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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sebab</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sebab-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sebab</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sebab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-C._difficile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C._difficile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>C. difficile</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C._difficile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faktor_risiko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faktor_risiko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Faktor risiko</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faktor_risiko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antibiotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Antibiotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lingkungan_fasilitas_kesehatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lingkungan_fasilitas_kesehatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Lingkungan fasilitas kesehatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lingkungan_fasilitas_kesehatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengobatan_penekan_asam_lambung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengobatan_penekan_asam_lambung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Pengobatan penekan asam lambung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengobatan_penekan_asam_lambung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyakit_diare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyakit_diare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Penyakit diare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyakit_diare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lain-lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lain-lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Lain-lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lain-lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Infeksi Clostridioides difficile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 29 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="عدوى الكلوستريديوم العسير – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عدوى الكلوستريديوم العسير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psevdomembranoz_kolit" title="Psevdomembranoz kolit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Psevdomembranoz kolit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitis_pseudomembranosa" title="Colitis pseudomembranosa – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colitis pseudomembranosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembran%C3%B3zn%C3%AD_kolitida" title="Pseudomembranózní kolitida – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pseudomembranózní kolitida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotikaassoziierte_Kolitis" title="Antibiotikaassoziierte Kolitis – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antibiotikaassoziierte Kolitis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ψευδομεμβρανώδης κολίτιδα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψευδομεμβρανώδης κολίτιδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection" title="Clostridioides difficile infection – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Clostridioides difficile infection" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitis_pseudomembranosa" title="Colitis pseudomembranosa – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colitis pseudomembranosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolitis_pseudomenbranoso" title="Kolitis pseudomenbranoso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolitis pseudomenbranoso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8" title="انتروکولیت با غشای کاذب – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتروکولیت با غشای کاذب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembranoottinen_koliitti" title="Pseudomembranoottinen koliitti – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pseudomembranoottinen koliitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colite_pseudomembraneuse" title="Colite pseudomembraneuse – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colite pseudomembraneuse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="דלקת מעי מקלוסטרידיואידס דיפיצילה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דלקת מעי מקלוסטרידיואידס דיפיצילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembranozni_kolitis" title="Pseudomembranozni kolitis – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pseudomembranozni kolitis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colite_pseudomembranosa" title="Colite pseudomembranosa – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colite pseudomembranosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E8%85%B8%E7%82%8E" title="クロストリジウム・ディフィシル腸炎 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロストリジウム・ディフィシル腸炎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%ED%94%BC%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%A0_%EA%B0%90%EC%97%BC%EC%A6%9D" title="디피실리균 감염증 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디피실리균 감염증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitis_pseudomembranacea" title="Colitis pseudomembranacea – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colitis pseudomembranacea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembran%C3%B8s_kolitt" title="Pseudomembranøs kolitt – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pseudomembranøs kolitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2" title="କ୍ଲସ୍ଟ୍ରିଡିଅମ ଡିଫିସିଲ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଲସ୍ଟ୍ରିଡିଅମ ଡିଫିସିଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzekomob%C5%82oniaste_zapalenie_jelit" title="Rzekomobłoniaste zapalenie jelit – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzekomobłoniaste zapalenie jelit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colite_pseudomembranosa" title="Colite pseudomembranosa – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colite pseudomembranosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Псевдомембранозный энтероколит – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Псевдомембранозный энтероколит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembran%C3%B3zna_kolit%C3%ADda" title="Pseudomembranózna kolitída – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pseudomembranózna kolitída" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Псеудомембранозни колитис – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Псеудомембранозни колитис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="போலிப்படலப் பெருங்குடல் அழற்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலிப்படலப் பெருங்குடல் அழற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_enfeksiyonu" title="Clostridioides difficile enfeksiyonu – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Clostridioides difficile enfeksiyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Псевдомембранозний коліт – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Псевдомембранозний коліт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B1%E9%9B%A3%E6%93%AC%E6%A2%AD%E8%8F%8C%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="艱難擬梭菌感染 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艱難擬梭菌感染" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q574905#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/50px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/75px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/100px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Artikel ini <b>memberikan informasi dasar tentang topik kesehatan.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Informasi dalam artikel ini hanya boleh digunakan untuk penjelasan ilmiah; bukan untuk diagnosis diri dan tidak dapat menggantikan diagnosis medis. <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_medis" title="Wikipedia:Penyangkalan medis">Wikipedia tidak memberikan konsultasi medis</a>.</b> Jika Anda perlu bantuan atau hendak berobat, berkonsultasilah dengan tenaga kesehatan profesional.<b></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Infeksi <i>Clostridioides difficile</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG/300px-Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG/450px-Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG/600px-Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Spesimen patologis menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Colitis#Infectious" class="mw-redirect" title="Colitis">pseudomembranous colitis</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Informasi umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nama lain</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>C. difficile</i> associated diarrhea (CDAD), <i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection, <i>C. difficile</i> colitis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spesialisasi_(kedokteran)" title="Spesialisasi (kedokteran)">Spesialisasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penyakit_infeksius" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Penyakit infeksius">Penyakit infeksius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Penyebab</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clostridioides difficile (halaman belum tersedia)">Clostridioides difficile</a></i> enyebar lewat <a href="/wiki/Transmisi_fekal%E2%80%93oral" title="Transmisi fekal–oral">Transmisi fekal–oral</a><sup id="cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Faktor risiko</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">Antibiotik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penghambat_pompa_proton" title="Penghambat pompa proton">Penghambat pompa proton</a>, perawatan di rumah sakit, masalah kesehatan penyerta, usia tua<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Aspek klinis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gejala dan tanda</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diare" title="Diare">Diare</a>, demam, mual, <a href="/wiki/Mulas" title="Mulas">nyeri perut</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_(medis)" title="Diagnosis (medis)">Diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_feses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kultur feses (halaman belum tersedia)">Kultur feses</a>, pengecekan <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Toksin" title="Toksin">toksin</a> bakteri<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2012_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Tata laksana</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pencegahan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cuci_tangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuci tangan">Cuci tangan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_room_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal room cleaning (halaman belum tersedia)">terminal room cleaning</a> <sup id="cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perawatan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metronidazol" title="Metronidazol">Metronidazol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vankomisin" title="Vankomisin">vankomisin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidaksomisin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fidaksomisin (halaman belum tersedia)">fidaksomisin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transplantasi_mikrobiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transplantasi mikrobiota (halaman belum tersedia)">transplantasi mikrobiota</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2012_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coc2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coc2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Distribusi dan frekuensi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevalensi</th><td class="infobox-data">453,000 (US 2011)<sup id="cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lessa2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessa2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kematian</th><td class="infobox-data">29,000 (US)<sup id="cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lessa2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessa2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Infeksi</b> <i><b>Clostridioides difficile</b></i> (<b>ICD</b> atau <b>C-diff</b>), juga dikenal sebagai <b>infeksi <i>Clostridium difficile</i></b>, adalah <a href="/wiki/Infeksi" title="Infeksi">infeksi</a> dengan gejala yang disebabkan oleh bakteri <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_difficile" title="Clostridium difficile">Clostridioides difficile</a></i> yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Endospora" title="Endospora">spora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanda dan gejala mencakup <a href="/wiki/Diare" title="Diare">diare</a> yang mengandung banyak air, demam, mual, dan <a href="/wiki/Mulas" title="Mulas">nyeri pada perut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2012_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICD adalah 20% kasus diare yang berhubungan dengan antibiotik. Antibiotik dapat berkontribusi dalam perubahan mikrobiota perut yang merusak; khususnya, antibiotik mengurangi penyerapan <a href="/wiki/Asam_lemak" title="Asam lemak">asam lemak</a> rantai pendek, mengakibatkan diare osmotik, atau berair.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Komplikasi mencakup <a href="/wiki/Radang_usus_besar" title="Radang usus besar">radang usus besar</a>, megakolon toksik, perforasi usus besar, dan<a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>. </p><p>Infeksi <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> menular melalui spora bakteri pada <a href="/wiki/Tinja" title="Tinja">tinja</a>. Permukaan benda dapat terkontaminasi oleh spora dan kemudian penularan terjadi melalui tangan tenaga kesehatan. Faktor risiko infeksi mencakup penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotik</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Penghambat_pompa_proton" title="Penghambat pompa proton">inhibitor pompa proton</a>, rawat inap, masalah kesehatan lain, dan usia lanjut. Diagnosis dilakukan dengan kultur tinja atau uji <a href="/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat">DNA</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Toksin" title="Toksin">toksin</a> bakteri. Jika hasil uji seseorang adalah positif tetapi tanda dan gejala tidak tampak, orang itu mengalami <i>C. difficile</i> <a href="/wiki/Kolonisasi_(biologi)" title="Kolonisasi (biologi)">kolonisasi</a> <i>C. diffile,</i> bukan infeksi.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2012_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upaya pencegahan antara lain pembersihan ruangan terminal di rumah sakit, pembatasan penggunaan antibiotik, dan kampanye <a href="/wiki/Mencuci_tangan" title="Mencuci tangan">cuci tangan</a> di rumah sakit.<sup id="cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penyanitasi_tangan" title="Penyanitasi tangan">Penyanitasi tangan berbahan dasar alkohol</a> tidak efektif. Pemberhentian antibiotik dapat menyelesaikan gejala dalam tiga hari pada 20% penderita.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2012_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antibiotik <a href="/wiki/Metronidazol" title="Metronidazol">metronidazol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vankomisin" title="Vankomisin">vankomisin</a> atau fidaksomisin, akan mengobati infeksi.<sup id="cite_ref-Coc2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coc2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengujian ulang setelah pengobatan, selama gejala berakhir, tidak direkomendasikan karena seseorang akan tetap terkolonisasi. Munculnya kembali gejala dilaporkan terjadi pada hingga 25% penderita.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa bukti yang ada saat ini menunjukkan transplantasi mikrobiota tinja dan <a href="/wiki/Probiotik" title="Probiotik">probiotik</a> dapat mengurangi terjadinya kembali infeksi. </p><p>Infeksi <i>C. difficile</i> terjadi di seluruh dunia. Sekitar 453.000 kasus terjadi di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2011, menyebabkan 29.000 kematian.<sup id="cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lessa2015_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessa2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat terjadinya penyakit secara global meningkat antara 2001 dan 2016. Infeksi <i>C. difficile</i> terjadi lebih banyak pada perempuan daripada laki-laki. Bakteri ini ditemukan pada tahun 1935 dan didapati menyebabkan penyakit pada 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Amerika Serikat, <a href="/wiki/Infeksi_nosokomial" title="Infeksi nosokomial">infeksi dengan penularan di rumah sakit</a> meningkatkan biaya perawatan sebanyak AS$1,5 milyar setiap tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun infeksi <i>C. difficile</i> umum terjadi di rumah sakit, sekurang-kurangnya 30% infeksi ditularkan di rumah sakit.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar infeksi terjadi di luar rumah sakit, yang mana pengobatan dan riwayat baru terjadinya penyakit diare (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Laksatif" title="Laksatif">penyalahgunaan pencahar</a> atau keracunan makanan karena <a href="/wiki/Salmonelosis" title="Salmonelosis">Salmonellosis</a>) dianggap mendorong risiko kolonisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanda_dan_gejala">Tanda dan gejala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Tanda dan gejala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tanda dan gejala"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tanda dan gejala ICD beragam, mulai dari diare ringan hingga <a href="/wiki/Radang_usus_besar" title="Radang usus besar">radang usus besar</a> yang parah dan mengancam jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada orang dewasa, aturan prediksi klinis menunjukkan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Tanda_klinis" title="Tanda klinis">tanda</a> yang paling jelas adalah diare yang signifikan ("onset baru kondisi lebih dari tiga kali buang air besar dengan tinja encer atau tinja yang tidak sepenuhnya terbentuk"), paparan antibiotik, nyeri perut, demam (hingga 40.5 °C 105 °F), dan bau khas busuk pada tinja yang mirip kotoran kuda.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada pasien rumah sakit, tanda pernah menggunakan antibiotik dan diare atau nyeri perut menunjukkan sensitivitas uji 86% dan spesifikasi uji 45%.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8644759_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8644759-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penelitian dengan prevalensi uji sitotoksin positif 14% menunjukkan nilai prediktif positif adalah 18% dan nilai prediktif negatif adalah 94%. </p><p>Pada anak-anak, gejala yang paling sering timbul adalah diare encer dengan sekurang-kurangnya tiga kali buang air besar dalam sehari selama dua hari atau lebih, mungkin bersama dengan demam, hilangnya nafsu makan, mual, dan/atau nyeri perut.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreno_–_June_2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreno_–_June_2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasien yang mengalami infeksi parah juga menderita peradangan usus besar yang serius dan diare ringan atau tidak diare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sebab">Sebab</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sebab" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sebab"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infeksi <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_difficile" title="Clostridium difficile">C. difficile</a></i> menyebabkan diare <i>C. difficile</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C._difficile"><i>C. difficile</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: C. difficile" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: C. difficile"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clostridia adalah <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakteri_anaerob" title="Bakteri anaerob">anaerob</a> <a href="/wiki/Motilitas" title="Motilitas">motil</a> dan banyak dijumpai di alam, terutama di tanah. Dengan mikroskop, bakteri ini tampak sebagai sel yang panjang, ireguler (sering kali berbentuk pemukul genderang atau gelondong) dengan tonjolan pada ujung-ujungnya. Dengan <a href="/wiki/Pewarnaan_Gram" title="Pewarnaan Gram">pewarnaan Gram</a>, sel <i>C. difficile</i> menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Gram-positif" title="Gram-positif">Gram-positif</a> dan tumbuh optimum pada <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_agar" title="Lempeng agar">agar darah</a> dalam suhu tubuh manusia tanpa <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a>. Dengan adanya stresor, bakteri menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Spora" title="Spora">spora</a> yang dapat bertahan pada kondisi ekstrem yang mana bakteri aktif tidak dapat hidup di dalamnya.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>C. difficile</i> dapat membentuk koloni pada <a href="/wiki/Usus_besar" title="Usus besar">usus besar</a> manusia tanpa menimbulkan gejala; diperkirakan 2-5% populasi dewasa merupakan pembawa bakteri ini, angka itu mungkin perlu disesuaikan <a href="/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi">demografi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risiko kolonisasi diasosiasikan dengan riwayat penyakit diare yang tidak berhubungan (e.g. penyalahgunaan pencahar dan <a href="/wiki/Keracunan_makanan" title="Keracunan makanan">keracunan makanan</a> Salmonelosis atau infeksi <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strain patogenik <i>C. difficile</i> memproduksi sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Toksin" title="Toksin">toksin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zat yang telah paling baik diketahui adalah <a href="/wiki/Enterotoksin" title="Enterotoksin">enterotoksin</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toksin_A_Clostridium_difficile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toksin A Clostridium difficile (halaman belum tersedia)">toksin A</a>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitotoksin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitotoksin (halaman belum tersedia)">sitotoksin</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toksin_B_Clostridium_difficile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toksin B Clostridium difficile (halaman belum tersedia)">toksin B</a>); keduanya menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Diare" title="Diare">diare</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Inflamasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflamasi">peradangan</a> pada orang yang terinfeksi, tetapi kontribusi relatif keduanya masih diperdebatkan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toksin A dan B adalah glukosiltransferase yang memiliki sasaran inaktivasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_Rho_GTP-ase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga Rho GTP-ase (halaman belum tersedia)">keluarga Ro GTP-ase</a>. Toksin B (sitotoksin) menginduksi depolimerasi <a href="/wiki/Aktin" title="Aktin">aktin</a> dengan mekanisme yang berhubungan dengan penurunan ribosilasi ADP oleh protein Ro pengikat GTP yang memiliki <a href="/wiki/Massa_molekul_relatif" title="Massa molekul relatif">massa molekul</a> rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toksin lain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toksin_biner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toksin biner (halaman belum tersedia)">toksin biner</a>, ditemukan, tetapi perannya dalam penyakit ini belum sepenuhnya diketahui.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penanganan CDI dengan antibiotik memiliki kendala karena adanya <a href="/wiki/Resistansi_antibiotik" title="Resistansi antibiotik">resistensi antibiotik</a> dan faktor fisiologi bakteri (pembentukan spora dan efek perlindungan pseudomembran).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Munculnya strain baru yang sangat toksik dan resisten terhadap antibiotik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorokuinolon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorokuinolon (halaman belum tersedia)">fluorokuinolon</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Siprofloksasin" title="Siprofloksasin">siprofloksasin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Levofloksasin" title="Levofloksasin">levofloksasin</a>, dianggap menimbulkan wabah yang tersebar luas secara geografis di Amerika Utara pada tahun 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pusat_Pengendalian_dan_Pencegahan_Penyakit" class="mw-disambig" title="Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit) Amerika Serikat di Atlanta memperingatkan munculnya strain epidemi dengan <a href="/wiki/Bakteri_virulen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteri virulen">keganasan</a> tinggi, resistensi antibiotik, atau keduanya.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>C. difficile</i> ditularkan dari orang ke orang melalui jalur <a href="/wiki/Transmisi_fekal%E2%80%93oral" title="Transmisi fekal–oral">fekal-oral</a>. Bakteri ini membentuk spora yang tahan panas dan tidak bisa mati dengan pemberian sanitasi berbahan alkohol atau pembersihan permukaan perabot yang rutin. Spora dapat bertahan lama pada lingkungan klinis sehingga bakteri dapat membentuk kultur dari, kurang lebih, permukaan mana saja. Setelah spora tertelan, ketahanannya terhadap asam memudahkan penerobosan ke lambung. Saat spora terkena <a href="/wiki/Asam_empedu" title="Asam empedu">asam empedu</a>, spora tumbuh dan berlipat ganda menjadi sel-sel vegetatif di usus besar. Orang tanpa riwayat gangguan saluran cerna karena penggunaan antibiotik atau penyakit diare jarang dikolonisasi oleh <i>C. difficile</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2005, analisis molekuler berhasil mengidentifikasi strain <i>C. difficile</i> kelompok BI dengan analisis <a href="/wiki/Enzim_restriksi" title="Enzim restriksi">endonuklease restriksi</a>, sebagai NAP1 tipe <i>pulse-field</i> Amerika Utara dengan <a href="/wiki/PFGE" title="PFGE">PFGE</a> dan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribotipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribotipe (halaman belum tersedia)">ribotipe</a> 027; istilah yang berbeda-beda menggambarkan teknik yang digunakan dalam penggolongan epidemiologi. Strain ini dinamai <i>C. difficile</i> BI/NAP1/027.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faktor_risiko">Faktor risiko</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Faktor risiko" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Faktor risiko"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antibiotik">Antibiotik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Antibiotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Antibiotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radang usus besar karena <i>C. difficile</i> berkaitan erat dengan penggunaan antibiotik: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorokuinolon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorokuinolon (halaman belum tersedia)">fluorokuinolon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sefalosporin" title="Sefalosporin">sefalosporin</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Klindamisin" title="Klindamisin">klindamisin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejumlah penelitian menunjukkan bahwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penggunaan_antibiotik_pada_hewan_ternak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penggunaan antibiotik pada hewan ternak (halaman belum tersedia)">penggunaan rutin antibiotik dalam peternakan</a> turut berperan dalam pecahnya wabah infeksi bakteri seperti <i>C. difficile</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lingkungan_fasilitas_kesehatan">Lingkungan fasilitas kesehatan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Lingkungan fasilitas kesehatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lingkungan fasilitas kesehatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infeksi paling sering terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Rumah_sakit" title="Rumah sakit">rumah sakit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panti_jompo" title="Panti jompo">panti jompo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau fasilitas kesehatan lain meskipun infeksi di luar lingkungan perawatan juga meningkat. Seseorang dapat terkena infeksi ini jika menyentuh benda atau permukaan yang terkontaminasi tinja dan kemudian menyentuh mulut atau <a href="/wiki/Membran_mukosa" title="Membran mukosa">membran mukosa</a> lain. Tenaga kesehatan dapat menyebarkan bakteri atau mengontaminasi berbagai permukaan melalui kontak tangan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat kontak dengan <i>C. difficile</i> diperkirakan mencapai 13% pada perawatan inap rumah sakit hingga dua pekan dan 50% pada perawatan inap yang lebih lama dari empat pekan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rawat inap di rumah sakit jangka panjang atau hidup dalam panti jompo dalam periode satu tahun sebelumnya adalah faktor risiko independen untuk peningkatan <a href="/wiki/Koloni_(biologi)" title="Koloni (biologi)">kolonisasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pengobatan_penekan_asam_lambung">Pengobatan penekan asam lambung</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Pengobatan penekan asam lambung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengobatan penekan asam lambung"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tingkat CDI <a href="/wiki/Infeksi_nosokomial" title="Infeksi nosokomial">nosokomial</a> yang membesar berkaitan dengan penggunaan obat yang menekan produksi <a href="/wiki/Asam_lambung" title="Asam lambung">asam lambung</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antagonis_H2" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonis H2">antogonis reseptor H2</a> meningkatkan risiko 1,5 kali lipat sementara <a href="/wiki/Penghambat_pompa_proton" title="Penghambat pompa proton">inhibitor pompa proton</a> meningkatkan 1,7 kali pada penggunaan satu kali sehari dan 2,4 kali pada penggunaan lebih dari satu kali sehari.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penyakit_diare">Penyakit diare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Penyakit diare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyakit diare"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orang dengan riwayat medis penyakit diare dalam jangka waktu dekat berisiko lebih tinggi mengalami kolonisasi <i>C. difficile</i> jika terpapar spora. Penyakit diare yang dimaksud termasuk gejala karena penyalahgunaan pencahar dan <a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogen</a> saluran cerna.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gangguan yang meningkatkan motilitas usus dianggap meningkatkan konsentrasi gula makanan untuk sementara waktu, memungkinkan <i>C. difficile</i> berkembang biak dan mengamankan kedudukannya di usus.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun tidak semua kolonisasi berujung pada penyakit, orang pembawa tanpa gejala akan tetap memiliki koloni tersebut selama bertahun-tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada jangka waktu itu, banyaknya <i>C. difficile</i> bervariasi dari hari ke hari, menimbulkan peluruhan yang dapat berkontribusi besar pada tingkat infeksi yang ditularkan di masyarakat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lain-lain">Lain-lain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Lain-lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lain-lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konsumsi jangka panjang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemental_diet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemental diet (halaman belum tersedia)">elemental diet</a></i> meningkatkan risiko munculnya infeksi <i>C. difficile</i> karena penekanan populasi bakteri-bakteri sehat yang disebabkan oleh hilangnya sumber makanan bakteri-bakteri tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kadar <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a> yang rendah menjadi faktor risiko munculnya infeksi <i>C. difficile</i> dan penyakit parah jika infeksi tersebut sudah terjadi.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efek perlindungan albumin serum dapat dikaitkan dengan pengikatan toksin A dan toksin B sehingga toksin tidak masuk ke enterosit.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AHRQ2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHRQ2016_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Butler M, Olson A, Drekonja D, Shaukat A, Schwehr N, Shippee N, Wilt TJ (March 2016). 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+Clostridium+difficile+for+Healthcare+Providers&rft.date=2012-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2FHAI%2Forganisms%2Fcdiff%2FCdiff_faqs_HCP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coc2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coc2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coc2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nelson RL, Suda KJ, Evans CT (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464548">"Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in adults"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>3</b>: CD004610. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004610.pub5">10.1002/14651858.CD004610.pub5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464548">6464548</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28257555">28257555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antibiotic+treatment+for+Clostridium+difficile-associated+diarrhoea+in+adults&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=CD004610&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6464548&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28257555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004610.pub5&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Suda%2C+KJ&rft.au=Evans%2C+CT&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6464548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lessa2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lessa2015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessa2015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessa2015_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lessa FC, Mu Y, Bamberg WM, Beldavs ZG, Dumyati GK, Dunn JR, et al. 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"Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States". <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>372</b> (9): 825–34. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1408913">10.1056/NEJMoa1408913</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25714160">25714160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Burden+of+Clostridium+difficile+infection+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=825-34&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa1408913&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25714160&rft.aulast=Lessa&rft.aufirst=FC&rft.au=Mu%2C+Y&rft.au=Bamberg%2C+WM&rft.au=Beldavs%2C+ZG&rft.au=Dumyati%2C+GK&rft.au=Dunn%2C+JR&rft.au=Farley%2C+MM&rft.au=Holzbauer%2C+SM&rft.au=Meek%2C+JI&rft.au=Phipps%2C+EC&rft.au=Wilson%2C+LE&rft.au=Winston%2C+LG&rft.au=Cohen%2C+JA&rft.au=Limbago%2C+BM&rft.au=Fridkin%2C+SK&rft.au=Gerding%2C+DN&rft.au=McDonald%2C+LC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Guh AY, Kutty PK (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6524133">"Clostridioides difficile Infection"</a>. <i>Annals of Internal Medicine</i>. <b>169</b> (7): ITC49–ITC64. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2FAITC201810020">10.7326/AITC201810020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6524133">6524133</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30285209">30285209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Clostridioides+difficile+Infection&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=ITC49-ITC64&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6524133&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30285209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2FAITC201810020&rft.aulast=Guh&rft.aufirst=AY&rft.au=Kutty%2C+PK&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6524133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mullish BH, Williams HR (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6334067">"<i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea"</a>. <i>Clinical Medicine</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 237–241. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7861%2Fclinmedicine.18-3-237">10.7861/clinmedicine.18-3-237</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6334067">6334067</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29858434">29858434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Clostridium+difficile+infection+and+antibiotic-associated+diarrhoea&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-241&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6334067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29858434&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7861%2Fclinmedicine.18-3-237&rft.aulast=Mullish&rft.aufirst=BH&rft.au=Williams%2C+HR&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6334067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914225503/https://books.google.com/books?id=TN2Gu2Af1BIC&pg=PA979"><i>Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-4th). 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24066741">24066741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Diverse+sources+of+C.+difficile+infection+identified+on+whole-genome+sequencing&rft.volume=369&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1195-205&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3868928&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24066741&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa1216064&rft.aulast=Eyre&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.au=Cule%2C+ML&rft.au=Wilson%2C+DJ&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+D&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+A&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+L&rft.au=Ip%2C+CL&rft.au=Golubchik%2C+T&rft.au=Batty%2C+EM&rft.au=Finney%2C+JM&rft.au=Wyllie%2C+DH&rft.au=Didelot%2C+X&rft.au=Piazza%2C+P&rft.au=Bowden%2C+R&rft.au=Dingle%2C+KE&rft.au=Harding%2C+RM&rft.au=Crook%2C+DW&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+MH&rft.au=Peto%2C+TE&rft.au=Walker%2C+AS&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3868928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">VanInsberghe D, Elsherbini JA, Varian B, Poutahidis T, Erdman S, Polz MF (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0668-2">"Diarrhoeal events can trigger long-term Clostridium difficile colonization with recurrent blooms"</a>. <i>Nature Microbiology</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 642–650. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" 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style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Joshi NM, Macken L, Rampton DS (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5922602">"Inpatient diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile infection"</a>. <i>Clinical Medicine</i>. <b>12</b> (6): 583–8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7861%2Fclinmedicine.12-6-583">10.7861/clinmedicine.12-6-583</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5922602">5922602</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23342416">23342416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Inpatient+diarrhoea+and+Clostridium+difficile+infection&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=583-8&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5922602&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23342416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7861%2Fclinmedicine.12-6-583&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=NM&rft.au=Macken%2C+L&rft.au=Rampton%2C+DS&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5922602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bomers MK, Menke FP, Savage RS, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, van Agtmael MA, Covington JA, Smulders YM (April 2015). "Rapid, accurate, and on-site detection of C. difficile in stool samples". <i>The American Journal of Gastroenterology</i>. <b>110</b> (4): 588–94. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fajg.2015.90">10.1038/ajg.2015.90</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25823766">25823766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Rapid%2C+accurate%2C+and+on-site+detection+of+C.+difficile+in+stool+samples&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=588-94&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fajg.2015.90&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25823766&rft.aulast=Bomers&rft.aufirst=MK&rft.au=Menke%2C+FP&rft.au=Savage%2C+RS&rft.au=Vandenbroucke-Grauls%2C+CM&rft.au=van+Agtmael%2C+MA&rft.au=Covington%2C+JA&rft.au=Smulders%2C+YM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8644759-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8644759_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Katz DA, Lynch ME, Littenberg B (May 1996). "Clinical prediction rules to optimize cytotoxin testing for Clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients with diarrhea". <i>The American Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>100</b> (5): 487–95. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2895%2900016-X">10.1016/S0002-9343(95)00016-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8644759">8644759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Clinical+prediction+rules+to+optimize+cytotoxin+testing+for+Clostridium+difficile+in+hospitalized+patients+with+diarrhea&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=487-95&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2895%2900016-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8644759&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Lynch%2C+ME&rft.au=Littenberg%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moreno_–_June_2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moreno_–_June_2013_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Moreno MA, Furtner F, Rivara FP (June 2013). "Clostridium difficile: a cause of diarrhea in children". <i>JAMA Pediatrics</i>. <b>167</b> (6): 592. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapediatrics.2013.2551">10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2551</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733223">23733223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Clostridium+difficile%3A+a+cause+of+diarrhea+in+children&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=592&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamapediatrics.2013.2551&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23733223&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Furtner%2C+F&rft.au=Rivara%2C+FP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52358530"><i>Sherris medical microbiology : an introduction to infectious diseases</i></a>. Kenneth J. Ryan, C. George Ray, John C. Sherris (edisi ke-4th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2004. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8385-8529-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8385-8529-9">0-8385-8529-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52358530">52358530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherris+medical+microbiology+%3A+an+introduction+to+infectious+diseases&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th+ed&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52358530&rft.isbn=0-8385-8529-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52358530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Di Bella, Stefano; Ascenzi, Paolo; Siarakas, Steven; Petrosillo, Nicola; di Masi, Alessandra (2016-05-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27153087">"Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B: Insights into Pathogenic Properties and Extraintestinal Effects"</a>. <i>Toxins</i>. <b>8</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ftoxins8050134">10.3390/toxins8050134</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2072-6651">2072-6651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4885049">4885049</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27153087">27153087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxins&rft.atitle=Clostridium+difficile+Toxins+A+and+B%3A+Insights+into+Pathogenic+Properties+and+Extraintestinal+Effects&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4885049&rft.issn=2072-6651&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27153087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ftoxins8050134&rft.aulast=Di+Bella&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Ascenzi%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Siarakas%2C+Steven&rft.au=Petrosillo%2C+Nicola&rft.au=di+Masi%2C+Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F27153087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Just, I.; Selzer, J.; von Eichel-Streiber, C.; Aktories, K. (1995-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7883950">"The low molecular mass GTP-binding protein Rho is affected by toxin A from Clostridium difficile"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>95</b> (3): 1026–1031. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI117747">10.1172/JCI117747</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9738">0021-9738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC441436">441436</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7883950">7883950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=The+low+molecular+mass+GTP-binding+protein+Rho+is+affected+by+toxin+A+from+Clostridium+difficile&rft.chron=1995-03&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1026-1031&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC441436&rft.issn=0021-9738&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7883950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI117747&rft.aulast=Just&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Selzer%2C+J.&rft.au=von+Eichel-Streiber%2C+C.&rft.au=Aktories%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F7883950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barth, Holger; Aktories, Klaus; Popoff, Michel R.; Stiles, Bradley G. (2004-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15353562">"Binary bacterial toxins: biochemistry, biology, and applications of common Clostridium and Bacillus proteins"</a>. <i>Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR</i>. <b>68</b> (3): 373–402, table of contents. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.68.3.373-402.2004">10.1128/MMBR.68.3.373-402.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1092-2172">1092-2172</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC515256">515256</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353562">15353562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+molecular+biology+reviews%3A+MMBR&rft.atitle=Binary+bacterial+toxins%3A+biochemistry%2C+biology%2C+and+applications+of+common+Clostridium+and+Bacillus+proteins&rft.chron=2004-09&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-402%2C+table+of+contents&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC515256&rft.issn=1092-2172&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15353562&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.68.3.373-402.2004&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft.au=Aktories%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Popoff%2C+Michel+R.&rft.au=Stiles%2C+Bradley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F15353562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Loo, Vivian G.; Poirier, Louise; Miller, Mark A.; Oughton, Matthew; Libman, Michael D.; Michaud, Sophie; Bourgault, Anne-Marie; Nguyen, Tuyen; Frenette, Charles (2005-12-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16322602">"A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality"</a>. <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>353</b> (23): 2442–2449. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa051639">10.1056/NEJMoa051639</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1533-4406">1533-4406</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322602">16322602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+predominantly+clonal+multi-institutional+outbreak+of+Clostridium+difficile-associated+diarrhea+with+high+morbidity+and+mortality&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=2442-2449&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft.issn=1533-4406&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16322602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa051639&rft.aulast=Loo&rft.aufirst=Vivian+G.&rft.au=Poirier%2C+Louise&rft.au=Miller%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Oughton%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Libman%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Michaud%2C+Sophie&rft.au=Bourgault%2C+Anne-Marie&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Tuyen&rft.au=Frenette%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F16322602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McDonald, L. Clifford (2005-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16156321">"Clostridium difficile: responding to a new threat from an old enemy"</a>. <i>Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology</i>. <b>26</b> (8): 672–675. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F502600">10.1086/502600</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0899-823X">0899-823X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16156321">16156321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+Control+and+Hospital+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Clostridium+difficile%3A+responding+to+a+new+threat+from+an+old+enemy&rft.chron=2005-08&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=672-675&rft.issn=0899-823X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16156321&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F502600&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=L.+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F16156321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rupnik, Maja; Wilcox, Mark H.; Gerding, Dale N. (2009-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528959">"Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews. Microbiology</i>. <b>7</b> (7): 526–536. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro2164">10.1038/nrmicro2164</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1740-1534">1740-1534</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528959">19528959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Clostridium+difficile+infection%3A+new+developments+in+epidemiology+and+pathogenesis&rft.chron=2009-07&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=526-536&rft.issn=1740-1534&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19528959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro2164&rft.aulast=Rupnik&rft.aufirst=Maja&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+Mark+H.&rft.au=Gerding%2C+Dale+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19528959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0039610914001418">"Clostridium Difficile Infection: Prevention, Treatment, and Surgical Management"</a>. <i>Surgical Clinics of North America</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>94</b> (6): 1335–1349. 2014-12-01. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.suc.2014.08.006">10.1016/j.suc.2014.08.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6109">0039-6109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Clostridium+Difficile+Infection%3A+Prevention%2C+Treatment%2C+and+Surgical+Management&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1335-1349&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.suc.2014.08.006&rft.issn=0039-6109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0039610914001418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061024034645/http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2006/10/04/cdifficile-meat.html">"Scientists probe whether C. difficile is linked to eating meat"</a>. <i>web.archive.org</i>. 2006-10-24. Archived from the original on 2006-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Scientists+probe+whether+C.+difficile+is+linked+to+eating+meat&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fhealth%2Fstory%2F2006%2F10%2F04%2Fcdifficile-meat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dumyati, Ghinwa; Stone, Nimalie D.; Nace, David A.; Crnich, Christopher J.; Jump, Robin L. P. (2017-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-017-0576-7">"Challenges and Strategies for Prevention of Multidrug-Resistant Organism Transmission in Nursing Homes"</a>. <i>Current Infectious Disease Reports</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>19</b> (4): 18. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11908-017-0576-7">10.1007/s11908-017-0576-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1534-3146">1534-3146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382184">5382184</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28382547">28382547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Infectious+Disease+Reports&rft.atitle=Challenges+and+Strategies+for+Prevention+of+Multidrug-Resistant+Organism+Transmission+in+Nursing+Homes&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC5382184&rft.issn=1534-3146&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28382547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11908-017-0576-7&rft.aulast=Dumyati&rft.aufirst=Ghinwa&rft.au=Stone%2C+Nimalie+D.&rft.au=Nace%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Crnich%2C+Christopher+J.&rft.au=Jump%2C+Robin+L.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11908-017-0576-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">CDC (2021-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cdiff/what-is.html">"Could you or your loved one have C. diff?"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Could+you+or+your+loved+one+have+C.+diff%3F&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcdiff%2Fwhat-is.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clabots, C. R.; Johnson, S.; Olson, M. M.; Peterson, L. R.; Gerding, D. N. (1992-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/166.3.561">"Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by Hospitalized Patients: Evidence for Colonized New Admissions as a Source of Infection"</a>. <i>Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>166</b> (3): 561–567. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2F166.3.561">10.1093/infdis/166.3.561</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1899">0022-1899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Acquisition+of+Clostridium+difficile+by+Hospitalized+Patients%3A+Evidence+for+Colonized+New+Admissions+as+a+Source+of+Infection&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=561-567&rft.date=1992-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Finfdis%2F166.3.561&rft.issn=0022-1899&rft.aulast=Clabots&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+S.&rft.au=Olson%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+L.+R.&rft.au=Gerding%2C+D.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Finfdis%2F166.3.561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Halsey, Jennifer (2008-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070077">"Current and future treatment modalities forClostridium difficile-associated disease"</a>. <i>American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy</i>. <b>65</b> (8): 705–715. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2146%2Fajhp070077">10.2146/ajhp070077</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1079-2082">1079-2082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Health-System+Pharmacy&rft.atitle=Current+and+future+treatment+modalities+forClostridium+difficile-associated+disease&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=705-715&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2146%2Fajhp070077&rft.issn=1079-2082&rft.aulast=Halsey&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2146%2Fajhp070077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Deshpande, Abhishek; Pant, Chaitanya; Pasupuleti, Vinay; Rolston, David D.K.; Jain, Anil; Deshpande, Narayan; Thota, Priyaleela; Sferra, Thomas J.; Hernandez, Adrian V. (2012-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.09.030">"Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy and Clostridium difficile Infection in a Meta-Analysis"</a>. <i>Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 225–233. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2011.09.030">10.1016/j.cgh.2011.09.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1542-3565">1542-3565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Gastroenterology+and+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Association+Between+Proton+Pump+Inhibitor+Therapy+and+Clostridium+difficile+Infection+in+a+Meta-Analysis&rft.chron=2012-03&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-233&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2011.09.030&rft.issn=1542-3565&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.aufirst=Abhishek&rft.au=Pant%2C+Chaitanya&rft.au=Pasupuleti%2C+Vinay&rft.au=Rolston%2C+David+D.K.&rft.au=Jain%2C+Anil&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+Narayan&rft.au=Thota%2C+Priyaleela&rft.au=Sferra%2C+Thomas+J.&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+Adrian+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2011.09.030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Howell, Michael D.; Novack, Victor; Grgurich, Philip; Soulliard, Diane; Novack, Lena; Pencina, Michael; Talmor, Daniel (2010-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20458086">"Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection"</a>. <i>Archives of Internal Medicine</i>. <b>170</b> (9): 784–790. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinternmed.2010.89">10.1001/archinternmed.2010.89</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-3679">1538-3679</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20458086">20458086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Iatrogenic+gastric+acid+suppression+and+the+risk+of+nosocomial+Clostridium+difficile+infection&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=784-790&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.issn=1538-3679&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20458086&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinternmed.2010.89&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Novack%2C+Victor&rft.au=Grgurich%2C+Philip&rft.au=Soulliard%2C+Diane&rft.au=Novack%2C+Lena&rft.au=Pencina%2C+Michael&rft.au=Talmor%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20458086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ferreyra, Jessica A.; Wu, Katherine J.; Hryckowian, Andrew J.; Bouley, Donna M.; Weimer, Bart C.; Sonnenburg, Justin L. (2014-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.003">"Gut Microbiota-Produced Succinate Promotes C. difficile Infection after Antibiotic Treatment or Motility Disturbance"</a>. <i>Cell Host & Microbe</i>. <b>16</b> (6): 770–777. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2014.11.003">10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1931-3128">1931-3128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4859344">4859344</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25498344">25498344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Host+%26+Microbe&rft.atitle=Gut+Microbiota-Produced+Succinate+Promotes+C.+difficile+Infection+after+Antibiotic+Treatment+or+Motility+Disturbance&rft.chron=2014-12&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=770-777&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC4859344&rft.issn=1931-3128&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25498344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chom.2014.11.003&rft.aulast=Ferreyra&rft.aufirst=Jessica+A.&rft.au=Wu%2C+Katherine+J.&rft.au=Hryckowian%2C+Andrew+J.&rft.au=Bouley%2C+Donna+M.&rft.au=Weimer%2C+Bart+C.&rft.au=Sonnenburg%2C+Justin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.chom.2014.11.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">O'Keefe, Stephen JD (2010-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v16/i2/139.htm">"Tube feeding, the microbiota, and Clostridium difficile infection"</a>. <i>World Journal of Gastroenterology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>16</b> (2): 139–142. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v16.i2.139">10.3748/wjg.v16.i2.139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2806551">2806551</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20066732">20066732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Tube+feeding%2C+the+microbiota%2C+and+Clostridium+difficile+infection&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-142&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC2806551&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20066732&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v16.i2.139&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=Stephen+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wjgnet.com%2F1007-9327%2Ffull%2Fv16%2Fi2%2F139.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Crook, Derrick W.; Walker, A. Sarah; Kean, Yin; Weiss, Karl; Cornely, Oliver A.; Miller, Mark A.; Esposito, Roberto; Louie, Thomas J.; Stoesser, Nicole E. (2012-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis499">"Fidaxomicin Versus Vancomycin for Clostridium difficile Infection: Meta-analysis of Pivotal Randomized Controlled Trials"</a>. <i>Clinical Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>55</b> (suppl_2): S93–S103. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcis499">10.1093/cid/cis499</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1537-6591">1537-6591</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3388031">3388031</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752871">22752871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Fidaxomicin+Versus+Vancomycin+for+Clostridium+difficile+Infection%3A+Meta-analysis+of+Pivotal+Randomized+Controlled+Trials&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=suppl_2&rft.pages=S93-S103&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC3388031&rft.issn=1537-6591&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22752871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcis499&rft.aulast=Crook&rft.aufirst=Derrick+W.&rft.au=Walker%2C+A.+Sarah&rft.au=Kean%2C+Yin&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Karl&rft.au=Cornely%2C+Oliver+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Esposito%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Louie%2C+Thomas+J.&rft.au=Stoesser%2C+Nicole+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcis499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sartelli, Massimo; Di Bella, Stefano; McFarland, Lynne V.; Khanna, Sahil; Furuya-Kanamori, Luis; Abuzeid, Nadir; Abu-Zidan, Fikri M.; Ansaloni, Luca; Augustin, Goran (2019-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-019-0228-3">"2019 update of the WSES guidelines for management of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection in surgical patients"</a>. <i>World Journal of Emergency Surgery</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13017-019-0228-3">10.1186/s13017-019-0228-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-7922">1749-7922</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6394026">6394026</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30858872">30858872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Emergency+Surgery&rft.atitle=2019+update+of+the+WSES+guidelines+for+management+of+Clostridioides+%28Clostridium%29+difficile+infection+in+surgical+patients&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC6394026&rft.issn=1749-7922&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30858872&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13017-019-0228-3&rft.aulast=Sartelli&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft.au=Di+Bella%2C+Stefano&rft.au=McFarland%2C+Lynne+V.&rft.au=Khanna%2C+Sahil&rft.au=Furuya-Kanamori%2C+Luis&rft.au=Abuzeid%2C+Nadir&rft.au=Abu-Zidan%2C+Fikri+M.&rft.au=Ansaloni%2C+Luca&rft.au=Augustin%2C+Goran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%2Fs13017-019-0228-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AInfeksi+Clostridioides+difficile" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&oldid=23667302">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infeksi_Clostridioides_difficile&oldid=23667302</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Clostridium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Clostridium (halaman belum tersedia)">Clostridium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Clostridiaceae" title="Kategori:Clostridiaceae">Clostridiaceae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Diare" title="Kategori:Diare">Diare</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_tanggal" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: tanggal">Galat CS1: tanggal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 12 Juni 2023, pukul 04.58.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; 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