx">"Electoral areas in Portsmouth"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/the-council/voting-and-elections/electoral-areas-in-portsmouth.aspx">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+areas+in+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fext%2Fthe-council%2Fvoting-and-elections%2Felectoral-areas-in-portsmouth.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ward-184"><a href="#cite_ref-ward_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://democracy.portsmouth.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.aspx?FN=WARD&VW=TABLE&PIC=1">"Your Councillors by Ward"</a>. Portsmouth Democracy. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 17 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Democracy&rft.atitle=Your+Councillors+by+Ward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemocracy.portsmouth.gov.uk%2FmgMemberIndex.aspx%3FFN%3DWARD%26VW%3DTABLE%26PIC%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411124643/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/487034/Electoral_cycles_-_from_May_2016.pdf">"Election Timetable in England"</a> (PDF). Gov UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/487034/Electoral_cycles_-_from_May_2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Timetable+in+England&rft.pub=Gov+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F487034%2FElectoral_cycles_-_from_May_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218032204/https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/the-council/lord-mayor/the-current-lord-mayor-of-portsmouth.aspx">"The Lord Mayor of Portsmouth"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/the-council/lord-mayor/the-current-lord-mayor-of-portsmouth.aspx">the original</a> on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lord+Mayor+of+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fext%2Fthe-council%2Flord-mayor%2Fthe-current-lord-mayor-of-portsmouth.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/the-council/contact-us.aspx">"Portsmouth Civic Offices contact directory"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Civic+Offices+contact+directory&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fext%2Fthe-council%2Fcontact-us.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819195747/http://www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk/userfiles/file/Fundraising%20and%20Campaign%20Director%20JD_website.pdf">"Fundraising and Campaigning"</a> (PDF). Portsmouth Cultural Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk/userfiles/file/Fundraising%20and%20Campaign%20Director%20JD_website.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundraising+and+Campaigning&rft.pub=Portsmouth+Cultural+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2FFundraising%2520and%2520Campaign%2520Director%2520JD_website.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk/about-us/guildhall-history">"Portsmouth Guildhall History"</a>. Portsmouth Guildhall. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Guildhall&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+Guildhall+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fguildhall-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-36904736">"Minister for Portsmouth job scrapped"</a>. BBC News. 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Minister+for+Portsmouth+job+scrapped&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-36904736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-25753398">"Minister for Portsmouth to be Michael Fallon"</a>. BBC News. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Minister+for+Portsmouth+to+be+Michael+Fallon&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-25753398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091123113202/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/ProjectFactsheets/QueenElizabethClassAircraftCarrierProjectInformation.htm">"Queen Elizabeth Class Aircraft Carrier Project Information"</a>. Ministry of Defence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/ProjectFactsheets/QueenElizabethClassAircraftCarrierProjectInformation.htm">the original</a> on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+Class+Aircraft+Carrier+Project+Information&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.uk%2FDefenceInternet%2FFactSheets%2FProjectFactsheets%2FQueenElizabethClassAircraftCarrierProjectInformation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/6914788.stm">"MoD confirms £3.8bn carrier order"</a>. BBC News. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=MoD+confirms+%C2%A33.8bn+carrier+order&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2F6914788.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tel-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tel_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tel_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTovey2016" class="citation news cs1">Tovey, Andy (24 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/05/23/ship-ahoy-new-video-shows-scale-of-britains-new-aircraft-carrier/">"Inside Britain's biggest-ever aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth"</a>. The Telegraph. Retrieved 28 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Inside+Britain%27s+biggest-ever+aircraft+carrier+HMS+Queen+Elizabeth&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft.aulast=Tovey&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2F05%2F23%2Fship-ahoy-new-video-shows-scale-of-britains-new-aircraft-carrier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2013" class="citation news cs1">Rankin, Jennifer (6 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/nov/06/bae-closure-portsmouth-shipyard-jobs#:~:text=The%20end%20of%20shipbuilding%20in,will%20be%20lost%20in%20Portsmouth">"BAE ends shipbuilding in Portsmouth and axes 1800 jobs"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=BAE+ends+shipbuilding+in+Portsmouth+and+axes+1800+jobs&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2Fnov%2F06%2Fbae-closure-portsmouth-shipyard-jobs%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520end%2520of%2520shipbuilding%2520in%2Cwill%2520be%2520lost%2520in%2520Portsmouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826191610/http://www.portsmouth-port.co.uk/news/item-2093">"History and Heritage"</a>. Portsmouth International Port. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth-port.co.uk/news/item-2093">the original</a> on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Heritage&rft.pub=Portsmouth+International+Port&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth-port.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fitem-2093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fish-197"><a href="#cite_ref-fish_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth-port.co.uk/shipping/camber-dock">"Camber Dock and fishing fleet"</a>. Portsmouth International Port. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camber+Dock+and+fishing+fleet&rft.pub=Portsmouth+International+Port&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth-port.co.uk%2Fshipping%2Fcamber-dock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920043848/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/business/ibm-declares-that-portsmouth-is-still-its-hq-despite-job-cuts-1-5984819">"IBM declares that Portsmouth is still its HQ despite job cuts"</a>. The News. Portsmouth City Council. 7 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/business/ibm-declares-that-portsmouth-is-still-its-hq-despite-job-cuts-1-5984819">the original</a> on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=IBM+declares+that+Portsmouth+is+still+its+HQ+despite+job+cuts&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fibm-declares-that-portsmouth-is-still-its-hq-despite-job-cuts-1-5984819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917112145/https://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Hampshire/Portsmouth-306849/Shopping-Portsmouth-TG-C-1.html">"Portsmouth Shopping"</a>. Virtual Tourist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Hampshire/Portsmouth-306849/Shopping-Portsmouth-TG-C-1.html">the original</a> on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Shopping&rft.pub=Virtual+Tourist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualtourist.com%2Ftravel%2FEurope%2FUnited_Kingdom%2FEngland%2FHampshire%2FPortsmouth-306849%2FShopping-Portsmouth-TG-C-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823070155/http://www.cascades-shopping.co.uk/find-us.html">"Cascades – Find Us"</a>. Cascades Shopping. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cascades-shopping.co.uk/find-us.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cascades+%E2%80%93+Find+Us&rft.pub=Cascades+Shopping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cascades-shopping.co.uk%2Ffind-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/cascades%20shopping%20centre.html">"Cascades Portsmouth – Shopping Centre in Commercial Road Portsmouth"</a>. Welcome to Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Cascades+Portsmouth+%E2%80%93+Shopping+Centre+in+Commercial+Road+Portsmouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Fcascades%2520shopping%2520centre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guns-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guns_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guns_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820075757/http://www.ataleofonecity.portsmouth.gov.uk/place/gunwharf-quays/">"Gunwharf Quays history"</a>. A Tale of One City. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ataleofonecity.portsmouth.gov.uk/place/gunwharf-quays/">the original</a> on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Tale+of+One+City&rft.atitle=Gunwharf+Quays+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ataleofonecity.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fplace%2Fgunwharf-quays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225214106/http://www.historicdockyard.co.uk/tickets-and-offers/victorian-festival-of-christmas-2016">"Victorian Festival of Christmas 2016"</a>. Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicdockyard.co.uk/tickets-and-offers/victorian-festival-of-christmas-2016">the original</a> on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victorian+Festival+of+Christmas+2016&rft.pub=Portsmouth+Historic+Dockyard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicdockyard.co.uk%2Ftickets-and-offers%2Fvictorian-festival-of-christmas-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gun-204"><a href="#cite_ref-gun_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gunwharf-quays.com/leisure/things-to-do-in-portsmouth">"Things To Do in Portsmouth"</a>. Gunwharf Quays. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunwharf+Quays&rft.atitle=Things+To+Do+in+Portsmouth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgunwharf-quays.com%2Fleisure%2Fthings-to-do-in-portsmouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/ocean%20retail%20park%20portsmouth.html">"Ocean Retail Park in Portsmouth"</a>. Welcome to Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Ocean+Retail+Park+in+Portsmouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Focean%2520retail%2520park%2520portsmouth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819192051/http://britishhomesawards.co.uk/2009/no-1-gunwharf-quays-portsmouth/">"No 1 Gunwharf Quays, Portsmouth information"</a>. British Home Awards. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britishhomesawards.co.uk/2009/no-1-gunwharf-quays-portsmouth/">the original</a> on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+1+Gunwharf+Quays%2C+Portsmouth+information&rft.pub=British+Home+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbritishhomesawards.co.uk%2F2009%2Fno-1-gunwharf-quays-portsmouth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005185635/http://www.watersideproperties.com/full-details?profileID=100324003623">"Property Full Details – No 1 Gunwharf Quays"</a>. Waterside Properties. 5 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watersideproperties.com/full-details?profileID=100324003623">the original</a> on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Property+Full+Details+%E2%80%93+No+1+Gunwharf+Quays&rft.pub=Waterside+Properties&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watersideproperties.com%2Ffull-details%3FprofileID%3D100324003623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423022519/http://www.findanewhome.com/south-east-england/hampshire/portsmouth/new-property-developments/admiralty-quarter/70e0d971-eaa8-4f76-ba1b-6cde79051673.fap">"Admiralty Quarter, Portsmouth"</a>. Find A New Home. The Digital Property Group Limited. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findanewhome.com/south-east-england/hampshire/portsmouth/new-property-developments/admiralty-quarter/70e0d971-eaa8-4f76-ba1b-6cde79051673.fap">the original</a> on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Find+A+New+Home&rft.atitle=Admiralty+Quarter%2C+Portsmouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findanewhome.com%2Fsouth-east-england%2Fhampshire%2Fportsmouth%2Fnew-property-developments%2Fadmiralty-quarter%2F70e0d971-eaa8-4f76-ba1b-6cde79051673.fap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2014" class="citation web cs1">French, Claire (14 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813215549/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/business/five-star-hotel-developer-considers-portsmouth-sites-1-6237946">"Five-star hotel developer considers Portsmouth sites"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/business/five-star-hotel-developer-considers-portsmouth-sites-1-6237946">the original</a> on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five-star+hotel+developer+considers+Portsmouth+sites&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Ffive-star-hotel-developer-considers-portsmouth-sites-1-6237946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130421025126/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/portsmouth/Hotel-bid-ready-to-reach.4644370.jp">"Hotel bid ready to reach for the skies"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/portsmouth/Hotel-bid-ready-to-reach.4644370.jp">the original</a> on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hotel+bid+ready+to+reach+for+the+skies&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fportsmouth%2FHotel-bid-ready-to-reach.4644370.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimmo2012" class="citation web cs1">Nimmo, Joe (31 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511021817/https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/business/hunt-for-company-to-build-the-blade-tower-continues-1-4111135">"Hunt for company to build the Blade tower continues"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/business/hunt-for-company-to-build-the-blade-tower-continues-1-4111135">the original</a> on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hunt+for+company+to+build+the+Blade+tower+continues&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft.aulast=Nimmo&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fhunt-for-company-to-build-the-blade-tower-continues-1-4111135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAA-212"><a href="#cite_ref-SAA_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_and_agencies2007" class="citation web cs1">Staff and agencies (25 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/apr/25/newsstory.sport2">"Portsmouth unveil plans for 36,000-seater stadium adjacent to city's naval dockyards"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+unveil+plans+for+36%2C000-seater+stadium+adjacent+to+city%27s+naval+dockyards&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft.au=Staff+and+agencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2007%2Fapr%2F25%2Fnewsstory.sport2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadiumdb.com/designs/eng/portsmouth_dockland_stadium">"Design: Portsmouth Dockland Stadium – StadiumDB.com"</a>. Stadium DB. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Design%3A+Portsmouth+Dockland+Stadium+%E2%80%93+StadiumDB.com&rft.pub=Stadium+DB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadiumdb.com%2Fdesigns%2Feng%2Fportsmouth_dockland_stadium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013115644/http://portsmouth.co.uk/stadium?articleid=2731927">"Pie-in-the-sky or a real winner for our city?"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portsmouth.co.uk/stadium?articleid=2731927">the original</a> on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pie-in-the-sky+or+a+real+winner+for+our+city%3F&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportsmouth.co.uk%2Fstadium%3Farticleid%3D2731927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013115656/http://portsmouth.co.uk/stadium?articleid=2854279">"Majority say it's a threat to harbour"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portsmouth.co.uk/stadium?articleid=2854279">the original</a> on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Majority+say+it%27s+a+threat+to+harbour&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportsmouth.co.uk%2Fstadium%3Farticleid%3D2854279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/best-football-stadiums-were-never-6750704">"The best football stadiums that were never built"</a>. The Mirror. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+best+football+stadiums+that+were+never+built&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Fnews%2Fbest-football-stadiums-were-never-6750704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/6914788.stm">"MOD confirms carrier order"</a>. BBC News. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=MOD+confirms+carrier+order&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2F6914788.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2010/01/25/cammell-laird-wins-50m-royal-navy-warship-contract-100252-25676005/">"Cammell Laird wins £50m Royal Navy warship contract"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Echo" title="Liverpool Echo">Liverpool Echo</a>. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liverpool+Echo&rft.atitle=Cammell+Laird+wins+%C2%A350m+Royal+Navy+warship+contract&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolecho.co.uk%2Fliverpool-news%2Flocal-news%2F2010%2F01%2F25%2Fcammell-laird-wins-50m-royal-navy-warship-contract-100252-25676005%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109194127/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/tna/%2B/http%3A//www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/ConstructionBeginsAtNavysNewCarriersPortsmouthBase.htm">"New carriers being built at Portsmouth base"</a>. Ministry of Defence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/ConstructionBeginsAtNavysNewCarriersPortsmouthBase.htm">the original</a> on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+carriers+being+built+at+Portsmouth+base&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.uk%2FDefenceInternet%2FDefenceNews%2FEquipmentAndLogistics%2FConstructionBeginsAtNavysNewCarriersPortsmouthBase.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-end-220"><a href="#cite_ref-end_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-28835583">"BAE Systems ends shipbuilding in Portsmouth"</a>. BBC News. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BAE+Systems+ends+shipbuilding+in+Portsmouth&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-28835583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssinder2013" class="citation web cs1">Assinder, Nick (6 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/portsmouth-shipbuilding-govan-defence-cuts-scottish-independence-520037">"Political Row as Portsmouth Shipyard 'Sacrificed' in Scottish Independence Campaign"</a>. International Business Times. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Political+Row+as+Portsmouth+Shipyard+%27Sacrificed%27+in+Scottish+Independence+Campaign&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft.aulast=Assinder&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fportsmouth-shipbuilding-govan-defence-cuts-scottish-independence-520037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtheatreroyal.com/about-us/vision/">"Visions and Values"</a>. New Theatre Royal. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Theatre+Royal&rft.atitle=Visions+and+Values&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtheatreroyal.com%2Fabout-us%2Fvision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatresonline.com/theatres/southsea-theatres/kings-theatre/whats-on.html">"Kings Theatre – What's On"</a>. London Theatre Direct. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kings+Theatre+%E2%80%93+What%27s+On&rft.pub=London+Theatre+Direct&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatresonline.com%2Ftheatres%2Fsouthsea-theatres%2Fkings-theatre%2Fwhats-on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529010455/http://www.groundlings.co.uk/index.php/the-theatre/history-of-theatre">"History of Groundlings Theatre"</a>. Groundlings Theatre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groundlings.co.uk/index.php/the-theatre/history-of-theatre">the original</a> on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Groundlings+Theatre&rft.pub=Groundlings+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.groundlings.co.uk%2Findex.php%2Fthe-theatre%2Fhistory-of-theatre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankmatchamsociety.org.uk/about/list-of-theatres/">"List of theatres designed by Frank Matcham"</a>. Frank Matcham society. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+theatres+designed+by+Frank+Matcham&rft.pub=Frank+Matcham+society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankmatchamsociety.org.uk%2Fabout%2Flist-of-theatres%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730185435/http://www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk/events/music">"Portsmouth Guildhall Music Events"</a>. Portsmouth Guildhall. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk/events/music">the original</a> on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Guildhall&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+Guildhall+Music+Events&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk%2Fevents%2Fmusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812211641/http://www.wedgewood-rooms.co.uk/Venue/tabid/94/Default.aspx">"Wedgewood Rooms music venues"</a>. Wedgewood Rooms CIC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wedgewood-rooms.co.uk/Venue/tabid/94/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wedgewood+Rooms+music+venues&rft.pub=Wedgewood+Rooms+CIC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wedgewood-rooms.co.uk%2FVenue%2Ftabid%2F94%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160716135918/http://pyramids-live.co.uk/events/">"Pyramids Centre list of music events"</a>. Pyramids Live. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pyramids-live.co.uk/events/">the original</a> on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pyramids+Centre+list+of+music+events&rft.pub=Pyramids+Live&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpyramids-live.co.uk%2Fevents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk/news/portsmouth-guildhall-announce-increased-capacity">"Portsmouth Guildhall announce increased capacity – Portsmouth Guildhall"</a>. Portsmouth Guildhall. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Guildhall&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+Guildhall+announce+increased+capacity+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth+Guildhall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fportsmouth-guildhall-announce-increased-capacity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/8026235.stm">"Queen hears chimes on D-Day visit"</a>. BBC News. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Queen+hears+chimes+on+D-Day+visit&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fhampshire%2F8026235.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsolive.com/events/?Location=10039&t=Portsmouth">"Events – Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra at the Guildhall"</a>. Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. Arts Council England. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bournemouth+Symphony+Orchestra&rft.atitle=Events+%E2%80%93+Bournemouth+Symphony+Orchestra+at+the+Guildhall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsolive.com%2Fevents%2F%3FLocation%3D10039%26t%3DPortsmouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthsinfonia.com/media/sundaytimes.html">"The Real Godfathers of Punk"</a>. Portsmouth Sinfonia. Times Newspapers Ltd. 30 May 2004. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Sinfonia&rft.atitle=The+Real+Godfathers+of+Punk&rft.date=2004-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthsinfonia.com%2Fmedia%2Fsundaytimes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160608103637/http://classicalmusicreimagined.com/2016/03/15/the-portsmouth-sinfonia/">"Who were the Portsmouth Sinfonia?"</a>. Classical Music Reimagined. 15 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classicalmusicreimagined.com/2016/03/15/the-portsmouth-sinfonia/">the original</a> on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical+Music+Reimagined&rft.atitle=Who+were+the+Portsmouth+Sinfonia%3F&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassicalmusicreimagined.com%2F2016%2F03%2F15%2Fthe-portsmouth-sinfonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/others2016/portsmouth">"The Portsmouth Summer Show 2016"</a>. Efestivals. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Portsmouth+Summer+Show+2016&rft.pub=Efestivals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efestivals.co.uk%2Ffestivals%2Fothers2016%2Fportsmouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStedman1996157–158-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStedman1996157–158_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStedman1996">Stedman 1996</a>, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819122030/http://www.waltontrust.org/williamwalton/?p=639">"William Walton – general information"</a>. Walton Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waltontrust.org/williamwalton/?p=639">the original</a> on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Walton+%E2%80%93+general+information&rft.pub=Walton+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waltontrust.org%2Fwilliamwalton%2F%3Fp%3D639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirie1964" class="citation journal cs1">Pirie, Peter J. (April 1964). "Scapino. The Development of William Walton". The Musical Times. 105 (1454). The Musical Times, Vol. 105, No. 1454: 258–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F949354">10.2307/949354</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/949354">949354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=Scapino.+The+Development+of+William+Walton&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1454&rft.pages=258-259&rft.date=1964-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F949354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F949354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pirie&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/w/79560/William-Turner-Walton-Portsmouth-Point-Overture">"Walton: Portsmouth Point Overture on CD & download (MP3 & FLAC) – Buy online from Presto Classical"</a>. Presto Classical Limited. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walton%3A+Portsmouth+Point+Overture+on+CD+%26+download+%28MP3+%26+FLAC%29+%E2%80%93+Buy+online+from+Presto+Classical&rft.pub=Presto+Classical+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prestoclassical.co.uk%2Fw%2F79560%2FWilliam-Turner-Walton-Portsmouth-Point-Overture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernyouthballet.co.uk/page4.html">"Pineapple Poll"</a>. Southern Youth Ballet. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pineapple+Poll&rft.pub=Southern+Youth+Ballet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernyouthballet.co.uk%2Fpage4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d0eaf46616a34051a913b94cca100564">"The Royal Ballet in Pineapple Poll"</a>. The Radio Times (1877). BBC: 11. 30 October 1959. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Radio+Times&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Ballet+in+Pineapple+Poll&rft.issue=1877&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1959-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenome.ch.bbc.co.uk%2Fd0eaf46616a34051a913b94cca100564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927065035/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/portsmouth-and-southsea?articleid=2934161">"The pride and tears of D-Day"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. 12 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/portsmouth-and-southsea?articleid=2934161">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+pride+and+tears+of+D-Day&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft.date=2006-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fportsmouth-and-southsea%3Farticleid%3D2934161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27700479">"D-Day 70th anniversary: Ceremonies and staged landing held"</a>. BBC News. 5 June 2004. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=D-Day+70th+anniversary%3A+Ceremonies+and+staged+landing+held&rft.date=2004-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-27700479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidyanathan2011" class="citation news cs1">Vaidyanathan, Rajini (20 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12500603">"Barack Obama's UK visit: Where did past presidents go?"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%27s+UK+visit%3A+Where+did+past+presidents+go%3F&rft.date=2011-02-20&rft.aulast=Vaidyanathan&rft.aufirst=Rajini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-12500603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk/local/dday50.htm">"D-Day 50 Commemorations"</a>. Portsmouth Guide. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Guide&rft.atitle=D-Day+50+Commemorations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth-guide.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fdday50.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohan-Hickson-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohan-Hickson_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan-Hickson2019" class="citation web cs1">Mohan-Hickson, Matthew (31 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/people/d-day-75-candian-prime-minister-justin-trudeau-and-more-world-leaders-confirm-they-will-attend-portsmouth-ceremony-1315110">"REVEALED: Canadian Prime Minister is coming to Portsmouth for D-Day 75 ceremony"</a>. Portsmouth. Retrieved 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth&rft.atitle=REVEALED%3A+Canadian+Prime+Minister+is+coming+to+Portsmouth+for+D-Day+75+ceremony&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft.aulast=Mohan-Hickson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fd-day-75-candian-prime-minister-justin-trudeau-and-more-world-leaders-confirm-they-will-attend-portsmouth-ceremony-1315110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthkitefestival.org.uk/">"About the Kite Festival"</a>. Portsmouthkitefestival.org.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Kite+Festival&rft.pub=Portsmouthkitefestival.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthkitefestival.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-charity-247"><a href="#cite_ref-charity_247-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/our-region/portsmouth/music-festival-unveils-creation-of-victorious-foundation-to-support-most-vulnerable-children-in-portsmouth-1-7308292">Music festival unveils creation of Victorious Foundation to support most vulnerable children in Portsmouth</a>, The News, 2 April 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811081526/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2013/january/11/130111-royal-navy-plays-part-in-les-miserables">"Royal Navy Plays Part in Les Miserables"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2013/january/11/130111-royal-navy-plays-part-in-les-miserables">the original</a> on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Navy+Plays+Part+in+Les+Miserables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Fnews-and-latest-activity%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fjanuary%2F11%2F130111-royal-navy-plays-part-in-les-miserables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/explore/film-and-tv">"Film and TV"</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film+and+TV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitportsmouth.co.uk%2Fexplore%2Ffilm-and-tv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0991619/">"Britains Toughest Towns, Season 1 Episode 5"</a>. IMDB. David Sumnall (director), David Sumnall (writer), Donal MacIntyre (star). 19 October 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDB&rft.atitle=Britains+Toughest+Towns%2C+Season+1+Episode+5&rft.date=2005-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0991619%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-News_May_2021-251"><a href="#cite_ref-News_May_2021_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="News_May_2021" class="citation news cs1">Cotterill, Tom (22 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/health/coronavirus/fresh-fury-more-reckless-gangs-gather-southsea-common-putting-lives-risk-2862269">"Fresh fury as more reckless gangs gather on Southsea Common 'putting lives at risk'"</a>. Portsmouth News. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+News&rft.atitle=Fresh+fury+as+more+reckless+gangs+gather+on+Southsea+Common+%27putting+lives+at+risk%27&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft.aulast=Cotterill&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fhealth%2Fcoronavirus%2Ffresh-fury-more-reckless-gangs-gather-southsea-common-putting-lives-risk-2862269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-News_June_2021...-252"><a href="#cite_ref-News_June_2021..._252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="News_June_2021..." class="citation news cs1">Fishwick, Ben (15 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/crime/southsea-common-public-order-incident-involving-30-people-sees-man-18-injured-3274260">"Southsea Common 'public order' incident involving 30 people sees man, 18, injured"</a>. Portsmouth News. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+News&rft.atitle=Southsea+Common+%27public+order%27+incident+involving+30+people+sees+man%2C+18%2C+injured&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft.aulast=Fishwick&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2Fsouthsea-common-public-order-incident-involving-30-people-sees-man-18-injured-3274260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-News_June_2021-253"><a href="#cite_ref-News_June_2021_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="News_June_2021" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/crime/gangs-20-yobs-fighting-buckland-street-riding-motorbikes-paths-inhaling-laughing-gas-2882038">"Gangs of up to 20 yobs fighting in Buckland street, riding..."</a> Portsmouth News. 12 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+News&rft.atitle=Gangs+of+up+to+20+yobs+fighting+in+Buckland+street%2C+riding...&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2Fgangs-20-yobs-fighting-buckland-street-riding-motorbikes-paths-inhaling-laughing-gas-2882038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HL_June_2020-254"><a href="#cite_ref-HL_June_2020_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="HL_June_2020" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Anna (24 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hampshirelive.news/news/hampshire-news/southsea-common-dispersal-order-fighting-4259999">"'They're laughing at police': Dispersal order in place at Southsea Common after gang of 200 teens fight, take drugs and intimidate residents"</a>. HampshireLive. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HampshireLive&rft.atitle=%27They%27re+laughing+at+police%27%3A+Dispersal+order+in+place+at+Southsea+Common+after+gang+of+200+teens+fight%2C+take+drugs+and+intimidate+residents&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hampshirelive.news%2Fnews%2Fhampshire-news%2Fsouthsea-common-dispersal-order-fighting-4259999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-News_Sept_2020-255"><a href="#cite_ref-News_Sept_2020_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="News_Sept_2020" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/crime/gang-machete-and-knuckle-duster-seen-fighting-portsdown-hill-portsmouth-2972168">"Gang with machete and knuckle duster seen fighting on..."</a> Portsmouth News. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+News&rft.atitle=Gang+with+machete+and+knuckle+duster+seen+fighting+on...&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2Fgang-machete-and-knuckle-duster-seen-fighting-portsdown-hill-portsmouth-2972168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltshire" class="citation web cs1">Wiltshire, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jasna.org/persuasions/printed/number28/wiltshire.pdf">"Exploring Mansfield Park in the footsteps of Fanny Price"</a> (PDF). jasna. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+Mansfield+Park+in+the+footsteps+of+Fanny+Price&rft.pub=jasna&rft.aulast=Wiltshire&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jasna.org%2Fpersuasions%2Fprinted%2Fnumber28%2Fwiltshire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/charles_dickens.html">"Dickens' novel influences on Portsmouth"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. 22 July 1904. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dickens%27+novel+influences+on+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft.date=1904-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Fcharles_dickens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817073323/http://www.brianlavery.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/POB-complete2.pdf">"Jack Aubrey's England tour"</a> (PDF). Brian Lavery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brianlavery.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/POB-complete2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jack+Aubrey%27s+England+tour&rft.pub=Brian+Lavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brianlavery.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F11%2FPOB-complete2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2013" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Matthew (20 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/pompey-by-jonathan-meades-book-review-a-startlingly-filthy-read-that-shows-meades-on-top-form-8952758.html">"Pompey by Jonathan Meades: Book review – a startlingly filthy read"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Pompey+by+Jonathan+Meades%3A+Book+review+%E2%80%93+a+startlingly+filthy+read&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Fpompey-by-jonathan-meades-book-review-a-startlingly-filthy-read-that-shows-meades-on-top-form-8952758.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2013" class="citation web cs1">Cooke, Rachel (10 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/nov/10/jonathan-meades-architecture-television-fiction">"Jonathan Meades: 'I find everything fascinating and that is a gift'"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jonathan+Meades%3A+%27I+find+everything+fascinating+and+that+is+a+gift%27&rft.date=2013-11-10&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2013%2Fnov%2F10%2Fjonathan-meades-architecture-television-fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjYZAAAAYAAJ&q=By+Celia%27s+Arbour:+A+Tale+of+Portsmouth+Town+wall">The Literary World, Volume 17</a>. 1878. p. 120. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+World%2C+Volume+17&rft.pages=120&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgjYZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DBy%2BCelia%2527s%2BArbour%3A%2BA%2BTale%2Bof%2BPortsmouth%2BTown%2Bwall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummins2011" class="citation web cs1">Cummins, Anthony (13 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/mar/13/hg-wells-kipps-classics-review">"Kipps by HG Wells – review"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kipps+by+HG+Wells+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2011-03-13&rft.aulast=Cummins&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fmar%2F13%2Fhg-wells-kipps-classics-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flood_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood_263-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2013" class="citation web cs1">Flood, Alison (21 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/21/neil-gaiman-portsmouth-street-ocean">"Neil Gaiman novel inspires Portsmouth street name"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Neil+Gaiman+novel+inspires+Portsmouth+street+name&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fjun%2F21%2Fneil-gaiman-portsmouth-street-ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starandcrescent.org.uk/2015/02/16/hanging-out-with-the-dream-king-an-interview-with-neil-gaiman/">"'Hanging Out with the Dream King': An Interview with Neil Gaiman"</a>. Star & Crescent. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+%26+Crescent&rft.atitle=%27Hanging+Out+with+the+Dream+King%27%3A+An+Interview+with+Neil+Gaiman&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starandcrescent.org.uk%2F2015%2F02%2F16%2Fhanging-out-with-the-dream-king-an-interview-with-neil-gaiman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-graham-265"><a href="#cite_ref-graham_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grahamhurley.co.uk/books/one%20under.htm">"Other novels in Portsmouth culture"</a>. Graham Hurley Publishing. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Other+novels+in+Portsmouth+culture&rft.pub=Graham+Hurley+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grahamhurley.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fone%2520under.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/heartstone-by-c-j-sansom-2078398.html">"Heartsone, by C. J Sansom"</a>. The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Heartsone%2C+by+C.+J+Sansom&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Fheartstone-by-c-j-sansom-2078398.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820083633/http://www.lovesouthsea.co.uk/shop/portsmouth-fairy-tales-for-grown-ups">"Portsmouth Fairy Tales for Grown-Ups"</a>. Love Southsea. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovesouthsea.co.uk/shop/portsmouth-fairy-tales-for-grown-ups">the original</a> on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Love+Southsea&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+Fairy+Tales+for+Grown-Ups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lovesouthsea.co.uk%2Fshop%2Fportsmouth-fairy-tales-for-grown-ups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.william-sutton.co.uk/books/portsmouth-fairy-tales-for-grown-ups/">"Portsmouth Fairy Tales for Grown Ups information"</a>. William Sutton. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Fairy+Tales+for+Grown+Ups+information&rft.pub=William+Sutton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.william-sutton.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fportsmouth-fairy-tales-for-grown-ups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205180044/http://angryrobotbooks.com/2013/12/william-sutton-a-shilling-shocker-short-story/">"William Sutton – A Shilling Shocker Short Story"</a>. Angry Robot Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://angryrobotbooks.com/2013/12/william-sutton-a-shilling-shocker-short-story/">the original</a> on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Sutton+%E2%80%93+A+Shilling+Shocker+Short+Story&rft.pub=Angry+Robot+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fangryrobotbooks.com%2F2013%2F12%2Fwilliam-sutton-a-shilling-shocker-short-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205175457/http://www.lbabooks.com/author/diana-bretherick/">"Diana Bretherick, LBA Literary Agents"</a>. LBA Literary Agents. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbabooks.com/author/diana-bretherick/">the original</a> on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diana+Bretherick%2C+LBA+Literary+Agents&rft.pub=LBA+Literary+Agents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbabooks.com%2Fauthor%2Fdiana-bretherick%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/portsmouth">"University of Portsmouth information"</a>. The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 12 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Portsmouth+information&rft.pub=The+Complete+University+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk%2Fportsmouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurney-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Gurney_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosie_Gurney-Read2015" class="citation news cs1">Josie Gurney-Read (29 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/11570249/Top-100-new-universities-the-list-in-full.html">"Top 100 new universities – the list in full"</a>. Telegraph. Retrieved 8 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Top+100+new+universities+%E2%80%93+the+list+in+full&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.au=Josie+Gurney-Read&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Funiversityeducation%2F11570249%2FTop-100-new-universities-the-list-in-full.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uopnews-273"><a href="#cite_ref-uopnews_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109021814/http://uopnews.port.ac.uk/2015/04/29/portsmouth-in-top-100-modern-universities-in-world/">"Portsmouth in Top 100 Modern Universities in world"</a>. UoP News. University of Portsmouth. 29 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uopnews.port.ac.uk/2015/04/29/portsmouth-in-top-100-modern-universities-in-world/">the original</a> on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UoP+News&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+in+Top+100+Modern+Universities+in+world&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuopnews.port.ac.uk%2F2015%2F04%2F29%2Fportsmouth-in-top-100-modern-universities-in-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013198-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013198_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbury.ac.uk/hnd-and-hnc/">"Higher National Certificates at Higbury"</a>. Highbury College Portsmouth. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Higher+National+Certificates+at+Higbury&rft.pub=Highbury+College+Portsmouth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbury.ac.uk%2Fhnd-and-hnc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323180523/https://www.highbury.ac.uk/hnd-and-hnc/">"Access to Higher Education at Portsmouth College"</a>. Portsmouth College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth-college.ac.uk/adult-learning/full-time/205-access-to-higher-education">the original</a> on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Access+to+Higher+Education+at+Portsmouth+College&rft.pub=Portsmouth+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth-college.ac.uk%2Fadult-learning%2Ffull-time%2F205-access-to-higher-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimms" class="citation web cs1">Timms, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412113826/http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/admiral%20lord%20nelson%20map.html">"Admiral Lord Nelson School Map"</a>. Welcome to Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/admiral%20lord%20nelson%20map.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Admiral+Lord+Nelson+School+Map&rft.aulast=Timms&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Fadmiral%2520lord%2520nelson%2520map.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821041838/https://www.ucasprogress.com/provider/76564/miltoncross-academy">"Miltoncross Academy"</a>. UCAS Progress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucasprogress.com/provider/76564/miltoncross-academy">the original</a> on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miltoncross+Academy&rft.pub=UCAS+Progress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucasprogress.com%2Fprovider%2F76564%2Fmiltoncross-academy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2010" class="citation news cs1">Richardson, Hannah (5 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10514113">"School buildings scheme scrapped"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=School+buildings+scheme+scrapped&rft.date=2010-07-05&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10514113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813000600/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/satisfactory-is-not-good-enough-for-city-s-schools-1-1242803">"Satisfactory is not good enough for city's schools"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. 10 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/satisfactory-is-not-good-enough-for-city-s-schools-1-1242803">the original</a> on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satisfactory+is+not+good+enough+for+city%27s+schools&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsatisfactory-is-not-good-enough-for-city-s-schools-1-1242803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2014" class="citation news cs1">Garner, Richard (5 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/the-children-used-to-throw-chairs-at-people-out-of-the-window-how-a-failing-school-was-turned-round-9039183.html">"The children used to throw chairs at people out of the window"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+children+used+to+throw+chairs+at+people+out+of+the+window&rft.date=2014-01-05&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2Fthe-children-used-to-throw-chairs-at-people-out-of-the-window-how-a-failing-school-was-turned-round-9039183.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/hampshire/hi/people_and_places/newsid_8939000/8939059.stm">"Charter school in different class"</a>. BBC News. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Charter+school+in+different+class&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fhampshire%2Fhi%2Fpeople_and_places%2Fnewsid_8939000%2F8939059.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022161028/http://charteracademy.org.uk/admissions-policy">"Admissions policy"</a>. Charter Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://charteracademy.org.uk/admissions-policy">the original</a> on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admissions+policy&rft.pub=Charter+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcharteracademy.org.uk%2Fadmissions-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820022643/http://www.principal.co.uk/case_studies/portsmouth_grammar_school_.php">"Portsmouth Grammar School"</a>. Principal Corporation Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.principal.co.uk/case_studies/portsmouth_grammar_school_.php">the original</a> on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Grammar+School&rft.pub=Principal+Corporation+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.principal.co.uk%2Fcase_studies%2Fportsmouth_grammar_school_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013200-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013200_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouthschoolsri.org/o/phs">"Portsmouth High School"</a>. Portsmouth High School. Retrieved 25 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+High+School&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+High+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthschoolsri.org%2Fo%2Fphs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayvillehighschool.com/">"Mayville High School homepage"</a>. Mayville High School. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayville+High+School+homepage&rft.pub=Mayville+High+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayvillehighschool.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/pdf/datasheets/purbrook.pdf">"Purbrook Fort"</a> (PDF). Victorian Forts. Hampshire County Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Forts&rft.atitle=Purbrook+Fort&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianforts.co.uk%2Fpdf%2Fdatasheets%2Fpurbrook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalarmouries.org/visit-us/fort-nelson/">"Fort Nelson Royal Armouries"</a>. Royal Armouries. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Nelson+Royal+Armouries&rft.pub=Royal+Armouries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalarmouries.org%2Fvisit-us%2Ffort-nelson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009152010/http://southseacastle.co.uk/tudor-castle/about-the-castle">"About Southsea Castle"</a>. Southsea Castle. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southseacastle.co.uk/tudor-castle/about-the-castle">the original</a> on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southsea+Castle&rft.atitle=About+Southsea+Castle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southseacastle.co.uk%2Ftudor-castle%2Fabout-the-castle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/247274/1304.pdf">"Royal Marines Museum Account 2010–2011"</a> (PDF). Gov UK. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Marines+Museum+Account+2010%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=Gov+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F247274%2F1304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-36323476">"Royal Marines Museum relocates following £14m grant"</a>. BBC News. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Royal+Marines+Museum+relocates+following+%C2%A314m+grant&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-36323476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dickens-293"><a href="#cite_ref-dickens_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161016021945/http://charlesdickensbirthplace.co.uk/dickens-birthplace/museum">"The Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum"</a>. Charles Dickens Birthplace. Portsmouth City of Museums. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlesdickensbirthplace.co.uk/dickens-birthplace/museum">the original</a> on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charles+Dickens+Birthplace&rft.atitle=The+Charles+Dickens+Birthplace+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlesdickensbirthplace.co.uk%2Fdickens-birthplace%2Fmuseum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201373-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201373_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-474977-charles-dickens-birthplace-museum-">"Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum, Portsmouth"</a>. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Dickens+Birthplace+Museum%2C+Portsmouth&rft.pub=British+Listed+Buildings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk%2Fen-474977-charles-dickens-birthplace-museum-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/things-to-do/blue-reef-aquarium-p43123">"Blue Reef Aquarium"</a>. Visit Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Blue+Reef+Aquarium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitportsmouth.co.uk%2Fthings-to-do%2Fblue-reef-aquarium-p43123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051023003728/http://www.portsmouthnaturalhistory.co.uk/">"Cumberland House Natural History Museum"</a>. Portsmouth Natural History. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthnaturalhistory.co.uk/">the original</a> on 23 October 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Cumberland+House+Natural+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthnaturalhistory.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/things-to-do/cumberland-house-natural-history-museum-p221381">"Cumberland House Natural History Museum"</a>. Visit Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Cumberland+House+Natural+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitportsmouth.co.uk%2Fthings-to-do%2Fcumberland-house-natural-history-museum-p221381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddaymuseum.co.uk/">"D-Day Museum and Overlord Embroidery"</a>. D-Day Museum. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D-Day+Museum&rft.atitle=D-Day+Museum+and+Overlord+Embroidery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddaymuseum.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013156-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013156_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506075044/http://www.hms-victory.com/history">"History of HMS Victory"</a>. HMS Victory. The National Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hms-victory.com/history">the original</a> on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HMS+Victory&rft.atitle=History+of+HMS+Victory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms-victory.com%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rose-302"><a href="#cite_ref-rose_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730221238/http://www.maryrose.org/discover-our-collection/story-of-the-ship/raising-the-mary-rose/">"Raising the Mary Rose – The Mary Rose Museum"</a>. Mary Rose Museum. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maryrose.org/discover-our-collection/story-of-the-ship/raising-the-mary-rose/">the original</a> on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mary+Rose+Museum&rft.atitle=Raising+the+Mary+Rose+%E2%80%93+The+Mary+Rose+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maryrose.org%2Fdiscover-our-collection%2Fstory-of-the-ship%2Fraising-the-mary-rose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201342-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201342_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmswarrior.org/history/homecoming">"Restoration — Homecoming"</a>. HMS Warrior Preservation Trust. Retrieved 28 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restoration+%E2%80%94+Homecoming&rft.pub=HMS+Warrior+Preservation+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmswarrior.org%2Fhistory%2Fhomecoming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinton19875-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinton19875_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinton1987">Winton 1987</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portsmouthdockyard.org.uk/about/history-of-the-trust">"History of the Trust"</a>. Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Trust&rft.pub=Portsmouth+Royal+Dockyard+Historical+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportsmouthdockyard.org.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistory-of-the-trust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814094746/http://www.maryrose.org/festival-of-christmas-2013/">"Victorian Festival of Christmas"</a>. Mary Rose. Hampshire County Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maryrose.org/festival-of-christmas-2013/">the original</a> on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mary+Rose&rft.atitle=Victorian+Festival+of+Christmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maryrose.org%2Ffestival-of-christmas-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160721122919/http://www.historicdockyard.co.uk/events/event/496-victorian-festival-of-christmas">"Victorian Festival of Christmas"</a>. Historic Dockyard. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicdockyard.co.uk/events/event/496-victorian-festival-of-christmas">the original</a> on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Dockyard&rft.atitle=Victorian+Festival+of+Christmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicdockyard.co.uk%2Fevents%2Fevent%2F496-victorian-festival-of-christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809051043/http://www.royalmarinesmuseum.co.uk/support-us/historical-society/projects">"Projects – Royal Marines Museum"</a>. Royal Marines Museum. The National Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalmarinesmuseum.co.uk/support-us/historical-society/projects">the original</a> on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Marines+Museum&rft.atitle=Projects+%E2%80%93+Royal+Marines+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalmarinesmuseum.co.uk%2Fsupport-us%2Fhistorical-society%2Fprojects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013135-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013135_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/144703/PORTSMOUTH%20NAVAL%20MEMORIAL">"Portsmouth Naval Memorial Cemetery Details"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Naval+Memorial+Cemetery+Details&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F144703%2FPORTSMOUTH%2520NAVAL%2520MEMORIAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/21430">"The Guildhall Square Cenotaph"</a>. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Guildhall+Square+Cenotaph&rft.pub=Imperial+War+Museums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fmemorials%2Fitem%2Fmemorial%2F21430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorialsinportsmouth.co.uk/city-centre/cenotaph.htm">"Memorials and Monuments in Portsmouth City Centre (The Guildhall Square Cenotaph)"</a>. Memorials in Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memorials+in+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Memorials+and+Monuments+in+Portsmouth+City+Centre+%28The+Guildhall+Square+Cenotaph%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorialsinportsmouth.co.uk%2Fcity-centre%2Fcenotaph.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cemeteries-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cemeteries_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cemeteries_314-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002104810/https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/community-and-environment/community/portsmouth-cemeteries.aspx">"Portsmouth cemeteries"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/community-and-environment/community/portsmouth-cemeteries.aspx">the original</a> on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+cemeteries&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fext%2Fcommunity-and-environment%2Fcommunity%2Fportsmouth-cemeteries.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-26315789">"Portsmouth's Polish community marks 180th anniversary"</a>. BBC. 23 February 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth%27s+Polish+community+marks+180th+anniversary&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-26315789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013185,_186-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013185,_186_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, pp. 185, 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015123-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015123_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015123,_124-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015123,_124_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 123, 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-vernon-319"><a href="#cite_ref-vernon_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307081225/http://www.mcdoa.org.uk/History_of_HMS_Vernon.htm">"History of HMS Vernon"</a>. Mcdoa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcdoa.org.uk/history_of_hms_vernon.htm">the original</a> on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+HMS+Vernon&rft.pub=Mcdoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcdoa.org.uk%2Fhistory_of_hms_vernon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gunwharf-quays.com/shops">"Shops at Gunwharf Quays"</a>. Gunwharf Quays. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunwharf+Quays&rft.atitle=Shops+at+Gunwharf+Quays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgunwharf-quays.com%2Fshops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4326932.stm">"Spinnaker opens five years late"</a>. BBC News. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Spinnaker+opens+five+years+late&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fhampshire%2F4326932.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129034544/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=406">"Spinnaker Tower, Portsmouth"</a>. Skyscraper News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=406">the original</a> on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spinnaker+Tower%2C+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Skyscraper+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyscrapernews.com%2Fbuildings.php%3Fid%3D406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013232-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013232_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920124000/https://www.spinnakertower.co.uk/about/history-construction/">"History & Construction – Spinnaker Tower"</a>. Spinnaker Tower. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spinnakertower.co.uk/about/history-construction/">the original</a> on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spinnaker+Tower&rft.atitle=History+%26+Construction+%E2%80%93+Spinnaker+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spinnakertower.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistory-construction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013233-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013233_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013233_325-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111060217/http://www.great-towers.com/towers/spinnaker-tower/">"Spinnaker Tower overview"</a>. The World Federation of Great Towers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.great-towers.com/towers/spinnaker-tower/">the original</a> on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spinnaker+Tower+overview&rft.pub=The+World+Federation+of+Great+Towers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.great-towers.com%2Ftowers%2Fspinnaker-tower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009152010/http://southseacastle.co.uk/tudor-castle/about-the-castle">"About Southsea Castle'"</a>. Portsmouth Museums. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southseacastle.co.uk/tudor-castle/about-the-castle">the original</a> on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Southsea+Castle%27&rft.pub=Portsmouth+Museums&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southseacastle.co.uk%2Ftudor-castle%2Fabout-the-castle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuail200016–17-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuail200016–17_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuail2000">Quail 2000</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013140-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013140_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013138-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013138_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013138_330-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuail200046-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuail200046_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuail2000">Quail 2000</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516083643/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/business/plan-unveiled-for-750-000-ferris-wheel-similar-to-london-eye-on-southsea-seafront-1-7079196">"Plan unveiled for £750,000 ferris wheel similar to London Eye on Southsea seafront"</a>. The News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/business/plan-unveiled-for-750-000-ferris-wheel-similar-to-london-eye-on-southsea-seafront-1-7079196">the original</a> on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+unveiled+for+%C2%A3750%2C000+ferris+wheel+similar+to+London+Eye+on+Southsea+seafront&rft.pub=The+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fplan-unveiled-for-750-000-ferris-wheel-similar-to-london-eye-on-southsea-seafront-1-7079196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuail200019–20-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuail200019–20_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuail200019–20_333-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuail2000">Quail 2000</a>, p. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/inspire-me/top-events-for-2016">"Top Events for 2016 at Southsea Common"</a>. Visit Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Top+Events+for+2016+at+Southsea+Common&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitportsmouth.co.uk%2Finspire-me%2Ftop-events-for-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013136-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013136_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124718/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/nostalgia/the-southsea-trees-which-escaped-disease-but-not-hurricane-1-6142130">"Southsea Common Trees"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/nostalgia/the-southsea-trees-which-escaped-disease-but-not-hurricane-1-6142130">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Southsea+Common+Trees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnostalgia%2Fthe-southsea-trees-which-escaped-disease-but-not-hurricane-1-6142130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/Cathedrals/">"List of UK Cathedrals"</a>. Historic UK. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+UK+Cathedrals&rft.pub=Historic+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FHistoryMagazine%2FDestinationsUK%2FCathedrals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/portsmouth%20cathedral.html">"St Thomas's Portsmouth Cathedral | Old Portsmouth"</a>. Welcometoportsmouth.co.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Thomas%27s+Portsmouth+Cathedral+%26%23124%3B+Old+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Welcometoportsmouth.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Fportsmouth%2520cathedral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chapel2-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chapel2_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapel2_339-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120122728/http://www.portsmouthcathedral.org.uk/history.htm">"History of Portsmouth Cathedral"</a>. Portsmouth Cathedral. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthcathedral.org.uk/history.htm">the original</a> on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Cathedral&rft.atitle=History+of+Portsmouth+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthcathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711094339/http://www.history.inportsmouth.co.uk/places/ebenezer.htm">"Portsmouth chapel history"</a>. History.inportsmouth.co.uk. 10 January 1941. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.inportsmouth.co.uk/places/ebenezer.htm">the original</a> on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+chapel+history&rft.pub=History.inportsmouth.co.uk&rft.date=1941-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.inportsmouth.co.uk%2Fplaces%2Febenezer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnowles200621-341"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnowles200621_341-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnowles2006">Knowles 2006</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt201344-342"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt201344_342-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainexpress.com/attractions.htm?attraction=1520">"Portsmouth Cathedral, History and Visiting"</a>. Hampshire Guide. Britain Express. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hampshire+Guide&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+Cathedral%2C+History+and+Visiting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britainexpress.com%2Fattractions.htm%3Fattraction%3D1520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013150-344"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2013150_344-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-catholic-345">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catholic_345-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholic_345-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthcatholiccathedral.org.uk/history.php">"History of St John's Catholic Cathedral"</a>. St John's Catholic Cathedral. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+St+John%27s+Catholic+Cathedral&rft.pub=St+John%27s+Catholic+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthcatholiccathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12296a.htm">"Diocese of Portsmouth, Catholic Encyclopedia"</a>. Newadvent. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diocese+of+Portsmouth%2C+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Newadvent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12296a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stjudes-southsea.org.uk/">"St Jude's Church Southsea"</a>. Diocese of Portsmouth. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Jude%27s+Church+Southsea&rft.pub=Diocese+of+Portsmouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjudes-southsea.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/things-to-do/saint-marys-church-p45993">"Saint Mary's Church"</a>. Visit Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Saint+Mary%27s+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitportsmouth.co.uk%2Fthings-to-do%2Fsaint-marys-church-p45993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-474226-church-of-saint-ann-building-number-1-65">"Church of Saint Ann (Building Number 1/65)"</a>. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+Saint+Ann+%28Building+Number+1%2F65%29&rft.pub=British+Listed+Buildings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk%2Fen-474226-church-of-saint-ann-building-number-1-65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jackwhite.net/portsmouth-synagogue/">"The Portsmouth and Southsea Hebrew Congregation"</a>. Jack White. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Portsmouth+and+Southsea+Hebrew+Congregation&rft.pub=Jack+White&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jackwhite.net%2Fportsmouth-synagogue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090811094825/http://www.pompeyrama.com/pompey-fc-results-3-season-1948-49.html">"Pompey FC Results – Season 1948 to 1949"</a>. Portsmouth Arena. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeyrama.com/pompey-fc-results-3-season-1948-49.html">the original</a> on 11 August 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pompey+FC+Results+%E2%80%93+Season+1948+to+1949&rft.pub=Portsmouth+Arena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pompeyrama.com%2Fpompey-fc-results-3-season-1948-49.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsssf-353"><a href="#cite_ref-rsssf_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html">"English Football League 1949–50"</a>. Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 24 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Football+League+1949%E2%80%9350&rft.pub=Rec+Sport+Soccer+Statistics+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.org%2Fengpaul%2FFLA%2F1949-50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeasom198421-354"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeasom198421_354-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeasom1984">Neasom 1984</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/7393770.stm">"Portsmouth 1–0 Cardiff"</a>. BBC News. 17 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121132638/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/7393770.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+1%E2%80%930+Cardiff&rft.date=2008-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ffootball%2Ffa_cup%2F7393770.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810205524/http://www.rte.ie/sport/2003/0427/portsmouth.html">"Portsmouth clinch promotion and championship"</a>. RTÉ Sport. 27 April 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/sport/2003/0427/portsmouth.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+clinch+promotion+and+championship&rft.date=2003-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fsport%2F2003%2F0427%2Fportsmouth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-16911355">"Portsmouth FC winding up would be 'utter disaster'"</a>. BBC News. BBC. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+FC+winding+up+would+be+%27utter+disaster%27&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-16911355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22182724">"Portsmouth relegation: Guy Whittingham remains positive"</a>. BBC Sport. 17 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+relegation%3A+Guy+Whittingham+remains+positive&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F22182724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2013" class="citation news cs1">Gibson, Owen (10 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/apr/10/portsmouth-future-fratton-park-ownership">"Portsmouth fans celebrate 'historic day' as deal done for Fratton Park"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+fans+celebrate+%27historic+day%27+as+deal+done+for+Fratton+Park&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2013%2Fapr%2F10%2Fportsmouth-future-fratton-park-ownership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2013" class="citation web cs1">Simon, Mundie (2 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/23527669/portsmouth-fc-begin-new-era-as-football-league-starts">"Portsmouth FC begin new era as football league starts"</a>. Newsbeat. BBC. Retrieved 3 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsbeat&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+FC+begin+new+era+as+football+league+starts&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Mundie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsbeat%2Farticle%2F23527669%2Fportsmouth-fc-begin-new-era-as-football-league-starts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fchd.info/MONEYFIE.HTM">"Moneyfields FC overview and statistics"</a>. Football Club History Database. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moneyfields+FC+overview+and+statistics&rft.pub=Football+Club+History+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fchd.info%2FMONEYFIE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818043705/http://www.unitedservicesportsmouthfc.co.uk/HISTORY.htm">"United Services Portsmouth history"</a>. United Services Portsmouth. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitedservicesportsmouthfc.co.uk/HISTORY.htm">the original</a> on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Services+Portsmouth+history&rft.pub=United+Services+Portsmouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitedservicesportsmouthfc.co.uk%2FHISTORY.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wessexleague.co.uk/?wfl-club=baffins-milton-rovers-fc">"Baffins Milton Rovers FC overview"</a>. Sydenham. Wessex League. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydenham&rft.atitle=Baffins+Milton+Rovers+FC+overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwessexleague.co.uk%2F%3Fwfl-club%3Dbaffins-milton-rovers-fc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navyrugbyunion.co.uk/fixtures/tables/senior-xv">"Fixtures: Royal Navy Rugby Union"</a>. Navy Rugby Union. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fixtures%3A+Royal+Navy+Rugby+Union&rft.pub=Navy+Rugby+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navyrugbyunion.co.uk%2Ffixtures%2Ftables%2Fsenior-xv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57257.html">"United Services Recreation Ground info"</a>. Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 2 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cricinfo&rft.atitle=United+Services+Recreation+Ground+info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fengland%2Fcontent%2Fground%2F57257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRO-366"><a href="#cite_ref-PRO_366-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2000" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Dave (20 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/89090.html">"United Services Portsmouth – The Hampshire Years 1888–2000"</a>. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESPNcricinfo&rft.atitle=United+Services+Portsmouth+%E2%80%93+The+Hampshire+Years+1888%E2%80%932000&rft.date=2000-07-20&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fci%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F89090.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/usphc/contact/">"United Services Hockey Club contact information"</a>. Pitcher. Retrieved 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Services+Hockey+Club+contact+information&rft.pub=Pitcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitchero.com%2Fclubs%2Fusphc%2Fcontact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vv8hAQAAIAAJ">Records of the Corporation</a>. Published under Official Authority by Charpentier. 1966. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Corporation&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Published+under+Official+Authority+by+Charpentier&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvv8hAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002045141/http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/hampshire/greatsalterns.html">"Great Salterns Golf Course/Portsmouth Golf Centre"</a>. Golf Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/hampshire/greatsalterns.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Salterns+Golf+Course%2FPortsmouth+Golf+Centre&rft.pub=Golf+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golftoday.co.uk%2Fclubhouse%2Fcoursedir%2Fhampshire%2Fgreatsalterns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-40991890">"Memorial commemorates Portsmouth boxing greats"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk. 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Memorial+commemorates+Portsmouth+boxing+greats&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-40991890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/services/parking-roads-and-travel/roads/road-safety-in-portsmouth/">"Road safety in Portsmouth"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+safety+in+Portsmouth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fservices%2Fparking-roads-and-travel%2Froads%2Froad-safety-in-portsmouth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roadsafetyknowledgecentre.org.uk/rskc-54/#:~:text=Introducing%20a%20citywide%2020mph%20limit,in%20the%20scheme%20throughout%20Portsmouth">"Portsmouth's 20mph Scheme - Road Safety Knowledge Centre"</a>. 15 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth%27s+20mph+Scheme+-+Road+Safety+Knowledge+Centre&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadsafetyknowledgecentre.org.uk%2Frskc-54%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIntroducing%2520a%2520citywide%252020mph%2520limit%2Cin%2520the%2520scheme%2520throughout%2520Portsmouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216011019/http://www.aferry.co.uk/portsmouth-ferry-uk.htm">"Portsmouth Ferry. Buy Portsmouth Ferry Tickets. Portsmouth Ferries"</a>. AFerry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aferry.co.uk/portsmouth-ferry-uk.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Ferry.+Buy+Portsmouth+Ferry+Tickets.+Portsmouth+Ferries&rft.pub=AFerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aferry.co.uk%2Fportsmouth-ferry-uk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528201617/http://www.wightonline.co.uk/wightlink/index.html">"Wightlink Ferries"</a>. Wightonline. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wightonline.co.uk/wightlink/index.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wightlink+Ferries&rft.pub=Wightonline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wightonline.co.uk%2Fwightlink%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hovertravel.co.uk/pages/timetable/">"Hovercraft and Hoverbus Timetable"</a>. Hovertravel. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hovercraft+and+Hoverbus+Timetable&rft.pub=Hovertravel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hovertravel.co.uk%2Fpages%2Ftimetable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brittany-ferries.co.uk/routes/portsmouth-caen">"Portsmouth to Caen ferries"</a>. Brittany Ferries. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+to+Caen+ferries&rft.pub=Brittany+Ferries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brittany-ferries.co.uk%2Froutes%2Fportsmouth-caen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310040829/http://www.portsmouthtofrance.com/pages-001/welcome-001.html">"Continental Ferryport"</a>. Portsmouth to France. InterCash Bureau de Change Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthtofrance.com/pages-001/welcome-001.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+to+France&rft.atitle=Continental+Ferryport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthtofrance.com%2Fpages-001%2Fwelcome-001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bit-378">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bit_378-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bit_378-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brittany-ferries.co.uk/ferry-routes/ferries-spain/portsmouth-spain">"Portsmouth to Spain ferries"</a>. Brittany Ferries. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+to+Spain+ferries&rft.pub=Brittany+Ferries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brittany-ferries.co.uk%2Fferry-routes%2Fferries-spain%2Fportsmouth-spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chan-379"><a href="#cite_ref-chan_379-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelislandferry.com/portsmouth-ferry.htm">"Portsmouth Ferry to Channel Islands"</a>. Channel Island Ferries. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Ferry+to+Channel+Islands&rft.pub=Channel+Island+Ferries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelislandferry.com%2Fportsmouth-ferry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.condorferries.co.uk/destinations/portsmouth-port.aspx">"Condor Ferries Portsmouth Terminal: Portsmouth ferry terminal, port directions and facilities"</a>. Condor Ferries. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Condor+Ferries+Portsmouth+Terminal%3A+Portsmouth+ferry+terminal%2C+port+directions+and+facilities&rft.pub=Condor+Ferries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.condorferries.co.uk%2Fdestinations%2Fportsmouth-port.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldline.co.uk/">"LD Lines Ferries main page"</a>. LD Lines. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LD+Lines+Ferries+main+page&rft.pub=LD+Lines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldline.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4994756.stm">"Ferry impounded over safety fears"</a>. BBC News. 18 May 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ferry+impounded+over+safety+fears&rft.date=2006-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fhampshire%2F4994756.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/5010496.stm">"Ferry cleared to begin crossings"</a>. BBC News. 23 May 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ferry+cleared+to+begin+crossings&rft.date=2006-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fhampshire%2F5010496.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.directferries.co.uk/news/200703/at_ferries_portsmouth_bilbao_service_ends.htm">"AT Ferries Portsmouth Bilbao service ends – 2007"</a>. Direct Ferries. 8 March 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AT+Ferries+Portsmouth+Bilbao+service+ends+%E2%80%93+2007&rft.pub=Direct+Ferries&rft.date=2007-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.directferries.co.uk%2Fnews%2F200703%2Fat_ferries_portsmouth_bilbao_service_ends.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-11418939">"Final P&O Pride of Bilbao service docks in Portsmouth"</a>. BBC News. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Final+P%26O+Pride+of+Bilbao+service+docks+in+Portsmouth&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-11418939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/hampshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9039000/9039806.stm">"Pride of Bilbao's Portsmouth era"</a>. BBC News. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pride+of+Bilbao%27s+Portsmouth+era&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fhampshire%2Fhi%2Fpeople_and_places%2Fhistory%2Fnewsid_9039000%2F9039806.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/465439/port-freight-statistics-2014.pdf">"UK Port Freight Statistics 2014"</a> (PDF). Gov UK. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Port+Freight+Statistics+2014&rft.pub=Gov+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F465439%2Fport-freight-statistics-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2009" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Robert (22 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/36a08496-d79c-11de-b578-00144feabdc0.html#axzz4GOfWhkJl">"Portsmouth in line for port revamp"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210201250/https://www.ft.com/content/36a08496-d79c-11de-b578-00144feabdc0#axzz4GOfWhkJl">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+in+line+for+port+revamp&rft.date=2009-11-22&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F36a08496-d79c-11de-b578-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz4GOfWhkJl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127113753/http://portsmouth.gov.uk/media/Portsmouth_LSTF_bid.pdf">"A Sustainable and Connected Centre"</a> (PDF). Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portsmouth.gov.uk/media/Portsmouth_LSTF_bid.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Sustainable+and+Connected+Centre&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportsmouth.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2FPortsmouth_LSTF_bid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/portsmouth%20coach%20station.html">"Portsmouth Coach Services"</a>. Welcome To Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+To+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+Coach+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Fportsmouth%2520coach%2520station.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/PMS/details.html">"National Rail Enquiries –Station facilities for Portsmouth & Southsea"</a>. National Rail. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Rail+Enquiries+%E2%80%93Station+facilities+for+Portsmouth+%26+Southsea&rft.pub=National+Rail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalrail.co.uk%2Fstations%2FPMS%2Fdetails.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/PMH/details.html">"Station facilities for Portsmouth Harbour"</a>. National Rail. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+facilities+for+Portsmouth+Harbour&rft.pub=National+Rail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalrail.co.uk%2Fstations%2FPMH%2Fdetails.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/pms/details.html">"National Rail Enquiries – Station facilities for Portsmouth"</a>. National Rail. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Rail+Enquiries+%E2%80%93+Station+facilities+for+Portsmouth&rft.pub=National+Rail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalrail.co.uk%2Fstations%2Fpms%2Fdetails.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818163246/https://www.southwesttrains.co.uk/offers--days-out/destination-guides/portsmouth/">"Portsmouth – South West Trains"</a>. South West Trains. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southwesttrains.co.uk/offers--days-out/destination-guides/portsmouth/">the original</a> on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+%E2%80%93+South+West+Trains&rft.pub=South+West+Trains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southwesttrains.co.uk%2Foffers--days-out%2Fdestination-guides%2Fportsmouth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802195734/http://www.southernrailway.com/destinations/destinations/trains-to-portsmouth">"Trains to Portsmouth: Southern"</a>. Southern Railway. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernrailway.com/destinations/destinations/trains-to-portsmouth/">the original</a> on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trains+to+Portsmouth%3A+Southern&rft.pub=Southern+Railway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernrailway.com%2Fdestinations%2Fdestinations%2Ftrains-to-portsmouth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk/local/soutrail.htm">"Southsea Railway, Fratton"</a>. www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk&rft.atitle=Southsea+Railway%2C+Fratton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth-guide.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fsoutrail.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butt-397">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butt_397-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butt_397-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butt_397-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butt_397-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butt_397-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButt1995" class="citation book cs1">Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Sparkford, Somerset: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-508-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-508-7"><bdi>978-1-85260-508-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Directory+of+Railway+Stations&rft.place=Sparkford%2C+Somerset&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens+Ltd&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85260-508-7&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=R.V.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starzina.com/Starzina%20Z%20Railways%20Portsmouth.htm">"Railways in Portsmouth"</a>. Starzina. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Starzina&rft.atitle=Railways+in+Portsmouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starzina.com%2FStarzina%2520Z%2520Railways%2520Portsmouth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040604135936/http://www.stauntoninfo.co.uk/7862.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val*">"Details of opening"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stauntoninfo.co.uk/7862.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val*">the original</a> on 4 June 2004. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Details+of+opening&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stauntoninfo.co.uk%2F7862.html%3F%2Asession%2Aid%2Akey%2A%3D%2Asession%2Aid%2Aval%2A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109123354/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pony_racing/portsmth.htm">"Pony racing links"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pony_racing/portsmth.htm">the original</a> on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pony+racing+links&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourworld.compuserve.com%2Fhomepages%2Fpony_racing%2Fportsmth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan" class="citation web cs1">Fagan, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724230228/http://www.hampshireairfields.co.uk/airfields/por.html">"History of Portsmouth Airport"</a>. Hampshire Airfields. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hampshireairfields.co.uk/airfields/por.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Portsmouth+Airport&rft.pub=Hampshire+Airfields&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hampshireairfields.co.uk%2Fairfields%2Fpor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621030956/http://www.portsmouth-airport.co.uk/history.html">"Portsmouth Airport History"</a>. Portsmouth Airport. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth-airport.co.uk/history.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Airport+History&rft.pub=Portsmouth+Airport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth-airport.co.uk%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRail_Saver" class="citation web cs1">Rail Saver. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110803132314/http://www.railsaver.co.uk/southwest/southwest.htm">"South West Trains"</a>. Railsaver.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railsaver.co.uk/southwest/southwest.htm">the original</a> on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+West+Trains&rft.pub=Railsaver.co.uk&rft.au=Rail+Saver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railsaver.co.uk%2Fsouthwest%2Fsouthwest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetrainline.com/train-times/gatwick-airport-to-portsmouth-harbour">"Trains Gatwick Airport to Portsmouth Harbour – Train Timetables"</a>. Train Line. National Rail. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Train+Line&rft.atitle=Trains+Gatwick+Airport+to+Portsmouth+Harbour+%E2%80%93+Train+Timetables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetrainline.com%2Ftrain-times%2Fgatwick-airport-to-portsmouth-harbour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coachtracker.nationalexpress.com/routes/203/I/Southsea-Heathrow_Airport">"203 Route, Southsea to Heathrow Airport – National Express"</a>. Coachtracker. National Express. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coachtracker&rft.atitle=203+Route%2C+Southsea+to+Heathrow+Airport+%E2%80%93+National+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoachtracker.nationalexpress.com%2Froutes%2F203%2FI%2FSouthsea-Heathrow_Airport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/portsmouth%20arundel%20canal.html">"Portsmouth Canal"</a>. welcometoportsmouth.co.uk. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=welcometoportsmouth.co.uk&rft.atitle=Portsmouth+Canal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk%2Fportsmouth%2520arundel%2520canal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200618–19-407"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen200618–19_407-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2006">Green 2006</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1971144–145-408"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1971144–145_408-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1971">Armstrong 1971</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@50.7945967,-1.0392926,182m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en">"Google Maps"</a>. Google Maps.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Google+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fmaps%2F%4050.7945967%2C-1.0392926%2C182m%2Fdata%3D%213m1%211e3%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/south_hampshire/">"Hampshire County Council with Portsmouth City Council"</a>. Railway Technology. Kable. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Technology&rft.atitle=Hampshire+County+Council+with+Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fsouth_hampshire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820164927/https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/documents-external/trv-portsmouth-ltp3-strategy.pdf">"Local Transport Plan 3"</a> (PDF). Hampshire County Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/documents-external/trv-portsmouth-ltp3-strategy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Transport+Plan+3&rft.pub=Hampshire+County+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fext%2Fdocuments-external%2Ftrv-portsmouth-ltp3-strategy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampshire_County_Council2005" class="citation web cs1">Hampshire County Council (29 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070112031837/http://www.hants.gov.uk/press/2005/pr2489.html">"Promoter Slams Government For Tram Scheme"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hants.gov.uk/press/2005/pr2489.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Promoter+Slams+Government+For+Tram+Scheme&rft.date=2005-11-29&rft.au=Hampshire+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hants.gov.uk%2Fpress%2F2005%2Fpr2489.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley1972-413"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPawley1972_413-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPawley1972">Pawley 1972</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811012331/http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/otherchannels/portsmouthtv.html">"Putting Portsmouth in the Picture"</a>. TV Ark. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/otherchannels/portsmouthtv.html">the original</a> on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putting+Portsmouth+in+the+Picture&rft.pub=TV+Ark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.tv-ark.org.uk%2Fotherchannels%2Fportsmouthtv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a516digital.com/2014/11/thats-solent-launches-new-local-tv.html">"That's Solent launches new local TV service for Southampton and Portsmouth area"</a>. a516digital. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=That%27s+Solent+launches+new+local+TV+service+for+Southampton+and+Portsmouth+area&rft.pub=a516digital&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a516digital.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fthats-solent-launches-new-local-tv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.recombu.com/digital/images/news/M11036/1351265343.png">"Predicted That's Solent Coverage"</a>. Recombu. Retrieved 4 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Predicted+That%27s+Solent+Coverage&rft.pub=Recombu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.recombu.com%2Fdigital%2Fimages%2Fnews%2FM11036%2F1351265343.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebreeze.com/portsmouth/">"The Breeze Portsmouth"</a>. The Breeze. Celador Radio Limited. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Breeze&rft.atitle=The+Breeze+Portsmouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebreeze.com%2Fportsmouth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729202107/http://www.expressfm.com/about-us/">"About Us – Express FM"</a>. Express FM. Express FM and Aiir. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressfm.com/about-us/">the original</a> on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Express+FM&rft.atitle=About+Us+%E2%80%93+Express+FM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressfm.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbauk.com/member-stations/profile/14">"QA Radio"</a>. Hospital Broadcasting Association. Retrieved 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QA+Radio&rft.pub=Hospital+Broadcasting+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbauk.com%2Fmember-stations%2Fprofile%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/could-portsmouth-s-radio-victory-make-a-comeback-1-7268625">"Could Portsmouth's Radio Victory make a comeback?"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Could+Portsmouth%27s+Radio+Victory+make+a+comeback%3F&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcould-portsmouth-s-radio-victory-make-a-comeback-1-7268625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotoday.co.uk/2015/04/celador-wins-back-the-portsmouth-licence/">"Celador wins back the Portsmouth licence"</a>. Radio Today. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celador+wins+back+the+Portsmouth+licence&rft.pub=Radio+Today&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiotoday.co.uk%2F2015%2F04%2Fcelador-wins-back-the-portsmouth-licence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/4403468.Radio_Hampshire_shut_down/">"Southampton's Radio Hampshire ceases broadcasting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531065156/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/4403468.Radio_Hampshire_shut_down/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton%27s+Radio+Hampshire+ceases+broadcasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F4403468.Radio_Hampshire_shut_down%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813021414/http://www2.portsmouth.co.uk/cp/about-us/">"About us – Portsmouth News"</a>. Portsmouth News. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.portsmouth.co.uk/cp/about-us/">the original</a> on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+News&rft.atitle=About+us+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fcp%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609061024/http://www.wrx.zen.co.uk/soupress.htm">"Portsmouth daily newspapers"</a>. WRX ZEN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrx.zen.co.uk/soupress.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+daily+newspapers&rft.pub=WRX+ZEN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrx.zen.co.uk%2Fsoupress.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlesdickensbirthplace.co.uk/collections-stories/stories/the-history-of-charles-dickens-birthplace/">"Charles Dickens Birthplace"</a>. Charles Dickens Birthplace. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Dickens+Birthplace&rft.pub=Charles+Dickens+Birthplace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharlesdickensbirthplace.co.uk%2Fcollections-stories%2Fstories%2Fthe-history-of-charles-dickens-birthplace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10561577/Arthur-Conan-Doyle-19-things-you-didnt-know.html">"Arthur Conan Doyle: 19 things you didn't know"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Arthur+Conan+Doyle%3A+19+things+you+didn%27t+know&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftvandradio%2F10561577%2FArthur-Conan-Doyle-19-things-you-didnt-know.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blue-427"><a href="#cite_ref-blue_427-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821024238/https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/development-and-planning/planning/blue-plaques.aspx">"Blue plaques"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/development-and-planning/planning/blue-plaques.aspx">the original</a> on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+plaques&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fext%2Fdevelopment-and-planning%2Fplanning%2Fblue-plaques.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813211837/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/lifestyle/real-life/discovering-city-s-rich-literary-heritage-1-3632800">"Discovering city's rich literary heritage"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/lifestyle/real-life/discovering-city-s-rich-literary-heritage-1-3632800">the original</a> on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+city%27s+rich+literary+heritage&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Flifestyle%2Freal-life%2Fdiscovering-city-s-rich-literary-heritage-1-3632800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2016" class="citation web cs1">Owen, Chris (18 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813213624/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/whats-on/when-i-was-reading-besant-s-book-i-repeatedly-gasped-1-7334917">"'When I was reading Besant's book, I repeatedly gasped'"</a>. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/whats-on/when-i-was-reading-besant-s-book-i-repeatedly-gasped-1-7334917">the original</a> on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27When+I+was+reading+Besant%27s+book%2C+I+repeatedly+gasped%27&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhen-i-was-reading-besant-s-book-i-repeatedly-gasped-1-7334917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821040559/http://www.lifeisamazing.co.uk/store/#!/By-Celias-Arbour/p/58746214/category=13895314">"By Celia's Arbour"</a>. Life Is Amazing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifeisamazing.co.uk/store/#!/By-Celias-Arbour/p/58746214/category=13895314">the original</a> on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=By+Celia%27s+Arbour&rft.pub=Life+Is+Amazing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifeisamazing.co.uk%2Fstore%2F%23%21%2FBy-Celias-Arbour%2Fp%2F58746214%2Fcategory%3D13895314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/sir-francis-william-austen-glimpses-of-janes-sailor-brother-in-letters/">"Sir Francis William Austen: Glimpses of Jane's sailor brother in letters"</a>. Jane Austen's World. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+William+Austen%3A+Glimpses+of+Jane%27s+sailor+brother+in+letters&rft.pub=Jane+Austen%27s+World&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjaneaustensworld.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F10%2F08%2Fsir-francis-william-austen-glimpses-of-janes-sailor-brother-in-letters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813061232/http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/birth-marriage-death-and-parish-records/births-and-baptisms/england-and-wales-births-1837-2006?firstname=christopher%20e&lastname=hitchens">"Results for England & Wales Births 1837–2006"</a>. Find My Past. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/birth-marriage-death-and-parish-records/births-and-baptisms/england-and-wales-births-1837-2006?firstname=christopher%20e&lastname=hitchens">the original</a> on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+for+England+%26+Wales+Births+1837%E2%80%932006&rft.pub=Find+My+Past&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.findmypast.co.uk%2Fresults%2Fworld-records%2Fbirth-marriage-death-and-parish-records%2Fbirths-and-baptisms%2Fengland-and-wales-births-1837-2006%3Ffirstname%3Dchristopher%2520e%26lastname%3Dhitchens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/12186">"Nevil Shute Norway Blue Plaques"</a>. Open Plaques. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nevil+Shute+Norway+Blue+Plaques&rft.pub=Open+Plaques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenplaques.org%2Fplaques%2F12186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowlby-434"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowlby_434-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowlby2013" class="citation web cs1">Bowlby, Rachel (17 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/culture/2013/01/struggles-olivia-manning">"The struggles of Olivia Manning"</a>. New Statesman. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+struggles+of+Olivia+Manning&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.aulast=Bowlby&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fculture%2Fculture%2F2013%2F01%2Fstruggles-olivia-manning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/brunel_kingdom_isambard.shtml">"History – Isambard Kingdom Brunel"</a>. BBC History. BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fbrunel_kingdom_isambard.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050418121831/http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/history/ikb/">"Isambard Kingdom Brunel"</a>. Brunel AC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/history/ikb/">the original</a> on 18 April 2005. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.pub=Brunel+AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brunel.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fikb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/callaghan_james.shtml">"James Callaghan biography"</a>. BBC History. BBC. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=James+Callaghan+biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fcallaghan_james.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2012" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Kenneth (27 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/mar/27/james-callaghan-prime-minister-centenary">"James Callaghan: a great PM who, 100 years on, still stands tall"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=James+Callaghan%3A+a+great+PM+who%2C+100+years+on%2C+still+stands+tall&rft.date=2012-03-27&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fmar%2F27%2Fjames-callaghan-prime-minister-centenary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202013221/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/james-callaghan">"James Callaghan"</a>. Number 10. Gov UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/james-callaghan">the original</a> on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Number+10&rft.atitle=James+Callaghan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.number10.gov.uk%2Fhistory-and-tour%2Fprime-ministers-in-history%2Fjames-callaghan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raggeduniversity.co.uk/2014/09/18/great-educator-john-pounds-crippled-cobbler-portsmouth/">"Great Educator: John Pounds 1766 to 1839"</a>. Ragged University. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Educator%3A+John+Pounds+1766+to+1839&rft.pub=Ragged+University&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raggeduniversity.co.uk%2F2014%2F09%2F18%2Fgreat-educator-john-pounds-crippled-cobbler-portsmouth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilligan2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spike_Milligan" title="Spike Milligan">Milligan, Spike</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31669">"Sellers, Peter (1925–1980)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31669">10.1093/ref:odnb/31669</a>. Retrieved 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sellers%2C+Peter+%281925%E2%80%931980%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31669&rft.aulast=Milligan&rft.aufirst=Spike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F31669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/terminator-genisys/arnold-schwarzenegger-early-life-bodybuilding/">"An Austrian hick in London: Arnie's early years"</a>. Telegraph. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=An+Austrian+hick+in+London%3A+Arnie%27s+early+years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffilm%2Fterminator-genisys%2Farnold-schwarzenegger-early-life-bodybuilding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813220442/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/whats-on/emma-barton-you-have-got-to-take-risks-with-your-choices-1-6080521">"Emma Barton: 'You have got to take risks with your choices'"</a>. The News. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/whats-on/emma-barton-you-have-got-to-take-risks-with-your-choices-1-6080521">the original</a> on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=Emma+Barton%3A+%27You+have+got+to+take+risks+with+your+choices%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Femma-barton-you-have-got-to-take-risks-with-your-choices-1-6080521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/big-read-sid-james-died-audreys-arms-1049029">"Sid James died in Audrey's arms", The News, Portsmouth, 8 February 2018</a>. Retrieved 17 January 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140250/http://www.indiazen.com/view/bollywood/Bollywood-Actresses/Geeta-Basra/">"Bollywood actress in Portsmouth"</a>. Indiazen. 11 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiazen.com/view/bollywood/Bollywood-Actresses/Geeta-Basra/">the original</a> on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bollywood+actress+in+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Indiazen&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiazen.com%2Fview%2Fbollywood%2FBollywood-Actresses%2FGeeta-Basra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510143400/http://www.cfz.org.uk/admin/personnel/002-downes.htm">"Cryptozoology – Jon Downes biography"</a>. CFZ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfz.org.uk/admin/personnel/002-downes.htm">the original</a> on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cryptozoology+%E2%80%93+Jon+Downes+biography&rft.pub=CFZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfz.org.uk%2Fadmin%2Fpersonnel%2F002-downes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926220943/http://www.helenduncan.org.uk/">"The Official Helen Duncan Web Site"</a>. Helen Duncan. 6 December 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helenduncan.org.uk/">the original</a> on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Helen+Duncan+Web+Site&rft.pub=Helen+Duncan&rft.date=1956-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helenduncan.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepowerof10.info/athletes/profile.aspx?athleteid=444">"Athlete Profile – Michael East"</a>. The Power of 10. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athlete+Profile+%E2%80%93+Michael+East&rft.pub=The+Power+of+10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepowerof10.info%2Fathletes%2Fprofile.aspx%3Fathleteid%3D444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160719091920/http://www.robhayles.com/about/about-rob">"About Rob Hayles"</a>. Rob Hayles. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robhayles.com/about/about-rob">the original</a> on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Rob+Hayles&rft.pub=Rob+Hayles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robhayles.com%2Fabout%2Fabout-rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boxrec.com/boxer/14998">"Tony Oakey profile"</a>. BoxRec. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tony+Oakey+profile&rft.pub=BoxRec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboxrec.com%2Fboxer%2F14998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813233048/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/athletics/track-stalwart-who-did-city-so-proud-1-1251947">"Track stalwart who did city so proud"</a>. The News. Portsmouth City Council. 1 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/athletics/track-stalwart-who-did-city-so-proud-1-1251947">the original</a> on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=Track+stalwart+who+did+city+so+proud&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fathletics%2Ftrack-stalwart-who-did-city-so-proud-1-1251947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4/newsid_2744000/2744481.stm">"1968: Alec Rose sails home"</a>. BBC News. 4 July 1968. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1968%3A+Alec+Rose+sails+home&rft.date=1968-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjuly%2F4%2Fnewsid_2744000%2F2744481.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528172905/http://www.katysexton.co.uk/about/">"About – Katy Sexton Swim Academy"</a>. Katy Sexton. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katysexton.co.uk/about/">the original</a> on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+%E2%80%93+Katy+Sexton+Swim+Academy&rft.pub=Katy+Sexton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katysexton.co.uk%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809203903/http://www.rogerblack.co.uk/?page=Biography">"Biography of Roger Black – Former Olympic Silver Medalist"</a>. Roger Black. 31 March 1966. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblack.co.uk/?page=Biography">the original</a> on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Roger+Black+%E2%80%93+Former+Olympic+Silver+Medalist&rft.pub=Roger+Black&rft.date=1966-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblack.co.uk%2F%3Fpage%3DBiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/royals-in-exile-in-britain-heirs-to-the-thrones-2260907.html">"Royals in exile: In Britain, heirs to the thrones"</a>. The Independent. 3 April 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Royals+in+exile%3A+In+Britain%2C+heirs+to+the+thrones&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Froyals-in-exile-in-britain-heirs-to-the-thrones-2260907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.sistercity.info/sister-cities/Portsmouth.html">"Sister cities of Portsmouth"</a>. sistercity.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sistercity.info&rft.atitle=Sister+cities+of+Portsmouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.sistercity.info%2Fsister-cities%2FPortsmouth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/services/council-and-democracy/your-city/twinning/">"Twinning"</a>. Portsmouth City Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twinning&rft.pub=Portsmouth+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fservices%2Fcouncil-and-democracy%2Fyour-city%2Ftwinning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/your-council/your-city/freedom-of-the-city-keys-of-the-city">"Freedom of the city & keys of the city"</a>. www.portsmouth.gov.uk. 27 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.portsmouth.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+the+city+%26+keys+of+the+city&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.gov.uk%2Fext%2Fyour-council%2Fyour-city%2Ffreedom-of-the-city-keys-of-the-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sn_MyrefMPY">'pompey's' New Freeman (1950)</a> (video). British Pathé. 13 April 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2020 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27pompey%27s%27+New+Freeman+%281950%29&rft.pub=British+Path%C3%A9&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dsn_MyrefMPY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viBeWwWEe7c">Sir Alec Rose Receives Freedom Of Portsmouth (1968)</a> (video). British Pathé. 13 April 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2020 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Alec+Rose+Receives+Freedom+Of+Portsmouth+%281968%29&rft.pub=British+Path%C3%A9&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DviBeWwWEe7c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/people/brian-kidd-portsmouths-mr-gardening-dies-aged-82-3053827">"Brian Kidd – Portsmouth's 'Mr Gardening' – dies aged 82"</a>. Portsmouth News. December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+News&rft.atitle=Brian+Kidd+%E2%80%93+Portsmouth%27s+%27Mr+Gardening%27+%E2%80%93+dies+aged+82&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fbrian-kidd-portsmouths-mr-gardening-dies-aged-82-3053827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/politics/fantastic-portsmouth-key-workers-granted-freedom-of-the-city-3168070">"'Fantastic' Portsmouth key workers granted freedom of the city"</a>. 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Fantastic%27+Portsmouth+key+workers+granted+freedom+of+the+city&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ffantastic-portsmouth-key-workers-granted-freedom-of-the-city-3168070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-59575451">"Falklands veterans given Freedom of City of Portsmouth"</a>. BBC News Hampshire & Isle of Wight. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Hampshire+%26+Isle+of+Wight&rft.atitle=Falklands+veterans+given+Freedom+of+City+of+Portsmouth&rft.date=2021-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-59575451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/2022/march/pitc-awarded-freedom-of-the-city/">"PitC Awarded Freedom Of The City"</a>. The Portsmouth Football Club. Retrieved 6 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Portsmouth+Football+Club&rft.atitle=PitC+Awarded+Freedom+Of+The+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouthfc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2022%2Fmarch%2Fpitc-awarded-freedom-of-the-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2022" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Sophie (20 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/people/southseas-lifehouse-receives-early-christmas-present-with-freedom-of-the-city-award-3960102">"Southsea's LifeHouse receives early Christmas present with Freedom of the City award"</a>. The News. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=Southsea%27s+LifeHouse+receives+early+Christmas+present+with+Freedom+of+the+City+award&rft.date=2022-12-20&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fsouthseas-lifehouse-receives-early-christmas-present-with-freedom-of-the-city-award-3960102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2023" class="citation web cs1">Hunt, Lucy (10 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/people/southern-co-operative-to-be-awarded-freedom-of-the-portsmouth-after-efforts-during-covid-19-pandemic-4213611">"Southern Co-operative to be awarded Freedom of the Portsmouth after efforts during Covid-19 pandemic"</a>. The News. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=Southern+Co-operative+to+be+awarded+Freedom+of+the+Portsmouth+after+efforts+during+Covid-19+pandemic.&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fsouthern-co-operative-to-be-awarded-freedom-of-the-portsmouth-after-efforts-during-covid-19-pandemic-4213611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Lake (2015). Wingett, Matt (ed.). The History of Portsmouth. Life Is Amazing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9572413-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9572413-6-7"><bdi>978-0-9572413-6-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Portsmouth&rft.pub=Life+Is+Amazing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9572413-6-7&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Lake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1971" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, J.R. (1971). A History of Sussex. Sussex: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-185-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-185-4"><bdi>0-85033-185-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sussex&rft.place=Sussex&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-85033-185-4&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryGlover1828" class="citation book cs1">Berry, William; Glover, Robert (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYgwAQAAMAAJ">Encyclopædia Heraldica: Complete dictionary of heraldry. Glover's Ordinary of arms, augm. and improved, with indexes, etc. Mottos of the nobility, etc. Appendix, containing baronets of Scotland and Ireland</a>. author.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Heraldica%3A+Complete+dictionary+of+heraldry.+Glover%27s+Ordinary+of+arms%2C+augm.+and+improved%2C+with+indexes%2C+etc.+Mottos+of+the+nobility%2C+etc.+Appendix%2C+containing+baronets+of+Scotland+and+Ireland&rft.pub=author&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Glover%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzYgwAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreverton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Breverton" title="Terry Breverton">Breverton, Terry</a> (2010). Breverton's Nautical Curiosities. Bloomsbury Square, London: Quercus Publishing PLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-776-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-776-6"><bdi>978-1-84724-776-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breverton%27s+Nautical+Curiosities&rft.place=Bloomsbury+Square%2C+London&rft.pub=Quercus+Publishing+PLC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84724-776-6&rft.aulast=Breverton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2015" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7HTBQAAQBAJ">A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Volume I: The Birth of Britain</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-2343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-2343-0"><bdi>978-1-4742-2343-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English-Speaking+Peoples+Volume+I%3A+The+Birth+of+Britain&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-2343-0&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7HTBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2009" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Celia (2009). The Tricorn: The Life and Death of a Sixties Icon. Tricorn Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9562498-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9562498-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9562498-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tricorn%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+a+Sixties+Icon&rft.pub=Tricorn+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9562498-0-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Celia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingridge2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Collingridge" title="Vanessa Collingridge">Collingridge, Vanessa</a> (February 2003). Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer. Ebury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-188898-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-188898-0"><bdi>0-09-188898-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Cook%3A+The+Life%2C+Death+and+Legacy+of+History%27s+Greatest+Explorer&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2003-02&rft.isbn=0-09-188898-0&rft.aulast=Collingridge&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2011" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Gerry (2011). Crown, Empire and Home Rule: The Irish in Portsmouth c. 1880–1923. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-639-09018-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-639-09018-5"><bdi>978-3-639-09018-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown%2C+Empire+and+Home+Rule%3A+The+Irish+in+Portsmouth+c.+1880%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=VDM+Verlag+Dr.+M%C3%BCller&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-639-09018-5&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson1998" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, Robert E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0dS8yBnSpQC&q=233,545+portsmouth&pg=PA390">City and Region: A Geographical Interpretation</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17697-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17697-2"><bdi>978-0-415-17697-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+and+Region%3A+A+Geographical+Interpretation&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17697-2&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt0dS8yBnSpQC%26q%3D233%2C545%2Bportsmouth%26pg%3DPA390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEast1891" class="citation book cs1">East, Robert (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhRIAQAAMAAJ">Extracts from Records in the Possession of the Municipal Corporation of the Borough of Portsmouth and from Other Documents Relating Thereto</a>. Portsmouth: H. Lewis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extracts+from+Records+in+the+Possession+of+the+Municipal+Corporation+of+the+Borough+of+Portsmouth+and+from+Other+Documents+Relating+Thereto&rft.place=Portsmouth&rft.pub=H.+Lewis&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=East&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOhRIAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2012" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Alan (2012). The First Fleet: The Real Story. Collingwood: Black Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-561-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-561-4"><bdi>978-1-86395-561-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Fleet%3A+The+Real+Story&rft.place=Collingwood&rft.pub=Black+Inc&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-86395-561-4&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2006" class="citation book cs1">Green, Alan H.J. (2006). The History of Chichester's Canal. Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9512036-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9512036-1-4"><bdi>0-9512036-1-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Chichester%27s+Canal&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Sussex+Industrial+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9512036-1-4&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2013" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Phil (2013). A Portsmouth Miscellany. Summersdale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84953-463-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84953-463-5"><bdi>978-1-84953-463-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Portsmouth+Miscellany&rft.pub=Summersdale&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84953-463-5&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hough" title="Richard Hough">Hough, Richard</a> (1972). Captain Bligh and Mr Christian: The Men and the Mutiny. London: Hutchinsons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-112860-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-112860-9"><bdi>978-0-09-112860-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Bligh+and+Mr+Christian%3A+The+Men+and+the+Mutiny&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinsons&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-09-112860-9&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles2006" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, Graeme (2006). Portsmouth Cathedral. RJL Smith & Associates Much Wenlock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872665-94-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-872665-94-2"><bdi>1-872665-94-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Cathedral&rft.pub=RJL+Smith+%26+Associates+Much+Wenlock&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-872665-94-2&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2007" class="citation book cs1">Long, Rod (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wjdUdQiq1PkC&pg=PA188">South Coast Saunter</a>. Pegasus Elliot Mackenzie Pu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84386-286-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84386-286-4"><bdi>978-1-84386-286-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Coast+Saunter&rft.pub=Pegasus+Elliot+Mackenzie+Pu&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84386-286-4&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwjdUdQiq1PkC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeasom1984" class="citation book cs1">Neasom, Mike (1984). Pompey: The History of Portsmouth Football Club. Milestone Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-50-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-50-0"><bdi>0-903852-50-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompey%3A+The+History+of+Portsmouth+Football+Club&rft.pub=Milestone+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-903852-50-0&rft.aulast=Neasom&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1985" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, B.H. (1985). A Military Heritage A history of Portsmouth and Portsea Town Fortifications. Fort Cumberland & Portsmouth Militaria Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+Heritage+A+history+of+Portsmouth+and+Portsea+Town+Fortifications&rft.pub=Fort+Cumberland+%26+Portsmouth+Militaria+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=B.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1976" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Alfred Temple (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHCAAAAAIAAJ&q=portsmouth%20a%20history%20patterson">Portsmouth: a history</a>. Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire: Moonraker Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780239001467" title="Special:BookSources/9780239001467"><bdi>9780239001467</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portsmouth%3A+a+history&rft.place=Bradford-on-Avon%2C+Wiltshire&rft.pub=Moonraker+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780239001467&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHCAAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dportsmouth%2520a%2520history%2520patterson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawley1972" class="citation book cs1">Pawley, Edward (1972). BBC engineering, 1922–1972. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-12127-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-563-12127-0"><bdi>0-563-12127-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BBC+engineering%2C+1922%E2%80%931972&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-563-12127-0&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendon2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piers_Brendon" title="Piers Brendon">Brendon, Piers</a> (2007). The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06222-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06222-0"><bdi>978-0-224-06222-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+British+Empire%2C+1781%E2%80%931997&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-224-06222-0&rft.aulast=Brendon&rft.aufirst=Piers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1967" class="citation book cs1">Pevsner, Nikolaus (1967). The Buildings of England Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071032-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071032-9"><bdi>0-14-071032-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buildings+of+England+Hampshire+and+the+Isle+of+Wight&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-14-071032-9&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1999" class="citation book cs1">Rice, A.L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F5agn3NSzEoC&pg=PA27">"The Challenger Expedition"</a>. Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-705-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-705-9"><bdi>978-1-85728-705-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Challenger+Expedition&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Oceans%3A+Marine+Science+in+the+Wake+of+HMS+Challenger&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-705-9&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF5agn3NSzEoC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1988" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Garry H. (1988). Hilsea lines and Portsbridge. G.H. Mitchell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0947605061" title="Special:BookSources/0947605061"><bdi>0947605061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hilsea+lines+and+Portsbridge&rft.pub=G.H.+Mitchell&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0947605061&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Garry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuail1994" class="citation book cs1">Quail, Sarah (1994). The Origins of Portsmouth and the First Charter. City of Portsmouth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901559-92-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-901559-92-X"><bdi>0-901559-92-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Portsmouth+and+the+First+Charter&rft.pub=City+of+Portsmouth&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-901559-92-X&rft.aulast=Quail&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuail2000" class="citation book cs1">Quail, Sarah (2000). Southsea Past. Philimore Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-145-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-145-9"><bdi>1-86077-145-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southsea+Past&rft.pub=Philimore+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-86077-145-9&rft.aulast=Quail&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeward1988" class="citation book cs1">Seward, Desmond (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSueBAAAQBAJ&q=portsmouth+raid+hospital+1338+church&pg=PT22">A Brief History of the Hundred Years War: The English in France, 1337–1453</a>. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-1220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-1220-0"><bdi>978-1-4721-1220-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Hundred+Years+War%3A+The+English+in+France%2C+1337%E2%80%931453&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-4721-1220-0&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSueBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dportsmouth%2Braid%2Bhospital%2B1338%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStedman1996" class="citation book cs1">Stedman, Jane W. (1996). W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816174-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816174-3"><bdi>0-19-816174-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.+S.+Gilbert%2C+A+Classic+Victorian+%26+His+Theatre&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-816174-3&rft.aulast=Stedman&rft.aufirst=Jane+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumption1990" class="citation book cs1">Sumption, Jonathan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdO710XXpnEC&q=Nicholas+B%C3%A9huchet+raided+Portsmouth&pg=PA395">Hundred Years War Vol 1: Trial by Battle</a>. Faber & Faber. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26658-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26658-6"><bdi>978-0-571-26658-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hundred+Years+War+Vol+1%3A+Trial+by+Battle&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-571-26658-6&rft.aulast=Sumption&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdO710XXpnEC%26q%3DNicholas%2BB%25C3%25A9huchet%2Braided%2BPortsmouth%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVine1990" class="citation book cs1">Vine, P.A.L. (1990). Hampshire waterways. Middleton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0906520843" title="Special:BookSources/0906520843"><bdi>0906520843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hampshire+waterways&rft.pub=Middleton+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0906520843&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=P.A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1989" class="citation book cs1">Webb, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9EgAAAAMAAJ">The Spirit of Portsmouth: A History</a>. Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-617-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-617-7"><bdi>978-0-85033-617-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Portsmouth%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-85033-617-7&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9EgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinton1987" class="citation book cs1">Winton, John (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorfirstlast0000wint">Warrior: The First and The Last</a>. Liskeard, Cornwall: Maritime Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907771-34-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-907771-34-3"><bdi>0-907771-34-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior%3A+The+First+and+The+Last&rft.place=Liskeard%2C+Cornwall&rft.pub=Maritime+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-907771-34-3&rft.aulast=Winton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarriorfirstlast0000wint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: General references">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1968" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston Spencer (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AomAAAACAAJ">History of the English Speaking People: Birth of Britain, 55 B.C. to 1485</a>. Dodd Mead. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-396-03841-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-396-03841-2"><bdi>978-0-396-03841-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+English+Speaking+People%3A+Birth+of+Britain%2C+55+B.C.+to+1485&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Dodd+Mead&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-396-03841-2&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9AomAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortsmouth" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portsmouth" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Portsmouth#Q72259" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Portsmouth_(England)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Portsmouth (England)">Portsmouth</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_South_East_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SE_England" title="Template:SE England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SE_England" title="Template talk:SE England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SE_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SE England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_South_East_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest" title="Bracknell Forest">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Slough" title="Borough of Slough">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire" title="West Berkshire">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Windsor_and_Maidenhead" title="Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wokingham" title="Borough of Wokingham">Wokingham</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/200px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/300px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/400px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1141" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council" title="Buckinghamshire Council">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewes_District" title="Lewes District">Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rother_District" title="Rother District">Rother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealden_District" title="Wealden District">Wealden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke_and_Deane" title="Basingstoke and Deane">Basingstoke and Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hampshire" title="East Hampshire">East Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Eastleigh" title="Borough of Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fareham" title="Borough of Fareham">Fareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_District" title="Hart District">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Havant" title="Borough of Havant">Havant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_District" title="New Forest District">New Forest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushmoor" title="Rushmoor">Rushmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Valley" title="Test Valley">Test Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Ashford" title="Borough of Ashford">Ashford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Dartford" title="Borough of Dartford">Dartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_District" title="Dover District">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkestone_and_Hythe_District" title="Folkestone and Hythe District">Folkestone and Hythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravesham" title="Gravesham">Gravesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Maidstone" title="Borough of Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks_District" title="Sevenoaks District">Sevenoaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swale" title="Borough of Swale">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanet_District" title="Thanet District">Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonbridge_and_Malling" title="Tonbridge and Malling">Tonbridge and Malling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Borough of Tunbridge Wells">Tunbridge Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell District">Cherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oxfordshire" title="South Oxfordshire">South Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_White_Horse" title="Vale of White Horse">Vale of White Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oxfordshire" title="West Oxfordshire">West Oxfordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Elmbridge" title="Borough of Elmbridge">Elmbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Epsom and Ewell">Epsom and Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Guildford" title="Borough of Guildford">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_Valley" title="Mole Valley">Mole Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigate_and_Banstead" title="Reigate and Banstead">Reigate and Banstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Runnymede" title="Borough of Runnymede">Runnymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Spelthorne" title="Borough of Spelthorne">Spelthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Heath" title="Surrey Heath">Surrey Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandridge_District" title="Tandridge District">Tandridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Waverley" title="Borough of Waverley">Waverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adur_District" title="Adur District">Adur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_District" title="Arun District">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_District" title="Chichester District">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawley" title="Crawley">Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham_District" title="Horsham District">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Sussex_District" title="Mid Sussex District">Mid Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="British_overseas_cities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Hampshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hampshire" title="Template:Hampshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hampshire" title="Template talk:Hampshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hampshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hampshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Hampshire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hampshire" title="Portal:Hampshire">Hampshire Portal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">City of Southampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke_and_Deane" title="Basingstoke and Deane">Borough of Basingstoke and Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hampshire" title="East Hampshire">District of East Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Eastleigh" title="Borough of Eastleigh">Borough of Eastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fareham" title="Borough of Fareham">Borough of Fareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Borough of Gosport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_District" title="Hart District">District of Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Havant" title="Borough of Havant">Borough of Havant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_District" title="New Forest District">District of New Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushmoor" title="Rushmoor">Borough of Rushmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Valley" title="Test Valley">Borough of Test Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">City of Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire" title="Alton, Hampshire">Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andover,_Hampshire" title="Andover, Hampshire">Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Waltham" title="Bishop's Waltham">Bishop's Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater,_Hampshire" title="Blackwater, Hampshire">Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordon" title="Bordon">Bordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler%27s_Ford" title="Chandler's Ford">Chandler's Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastleigh" title="Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsworth" title="Emsworth">Emsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fareham" title="Fareham">Fareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnborough,_Hampshire" title="Farnborough, Hampshire">Farnborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet,_Hampshire" title="Fleet, Hampshire">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordingbridge" title="Fordingbridge">Fordingbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havant" title="Havant">Havant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_End" title="Hedge End">Hedge End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horndean" title="Horndean">Horndean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hythe,_Hampshire" title="Hythe, Hampshire">Hythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymington" title="Lymington">Lymington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alresford" title="New Alresford">New Alresford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Milton" title="New Milton">New Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Baddesley" title="North Baddesley">North Baddesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersfield" title="Petersfield">Petersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portchester" title="Portchester">Portchester</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwood,_Hampshire" title="Ringwood, Hampshire">Ringwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romsey" title="Romsey">Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hayling" title="South Hayling">South Hayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Hampshire" title="Stockbridge, Hampshire">Stockbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stubbington" title="Stubbington">Stubbington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadley" title="Tadley">Tadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totton_and_Eling" title="Totton and Eling">Totton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterlooville" title="Waterlooville">Waterlooville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitchurch,_Hampshire" title="Whitchurch, Hampshire">Whitchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yateley" title="Yateley">Yateley</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Hampshire" title="List of civil parishes in Hampshire">List of civil parishes in Hampshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Hampshire" title="River Avon, Hampshire">Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaulieu_River" title="Beaulieu River">Beaulieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hamble" title="River Hamble">Hamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Itchen,_Hampshire" title="River Itchen, Hampshire">Itchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Meon" title="River Meon">Meon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Test" title="River Test">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wallington" title="River Wallington">Wallington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wey" title="River Wey">Wey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Hampshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hampshire" title="List of places in Hampshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Hampshire_by_population" title="List of settlements in Hampshire by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Hampshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hampshire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Hampshire" title="Category:Country houses in Hampshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Hampshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Hampshire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Hampshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Hampshire">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Hampshire" title="Scheduled monuments in Hampshire">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_Plain" title="South Coast Plain">South Coast Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hampshire" title="History of Hampshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Hampshire" title="List of schools in Hampshire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Hampshire" title="List of further education colleges in Hampshire">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hampshire" title="List of museums in Hampshire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Hampshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Hampshire" title="High Sheriff of Hampshire">High Sheriffs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unitary_authorities_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template talk:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unitary_authorities_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset" title="Bath and North East Somerset">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest" title="Bracknell Forest">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_(district)" title="Buckinghamshire (district)">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire" title="Central Bedfordshire">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland (district)">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Darlington" title="Borough of Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_(district)" title="Dorset (district)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Hartlepool" title="Borough of Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Middlesbrough" title="Borough of Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire" title="North Northamptonshire">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset" title="North Somerset">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_(district)" title="North Yorkshire (district)">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_(district)" title="Shropshire (district)">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Slough" title="Borough of Slough">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stockton-on-Tees" title="Borough of Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swindon" title="Borough of Swindon">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin" title="Telford and Wrekin">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington" title="Borough of Warrington">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire" title="West Berkshire">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness" title="Westmorland and Furness">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire" title="West Northamptonshire">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_(district)" title="Wiltshire (district)">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Windsor_and_Maidenhead" title="Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wokingham" title="Borough of Wokingham">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/125px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/188px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/250px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council" title="Bath and North East Somerset Council">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Borough_Council" title="Bedford Borough Council">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen_Borough_Council" title="Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Council" title="Blackpool Council">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest_Council" title="Bracknell Forest Council">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council" title="Brighton and Hove City Council">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council" title="Bristol City Council">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council" title="Buckinghamshire Council">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire_Council" title="Central Bedfordshire Council">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East_Council" title="Cheshire East Council">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council" title="Cheshire West and Chester Council">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="County Durham Council">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Council" title="Cumberland Council">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Darlington Borough Council">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_City_Council" title="Derby City Council">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Council_(UK)" title="Dorset Council (UK)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire_Council" title="East Riding of Yorkshire Council">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council" title="Halton Borough Council">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartlepool Borough Council">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire_Council" title="Herefordshire Council">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Council" title="Isle of Wight Council">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_City_Council" title="Hull City Council">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_City_Council" title="Leicester City Council">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Borough_Council" title="Luton Borough Council">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway_Council" title="Medway Council">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Council" title="Middlesbrough Council">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_City_Council" title="Milton Keynes City Council">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council" title="North East Lincolnshire Council">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire_Council" title="North Lincolnshire Council">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North Northamptonshire Council">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council" title="North Somerset Council">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Council" title="North Yorkshire Council">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County_Council" title="Northumberland County Council">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council" title="Nottingham City Council">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_City_Council" title="Peterborough City Council">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_City_Council" title="Portsmouth City Council">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Borough_Council" title="Reading Borough Council">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland_Borough_Council" title="Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_County_Council" title="Rutland County Council">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Council" title="Shropshire Council">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_Borough_Council" title="Slough Borough Council">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Council" title="Somerset Council">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council" title="Southampton City Council">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council" title="South Gloucestershire Council">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_Borough_Council" title="Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_City_Council" title="Stoke-on-Trent City Council">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Borough_Council" title="Swindon Borough Council">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin_Council" title="Telford and Wrekin Council">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council" title="Thurrock Council">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_Borough_Council" title="Warrington Borough Council">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire_Council" title="West Berkshire Council">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness_Council" title="Westmorland and Furness Council">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="West Northamptonshire Council">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council" title="Wiltshire Council">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_and_Maidenhead_Borough_Council" title="Windsor and Maidenhead Borough Council">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokingham_Borough_Council" title="Wokingham Borough Council">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council" title="City of York Council">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council_elections" title="Bath and North East Somerset Council elections">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bedford Borough Council elections">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen_Borough_Council_elections" title="Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council elections">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Borough_Council_elections" title="Blackpool Borough Council elections">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council_elections" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council elections">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bracknell Forest Borough Council elections">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council_elections" title="Brighton and Hove City Council elections">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council_elections" title="Bristol City Council elections">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council_elections" title="Buckinghamshire Council elections">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire_Council_elections" title="Central Bedfordshire Council elections">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East_Council_elections" title="Cheshire East Council elections">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council_elections" title="Cheshire West and Chester Council elections">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council_elections" title="Cornwall Council elections">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_County_Council_elections" title="Durham County Council elections">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Council_elections" title="Cumberland Council elections">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Borough_Council_elections" title="Darlington Borough Council elections">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_City_Council_elections" title="Derby City Council elections">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Council_elections" title="Dorset Council elections">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire_Council_elections" title="East Riding of Yorkshire Council elections">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council_elections" title="Halton Borough Council elections">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_Borough_Council_elections" title="Hartlepool Borough Council elections">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire_Council_elections" title="Herefordshire Council elections">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Council_elections" title="Isle of Wight Council elections">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly_elections" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly elections">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_City_Council_elections" title="Hull City Council elections">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_City_Council_elections" title="Leicester City Council elections">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Borough_Council_elections" title="Luton Borough Council elections">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway_Council_elections" title="Medway Council elections">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Council_elections" title="Middlesbrough Council elections">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Council_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Keynes Council elections">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council_elections" title="North East Lincolnshire Council elections">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire_Council_elections" title="North Lincolnshire Council elections">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire_Council_elections" title="North Northamptonshire Council elections">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council_elections" title="North Somerset Council elections">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Council_elections" title="North Yorkshire Council elections">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County_Council_elections" title="Northumberland County Council elections">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council_elections" title="Nottingham City Council elections">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_City_Council_elections" title="Peterborough City Council elections">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council_elections" title="Plymouth City Council elections">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_City_Council_elections" title="Portsmouth City Council elections">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Borough_Council_elections" title="Reading Borough Council elections">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland_Borough_Council_elections" title="Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council elections">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_County_Council_elections" title="Rutland County Council elections">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Council_elections" title="Shropshire Council elections">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_Borough_Council_elections" title="Slough Borough Council elections">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County_Council_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset County Council elections">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council_elections" title="Southampton City Council elections">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council_elections" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council elections">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council_elections" title="South Gloucestershire Council elections">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_Borough_Council_elections" title="Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council elections">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_City_Council_elections" title="Stoke-on-Trent City Council elections">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Borough_Council_elections" title="Swindon Borough Council elections">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin_Council_elections" title="Telford and Wrekin Council elections">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council_elections" title="Thurrock Council elections">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council_elections" title="Torbay Council elections">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_Borough_Council_elections" title="Warrington Borough Council elections">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire_Council_elections" title="West Berkshire Council elections">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness_Council_elections" title="Westmorland and Furness Council elections">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire_Council_elections" title="West Northamptonshire Council elections">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council_elections" title="Wiltshire Council elections">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_and_Maidenhead_Borough_Council_elections" title="Windsor and Maidenhead Borough Council elections">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokingham_Borough_Council_elections" title="Wokingham Borough Council elections">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council_elections" title="City of York Council elections">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72259#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72259#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72259#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405132117">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/488145857925023020724">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtDtJFBJHfdpvc38tVG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4046835-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge631110&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7b6383fb-468f-4a2b-916f-b4cbbfb5253e">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045572">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&oldid=1258914814">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&oldid=1258914814</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portsmouth" title="Category:Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1180_establishments_in_England" title="Category:1180 establishments in England">1180 establishments in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Local_government_districts_of_South_East_England" title="Category:Local government districts of South East England">Local government districts of South East England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Local_government_in_Hampshire" title="Category:Local government in Hampshire">Local government in Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_coastal_places_in_Hampshire" title="Category:Populated coastal places in Hampshire">Populated coastal places in Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Port_cities_and_towns_in_South_East_England" title="Category:Port cities and towns in South East England">Port cities and towns in South East England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Hampshire" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Hampshire">Ports and harbours of Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_the_English_Channel" title="Category:Ports and harbours of the English Channel">Ports and harbours of the English Channel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Hampshire" title="Category:Towns in Hampshire">Towns in Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unitary_authority_districts_of_England" title="Category:Unitary authority districts of England">Unitary authority districts of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unparished_areas_in_Hampshire" title="Category:Unparished areas in Hampshire">Unparished areas in Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boroughs_in_England" title="Category:Boroughs in England">Boroughs in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_civil_parishes_in_Hampshire" title="Category:Former civil parishes in Hampshire">Former civil parishes in Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_South_East_England" title="Category:Cities in South East England">Cities in South East England</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from June 2020">Articles with self-published sources from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use British English from July 2022">Use British English from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2020">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_September_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2020">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incomplete_lists_from_October_2019" title="Category:Incomplete lists from October 2019">Incomplete lists from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 09:42 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mlxnj","wgBackendResponseTime":197,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.547","walltime":"6.046","ppvisitednodes":{"value":38252,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":928317,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":52345,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":35,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1450325,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5105.613 1 -total"," 44.60% 2276.968 2 Template:Reflist"," 31.15% 1590.229 301 Template:Cite_web"," 10.49% 535.716 116 Template:Sfn"," 8.03% 409.733 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 6.50% 331.845 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.70% 239.895 42 Template:Cite_news"," 4.50% 229.862 19 Template:Fix"," 3.99% 203.645 37 Template:Cite_book"," 3.73% 190.196 159 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.282","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17031666,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Airport\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlderson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssinder2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBackhouse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBearman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerryGlover1828\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowlby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrendon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreverton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButt1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollingridge2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEast1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEquality1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFagan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampshire_County_Council2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHind\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHind2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHough1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosie_Gurney-Read2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnowles2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilligan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan-Hickson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeasom1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_Times1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNimmo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawley1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPevsner1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirie1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuail1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuail2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRail_Saver\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeward1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_and_agencies2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStedman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumption1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimms\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTovey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaidyanathan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVine1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltshire\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinton1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2009\"] = 1,\n [\"Canal\"] = 1,\n [\"Demography\"] = 1,\n [\"HL_June_2020\"] = 1,\n [\"News_June_2021\"] = 1,\n [\"News_June_2021...\"] = 1,\n [\"News_May_2021\"] = 1,\n [\"News_Sept_2020\"] = 1,\n [\"Possible_public_transport_projects\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-war\"] = 1,\n [\"Transport_and_communications\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 297,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 53,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"Geographic Location\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google maps\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 26,\n [\"Hampshire\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Incomplete list\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NOMIS2011\"] = 3,\n [\"NOMIS2021\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 24,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Portsmouth lines\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rws\"] = 15,\n [\"SE England\"] = 1,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 116,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"UK cities\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unitary authorities of England\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","660","18.9"],["?","520","14.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","380","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","240","6.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","4.6"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","120","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","120","3.4"],["type","100","2.9"],["[others]","800","22.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-89558","timestamp":"20241124161345","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Portsmouth","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portsmouth","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q72259","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q72259","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-04T05:08:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T09:42:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c3\/Portsmouth_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5431834.jpg","headline":"city in Hampshire, England, United Kingdom"}</script> </body> </html>