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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military alliance between Great Britain and Austria (1731–1756)</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Duke_of_Marlborough_greeting_Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy_after_their_victory_at_Blenheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Duke_of_Marlborough_greeting_Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy_after_their_victory_at_Blenheim.jpg/230px-The_Duke_of_Marlborough_greeting_Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy_after_their_victory_at_Blenheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Duke_of_Marlborough_greeting_Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy_after_their_victory_at_Blenheim.jpg/345px-The_Duke_of_Marlborough_greeting_Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy_after_their_victory_at_Blenheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/The_Duke_of_Marlborough_greeting_Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy_after_their_victory_at_Blenheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a> greeting <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy" title="Prince Eugene of Savoy">Eugene of Savoy</a> after their victory <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim" title="Battle of Blenheim">at Blenheim</a> in 1704, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">a conflict</a> in which the British and Austrians fought as allies.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Anglo-Austrian Alliance</b> connected the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> during the first half of the 18th century. It was largely the work of the British Whig statesman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle</a>, who considered an <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">alliance</a> with Austria crucial to prevent the further expansion of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern France">French</a> power. </p><p>It lasted from 1731 to 1756 and formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Stately_quadrille" title="Stately quadrille">stately quadrille</a> by which the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> of Europe continually shifted their alliances to try to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in Europe">balance of power in Europe</a>. Its collapse during the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a> ultimately led to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Austrian_Alliance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/170px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/255px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/340px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a> was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Austrophile" title="Austrophile">Austrophile</a> and one of the architects of the Anglo-Austrian Alliance.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1725 Austria had signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1725)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1725)">Treaty of Vienna</a>, offering material support to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700-1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700-1808)">Spanish</a> in their efforts to try to recapture <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> from the British.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain was then <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%9331)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–31)">allied to France</a>, but the relationship was slowly declining, and by 1731, they would be considered enemies again.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When, in 1727, the Spanish mounted the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Thirteenth siege of Gibraltar">Thirteenth siege of Gibraltar</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1727-1729)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1727-1729)">Anglo-Spanish War</a>, British diplomats persuaded the Austrians not to assist the Spanish by offering a number of concessions. A humiliated Spain was forced to break off the siege and make peace.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of prominent <a href="/wiki/Austrophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrophiles">Austrophiles</a> had for some time been advocating a British alliance with Austria, as Austria was seen as the only country with land forces that could match the French on the Continent. Austrophiles received a boost when the greatest opponent of Austria, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">Lord Townshend</a> was forced to resign from office in 1730. That cleared the way for a full rapprochement between London and Vienna and gave the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a> more control over <a href="/wiki/British_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="British foreign policy">British foreign policy</a>. He was strongly convinced that an alliance with Austria was essential. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alliance">Alliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Austrian_Alliance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1748-1766_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/300px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/450px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/600px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2761" /></a><figcaption>Europe in the years after the 1748 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1727, the Austrians had agreed to suspend the <a href="/wiki/Ostend_Company" title="Ostend Company">Ostend Company</a>, whose overseas trading had been a constant source of tension with the British. That laid the groundwork for the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1731)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1731)">Treaty of Vienna</a>, which instituted a formal alliance between the two powers. It was signed on 16 March 1731 by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy" title="Prince Eugene of Savoy">Prince Eugene of Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Ludwig_Wenzel_von_Sinzendorf" title="Philipp Ludwig Wenzel von Sinzendorf">Count Sinzendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gundaker_Thomas_Starhemberg" title="Gundaker Thomas Starhemberg">Count Starhemberg</a> and the British envoy the <a href="/wiki/Philip_Dormer_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield">Earl of Chesterfield</a>. One immediate result was the complete disbandment of the Ostend Company, which delighted the British government. Britain and Austria gave each other a reciprocal guarantee against aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Austrians therefore expected British support in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>, however this was not forthcoming as the British government considered the war to be one of aggression against the legitimately elected Polish king, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_I_Leszczy%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław I Leszczyński">Stanisław I Leszczyński</a>. This strained the alliance considerably, but convergence of interests in the next war led to the revival of ties. </p><p>The British gave material support to the Austrians in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> in the form of British troops and providing <a href="/wiki/Golden_Cavalry_of_St_George" title="Golden Cavalry of St George">large financial subsidies</a> that allowed <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> to secure the Austrian throne, in defiance of <a href="/wiki/Salic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic Law">Salic Law</a>. By 1745, Austria had appeared to be in serious danger of being completely overrun and partitioned by Prussia and France, but a British campaign against the French in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> drew away crucial French manpower, allowing the Austrians to counterattack. </p><p>The British had also applied diplomatic pressure to persuade Prussia's <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> to agree a ceasefire at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dresden" title="Treaty of Dresden">Treaty of Dresden</a> so that Austria could turn its full attention against the French.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alliance was sometimes severely strained. The Austrians believed the British had done little to prevent France from <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brussels" title="Siege of Brussels">occupying Brussels</a> in 1746, which led to a further increase of conflicts. </p><p>The worst was during the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a>, aimed at negotiating an end to the war and leading to the eventual settlement at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Aix-la-Chapelle</a> in 1748. The British, hoping for a swift conclusion, were annoyed by Austria's slow progress in agreeing the terms. They eventually threatened to sign the treaty alone if Austria did not agree to it within three weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austria reluctantly signed the treaty. It was particularly disturbed to have little material gains for their efforts in the war, but the British considered the terms offered by the French to be very generous. </p><p>However, the omens looked good for the alliance. The Austrians had an enthusiastic supporter in Newcastle, <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Thomas Pelham-Holles</a>, and apparently had no other major ally to turn to.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British regarded the alliance as part of the Newcastle System to maintain the security of Germany by creating an alliance between Britain, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a>, Austria and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse">Collapse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Austrian_Alliance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a></div> <p>In Austria, there remained some nagging suspicion that the British were not fully committed to the alliance. Britain's absence from the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> and its failure to insist on a return of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> to Austria at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> were highlighted as signs of Britain's bad faith. Essentially, it was believed that Britain was interested in the alliance only when it suited its own goals. One of the leading anti-British influences was <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton_Graf_Kaunitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz">Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz</a>, who became Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1753. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Theresia11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maria_Theresia11.jpg/130px-Maria_Theresia11.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maria_Theresia11.jpg/195px-Maria_Theresia11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maria_Theresia11.jpg/260px-Maria_Theresia11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a>. British support was crucial in allowing her to retain her throne during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. Still, she strongly distrusted the British.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1756, suspecting that <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> was about to launch an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and fearing that the British would do nothing to help them because of a preoccupation with a dispute with France over the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>, Austria <a href="/wiki/Franco-Austrian_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Austrian Alliance">concluded an alliance</a> with its traditional enemy, France. Britain, left out in the cold, <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of Westminster">made a hasty alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, hoping that the new <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> would prevent war.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unable to control its Prussian ally, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, who attacked Austria in 1756, Britain honoured its commitment to the Prussians and forged the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Prussian_alliance_(1756)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Prussian alliance (1756)">Anglo-Prussian alliance</a>. Although Britain and Austria did not declare war against each other, they were now aligned in opposing coalitions in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. During the Capture of Emden in 1758, British and Austrian forces came close to open warfare. In spite of its efforts during the war, Austria was ultimately unable to retake Silesia, and the 1763 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> confirmed Prussian control of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Austrian_Alliance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></div> <p>Britain had been growing increasingly less favourable to Austria, and the <a href="/wiki/Austrophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrophiles">Austrophiles</a> in Britain saw their influence decrease during and after the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Austria was by now seen as increasingly autocratic and resistant to the spread of British <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>. </p><p>In 1778, when France entered the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> to try to assist the American colonists to gain their independence, Britain sought to gain Austrian support for their efforts to put down the rebellion. Austria's entry into the war, it was believed, would have drawn off French troops that were sent to America. However, Austria refused to even seriously consider the proposal. </p><p>Britain and Austria later again became allies during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, but they were both part of a broader anti-French coalition, and the relationship was nowhere near as close as it had been during the era of the Alliance. Once again, British subsidies became crucial to putting Austrian armies in the field, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders campaign</a> of 1793–1794, when they received £1 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Austrian_Alliance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Austria–United Kingdom relations">Austria–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Prussian_Alliance_(1756)" title="Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)">Anglo-Prussian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Austrian_Alliance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.215-221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson p.128-29</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Austrian_Alliance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Fred. <i>Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766</i>. Faber and Faber, 2001</li> <li>Browning, Reed. <i>The Duke of Newcastle</i>. Yale University Press, 1975.</li> <li>McLynn, Frank. <i>1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World</i>. Pimlico, 2005.</li> <li>Murphy, Orvile T. <i>Charles Gravier: Comete de Vergennes: French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution</i>. New York Press, 1982.</li> <li>Simms, Brendan. <i>Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire</i>. Penguin Books, 2008.</li> <li>Whiteley, Peter. <i>Lord North: The Prime Minister who lost America</i>. The Hambledon Press, 1996.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Austrian_Alliance&oldid=1252407364">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Austrian_Alliance&oldid=1252407364</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Great Britain">Treaties of the Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geopolitical_rivalry" title="Category:Geopolitical rivalry">Geopolitical rivalry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_military_alliances" title="Category:18th-century military alliances">18th-century military alliances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1731_treaties" title="Category:1731 treaties">1731 treaties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Category:Treaties of the Habsburg monarchy">Treaties of the Habsburg monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_the_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Military alliances involving the Kingdom of Great Britain">Military alliances involving the Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Austria" title="Category:Military alliances involving Austria">Military alliances involving Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1731_in_Great_Britain" title="Category:1731 in Great Britain">1731 in Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_military_relations" title="Category:Austria–United Kingdom military relations">Austria–United Kingdom military relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1731_in_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Category:1731 in the Habsburg monarchy">1731 in the Habsburg monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Britain%E2%80%93Habsburg_monarchy_relations" title="Category:Great Britain–Habsburg monarchy relations">Great Britain–Habsburg monarchy relations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 October 2024, at 06:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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