CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="pl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Eukarionty – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )plwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","styczeń","luty","marzec","kwiecień","maj","czerwiec","lipiec","sierpień","wrzesień","październik","listopad","grudzień"],"wgRequestId":"99a028c3-348b-4abb-86b1-2453216f2511","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Eukarionty","wgTitle":"Eukarionty","wgCurRevisionId":73773595,"wgRevisionId":73773595,"wgArticleId":2758,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Szablon cytowania książki – brak numeru strony","Eukarionty"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"pl","wgPageContentLanguage":"pl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Eukarionty","wgRelevantArticleId":2758,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":1}}}, "wgStableRevisionId":73773595,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"pl","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"pl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q19088","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.wikiflex":"ready", "ext.gadget.infobox":"ready","ext.gadget.hlist":"ready","ext.gadget.darkmode-overrides":"ready","ext.gadget.small-references":"ready","ext.gadget.citation-access-info":"ready","ext.gadget.sprawdz-problemy-szablony":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced" ,"ext.gadget.ll-script-loader","ext.gadget.veKeepParameters","ext.gadget.szablon-galeria","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.citoid-overrides","ext.gadget.maps","ext.gadget.padlock-indicators","ext.gadget.interwiki-langlist","ext.gadget.edit-summaries","ext.gadget.edit-first-section","ext.gadget.wikibugs","ext.gadget.map-toggler","ext.gadget.narrowFootnoteColumns","ext.gadget.WDsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=ext.gadget.citation-access-info%2Cdarkmode-overrides%2Chlist%2Cinfobox%2Csmall-references%2Csprawdz-problemy-szablony%2Cwikiflex&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1372"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg/800px-Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="914"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg/640px-Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="732"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Eukarionty – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//pl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarionty"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edytuj" href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (pl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarionty"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Kanał Atom Wikipedii" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Eukarionty rootpage-Eukarionty skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Przejdź do zawartości</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu główne" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu główne</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu główne</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nawigacja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" title="Przejdź na stronę główną [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Strona główna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Losowa_strona" title="Załaduj losową stronę [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Losuj artykuł</span></a></li><li id="n-Kategorie" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kategorie_G%C5%82%C3%B3wne"><span>Kategorie artykułów</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured-articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wyr%C3%B3%C5%BCniona_zawarto%C5%9B%C4%87_Wikipedii"><span>Najlepsze artykuły</span></a></li><li id="n-FAQ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:FAQ"><span>Częste pytania (FAQ)</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-zmiany" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-zmiany" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dla czytelników </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-czytelnicy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii"><span>O Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt_z_wikipedystami"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-edytorzy" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-edytorzy" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dla wikipedystów </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-pierwsze-kroki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki"><span>Pierwsze kroki</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_wikipedyst%C3%B3w" title="O projekcie – co możesz zrobić, gdzie możesz znaleźć informacje"><span>Portal wikipedystów</span></a></li><li id="n-Noticeboard" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tablica_og%C5%82osze%C5%84"><span>Ogłoszenia</span></a></li><li id="n-Guidelines" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Zasady"><span>Zasady</span></a></li><li id="n-helppage-name" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Spis_tre%C5%9Bci"><span>Pomoc</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany" title="Lista ostatnich zmian w Wikipedii. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Eukarionty" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Eukarionty" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Eukarionty" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Eukarionty" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ewolucja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ewolucja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ewolucja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ewolucja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podział_systematyczny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podział_systematyczny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Podział systematyczny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podział_systematyczny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historyczne_podziały" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historyczne_podziały"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historyczne podziały</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historyczne_podziały-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Przełącz podsekcję Historyczne podziały</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historyczne_podziały-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System_Adla_i_innych_2005_rok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_Adla_i_innych_2005_rok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>System Adla i innych 2005 rok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_Adla_i_innych_2005_rok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podział_Whittakera_i_Margulis_z_1978_roku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podział_Whittakera_i_Margulis_z_1978_roku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Podział Whittakera i Margulis z 1978 roku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podział_Whittakera_i_Margulis_z_1978_roku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eukarionty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 139 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioot" title="Eukarioot – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eukarioot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – szwajcarski niemiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sell%C3%A2v%C3%A1%C3%A1imusliih" title="Sellâvááimusliih – inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sellâvááimusliih" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="حقيقيات النوى – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقيقيات النوى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1" title="সংকোষকেন্দ্ৰীয় জীৱ – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংকোষকেন্দ্ৰীয় জীৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotlar" title="Eukariotlar – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eukariotlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – balijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC" title="সুকেন্দ্রিক জীব – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুকেন্দ্রিক জীব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-hu%CC%8Dt_seng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chin-hu̍t seng-bu̍t – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-hu̍t seng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариоттар – baszkirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эукариоттар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baszkirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эўкарыёты – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эўкарыёты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эўкарыёты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўкарыёты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукариоти – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еукариоти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – bawarski" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bawarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="Eukarioti – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariotes" title="Eucariotes – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eucariotes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Эукариотсем – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эукариотсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ewcaryot" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="Eukaryoty – dolnołużycki" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="dolnołużycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukar%C3%BCoodid" title="Eukarüoodid – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eukarüoodid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%85%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADkariotoj" title="Eŭkariotoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭkariotoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – estremadurski" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremadurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioto" title="Eukarioto – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eukarioto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="یوکاریوت – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوکاریوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эукариоташ – inguski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эукариоташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n-fu%CC%8Dt" title="Chṳ̂n-fu̍t – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂n-fu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%95%B5%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="진핵생물 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진핵생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կորիզավորներ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորիզավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="सुकेन्द्रिक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुकेन्द्रिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="Eukaryoty – górnołużycki" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="górnołużycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="Eukarioti – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioto" title="Eukarioto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eukarioto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – ilokano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucaryote" title="Eucaryote – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eucaryote" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Эукариоттæ – osetyjski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эукариоттæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMvelendeni" title="IMvelendeni – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMvelendeni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilkj%C3%B6rnungar" title="Heilkjörnungar – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heilkjörnungar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אאוקריוטים – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אאוקריוטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – pampango" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ევკარიოტები – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევკარიოტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариоттар – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эукариоттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – kornijski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekary%C3%B2t" title="Ekaryòt – kreolski haitański" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekaryòt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="kreolski haitański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89karyota" title="Ékaryota – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ékaryota" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariyot" title="Eukariyot – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Eukariyot" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Эукариот – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariota" title="Eucariota – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eucariota" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94" title="ຢູກາຣີໂອດ – laotański" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຢູກາຣີໂອດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikarioti" title="Eikarioti – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eikarioti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – luksemburski" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotai" title="Eukariotai – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eukariotai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – liguryjski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguryjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarya" title="Eukarya – limburski" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eukarya" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariota" title="Eucariota – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eucariota" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – lombardzki" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukari%C3%B3t%C3%A1k" title="Eukarióták – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eukarióták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукариоти – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еукариоти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="യൂക്കാരിയോട്ടുകൾ – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂക്കാരിയോട്ടുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="सकेंद्रक सजीव – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सकेंद्रक सजीव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ევკარიოტეფი – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევკარიოტეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="حقيقيات النوى – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حقيقيات النوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯏꯌꯨꯀꯦꯔꯥꯢꯌꯣꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯌꯨꯀꯦꯔꯥꯢꯌꯣꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota – minangkabu" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ADng-h%C5%8Fk_s%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk" title="Cĭng-hŏk sĕng-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭng-hŏk sĕng-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Эукариот – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD" title="နျူကလိယအစစ်ပါ သက်ရှိ – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နျူကလိယအစစ်ပါ သက်ရှိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – neapolitański" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolitański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эукариоташ – czeczeński" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эукариоташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="czeczeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioten" title="Eukarioten – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eukarioten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotar" title="Eukaryotar – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eukaryotar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirmaat-dhugee" title="Wirmaat-dhugee – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Wirmaat-dhugee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotlar" title="Eukariotlar – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eukariotlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੁਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9" title="یوکیریوٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوکیریوٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="یوکاریوت – paszto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یوکاریوت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paszto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – dolnoniemiecki" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoniemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eucariote" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Еукариоты – rusiński" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еукариоты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эукариоты – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эукариоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Эукариот – jakucki" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakucki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – sardyński" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="Eukarioti – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – sycylijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sycylijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="يوڪيريئوٽا – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يوڪيريئوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="Eukaryoty – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evkarionti" title="Evkarionti – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evkarionti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9_%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زیندەوەرە ناوک ڕاستەقینەکان – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیندەوەرە ناوک ڕاستەقینەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Еукариоте – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еукариоте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariote" title="Eukariote – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eukariote" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitotumaiset" title="Aitotumaiset – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aitotumaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="மெய்க்கருவுயிரி – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்க்கருவுயிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timzi%C9%A3wawin" title="Timziɣwawin – kabylski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timziɣwawin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариотлар – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эукариотлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95" title="ยูแคริโอต – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูแคริโอต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Эукариотҳо – tadżycki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эукариотҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadżycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96karyot" title="Ökaryot – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ökaryot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукаріоти – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еукаріоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81" title="حقیقی المرکزیہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حقیقی المرکزیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – wenecki" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="wenecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_nh%C3%A2n_th%E1%BB%B1c" title="Sinh vật nhân thực – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật nhân thực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote – waloński" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eucariote" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="waloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryootn" title="Eukaryootn – zachodnioflamandzki" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eukaryootn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="zachodnioflamandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98" title="אייקאריאט – jidysz" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייקאריאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidysz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19088#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eukarionty" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Eukarionty" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eukarionty"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eukarionty"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Eukarionty" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Eukarionty" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&oldid=73773595" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=Eukarionty&id=73773595&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEukarionty"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEukarionty"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Eukarionty"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Eukarionty&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eukaryota" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikinews.org/wiki/Kategoria:Eukarionty" hreflang="pl"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19088" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65453824">.mw-parser-output .takson-zwierzeta .naglowek{color:black;background:#d3d3a4}.mw-parser-output .takson-rosliny .naglowek{color:black;background:#90ee90}.mw-parser-output .takson-grzyby .naglowek{color:black;background:#add8e6}.mw-parser-output .takson-protozoa .naglowek{color:black;background:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .takson-chromalveolata .naglowek{color:black;background:#adff2f}.mw-parser-output .takson-excavata .naglowek{color:black;background:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .takson-amoebozoa .naglowek{color:black;background:#ffc8a0}.mw-parser-output .takson-opisthokonta .naglowek{color:black;background:#e0d0b0}.mw-parser-output .takson-sar .naglowek{color:black;background:Moccasin}.mw-parser-output .takson-bakterie .naglowek{color:black;background:#d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .takson-archeony .naglowek{color:black;background:#f3e0e0}.mw-parser-output .takson-eukarionty .naglowek{color:black;background:#faf0e6}.mw-parser-output .takson-inne .naglowek{color:white;background:red}</style> <table class="infobox takson-eukarionty"> <caption class="naglowek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Eukarionty</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Przykłady organizmów jądrowych (od góry: murarki ogrodowe, borowik szlachetny, zielenica, szympans, jaskier, orzęska)"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg/210px-Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg/315px-Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg/420px-Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="919" /></a></span><br />Przykłady organizmów jądrowych (od góry: <a href="/wiki/Murarka_ogrodowa" title="Murarka ogrodowa">murarki ogrodowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borowik_szlachetny" title="Borowik szlachetny">borowik szlachetny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zielenice" title="Zielenice">zielenica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szympans" title="Szympans">szympans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaskier" title="Jaskier">jaskier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orz%C4%99ski" title="Orzęski">orzęska</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Systematyka_organizm%C3%B3w" title="Systematyka organizmów">Systematyka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia)">Domena</a> </th> <td> <p>eukarionty </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Klasyfikacja_biologiczna" title="Klasyfikacja biologiczna">Nazwa systematyczna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:var(--color-base, black); text-align:center;">Eukaryota <br /><small><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker" title="Robert Whittaker">Whittaker</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis</a>, 1978</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Supergrupa_(biologia)" title="Supergrupa (biologia)">Supergrupy</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table class="iboxtab void"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRuMs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRuMs (strona nie istnieje)">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryptomonady" title="Kryptomonady">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haptista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haptista (strona nie istnieje)">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TSAR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TSAR (strona nie istnieje)">TSAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Systematyka"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/24px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/36px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/48px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Eukaryota">Systematyka w Wikispecies</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eucaryota" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eucaryota" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eucaryota">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/eukarionty" title="Wikisłownik"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/eukarionty" class="extiw" title="wikt:eukarionty">Hasło w Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Eukarionty</b>, <b>eukariota</b>, <b>eukarioty</b>, <b>organizmy eukariotyczne</b> (Eukaryota, Eukarya), określane też jako <b>jądrowce</b>, <b>jądrowe</b>, <b>organizmy jądrowe</b>, <b>karioty</b>, <b>kariota</b> (Karyobionta) – <a href="/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm">organizmy</a> zbudowane z <a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%B3rka_eukariotyczna" title="Komórka eukariotyczna">komórek posiadających jądro komórkowe</a> z <a href="/wiki/Chromosom" title="Chromosom">chromosomami</a>, co jest jednym z elementów odróżniających je od <a href="/wiki/Prokarionty" title="Prokarionty">prokariontów</a>. <a href="/wiki/J%C4%85dro_kom%C3%B3rkowe" title="Jądro komórkowe">Jądro komórkowe</a> odgraniczone jest od <a href="/wiki/Cytoplazma" title="Cytoplazma">cytoplazmy</a> podwójną błoną białkowo-lipidową. Nazwa naukowa pochodzi od <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_grecki" title="Język grecki">greckich</a> słów εὖ (<i>eu</i>, „dobrze”) i κάρυον (<i>karyon,</i> „orzech”, „jądro”). </p><p>W zależności od ujęcia <a href="/wiki/Systematyka_organizm%C3%B3w" title="Systematyka organizmów">systematycznego</a> jądrowce są traktowane jako <a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia)">domena</a> (<a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia)">cesarstwo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia)">nadkrólestwo</a>) lub <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">królestwo</a>. Najpopularniejszą z tych <a href="/wiki/Kategoria_systematyczna" title="Kategoria systematyczna">kategorii systematycznych</a> jest obecnie domena. Do eukariotów zalicza się wszystkie organizmy komórkowe, z wyjątkiem <a href="/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie">bakterii</a> i <a href="/wiki/Archeony" title="Archeony">archeowców</a>, a więc prokariontów. Szacunki dotyczące liczby gatunków w obrębie tej grupy wahają się pomiędzy 5 a 10 mln<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ryszkowski_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryszkowski-2">[2]</a></sup>. Według analiz przeprowadzonych przez naukowców z <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a>, opublikowanych w sierpniu 2011 roku, liczba ta wynosi 8,7 (±1,3) mln<sup id="cite_ref-CoML_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoML-3">[3]</a></sup>, z czego naukowo opisane zostały mniej niż dwa miliony<sup id="cite_ref-Ryszkowski_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryszkowski-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p><p>Komórki eukariotyczne są z zasady znacznie większe od prokariotycznych. Choć zmienność rozmiarów i jednych i drugich jest bardzo duża (najmniejsze eukarionty mają rozmiar mniejszy niż 1 µm), typowe proporcje objętości są rzędu dziesięciu tysięcy do jednego<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ewolucja">Ewolucja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Ewolucja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Ewolucja"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prawdopodobnie organizmy eukariotyczne wywodzą się z prokariotycznych <a href="/wiki/Archeony" title="Archeony">archeonów</a><sup id="cite_ref-rspb12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rspb12-5">[5]</a></sup> (a w każdym razie są z nimi spokrewnione bliżej niż z bakteriami<sup id="cite_ref-mpev13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpev13-6">[6]</a></sup>), jednak ich wczesne dzieje <a href="/wiki/Ewolucja" title="Ewolucja">ewolucyjne</a> są słabo znane. Uznaje się za możliwe, że po prokariotycznych jeszcze przodkach wczesne jądrowce odziedziczyły zdolność do ruchu ameboidalnego i <a href="/wiki/Fagocytoza" title="Fagocytoza">fagocytozy</a>, lecz znacznie ją udoskonaliły. Głównym jednak „wynalazkiem” była reorganizacja <a href="/wiki/Materia%C5%82_genetyczny" title="Materiał genetyczny">materiału genetycznego</a>. Komórka eukariotyczna zawiera wielokrotnie więcej materiału genetycznego niż prokariotyczna, dzięki czemu jest w stanie produkować więcej typów białek i ma potencjalnie nieograniczone możliwości regulacji. Materiał genetyczny występuje tu w postaci wielu skupionych w jądrze <a href="/wiki/Chromosom" title="Chromosom">chromosomów</a>. Są to liniowe fragmenty <a href="/wiki/Kwas_deoksyrybonukleinowy" title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy">DNA</a> związanego z licznymi <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka" title="Białka">białkami</a>, które chronią je, powielają i precyzyjnie sterują ekspresją. Komórki eukariotyczne posiadają wiele <a href="/wiki/Organellum" title="Organellum">organelli</a> – zarówno analogiczne do występujących u prokariontów np. <a href="/wiki/Rybosom" title="Rybosom">rybosomy</a> czy chromosomy (odpowiadające bakteryjnemu <a href="/wiki/Nukleoid" title="Nukleoid">genoforowi</a>), jak i takie, których u żadnych prokariontów nie ma. Do tych drugich należy <a href="/wiki/Siateczka_%C5%9Br%C3%B3dplazmatyczna" title="Siateczka śródplazmatyczna">retikulum endoplazmatyczne</a> wraz z <a href="/wiki/B%C5%82ona_j%C4%85drowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Błona jądrowa">błoną jądrową</a> oraz <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrium" title="Mitochondrium">mitochondria</a> i <a href="/wiki/Plastyd" title="Plastyd">plastydy</a> (np. <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasty</a>). Przynajmniej te dwa ostatnie pochodzą ze stosunkowo późnej w skali ewolucyjnej <a href="/wiki/Teoria_endosymbiozy" title="Teoria endosymbiozy">endosymbiozy</a> komórek wczesnych jądrowych z <a href="/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie">bakteriami</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sinice" title="Sinice">sinicami</a>. Wreszcie ponad miliard lat temu komórki eukariotyczne wykształciły możliwość rozmnażania drogą płciową, co jeszcze bardziej zwiększyło ich możliwości ewolucyjne<sup id="cite_ref-Bangiomorpha_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bangiomorpha-7">[7]</a></sup>. </p><p>Najstarsze znane <a href="/wiki/Skamienia%C5%82o%C5%9Bci" title="Skamieniałości">skamieniałości</a>, które prawdopodobnie mają pochodzenie eukariotyczne, zostały odkryte w osadach jeziornych w południowej Afryce przez zespół <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Ka%C5%BAmierczak_(paleontolog)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Kaźmierczak (paleontolog) (strona nie istnieje)">Józefa Kaźmierczaka</a>. Prezentują <a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%B3rczak" title="Komórczak">komórczakową</a> budowę syfonalną. Datowane są one na ok. 2,8–2,7 mld lat<sup id="cite_ref-jk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jk-8">[8]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podział_systematyczny"><span id="Podzia.C5.82_systematyczny"></span>Podział systematyczny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Podział systematyczny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Podział systematyczny"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Podział naturalny jądrowców przysparza wiele problemów z powodu niejasności w pokrewieństwie wielu grup systematycznych. Dawniejsze wnioskowanie o relacjach między poszczególnymi grupami na podstawie podobieństwa (głównie <a href="/wiki/Morfologia_(biologia)" title="Morfologia (biologia)">morfologicznego</a> i <a href="/wiki/Anatomia" title="Anatomia">anatomicznego</a>) skutkowało wieloma błędami w związku z trudnością identyfikowania wpływu <a href="/wiki/Konwergencja_(biologia)" title="Konwergencja (biologia)">konwergencji</a> i wtórnego upraszczania budowy. Od lat 80. XX wieku zaznaczył się wyraźny postęp w systematyce jądrowców. Wynika on z uwzględnienia takich źródeł o pokrewieństwie jak podobieństwo <a href="/wiki/RRNA" title="RRNA">rRNA</a>, grzebieni <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrium" title="Mitochondrium">mitochondrialnych</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aktyna" title="Aktyna">aktyny</a>. Mimo że wciąż wiele grup jądrowców oczekuje na ustalenie powiązań filogenetycznych, znane obecnie relacje pokrewieństwa pozwalają na wyróżnienie pięciu „<a href="/wiki/Supergrupa_(biologia)" title="Supergrupa (biologia)">supergrup</a>” i określenie należących do nich linii rozwojowych<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adl2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adl2-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a> <small>Lühe, 1913, przywrócony przez Cavalier-Smith, 1998</small> (ameby i kilka <a href="/wiki/Gatunek_(biologia)" title="Gatunek (biologia)">gatunków</a> bez <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrium" title="Mitochondrium">mitochondriów</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tubulinea" title="Tubulinea">Tubulinea</a> <small>Smirnov i inni, 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discosea" title="Discosea">Discosea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith i inni, 2004</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archamoebae" title="Archamoebae">Archamoebae</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1983</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracilipodida" title="Gracilipodida">Gracilipodida</a> <small>Lahr i inni, 2011</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicilia" title="Multicilia">Multicilia</a> <small>Cienkowsky, 1881</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protosteliida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protosteliida (strona nie istnieje)">Protosteliida</a> <small>Olive i Stoianovitch, 1966</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavosteliida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavosteliida (strona nie istnieje)">Cavosteliida</a> <small>Shadwick i Spiegel w Adl i inni, 2012</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protosporangiida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protosporangiida (strona nie istnieje)">Protosporangiida</a> <small>Shadwick i Spiegel w Adl i inni, 2012</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fractovitelliida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fractovitelliida (strona nie istnieje)">Fractovitelliida</a> <small>Lahr i inni, 2011</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizoplasmodiida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizoplasmodiida (strona nie istnieje)">Schizoplasmodiida</a> <small>L. Shadwick i Spiegel w Adl i inni, 2012</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxogastria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxogastria (strona nie istnieje)">Myxogastria</a> <small>Macbride, 1899</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyostelia" title="Dictyostelia">Dictyostelia</a> <small>Lister, 1909</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breviatea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breviatea (strona nie istnieje)">Breviatea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith i inni, 2004</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apusomonadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apusomonadida (strona nie istnieje)">Apusomonadida</a> <small>Karpov i Mylnikov, 1989</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1987 przywrócony przez Adl i inni, 2005</small> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holozoa (strona nie istnieje)">Holozoa</a> <small>Lang i inni, 2002</small> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filasterea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filasterea (strona nie istnieje)">Filasterea</a> <small>Shalchian-Tabrizi i inni, 2008</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichthyosporea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichthyosporea (strona nie istnieje)">Ichthyosporea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith T.,2003</small>, zwane też jako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesomycetozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesomycetozoa (strona nie istnieje)">Mesomycetozoa</a> <small>Mendoza i in., 2002, przywrócone przez Adl. i in., 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphelidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aphelidea (strona nie istnieje)">Aphelidea</a> <small>Gromov, 2000</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corallochytrium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corallochytrium (strona nie istnieje)">Corallochytrium</a></i> <small>Raghu-Kumar, 1987</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiciowce_ko%C5%82nierzykowe" title="Wiciowce kołnierzykowe">Choanomonada</a> <small>Kent, 1880</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">Metazoa</a> <small>Haeckel, 1874</small> – <a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a> (wielokomórkowce) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%85bki" title="Gąbki">Porifera</a> <small>Grant, 1836</small> – <a href="/wiki/G%C4%85bki" title="Gąbki">gąbki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82askowce" title="Płaskowce">Trichoplax</a> <small>von Schultze, 1883</small> – <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82askowce" title="Płaskowce">płaskowce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">Animalia</a> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> – <a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucletmycea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucletmycea (strona nie istnieje)">Nucletmycea</a> <small>Brown et al. 2009</small> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclearia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclearia (strona nie istnieje)">Nuclearia</a></i> <small>Cienkowski, 1865</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonticula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonticula (strona nie istnieje)">Fonticula</a></i> <small>Worley i inni, 1979</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozella (strona nie istnieje)">Rozella</a></i> <small>Cornu, 1872</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby">Fungi</a> <small>Linnaeus, 1753 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1981, 1987</small> – <a href="/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby">grzyby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikrosporydia" title="Mikrosporydia">Microsporidia</a> <small>Balbiani, 1882</small> – <a href="/wiki/Mikrosporydia" title="Mikrosporydia">mikrosporydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigaceae</a> <small>Heath 1983 przywrócony przez Barr, 1989</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skoczkowce_(grzyby)" title="Skoczkowce (grzyby)">Chytridiomycota</a> <small>M. J. Powell w Hibbett i inni, 2007</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiales</a> <small>Petersen, 1909</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucoromycotina" title="Mucoromycotina">Mucoromycotina</a> <small>Benny, 2007</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortierellaceae" title="Mortierellaceae">Mortierellaceae</a> <small>A. Fischer, 1892</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owadomorkowce" title="Owadomorkowce">Entomophthorales</a> <small>G. Winter, 1880</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwierzomorkowce" title="Zwierzomorkowce">Zoopagales</a> <small>Bessey ex R.K. Benjamin, 1979</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickxellomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kickxellomycotina (strona nie istnieje)">Kickxellomycotina</a> <small>Benny, 2007</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikarya" title="Dikarya">Dikarya</a> <small>Hibbett i inni, 2007</small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRuMs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRuMs (strona nie istnieje)">CRuMs</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collodyctionidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collodyctionidae (strona nie istnieje)">Collodyctionidae</a> <small>Brugerolle i inni, 2002</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rigidifilida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rigidifilida (strona nie istnieje)">Rigifilida</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith w Yabuki i inni, 2012</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mantamonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mantamonas (strona nie istnieje)">Mantamonas</a></i> <small>Cavalier-Smith i Glücksman w Glücksman i inni, 2011</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TSAR_(supergrupa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TSAR (supergrupa) (strona nie istnieje)">TSAR</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telonema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telonema (strona nie istnieje)">Telonema</a></i> <small>Griessmann, 1913</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar_(supergrupa)" title="Sar (supergrupa)">Sar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a> <small>Patterson 1989, emend. Adl et al. 2005</small> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opalinata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opalinata (strona nie istnieje)">Opalinata</a> <small>Wenyon, 1926 przywrócony przez Cavalier-Smith, 1997</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blastocystis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blastocystis (strona nie istnieje)">Blastocystis</a></i> <small>Alexeev, 1911</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicosoecida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicosoecida (strona nie istnieje)">Bicosoecida</a> <small>Grasse, 1926 przywrócony przez Karpov, 1998</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Placidida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placidida (strona nie istnieje)">Placidida</a> <small>Moriya i inni, 2002</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinthulomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labyrinthulomycetes (strona nie istnieje)">Labyrinthulomycetes</a> <small>Dick, 2001</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyphochytriales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyphochytriales (strona nie istnieje)">Hyphochytriales</a> <small>Sparrow, 1960</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%99gniowce" title="Lęgniowce">Peronosporomycetes</a> <small>Dick, 2001</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinophryidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinophryidae (strona nie istnieje)">Actinophryidae</a> <small>Claus, 1874 przywrócony przez Hartmann 1926</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolidomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolidomonas">Bolidomonas</a></i> <small>Guillou i Chre´tiennot-Dinet, 1999</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82otowiciowce" title="Złotowiciowce">Chrysophyceae</a> <small>Pascher, 1914</small> – <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82otowiciowce" title="Złotowiciowce">złotowiciowce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyochophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyochophyceae (strona nie istnieje)">Dictyochophyceae</a> <small>Silva, 1980</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eustigmatales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eustigmatales (strona nie istnieje)">Eustigmatales</a> <small>Hibberd, 1981</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelagophyceae (strona nie istnieje)">Pelagophyceae</a> <small>Andersen i Saunders, 1993</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaeothamniophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaeothamniophyceae (strona nie istnieje)">Phaeothamniophyceae</a> <small>Andersen i Bailey w Bailey i inni, 1998</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinguiochrysidales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinguiochrysidales (strona nie istnieje)">Pinguiochrysidales</a> <small>Kawachi i inni, 2003</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphidophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphidophyceae">Raphidophyceae</a> <small>Chadefaud, 1950 przywrócony przez Silva. 1980</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synurales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synurales (strona nie istnieje)">Synurales</a> <small>Andersen, 1987</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCnowiciowce" title="Różnowiciowce">Xanthophyceae</a> <small>Allorge, 1930 przywrócony przez Fritsch, 1935</small> – <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCnowiciowce" title="Różnowiciowce">różnowiciowce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunatnice" title="Brunatnice">Phaeophyceae</a> <small>Hansgirg, 1886</small> – <a href="/wiki/Brunatnice" title="Brunatnice">brunatnice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizocladia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizocladia (strona nie istnieje)">Schizocladia</a></i> <small>Henry i inni w Kawai i inni, 2003</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrzemki" title="Okrzemki">Diatomea</a> <small>Dumortier, 1821</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1991</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protalveolata" title="Protalveolata">Protalveolata</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith. 1991 przywrócony przez Adl i inni, 2012</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruzdnice" title="Bruzdnice">Dinoflagellata</a> <small>Bütschli, 1885 przywrócony przez Fensome i inni, 1993 przywrócony przez Adl i inni, 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apikompleksy" title="Apikompleksy">Apicomplexa</a> <small>Levine, 1980 przywrócone przez Adl i inni, 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orz%C4%99ski" title="Orzęski">Ciliophora</a> <small>Doflein, 1901</small> – <a href="/wiki/Orz%C4%99ski" title="Orzęski">orzęski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2002</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1998 przywrócony przez Adl i inni, 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retaria (strona nie istnieje)">Retaria</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2002</small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haptista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haptista (strona nie istnieje)">Haptista</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haptofity" title="Haptofity">Haptophyta</a> <small>Hibberd, 1976 przywrócony przez Edvardsen i Eikrem, 2000</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rappemonads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rappemonads (strona nie istnieje)">Rappemonads</a> <small>Kim i inni, 2011</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrohelida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrohelida (strona nie istnieje)">Centrohelida</a> <small>Kühn, 1926</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryptomonady" title="Kryptomonady">Cryptista</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kryptomonady" title="Kryptomonady">Cryptophyceae</a> <small>Pascher, 1913 przywrócony przez Schoenichen, 1925 przywrócony przez Adl i inni, 2012</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katablepharida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katablepharida (strona nie istnieje)">Katablepharida</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palpitomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palpitomonas (strona nie istnieje)">Palpitomonas</a></i> <small>Yabuki i inni, 2010</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny">Archaeplastida</a> <small>Adl i inni, 2005</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaukofity" title="Glaukofity">Glaucophyta</a> <small>Skuja, 1954</small> – <a href="/wiki/Glaukofity" title="Glaukofity">glaukofity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnorosty" title="Krasnorosty">Rhodophyceae</a> <small>Thuret, 1855 przywrócony przez Rabenhorst, 1863 przywrócony przez Adl i inni, 2005</small> – <a href="/wiki/Krasnorosty" title="Krasnorosty">krasnorosty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodelphis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodelphis (strona nie istnieje)">Rhodelphis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_zielone" title="Rośliny zielone">Chloroplastida</a> <small>Adl i in., 2005</small> – <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_zielone" title="Rośliny zielone">rośliny zielone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zielenice" title="Zielenice">Chlorophyta</a> <small>Pascher, 1914, emend. Lewis i McCourt, 2004</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptofity" title="Streptofity">Streptophyta</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ramienicowce" title="Ramienicowce">ramienice</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_telomowe" title="Rośliny telomowe">rośliny telomowe</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spironemidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spironemidae (strona nie istnieje)">Spironemidae</a> <small>Doflein, 1916</small></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Eukarionty o niepewnej przynależności <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" title="Discoba">Discoba</a> <small>Simpson w Hampl i inni, 2009</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakobidy" title="Jakobidy">Jakobida</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993, emend. Adl i in., 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discicristata" title="Discicristata">Discicristata</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1998</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukubamonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsukubamonas (strona nie istnieje)">Tsukubamonas</a></i> <small>Yabuki i inni, 2011</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1987 przywrócony przez Cavalier-Smith, 2003</small> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fornicata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fornicata (strona nie istnieje)">Fornicata</a> <small>Simpson, 2003</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabasalia" title="Parabasalia">Parabasalia</a> <small>Honigberg, 1973</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preaxostyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preaxostyla (strona nie istnieje)">Preaxostyla</a> <small>Simpson, 2003</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawimonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawimonas (strona nie istnieje)">Malawimonas</a></i> <small>O’Kelly i Nerad, 1999</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1998</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picozoa (strona nie istnieje)">Picozoa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancoracysta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancoracysta (strona nie istnieje)">Ancoracysta</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Dodatkowo Cavalier-Smith wyróżnia 2 taksony bez rangi<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unikonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikonta" title="Bikonta">Bikonta</a></li></ul> <p>które są taksonomicznie ponad <a href="/wiki/Supergrupa_(biologia)" title="Supergrupa (biologia)">supergrupami</a>. </p><p>Podobne podejście przyjęto w pracy Adla i in. z 2019, gdzie eukarionty dzieli się na dwie główne grupy: <a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaphoretickes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaphoretickes (strona nie istnieje)">Diaphoretickes</a> oraz kilka mniejszych grup, których nie da się jednoznacznie przyporządkować do którejś z nich. Część z tych grup jest łączona w <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a>, przy czym w tym ujęciu jest to takson sztuczny, a jego status jako supergrupy jest podawany w wątpliwość<sup id="cite_ref-adl19_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adl19-14">[14]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historyczne_podziały"><span id="Historyczne_podzia.C5.82y"></span>Historyczne podziały</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Historyczne podziały" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Historyczne podziały"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_Adla_i_innych_2005_rok">System Adla i innych 2005 rok</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: System Adla i innych 2005 rok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: System Adla i innych 2005 rok"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Cladogram_chloroplast_supergroups.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cladogram_chloroplast_supergroups.png/450px-Cladogram_chloroplast_supergroups.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cladogram_chloroplast_supergroups.png/675px-Cladogram_chloroplast_supergroups.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cladogram_chloroplast_supergroups.png/900px-Cladogram_chloroplast_supergroups.png 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="2021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drzewo_filogenetyczne" title="Drzewo filogenetyczne">Drzewo filogenetyczne</a> jądrowców</figcaption></figure> <p>System ten został w 2012 roku zastąpiony nową poprawioną wersją, która uwzględniła zmiany, które zaszły w tym czasie. System Adla z 2005 roku w następujący sposób systematyzował organizmy<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby">Fungi</a> <small>Linnaeus, 1753 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1981, 1987</small> – <a href="/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby">grzyby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podstawczaki" title="Podstawczaki">Basidiomycota</a> <small>de Barry, 1866, emend. Schaffer, 1975</small> – <a href="/wiki/Podstawczaki" title="Podstawczaki">podstawczaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uredinomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uredinomycetes (strona nie istnieje)">Uredinomycetes</a> <small>Swann i Taylor, 1995</small> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rdzaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rdzaki (strona nie istnieje)">rdzaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%82owniaki" title="Głowniaki">Ustilaginomycetes</a> <small>Bower, Oberw i Vanky, 1997</small> – <a href="/wiki/Grzyby_g%C5%82owniowe" title="Grzyby głowniowe">głownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workowce" title="Workowce">Ascomycota</a> <small>Barkeley, 1857</small> – <a href="/wiki/Workowce" title="Workowce">workowce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrosporydia" title="Mikrosporydia">Microsporidia</a> <small>Balbiani, 1882</small> – <a href="/wiki/Mikrosporydia" title="Mikrosporydia">mikrosporydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzyby_k%C5%82%C4%99biakowe" title="Grzyby kłębiakowe">Glomeromycota</a> <small>Schussler i in., 2001</small> – <a href="/wiki/Grzyby_mikoryzowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Grzyby mikoryzowe">grzyby mikoryzowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprz%C4%99%C5%BCniaki" title="Sprzężniaki">Zygomycota</a> <small>Fischer, 1892, emend. Benjamin, 1979, emend. Benny i in., 2001</small> – <a href="/wiki/Sprz%C4%99%C5%BCniaki" title="Sprzężniaki">sprzężniowce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skoczkowce_(grzyby)" title="Skoczkowce (grzyby)">Chytridiomycetes</a> <small>de Barry, 1863, emend. Sparrow, 1958, emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1981</small> – <a href="/wiki/Skoczkowce_(grzyby)" title="Skoczkowce (grzyby)">skoczkowce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichthyosporea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichthyosporea (strona nie istnieje)">Ichthyosporea</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith T.,2003</small>, zwane też jako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesomycetozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesomycetozoa (strona nie istnieje)">Mesomycetozoa</a> <small>Mendoza i in., 2002, emend Adl. i in., 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filasterea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filasterea (strona nie istnieje)">Filasterea</a> <small>Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., M. A. Minge, M. Espelund, R. Orr, T. Ruden, K. S. Jakobsen, and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2008.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiciowce_ko%C5%82nierzykowe" title="Wiciowce kołnierzykowe">Choanoflagellata</a> <small>Kent, 1880</small> – <a href="/wiki/Wiciowce_ko%C5%82nierzykowe" title="Wiciowce kołnierzykowe">wiciowce kołnierzykowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">Metazoa</a> <small>Haeckel, 1874</small> – <a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a> (wielokomórkowce) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%85bki" title="Gąbki">Porifera</a> <small>Grant, 1836</small> – <a href="/wiki/G%C4%85bki" title="Gąbki">gąbki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82askowce" title="Płaskowce">Trichoplax</a> <small>von Schultze, 1883</small> – <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82askowce" title="Płaskowce">płaskowce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielokom%C3%B3rkowce_po%C5%9Brednie" title="Wielokomórkowce pośrednie">Mesozoa</a> <small>van Beneden, 1877</small> – <a href="/wiki/Wielokom%C3%B3rkowce_po%C5%9Brednie" title="Wielokomórkowce pośrednie">wielokomórkowce pośrednie</a> (planulopodobne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">Animalia</a> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> – <a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a> <small>Lühe, 1913, emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1998</small> (ameby i kilka <a href="/wiki/Gatunek_(biologia)" title="Gatunek (biologia)">gatunków</a> bez <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrium" title="Mitochondrium">mitochondriów</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tubulinea" title="Tubulinea">Tubulinea</a> <small>Smirnov i in., 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flabellinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flabellinea (strona nie istnieje)">Flabellinea</a> <small>Smirnov i in., 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereomyxida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stereomyxida (strona nie istnieje)">Stereomyxida</a> <small>Grell, 1966</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthamoebidae" title="Acanthamoebidae">Acanthamoebidae</a> <small>Sawyer i Griffin, 1975</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entamoebidae" title="Entamoebidae">Entamoebidae</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastigamoebidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mastigamoebidae (strona nie istnieje)">Mastigamoebidae</a> <small>Goldschmidt, 1907</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelomyxa" title="Pelomyxa">Pelomyxa</a> <small>Greef, 1874</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aluzowce" title="Śluzowce">Eumycetozoa</a> <small>Zopf, 1884, emend. Olive, 1975</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fornicata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fornicata (strona nie istnieje)">Fornicata</a> <small>Simpson, 2003</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawimonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawimonas (strona nie istnieje)">Malawimonas</a> <small>O’Kelly i Nerad, 1999</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabasalia" title="Parabasalia">Parabasalia</a> <small>Honigberg, 1973</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preaxostyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preaxostyla (strona nie istnieje)">Preaxostyla</a> <small>Simpson, 2003</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobidy" title="Jakobidy">Jakobida</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993, emend. Adl i in., 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterolobosea" title="Heterolobosea">Heterolobosea</a> <small>Page i Blanton, 1985</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugleniny" title="Eugleniny">Euglenozoa</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1981, emend. Simpson, 1997</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1998, emend. Adl i in., 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplosporidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplosporidia (strona nie istnieje)">Haplosporidia</a> <small>Caullery i Mesnil, 1899</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otwornice" title="Otwornice">Foraminifera</a> <small>d’Orbigny, 1826</small> – <a href="/wiki/Otwornice" title="Otwornice">otwornice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gromia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gromia (strona nie istnieje)">Gromia</a> <small>Dujardin, 1835</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promienice" title="Promienice">Radiolaria</a> <small>Müller, 1858, emend. Adl i in., 2005</small> – <a href="/wiki/Promienice" title="Promienice">promienice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny">Archaeplastida</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny">rośliny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaukofity" title="Glaukofity">Glaucophyta</a> <small>Skuja, 1954</small> – <a href="/wiki/Glaukofity" title="Glaukofity">glaukocystofity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnorosty" title="Krasnorosty">Rhodophyceae</a> <small>Thuret, 1855, emend. Rabenhorst, 1863, emend. Adl i in., 2005</small> – <a href="/wiki/Krasnorosty" title="Krasnorosty">krasnorosty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_zielone" title="Rośliny zielone">Chloroplastida</a> <small>Adl i in., 2005</small> – <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_zielone" title="Rośliny zielone">rośliny zielone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zielenice" title="Zielenice">Chlorophyta</a> <small>Pascher, 1914, emend. Lewis i McCourt, 2004</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorodendrales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorodendrales (strona nie istnieje)">Chlorodendrales</a> <small>Fritsch, 1917</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazynofity" title="Prazynofity">Prasinophytae</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1998, emend. Lewis i McCourt, 2004</small> – <a href="/wiki/Prazynofity" title="Prazynofity">prazynofity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesostigma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesostigma (strona nie istnieje)">Mesostigma</a> <small>Lauterborn, 1894, emend. McCourt w Adl i in., 2005</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramienicowe" title="Ramienicowe">Charophyta</a> <small>Karol i in., 2001, emend. Lewis i McCourt, 2004</small> – <a href="/wiki/Ramienicowce" title="Ramienicowce">ramienice</a> (wraz z <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_telomowe" title="Rośliny telomowe">roślinami telomowymi</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kryptomonady" title="Kryptomonady">Cryptophyceae</a> <small>Pascher, 1913, emend. Schoenichen, 1925</small> – <a href="/wiki/Kryptomonady" title="Kryptomonady">kryptomonady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptofity" title="Haptofity">Haptophyta</a> <small>Hibberd, 1976, emend. Edvardsen i Eikrem, 2000</small> – <a href="/wiki/Haptofity" title="Haptofity">haptofity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a> <small>Patterson, 1989, emend. Adl i in., 2005</small> – m.in. <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82otowiciowce" title="Złotowiciowce">złotowiciowce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafidofity" title="Rafidofity">rafidofity</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCnowiciowce" title="Różnowiciowce">różnowiciowce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunatnice" title="Brunatnice">brunatnice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okrzemki" title="Okrzemki">okrzemki</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1991</small> – m.in. <a href="/wiki/Bruzdnice" title="Bruzdnice">dinofity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apikompleksy" title="Apikompleksy">apikompleksy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orz%C4%99ski" title="Orzęski">orzęski</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podział_Whittakera_i_Margulis_z_1978_roku"><span id="Podzia.C5.82_Whittakera_i_Margulis_z_1978_roku"></span>Podział Whittakera i Margulis z 1978 roku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Podział Whittakera i Margulis z 1978 roku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Podział Whittakera i Margulis z 1978 roku"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najbardziej popularny w XX w. podział jądrowców <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker" title="Robert Whittaker">Roberta Whittakera</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a> z 1978 r. wyróżniał 4 niższe <a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">taksony</a> w randze <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">królestw</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protisty" title="Protisty">protisty</a> (Protista)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby">grzyby</a> (Fungi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny">rośliny</a> (Plantae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a> (Animalia)</li></ul> <p>Niedoskonałość tego podziału związana jest z <a href="/wiki/Takson_parafiletyczny" title="Takson parafiletyczny">parafiletycznym</a> charakterem grupy protistów. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drzewo_filogenetyczne" title="Drzewo filogenetyczne">drzewo życia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%B3rka" title="Komórka">komórka organizmów żywych</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rashid M. Hassan: <i>Ecosystems and human well-being. Current state and trends. Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group</i>. Robert Scholes, Neville Ash. Waszyngton: Island Press, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Program). Condition and Trends Working Group, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/1559632275" title="Specjalna:Książki/1559632275">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">1-55963-227-5</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecosystems+and+human+well-being.+Current+state+and+trends.+Findings+of+the+Condition+and+Trends+Working+Group&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Rashid+M.&rft.pub=Island+Press%2C+Millennium+Ecosystem+Assessment+%28Program%29.+Condition+and+Trends+Working+Group&rft.place=Waszyngton&rft.isbn=1559632275"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryszkowski-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ryszkowski_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ryszkowski_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lech Ryszkowski: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713061312/http://www.globalecointegrity.net/pdf/samos/Lechryczkowski.pdf">Globalisation and Biodiversity Protection</a>. 2006. [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalecointegrity.net/pdf/samos/Lechryczkowski.pdf">tego adresu</a>]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoML-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CoML_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mora et al. <em>How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?</em>. „PLoS Biol”. 9 (8), 2011. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+Are+There+on+Earth+and+in+the+Ocean%3F&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Mora+et+al&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Masashi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Masashi" style="display:none">M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Yamaguchi</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Masashi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Masashi">M.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Cedric O’Driscoll</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Cedric O’Driscoll" style="display:none">C.O.’D.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Worman</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Cedric O’Driscoll</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Cedric O’Driscoll">C.O.’D.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809103456/http://protistology.jp/journal/jjp47/JJP47YAMAGUCHI.pdf"><i>Deep-sea microorganisms and the origin of the eukaryotic cell</i></a> [online], web.archive.org, 9 sierpnia 2017<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-02-25]</span> [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protistology.jp/journal/jjp47/JJP47YAMAGUCHI.pdf">adresu</a> 2017-08-09]<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=Masashi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Deep-sea+microorganisms+and+the+origin+of+the+eukaryotic+cell&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft.aulast=Yamaguchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprotistology.jp%2Fjournal%2Fjjp47%2FJJP47YAMAGUCHI.pdf" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rspb12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rspb12_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tom A. Williams, Peter G. Foster, Tom M.W. Nye, Cymon J. Cox, T. Martin Embley. <em>A congruent phylogenomic signal places eukaryotes within the Archaea</em>. „Proceedings of the Royal Society B”. 279 (1749), s. 4870–4879, 2012. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1795">10.1098/rspb.2012.1795</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+congruent+phylogenomic+signal+places+eukaryotes+within+the+Archaea&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Tom+A.+Williams%2C+Peter+G.+Foster%2C+Tom+M.W.+Nye%2C+Cymon+J.+Cox%2C+T.+Martin+Embley&rft.pages=4870%E2%80%934879&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.1795"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpev13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mpev13_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Erica Lasek-Nesselquist, Johann Peter Gogarten. <em>The effects of model choice and mitigating bias on the ribosomal tree of life</em>. „Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution”, 2013. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.006">10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.006</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+model+choice+and+mitigating+bias+on+the+ribosomal+tree+of+life&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Erica+Lasek-Nesselquist%2C+Johann+Peter+Gogarten&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2013.05.006"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bangiomorpha-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bangiomorpha_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nicholas J. Butterfield. <em></em>Bangiomorpha pubescens<em> n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes</em>. „Paleobiology”. 26 (3), s. 386–404, 2000. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026%3C0386:BPNGNS%3E2.0.CO;2">10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%3Cem%3EBangiomorpha+pubescens%3C%2Fem%3E+n.+gen.%2C+n.+sp.%3A+implications+for+the+evolution+of+sex%2C+multicellularity%2C+and+the+Mesoproterozoic%2FNeoproterozoic+radiation+of+eukaryotes&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Nicholas+J.+Butterfield&rft.pages=386%E2%80%93404&rft_id=info:doi/10.1666%2F0094-8373%282000%29026%26%2360%3B0386%3ABPNGNS%26%2362%3B2.0.CO%3B2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jk-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jk_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Józef Kaźmierczak, Barbara Kremer, Wladyslaw Altermann, Ian Franchi. <em>Tubular microfossils from ∼2.8 to 2.7 Ga-old lacustrine deposits of South Africa: A sign for early origin of eukaryotes?</em>. „Precambrian Research”. 286, s. 180–194, listopad 2016. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.10.001">10.1016/j.precamres.2016.10.001</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tubular+microfossils+from+%E2%88%BC2.8+to+2.7+Ga-old+lacustrine+deposits+of+South+Africa%3A+A+sign+for+early+origin+of+eukaryotes%3F&rft.jtitle=Precambrian+Research&rft.date=listopad+2016&rft.volume=286&rft.au=J%C3%B3zef+Ka%C5%BAmierczak%2C+Barbara+Kremer%2C+Wladyslaw+Altermann%2C+Ian+Franchi&rft.pages=180%E2%80%93194&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2016.10.001"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, A.G.B. & Roger, A.J. 2004.The real ‘kingdoms’ of eukaryotes. Current Biology 14, R693–696.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">K Shalchian-Tabrizi, MA Minge, M Espelund, R Orr i inni. <em>Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals</em>. „PLoS One”. 3 (5), s. e2098, 2008. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002098">10.1371/journal.pone.0002098</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18461162">18461162</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multigene+phylogeny+of+choanozoa+and+the+origin+of+animals&rft.jtitle=PLoS+One&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.aulast=Shalchian-Tabrizi&rft.aufirst=K&rft.pages=e2098&rft_id=info:pmid/18461162&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002098"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adl2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-adl2_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sina M. Adl, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Christopher E. Lane i inni. <em>The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes</em>. „J. Eukaryot. Microbiol.”. 59(5), s. 429–493, 2012. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Revised+Classification+of+Eukaryotes&rft.jtitle=J.+Eukaryot.+Microbiol.&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=59%285%29&rft.au=Sina+M.+Adl%2C+Alastair+G.B.+Simpson%2C+Christopher+E.+Lane+i+inni&rft.pages=429%E2%80%93493&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2012.00644.x"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi pmid"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Fabien</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Fabien" style="display:none">F.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Burki</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Fabien</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Fabien">F.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Fabien Burki, Andrew J. Roger, Matthew W. Brown, Alastair G.B. Simpson"> i inni</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(19)30257-5"><i>The New Tree of Eukaryotes</i></a>, „Trends in Ecology & Evolution”, 35 (1), 2020, s. 43–55, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.08.008">10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0169-5347">0169-5347</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31606140">31606140</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2020-06-23]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=The+New+Tree+of+Eukaryotes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=0169-5347&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.volume=35&rft.edition=1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31606140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.08.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Ftrends%2Fecology-evolution%2Fabstract%2FS0169-5347%2819%2930257-5" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.<span class="problemy problemy-w-cytuj" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="">1 stycznia</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a>. <em>Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa</em>. „European Journal of Protistology”. 39 (4), s. 338–348, 2006. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1078/0932-4739-00002">10.1078/0932-4739-00002</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protist+phylogeny+and+the+high-level+classification+of+Protozoa&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Protistology&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=%5B%5BThomas+Cavalier-Smith%5D%5D&rft.pages=338%E2%80%93348&rft_id=info:doi/10.1078%2F0932-4739-00002"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adl19-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-adl19_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal open-access doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Sina M.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Sina M." style="display:none">S.M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Adl</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Sina M.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Sina M.">S.M.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Sina M. Adl, David Bass, Christopher E. Lane, Julius Lukeš, Conrad L. Schoch, Alexey Smirnov, Sabine Agatha, Cedric Berney, Matthew W. Brown, Fabien Burki, Paco Cárdenas, Ivan Čepička, Lyudmila Chistyakova, Javier del Campo, Micah Dunthorn, Bente Edvardsen, Yana Eglit, Laure Guillou, Vladimír Hampl, Aaron A. Heiss, Mona Hoppenrath, Timothy Y. James, Anna Karnkowska, Sergey Karpov, Eunsoo Kim, Martin Kolisko, Alexander Kudryavtsev, Daniel J.G. Lahr, Enrique Lara, Line Le Gall, Denis H. Lynn a, David G. Mann, Ramon Massana, Edward A.D. Mitchell, Christine Morrow, Jong Soo Park, Jan W. Pawlowski, Martha J. Powell, Daniel J. Richter, Sonja Rueckert, Lora Shadwick, Satoshi Shimano, Frederick W. Spiegel, Guifré Torruella, Noha Youssef, Vasily Zlatogursky, Qianqian Zhang"> i inni</span>, <i>Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes</i>, „Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology”, 66, 2019, s. 4–119, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeu.12691">10.1111/jeu.12691</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2019&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Revisions+to+the+Classification%2C+Nomenclature%2C+and+Diversity+of+Eukaryotes&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjeu.12691" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Farmer, M., & 25 innych 2005.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/ja_iitf_2005_adl001.pdf">The new higher-level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists</a>. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 52, 399–451.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">takson</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh88003785">sh88003785</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4070991-7">4070991-7</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12120745x">12120745x</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=33108">33108</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph660332">ph660332</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544031405171">987007544031405171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;4008199.html">4008199</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/eukaryote">science/eukaryote</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eucariote">eucariote</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/eukaryot">eukaryot</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0107028.xml">0107028</a></span>, <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0182174.xml">0182174</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=eukaryot">eukaryot</a></span></li></ul> </div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div>Identyfikatory zewnętrzne:</div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P838" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P838">BioLib</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14783">14783</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2908256">2908256</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P685" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P685">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2759">2759</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P842" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P842">identyfikator taksonu Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=306691">306691</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&oldid=73773595">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&oldid=73773595</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Eukarionty" title="Kategoria:Eukarionty">Eukarionty</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryta kategoria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Szablon_cytowania_ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_%E2%80%93_brak_numeru_strony" title="Kategoria:Szablon cytowania książki – brak numeru strony">Szablon cytowania książki – brak numeru strony</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 14 maj 2024, 11:01.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. Zobacz szczegółowe informacje o <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/pl">warunkach korzystania</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Polityka prywatności</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii">O Wikipedii</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Korzystasz_z_Wikipedii_tylko_na_w%C5%82asn%C4%85_odpowiedzialno%C5%9B%C4%87">Korzystasz z Wikipedii tylko na własną odpowiedzialność</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Powszechne Zasady Postępowania</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Dla deweloperów</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/pl.wikipedia.org">Statystyki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Oświadczenie o ciasteczkach</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//pl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eukarionty&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Wersja mobilna</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-7b65d","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.437","walltime":"0.646","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6351,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":58914,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13954,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":22733,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":11,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 476.575 1 -total"," 39.96% 190.432 1 Szablon:Przypisy"," 33.64% 160.336 1 Szablon:Kontrola_autorytatywna"," 23.58% 112.377 1 Szablon:Takson_infobox"," 13.27% 63.244 8 Szablon:Cytuj_pismo"," 10.44% 49.756 3 Szablon:Cytuj"," 8.50% 40.515 1 Szablon:Cytuj_książkę"," 7.27% 34.653 1 Szablon:Infobox_tytuł"," 4.41% 21.008 9 Szablon:Lang"," 2.72% 12.986 8 Szablon:Cytuj_pismo/tytuł"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.266","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4142593,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"required = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\next = nil\next = false\next = nil\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\njournalAbbr = \"Trends in Ecology \u0026 Evolution\"\next = nil\next = false\next = false\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\njournalAbbr = \"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology\"\next = nil\next = false\next = false\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nKA P842: Brak elementu 'dedykowany typ dla' (P1629) w opisie cechy\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-66695f89d8-ltsb7","timestamp":"20241119190019","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Eukarionty","url":"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eukarionty","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19088","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19088","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wsp\u00f3\u0142tw\u00f3rcy projekt\u00f3w Fundacji Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-18T11:51:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7d\/Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg","headline":"organizmy \u017cywe, kt\u00f3rych kom\u00f3rki zawieraj\u0105 j\u0105dro kom\u00f3rkowe"}</script> </body> </html>