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id="toc-Conservation_of_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_of_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Conservation of cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_of_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Health concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toxins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Toxins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_human_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_human_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In human society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_human_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bean</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boontjie" title="Boontjie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boontjie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="فاصولياء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاصولياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipin" title="Tipin – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Tipin" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxla" title="Paxla – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paxla" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="শিম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81u-%C3%A1" title="Tāu-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāu-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Боб (плод) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Боб (плод)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisel" title="Fisel – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Fisel" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grah" title="Grah – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grah" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesol" title="Fesol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fesol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B0_(%C3%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%C3%A7)" title="Пăрçа (çимĕç) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăрçа (çимĕç)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffeuen" title="Ffeuen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffeuen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhn" title="Buhn – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Buhn" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohne" title="Bohne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bohne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naa%CA%BCo%C5%82%C3%AD" title="Naaʼołí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naaʼołí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uba" title="Uba – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uba" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Φασόλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φασόλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frijol" title="Frijol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frijol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_(hazia)" title="Baba (hazia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baba (hazia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لوبیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوبیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haricot_(homonymie)" title="Haricot (homonymie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haricot (homonymie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3naire" title="Pónaire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pónaire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2nair" title="Pònair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pònair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faba_forraxeira" title="Faba forraxeira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Faba forraxeira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%EB%A5%98" title="두류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="두류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake" title="Wake – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wake" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Ունդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ունդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE" title="सेम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grah" title="Grah – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grah" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5" title="Mkpụrụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mkpụrụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang" title="Kacang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kacang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faba" title="Faba – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Faba" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baun" title="Baun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Baun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98)" title="პარკი (ნაყოფი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარკი (ნაყოფი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faba" title="Faba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Faba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pupa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boun" title="Boun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Boun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boean" title="Boean – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Boean" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fava" title="Fava – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fava" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فاصوليا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاصوليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="اخچپیج – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اخچپیج" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang" title="Kacang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kacang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang" title="Kacang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kacang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B2" title="ပဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boon" title="Boon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सिमी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिमी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%86" title="豆 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="豆" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8nne" title="Bønne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bønne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8nne" title="Bønne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bønne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume_seco" title="Legume seco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Legume seco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqla" title="Baqla – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Baqla" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Бобы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бобы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone" title="Boone – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Boone" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92" title="බෝංචි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෝංචි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean" title="Bean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digir" title="Digir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Digir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فاسۆلیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فاسۆلیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasulji" title="Pasulji – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pasulji" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அவரையினம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அவரையினம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="చిక్కుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చిక్కుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%C3%AA%C5%A1keho" title="Monêškeho – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Monêškeho" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%B1njok" title="Ji̱njok – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ji̱njok" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4)" title="Біб (плід) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біб (плід)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لوبیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوبیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82_(%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%85%D9%84%DB%88%D9%83)" title="پۇرچاق (ئۆسۈملۈك) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پۇرچاق (ئۆسۈملۈك)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_(h%E1%BA%A1t)" title="Đậu (hạt) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đậu (hạt)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon" title="Bon – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bon" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E7%B1%BB" title="豆类 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="豆类" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80w%C3%A0" title="Ẹ̀wà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀wà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E9%A1%9E" title="豆類 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="豆類" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E7%B1%BB" title="豆类 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="豆类" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batung" title="Batung – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Batung" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayikun" title="Ayikun – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Ayikun" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenga" title="Beenga – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Beenga" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beans&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">Beans</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Seed of one of several genera of the plant family Fabaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bean_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bean (disambiguation)">Bean (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_beans_J1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/French_beans_J1.JPG/250px-French_beans_J1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/French_beans_J1.JPG/330px-French_beans_J1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/French_beans_J1.JPG/500px-French_beans_J1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="French bean">French bean</a> pods on a plant</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>bean</b> is the seed of any plant in the <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> family (<a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>) used as a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> for human consumption or animal feed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seeds are often preserved through <a href="/wiki/Drying" title="Drying">drying</a>, but fresh beans are also sold. Most beans are traditionally soaked and boiled, but they can be cooked in many different ways,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including frying and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes throughout the world. The unripe seedpods of some varieties are also eaten whole as <a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">green beans</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Edamame" title="Edamame">edamame</a></i> (immature <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a>), but fully ripened beans contain toxins like <a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">phytohemagglutinin</a> and require cooking. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>The word "bean" and its Germanic <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bohne#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:Bohne">Bohne</a></i>) have existed in common use in <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> since before the 12th century,<sup id="cite_ref-MW_Collegiate_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_Collegiate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">broad beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>, and other pod-borne seeds. This was long before the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Phaseolus</a></i> was known in Europe. With the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a> of domestic plants between Europe and the Americas, use of the word was extended to pod-borne seeds of <i>Phaseolus</i>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Common_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Common bean">common bean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Runner_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Runner bean">runner bean</a>, and the related genus <i><a href="/wiki/Vigna" title="Vigna">Vigna</a></i>. The term has long been applied generally to seeds of similar form,<sup id="cite_ref-AHD_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Old World <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lupinus" title="Lupinus">lupins</a>, and to the fruits or seeds of unrelated plants such as <a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">coffee beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricinus" title="Ricinus">castor beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa beans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOdef_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOdef-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></div> <p>Beans in an early cultivated form were grown in Thailand from the early seventh millennium BCE, predating ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beans were deposited with the dead in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. Not until the second millennium BCE did cultivated, large-seeded broad beans appear in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>, and transalpine Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> (8th century BCE), there is a passing mention of beans and <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a> cast on the threshing floor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest-known domesticated beans in the Americas were found in <a href="/wiki/Guitarrero_Cave" title="Guitarrero Cave">Guitarrero Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, dated to around the second millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Chazan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic analyses of the common bean <i>Phaseolus</i> show that it originated in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, and subsequently spread southward, along with <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and squash, traditional companion crops.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the kinds of beans commonly eaten today are part of the genus <i>Phaseolus</i>, which originated in the Americas. The first European to encounter them was <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, while exploring what may have been the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, and saw them growing in fields. Five kinds of <i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Phaseolus</a></i> beans were domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples, selecting <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">pods that did not open</a> and scatter their seeds when ripe: common beans (<i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris" title="Phaseolus vulgaris">P. vulgaris</a></i>) grown from Chile to the northern part of the United States; lima and sieva beans (<i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_lunatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaseolus lunatus">P. lunatus</a></i>); and the less widely distributed teparies (<i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_acutifolius" title="Phaseolus acutifolius">P. acutifolius</a></i>), scarlet runner beans (<i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_coccineus" title="Phaseolus coccineus">P. coccineus</a></i>), and polyanthus beans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan200830_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan200830-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian</a> peoples as far north as the Atlantic seaboard grew beans in the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a>" method of <a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">companion planting</a>. The beans were interplanted with <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mt._Pleasant_2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mt._Pleasant_2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beans were cultivated across Chile in Pre-Hispanic times, likely as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alimentarias_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alimentarias-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomic_range">Taxonomic range</h3></div> <p>Beans are legumes, but from many different genera, native to different regions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 70px;">Genus </th> <th style="width: 250px;">Species and common varieties </th> <th style="width: 180px;">Probable home region </th> <th style="width: 180px;">Distribution, climate </th> <th style="width: 250px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Phaseolus</a></i> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris" title="Phaseolus vulgaris">P. vulgaris</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Kidney_bean" title="Kidney bean">kidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinto_bean" title="Pinto bean">pinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navy_bean" title="Navy bean">navy</a> (cannellini, haricot/<a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">French</a>/pole/bush), <a href="/wiki/Black_turtle_bean" title="Black turtle bean">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_bean" title="Cranberry bean">Borlotti beans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_lunatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaseolus lunatus">P. lunatus</a></i>: Lima beans</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_coccineus" title="Phaseolus coccineus">P. coccineus</a></i>: runner, flat beans</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_acutifolius" title="Phaseolus acutifolius">P. acutifolius</a></i>: tepary bean</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">The Americas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Warm temperate</a> </td> <td>Some contain high levels of toxic <a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">phytohemagglutinin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pisum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisum">Pisum</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pisum_sativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisum sativum"><i>P. sativum</i>:</a> Green/garden, white, yellow, field, <a href="/wiki/Snow_pea" title="Snow pea">snow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snap_pea" title="Snap pea">snap peas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> </td> <td>Subtropical, temperate, occasionally cool tropical </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Vigna" title="Vigna">Vigna</a></i> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">V. radiata</a></i>: mung bean</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_mungo" title="Vigna mungo">V. mungo</a></i>: urad bean</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowpea" title="Cowpea">V. unguiculata (Cowpeas)</a></i>: yardlong bean, black-eyed peas</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_aconitifolia" title="Vigna aconitifolia">V. aconitifolia</a></i>: moth bean</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_angularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigna angularis">V. angularis</a></i>: adzuki beans</li></ul> </td> <td>Mostly <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> </td> <td>Equatorial, pantropical, warm subtropical, hot temperate </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cajanus" title="Cajanus">Cajanus</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_pea" title="Pigeon pea">C. cajan</a></i>: pigeon pea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantropical" title="Pantropical">Pantropical</a>, equatorial </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lens_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (plant)">Lens</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lens_culinaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens culinaris">L. culinaris</a></i>: red, green, and Puy lentils </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> </td> <td>Temperate, subtropical, cool tropical </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cicer" title="Cicer">Cicer</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">C. arietinum</a></i>: chickpeas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>/Levant/Near East </td> <td>Temperate, subtropical, cool tropical </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Vicia" title="Vicia">Vicia</a></i> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">V. faba</a></i>: broad beans</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicia_ervilia" title="Vicia ervilia">V. ervilia</a></i>: bitter vetch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicia_sativa" title="Vicia sativa"><i>V. sativa</i>:</a> common vetch</li></ul> </td> <td>Near East </td> <td>Subtropical, temperate </td> <td>Causes <a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency">Favism</a> in susceptible people.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Arachis" title="Arachis">Arachis</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">A. hypogaea</a>:</i> peanut </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td> <td>Warm Subtropical, cool tropical </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Glycine_(plant)" title="Glycine (plant)">Glycine</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Glycine_max" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycine max">G. max</a></i>: soybean </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> </td> <td>Hot temperate, Subtropical, cool tropical </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Macrotyloma" title="Macrotyloma">Macrotyloma</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Macrotyloma_uniflorum" title="Macrotyloma uniflorum">M. uniflorum</a></i>: horsegram </td> <td>South Asia </td> <td>Tropical, subtropical </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mucuna" title="Mucuna">Mucuna</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mucuna_pruriens" title="Mucuna pruriens">M. pruriens</a>:</i> velvet bean </td> <td>Tropical Asia and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </td> <td>Tropical, Warm Subtropical </td> <td>Contains <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and smaller amounts of other psychoactive compounds. Can cause itching and rashes on contact. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lupinus" title="Lupinus">Lupinus</a></i> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lupinus_albus" title="Lupinus albus">L. albus</a></i>: white lupin</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lupinus_mutabilis" title="Lupinus mutabilis">L. mutabilis</a></i>: tarwi/Andean lupin</li></ul> </td> <td>The Mediterranean, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, Levant (albinus), <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">The Andes</a> (mutabilis) </td> <td>Subtropical, temperate </td> <td>Requires soaking to remove toxins.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratonia" title="Ceratonia">Ceratonia</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratonia_siliqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratonia siliqua">C. siliqua</a></i>: carob bean </td> <td>Mediterranean, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> </td> <td>Subtropical, arid subtropical, hot temperate </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Canavalia" title="Canavalia">Canavalia</a></i> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canavalia_gladiata" title="Canavalia gladiata">C. gladiata:</a></i> sword bean</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canavalia_ensiformis" title="Canavalia ensiformis">C. ensiformis</a></i>: Jack beans</li></ul> </td> <td>South Asia or Africa (C. gladiata), <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and South America (C. Ensiformis) </td> <td>Tropical </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cyamopsis" title="Cyamopsis">Cyamopsis</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cyamopsis_tetragonoloba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyamopsis tetragonoloba">C. tetragonoloba</a></i>: guar bean </td> <td>Africa or South Asia </td> <td>Tropical, semi-arid </td> <td>Source of <a href="/wiki/Guar_gum" title="Guar gum">Guar gum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lablab" title="Lablab">Lablab</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lablab_purpureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lablab purpureus">L. purpureus</a></i>: hyacinth/lablab bean </td> <td>South Asia, Indian Subcontinent or Africa </td> <td>Tropical </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Psophocarpus" title="Psophocarpus">Psophocarpus</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Psophocarpus_tetragonolobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psophocarpus tetragonolobus">P. tetranoglobulus</a>:</i> winged bean </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> </td> <td>Tropical, equatorial </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Clitoria" title="Clitoria">Clitoria</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Clitoria_ternatea" title="Clitoria ternatea">C. ternatea</a></i>: butterfly pea </td> <td>Equatorial and Tropical Asia </td> <td>Tropical, subtropical </td> <td>Flowers used as a <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">natural food colouring</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lathyrus" title="Lathyrus">Lathyrus</a></i> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lathyrus_sativus" title="Lathyrus sativus">L. sativus</a></i>: grass pea</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lathyrus_tuberosus" title="Lathyrus tuberosus">L. tuberosus</a>:</i> tuberous pea</li></ul> </td> <td>Balkans, India or Asia </td> <td>Subtropical </td> <td>Can cause <a href="/wiki/Lathyrism" title="Lathyrism">Lathyrism</a> if used as staple.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_of_cultivars">Conservation of cultivars</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of bean cultivars is threatened by modern plant breeding, which selects a small number of the most productive varieties. Efforts are being made to conserve the <a href="/wiki/Germplasm" title="Germplasm">germplasm</a> of older varieties in different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault" title="Svalbard Global Seed Vault">Svalbard Global Seed Vault</a> holds more than 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Accession_number_(cultural_property)" title="Accession number (cultural property)">accessions</a> of <i>Phaseolus</i> bean species.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agronomy">Agronomy</h3></div> <p>Many beans are summer crops that needs warm temperatures to grow; peas are an exception. Legumes are capable of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a> and hence need less fertiliser than most plants. Maturity is typically 55–60 days from planting to harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the pods mature, they turn yellow and dry up, and the beans inside change from green to their mature colour. Many beans are <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a> needing external support, such as "bean cages" or poles. Native Americans customarily grew them along with corn and squash, the tall stalks acting as support for the beans.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the commercial "bush bean" which does not require support and produces all its pods simultaneously has been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bean_Flower_in_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower with pollinator"><img alt="Flower with pollinator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bean_Flower_in_Bangladesh.jpg/250px-Bean_Flower_in_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bean_Flower_in_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-Bean_Flower_in_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bean_Flower_in_Bangladesh.jpg/500px-Bean_Flower_in_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower with pollinator</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lablab_bean_and_bean_flowers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lablab flowers and fruits"><img alt="Lablab flowers and fruits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lablab_bean_and_bean_flowers.JPG/250px-Lablab_bean_and_bean_flowers.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lablab_bean_and_bean_flowers.JPG/330px-Lablab_bean_and_bean_flowers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lablab_bean_and_bean_flowers.JPG/500px-Lablab_bean_and_bean_flowers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lablab" title="Lablab">Lablab</a> flowers and fruits</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_beans_near_Pendomer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1463701.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Broad beans ready for harvest"><img alt="Broad beans ready for harvest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Field_beans_near_Pendomer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1463701.jpg/120px-Field_beans_near_Pendomer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1463701.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Field_beans_near_Pendomer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1463701.jpg/250px-Field_beans_near_Pendomer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1463701.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Broad beans</a> ready for harvest</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legume#Production" title="Legume">Legume § Production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beans_in_a_supermarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Beans_in_a_supermarket.jpg/250px-Beans_in_a_supermarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Beans_in_a_supermarket.jpg/330px-Beans_in_a_supermarket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Beans_in_a_supermarket.jpg/500px-Beans_in_a_supermarket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Beans in a market</figcaption></figure> <p>The production data for legumes are published by <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> in three categories: </p> <ol><li>Pulses dry: all mature and dry seeds of leguminous plants except soybeans and groundnuts.</li> <li>Oil crops: soybeans and groundnuts.</li> <li>Fresh vegetable: immature green fresh fruits of leguminous plants.</li></ol> <p>The following is a summary of FAO data.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Production of legumes (million metric tons) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Crops<br />[FAO code]<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1961 </th> <th>1981 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>Ratio<br /><small>2016 /1961</small> </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total pulses (dry) [1726] </td> <td>40.78 </td> <td>41.63 </td> <td>56.23 </td> <td>77.57 </td> <td>81.80 </td> <td>2.01 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Per capita production decreased.<br />(Population grew 2.4×) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8">Oil crops (dry) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Soybeans [236] </td> <td>26.88 </td> <td>88.53 </td> <td>177.02 </td> <td>323.20 </td> <td>334.89 </td> <td>12.46 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Increase driven by animal feeds and oil. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Groundnuts, with shell [242] </td> <td>14.13 </td> <td>20.58 </td> <td>35.82 </td> <td>45.08 </td> <td>43.98 </td> <td>3.11 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8">Fresh vegetables (80–90% water) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Beans, green [414] </td> <td>2.63 </td> <td>4.09 </td> <td>10.92 </td> <td>23.12 </td> <td>23.60 </td> <td>8.96 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peas, green [417] </td> <td>3.79 </td> <td>5.66 </td> <td>12.41 </td> <td>19.44 </td> <td>19.88 </td> <td>5.25 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Top producers, pulses [1726]<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(million metric tons) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Country </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>Share </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th> </th> <th>81.80 </th> <th>100% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>India </td> <td>17.56 </td> <td>21.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>8.20 </td> <td>10.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Myanmar </td> <td>6.57 </td> <td>8.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>China </td> <td>4.23 </td> <td>5.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Nigeria </td> <td>3.09 </td> <td>3.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>2.94 </td> <td>3.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Ethiopia </td> <td>2.73 </td> <td>3.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td>2.62 </td> <td>3.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>2.52 </td> <td>3.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>USA </td> <td>2.44 </td> <td>2.98% </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Niger </td> <td>2.06 </td> <td>2.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Tanzania </td> <td>2.00 </td> <td>2.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Others </td> <td>24.82 </td> <td>30.34% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The world leader in production of dry beans (<i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Phaseolus</a></i> spp),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is India, followed by Myanmar (Burma) and Brazil. In Africa, the most important producer is Tanzania.<sup id="cite_ref-FAODEF_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAODEF-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Top ten dry beans (Phaseolus spp) producers, 2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Production<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th> <th>Footnote </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td align="right">5,460,000</td> <td align="right">FAO figure </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td align="right">3,053,012</td> <td align="right">Official figure </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td align="right">3,035,290</td> <td align="right">Aggregated data </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td align="right">1,495,180</td> <td align="right">Semi-official data </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td align="right">1,281,586</td> <td align="right">Official figure </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td align="right">1,267,648</td> <td align="right">FAO figure </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td align="right">1,056,071</td> <td align="right">Official figure </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td align="right">774,366</td> <td align="right">FAO figure </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td align="right">633,823</td> <td align="right">Semi-official data </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td align="right">603,980</td> <td align="right">Official figure </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><b>World</b></td> <td align="right"><b>27,545,942</b></td> <td>Aggregated data </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Source: <a href="/wiki/UN_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Food and Agriculture Organization">UN Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO)</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <p>Beans can be cooked in a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Casserole" title="Casserole">casseroles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curries" class="mw-redirect" title="Curries">curries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>. They can be served whole or mashed alongside meat or toast, or included in an <a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">omelette</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">flatbread</a> wrap.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Good_Food_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Good_Food-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other options are to include them in a bake with a <a href="/wiki/Cheese_sauce" title="Cheese sauce">cheese sauce</a>, a Mexican-style <a href="/wiki/Chili_con_carne" title="Chili con carne">chili con carne</a>, or to use them as a meat substitute in a <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">burger</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French <a href="/wiki/Cassoulet" title="Cassoulet">cassoulet</a> is a slow-cooked stew with haricot beans, sausage, pork, mutton, and preserved goose.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soybeans can be processed into bean curd (<a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or fermented into a cake (<a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these can be eaten fried or roasted like meat, or included in stir-fries, curries, and soups.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most dry beans contain 21-25% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> by weight;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dry <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a> are 36.5% protein by weight.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bean_salad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bean salad"><img alt="Bean salad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bean_salad.jpg/250px-Bean_salad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bean_salad.jpg/330px-Bean_salad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bean_salad.jpg/500px-Bean_salad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3994" data-file-height="2995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bean salad</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beans_on_toast_-_Vios_2024-01-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beans on toast, Greece"><img alt="Beans on toast, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Beans_on_toast_-_Vios_2024-01-09.jpg/200px-Beans_on_toast_-_Vios_2024-01-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Beans_on_toast_-_Vios_2024-01-09.jpg/300px-Beans_on_toast_-_Vios_2024-01-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Beans_on_toast_-_Vios_2024-01-09.jpg/400px-Beans_on_toast_-_Vios_2024-01-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beans on toast, Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_bean_soup,_United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center,_April_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bean soup"><img alt="Bean soup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Senate_bean_soup%2C_United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center%2C_April_2019.jpg/250px-Senate_bean_soup%2C_United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center%2C_April_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Senate_bean_soup%2C_United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center%2C_April_2019.jpg/330px-Senate_bean_soup%2C_United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center%2C_April_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Senate_bean_soup%2C_United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center%2C_April_2019.jpg/500px-Senate_bean_soup%2C_United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center%2C_April_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bean soup</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowl_of_cassoulet.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cassoulet, France"><img alt="Cassoulet, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bowl_of_cassoulet.JPG/250px-Bowl_of_cassoulet.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bowl_of_cassoulet.JPG/330px-Bowl_of_cassoulet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bowl_of_cassoulet.JPG/500px-Bowl_of_cassoulet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cassoulet" title="Cassoulet">Cassoulet</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chili_con_carne_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chili con carne with meat, beans, and red peppers"><img alt="Chili con carne with meat, beans, and red peppers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chili_con_carne_6.jpg/250px-Chili_con_carne_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chili_con_carne_6.jpg/330px-Chili_con_carne_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chili_con_carne_6.jpg/500px-Chili_con_carne_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chili_con_carne" title="Chili con carne">Chili con carne</a> with meat, beans, and red peppers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetarian_black_bean_burger_with_homefries.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bean burger"><img alt="Bean burger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vegetarian_black_bean_burger_with_homefries.jpg/200px-Vegetarian_black_bean_burger_with_homefries.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vegetarian_black_bean_burger_with_homefries.jpg/300px-Vegetarian_black_bean_burger_with_homefries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vegetarian_black_bean_burger_with_homefries.jpg/400px-Vegetarian_black_bean_burger_with_homefries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bean burger</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_fried_bean-curd_curry_(2894128615).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bean curd curry"><img alt="Bean curd curry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Deep_fried_bean-curd_curry_%282894128615%29.jpg/200px-Deep_fried_bean-curd_curry_%282894128615%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Deep_fried_bean-curd_curry_%282894128615%29.jpg/300px-Deep_fried_bean-curd_curry_%282894128615%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Deep_fried_bean-curd_curry_%282894128615%29.jpg/400px-Deep_fried_bean-curd_curry_%282894128615%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Bean curd</a> curry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempeh_tempe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tempeh cakes ready to cook, Indonesia"><img alt="Tempeh cakes ready to cook, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tempeh_tempe.jpg/200px-Tempeh_tempe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tempeh_tempe.jpg/300px-Tempeh_tempe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tempeh_tempe.jpg/400px-Tempeh_tempe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a> cakes ready to cook, Indonesia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cluster_bean-guar-Cyamopsis_psoralioides-Cyamopsis_tetragonolobus-TAMIL_NADU73.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cluster_bean-guar-Cyamopsis_psoralioides-Cyamopsis_tetragonolobus-TAMIL_NADU73.jpg/170px-Cluster_bean-guar-Cyamopsis_psoralioides-Cyamopsis_tetragonolobus-TAMIL_NADU73.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Cluster_bean-guar-Cyamopsis_psoralioides-Cyamopsis_tetragonolobus-TAMIL_NADU73.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guar" title="Guar">Guar</a> beans are used for <a href="/wiki/Guar_gum" title="Guar gum">their gum</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Guar" title="Guar">Guar</a> beans are used for <a href="/wiki/Guar_gum" title="Guar gum">their gum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Galactomannan" title="Galactomannan">galactomannan</a> <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a>. It is used to thicken and stabilise foods and other products.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_concerns">Health concerns</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxins">Toxins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">Phytohaemagglutinin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soybean_agglutinin" title="Soybean agglutinin">Soybean agglutinin</a></div> <p>Some kinds of raw beans contain a harmful, flavourless toxin: the <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectin</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">phytohaemagglutinin</a>, which must be destroyed by cooking. Red <a href="/wiki/Kidney_bean" title="Kidney bean">kidney beans</a> are particularly toxic, but other types also pose risks of <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a>. Even small quantities (4 or 5 raw beans) may cause severe stomachache, vomiting, and diarrhea. This risk does not apply to canned beans because they have already been cooked.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recommended method is to boil the beans for at least ten minutes; under-cooked beans may be more toxic than raw beans.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooking beans, without bringing them to a boil, in a <a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">slow cooker</a> at a temperature well below boiling may not destroy toxins.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A case of poisoning by <a href="/wiki/Lima_bean" title="Lima bean">butter beans</a> used to make <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a> was reported; the beans were used instead of traditional <a href="/wiki/Broad_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad bean">broad beans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>, soaked and ground without boiling, made into patties, and <a href="/wiki/Shallow_frying" title="Shallow frying">shallow fried</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-falafel_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falafel-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bean poisoning is not well known in the medical community, and many cases may be misdiagnosed or never reported; figures appear not to be available. In the case of the UK <a href="/wiki/National_Poisons_Information_Service" title="National Poisons Information Service">National Poisons Information Service</a>, available only to health professionals, the dangers of beans other than red beans were not flagged as of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bean&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-falafel_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falafel-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">Fermentation</a> is used in some parts of Africa to improve the nutritional value of beans by removing toxins. Inexpensive fermentation improves the nutritional impact of flour from dry beans and improves digestibility, according to research co-authored by Emire Shimelis, from the Food Engineering Program at Addis Ababa University.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beans are a major source of dietary <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_hazards">Other hazards</h3></div> <p>It is common to make <a href="/wiki/Beansprout" class="mw-redirect" title="Beansprout">beansprouts</a> by letting some types of bean, often <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung beans</a>, germinate in moist and warm conditions; beansprouts may be used as ingredients in cooked dishes, or eaten raw or lightly cooked. There have been many <a href="/wiki/Beansprout#health_concerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Beansprout">outbreaks of disease</a> from bacterial contamination, often by <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">salmonella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">listeria</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, of beansprouts not thoroughly cooked,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some causing significant mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many types of bean like kidney bean contain significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">antinutrients</a> that inhibit some enzyme processes in the body. <a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">Phytic acid</a>, present in beans, interferes with bone growth and interrupts <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many beans, including broad beans, navy beans, kidney beans and soybeans, contain large sugar molecules, <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">raffinose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">stachyose</a>). A suitable oligosaccharide-cleaving <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> is necessary to digest these. As the human digestive tract does not contain such enzymes, consumed oligosaccharides are digested by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> in the large intestine, producing gases such as methane, released as <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_human_society">In human society</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg/220px-Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg/330px-Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg/440px-Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beaneater" title="The Beaneater">The Beaneater</a></i> (c.1584) by <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Beans have often been thought of as a food of the poor, as small farmers ate grains, vegetables, and got their protein from beans, while the wealthier classes were able to afford meat.<sup id="cite_ref-Albala_2007_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albala_2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European society has what Ken Albala calls "a class-based antagonism" to beans.<sup id="cite_ref-Albala_2007_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albala_2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different cultures agree in disliking the flatulence that beans cause, and possess their own seasonings to attempt to remedy it: Mexico uses the herb <a href="/wiki/Epazote" class="mw-redirect" title="Epazote">epazote</a>; India the aromatic resin <a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">asafoetida</a>; Germany applies the herb <a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">savory</a>; in the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>; and Japan the seaweed <a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">kombu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Albala_2007_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albala_2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A substance for which there is evidence of effectiveness in reducing flatulence is the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Alpha-galactosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-galactosidase">alpha-galactosidase</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Albala_2007_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albala_2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Mould">mould</a> fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_niger" title="Aspergillus niger">Aspergillus niger</a></i>, it breaks down <a href="/wiki/Glycolipid" title="Glycolipid">glycolipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reputation of beans for flatulence is the theme of a children's song "<a href="/wiki/Beans,_Beans,_the_Musical_Fruit" title="Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit">Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_jumping_bean" title="Mexican jumping bean">Mexican jumping bean</a> is a segment of a seed pod occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a> of the moth <i><a href="/wiki/Cydia_saltitans" title="Cydia saltitans">Cydia saltitans</a></i>, and sold as a novelty. The pods start to jump when warmed in the palm of the hand. Scientists have suggested that the random walk that results may help the larva to find shade and so to survive on hot days.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_beans" title="Baked beans">Baked beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bean_soups" title="List of bean soups">List of bean soups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fassoulada" class="mw-redirect" title="Fassoulada">Fassoulada</a> – a bean soup</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legume_dishes" title="List of legume dishes">List of legume dishes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.choosemyplate.gov/eathealthy/vegetables/vegetables-beans-and-peas">"Beans and peas are unique foods | ChooseMyPlate"</a>. <i>www.choosemyplate.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Hoabinhian: A pebble-tool complex with early plant associations in southeast Asia". <i>Science</i>. <b>163</b> (3868): <span class="nowrap">671–</span>673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Sci...163..671G">1969Sci...163..671G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.163.3868.671">10.1126/science.163.3868.671</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17742735">17742735</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34052655">34052655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Hoabinhian%3A+A+pebble-tool+complex+with+early+plant+associations+in+southeast+Asia&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=3868&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E671-%3C%2Fspan%3E673&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.163.3868.671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34052655%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17742735&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Sci...163..671G&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf <i>Domestication of Plants in the Old World</i> Oxford University Press, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199549060" title="Special:BookSources/0199549060">0199549060</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"And as in some great threshing-floor go leaping From a broad pan the black-skinned beans or peas." (<i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> xiii, 589).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chazan-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chazan_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChazan2008" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Michael (2008). <i>World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways through Time</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microscopy-uk.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Germination+Of+a+Bean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microscopy-uk.org.uk%2Fmag%2Fartdec13macro%2FGerhardt_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FAO STAT <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">Production/Crops</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Legume#Classification" title="Legume">Legume § Classification</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All legumes dry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dry beans does not include broad beans, dry peas, chickpea, lentil.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAODEF-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAODEF_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FAO <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef04e.htm">Pulses and Derived Products</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151207071652/http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef04e.htm">Archived</a> 7 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906230329/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor">"Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers – Countries By Commodity"</a>. Fao.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor">the original</a> on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Food+And+Agricultural+Commodities+And+Producers+%E2%80%93+Countries+By+Commodity&rft.pub=Fao.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaostat.fao.org%2Fsite%2F567%2FDesktopDefault.aspx%3FPageID%3D567%23ancor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Good_Food-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Good_Food_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/collection/healthy-bean-recipes">"Healthy bean recipes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Good Food<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Influence of natural and controlled fermentations on α-galactosides, antinutrients and protein digestibility of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)". <i>International Journal of Food Science & Technology</i>. <b>43</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">658–</span>665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.2006.01506.x">10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01506.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2621">1365-2621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Influence+of+natural+and+controlled+fermentations+on+%CE%B1-galactosides%2C+antinutrients+and+protein+digestibility+of+beans+%28Phaseolus+vulgaris+L.%29&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E658-%3C%2Fspan%3E665&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.2006.01506.x&rft.issn=1365-2621&rft.aulast=Shimelis&rft.aufirst=Emire+Admassu&rft.au=Rakshit%2C+Sudip+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scidev.net/fr/climate-change-and-energy/tsunami/news/actualit-s-d-afrique-sub-saharienne-en-bref-du-25-.html">Fermentation 'improves nutritional value of beans'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522113641/http://www.scidev.net/fr/climate-change-and-energy/tsunami/news/actualit-s-d-afrique-sub-saharienne-en-bref-du-25-.html">Archived</a> 22 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Sub Saharan Africa page, Science and Development Network website). Paper: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105080106/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119409208/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0">Influence of natural and controlled fermentations on α-galactosides, antinutrients and protein digestibility of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/types/fruits/sprouts.html">"Sprouts: What You Should Know"</a>. <i>Foodsafety.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Weston+A+Price+Foundation&rft.atitle=Living+With+Phytic+Acid&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft.aulast=Nagel&rft.aufirst=Ramiel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westonaprice.org%2Fhealth-topics%2Fliving-with-phytic-acid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4943486.stm">"Health: Experts make flatulence-free bean"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331165557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4943486.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Health%3A+Experts+make+flatulence-free+bean&rft.date=2006-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F4943486.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Flatulence/Pages/Introduction.aspx?url=Pages/What-is-it.aspx">"Flatulence – Overview – Introduction"</a>. Nhs.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221200429/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/flatulence/Pages/Introduction.aspx?url=Pages%2FWhat-is-it.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flatulence+%E2%80%93+Overview+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft.pub=Nhs.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2FFlatulence%2FPages%2FIntroduction.aspx%3Furl%3DPages%2FWhat-is-it.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2003" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (2003). <i>Food and Cooking</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684843285" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684843285"><bdi>978-0684843285</bdi></a>. <q>Many legumes, especially soy, navy and lima beans, cause a sudden increase in bacterial activity and gas production a few hours after they're consumed. This is because they contain large amounts of carbohydrates that human digestive enzymes can't convert into absorbable sugars. These carbohydrates therefore leave the upper intestine unchanged and enter the lower reaches, where our resident bacterial population does the job we are unable to do.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Cooking&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0684843285&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarham2001" class="citation book cs1">Barham, Peter (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783540674665/page/14"><i>The Science of Cooking</i></a></span>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783540674665/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67466-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67466-5"><bdi>978-3-540-67466-5</bdi></a>. <q>we do not possess any enzymes that are capable of breaking down larger sugars, such as raffinose etc. These 3, 4 and 5 ring sugars are made by plants especially as part of the energy storage system in seeds and beans. If these sugars are ingested, they can't be broken down in the intestines; rather, they travel into the colon, where various bacteria digest them</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Cooking&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-540-67466-5&rft.aulast=Barham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9783540674665%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albala_2007-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albala_2007_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albala_2007_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albala_2007_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albala_2007_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbala2007" class="citation book cs1">Albala, Ken (15 August 2007). <i>Beans</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12483399/">the original</a> on 5 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Scientists+take+the+%27toot%27+out+of+beans&rft.date=2006-04-25&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Bjorn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F12483399%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOuellette2023" class="citation web cs1">Ouellette, Jennifer (9 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/02/taking-a-walk-on-the-random-side-helps-mexican-jumping-beans-find-shade/">"Study: Mexican jumping beans use random walk strategy to find shade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210004230/https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/02/taking-a-walk-on-the-random-side-helps-mexican-jumping-beans-find-shade/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Mexican+jumping+beans+use+random+walk+strategy+to+find+shade&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft.aulast=Ouellette&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2023%2F02%2Ftaking-a-walk-on-the-random-side-helps-mexican-jumping-beans-find-shade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tW6fjds6YwkC&pg=PA27">"Legumes in the History of Human Nutrition"</a>. In DuBois, Christine; Tan, Chee-Beng; Mintz, Sidney (eds.). <i>The World of Soy</i>. NUS Press. pp. 27–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-413-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-413-5"><bdi>978-9971-69-413-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legumes+in+the+History+of+Human+Nutrition&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Soy&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-413-5&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtW6fjds6YwkC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABean" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bean" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/bean">bean</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Beans">Beans</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=119C6813C8S25.9800&profile=all&source=~!siarchives&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!179119~!1&ri=21&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=bickley&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=21">Everett H. 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