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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daily_life_in_the_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_life_in_the_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Daily life in the camp</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Daily_life_in_the_camp-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Daily life in the camp subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Daily_life_in_the_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Work</span> </div> 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href="#Malnutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Malnutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malnutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brutality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brutality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Brutality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brutality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purchasing,_bartering_and_smuggling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purchasing,_bartering_and_smuggling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Purchasing, bartering and smuggling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purchasing,_bartering_and_smuggling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Social life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemetery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemetery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cemetery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemetery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_radio_(the_"Old_Lady")_and_generator_("Ginnie")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_radio_(the_"Old_Lady")_and_generator_("Ginnie")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The radio (the "Old Lady") and generator ("Ginnie")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_radio_(the_"Old_Lady")_and_generator_("Ginnie")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_war_for_Batu_Lintang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_war_for_Batu_Lintang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>End of the war for Batu Lintang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-End_of_the_war_for_Batu_Lintang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle End of the war for Batu Lintang subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_war_for_Batu_Lintang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Death orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_of_the_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_of_the_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Liberation of the camp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_of_the_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Batu_Lintang_in_March_2007:_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batu_Lintang_in_March_2007:_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Batu Lintang in March 2007: gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batu_Lintang_in_March_2007:_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-POWs_and_internees_of_note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#POWs_and_internees_of_note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>POWs and internees of note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-POWs_and_internees_of_note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Personal histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem_Batu_Lintang" title="Kem Batu Lintang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kem Batu Lintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_Batu_Lintang" title="Kamp Batu Lintang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kamp Batu Lintang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E6%8D%95%E8%99%9C%E5%8F%8E%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%80" title="バトゥ・リンタン捕虜収容所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バトゥ・リンタン捕虜収容所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_Batu_Lintang" title="Campo Batu Lintang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campo Batu Lintang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2147549#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Batu_Lintang_camp&params=1_31_51_N_110_20_53_E_region:MY-13_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°31′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">110°20′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.53083°N 110.34806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.53083; 110.34806</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese-run WWII internment camp in Kuching, Sarawak</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Batu Lintang camp</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label">Kuching, Sarawak </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_Lintang_POW_camp,_Sarawak,_Borneo_taken_on_or_after_29_August_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Batu_Lintang_POW_camp%2C_Sarawak%2C_Borneo_taken_on_or_after_29_August_1945.jpg/325px-Batu_Lintang_POW_camp%2C_Sarawak%2C_Borneo_taken_on_or_after_29_August_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Batu_Lintang_POW_camp%2C_Sarawak%2C_Borneo_taken_on_or_after_29_August_1945.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="334" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial view of part of Batu Lintang camp, on or after 29 August 1945. In the foreground is the Roman Catholic priests' compound. The central open area is one of the parade grounds; beyond that is the main enclosure containing the camps of the British other ranks, the Indonesian soldiers and the male civilian internees. The female civilian internees' camp is just visible at top right. Three panel signals to the liberating forces are visible on the roof of the long building parallel to the track on the left edge of the photograph</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Batu_Lintang_camp&params=1_31_51_N_110_20_53_E_region:MY-13_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°31′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">110°20′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.53083°N 110.34806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.53083; 110.34806</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">POW and civilian internee camp</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Controlled by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">Early 1941 as military barracks; expanded significantly by the Japanese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In use</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1942 – September 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Converted into Teachers' Training College in 1947</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Garrison information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Occupants</th><td class="infobox-data">Allied POWs and civilian internees (mostly British, Australian and Dutch; a few Indonesian, American and Canadian)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Malaysia" title="Category:History of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of <span class="fn org label">Malaysia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/205px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/308px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/410px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10281" data-file-height="8421" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; padding-top:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,000,0000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansuli_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansuli Valley (page does not exist)">Mansuli Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">235,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah cultures</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 65,000–40,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Bewah man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 16,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Perak man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 11,000–200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Neolithic Klang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 500 – 200 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Ancient Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <100 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–642 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–1474 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 CE–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 424–775</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Old Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 170–1135</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Old Pahang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 449–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1300s</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rise of Muslim states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1402–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate" title="Pahang Sultanate">Pahang Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1470–1623</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1516– 1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1528–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sarawak Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1599–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1766–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Besut_Darul_Iman" title="Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman">Besut Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1780–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Setul Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1808–1916</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1810–1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kubang_Pasu_Darul_Qiyam" title="Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam">Kubang Pasu Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1864</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1511–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1601–1661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1641–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom" title="Pahang Kingdom">Pahang Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1770–1881</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1786–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Naning War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)" title="House of Jamalullail (Perlis)">Separation of Perlis from Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1843</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Civil_War" title="Pahang Civil War">Pahang Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1857–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Larut_Wars" title="Larut Wars">Larut Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Klang_War" title="Klang War">Klang War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Pangkor Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1875–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jementah_Civil_War" title="Jementah Civil War">Jementah Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1882–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1891–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh Rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1894–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Battle of Penang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1915</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <br />1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Bornean Campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Battle of Muar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parit_Sulong_Massacre" title="Parit Sulong Massacre">Parit Sulong Massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syburi" title="Syburi">Syburi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Si_Rat_Malai" title="Si Rat Malai">Si Rat Malai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1944</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Formative period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">BMA of Malaya</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of N. Borneo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independence period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Malayan Declaration of Independence">Malayan Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Singapore self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">ISA 1960</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1960–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak Insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">North Borneo self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Sarawak self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Formation of Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second communist insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1989</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Operations_Council" title="National Operations Council">National Operations Council</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Declaration of Rukun Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territory of KL</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">Pedra Branca dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea dispute</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly</a>)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Raid_(Malaysia)" title="Dawn Raid (Malaysia)">Dawn Raid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Federal Territory of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lalang" title="Operation Lalang">Operation Lalang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1993_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia">Royal Immunity Amendments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1997–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">Reformasi Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_Opposition_Wave" title="2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave">2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_Malaysian_sedition_dragnet" title="2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet">Sedition Dragnet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">Pakatan Harapan takeover</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">Political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">Bornean Amendment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Green_Wave_(Malaysia)" title="Green Wave (Malaysia)">Green Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incidents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Philippine militant attacks</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Singapore race riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Brunei's Limbang claim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1967_Penang_Hartal_riot" title="1967 Penang Hartal riot">Penang Hartal riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">Ligitan and Sipadan dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1971_Kuala_Lumpur_floods" title="1971 Kuala Lumpur floods">Kuala Lumpur flash floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Malaysian haze crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1972–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">AIA building hostage crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">National Monument bombing</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Shopping_Complex_fire" title="Campbell Shopping Complex fire">Campbell Shopping Complex fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_715" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 715">Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">Sabah Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">Ming Court Affair</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_ferry_terminal_bridge_collapse" title="Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse">Penang terminal bridge collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1989_Taufiqiah_Al-Khairiah_madrasa_fire" title="1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire">Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bright_Sparklers_Fireworks_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Sparklers Fireworks disaster">Bright Sparklers disaster</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Towers_collapse" title="Highland Towers collapse">Highland Towers collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Genting_Sempah%E2%80%93Genting_Highlands_Highway" title="Genting Sempah–Genting Highlands Highway">Genting landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_2133" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133">MH2133 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1996_Pos_Dipang_mudflow" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Pos Dipang mudflow">Pos Dipang mudflow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Greg_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Greg (1996)">Tropical Storm Greg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27unah" title="Al-Ma'unah">Al-Ma'unah incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Siege" title="Sauk Siege">Sauk Siege</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2001_Kampung_Medan_riots" title="2001 Kampung Medan riots">2001 Kampung Medan riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2002_Taman_Hillview_landslide" title="2002 Taman Hillview landslide">2002 Taman Hillview landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Malaysia" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia">Indian Ocean tsunami</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_Southeast_Asian_floods" title="2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods">2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2007_Bukit_Gantang_bus_crash" title="2007 Bukit Gantang bus crash">Bukit Gantang bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Bukit_Antarabangsa_landslide" title="2008 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide">Bukit Antarabangsa landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_attacks_against_places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" title="2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia">Attacks against places of worship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_Cameron_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2010 Cameron Highlands bus crash">Cameron Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2011_Hulu_Langat_landslide" title="2011 Hulu Langat landslide">Hulu Langat landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2013_Genting_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2013 Genting Highlands bus crash">Genting Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370">MH370 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Malaysia_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Malaysia floods">2014–15 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Sabah_earthquake" title="2015 Sabah earthquake">Sabah earthquake</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar grenade attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam's Assassination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_Darul_Quran_Ittifaqiyah_madrasa_fire" title="2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire">Darul Quran madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Mariamman_Temple_riot" title="Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot">2018 Subang Temple riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Malaysian floods">2020-21 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_Kelana_Jaya_LRT_collision" title="2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision">LRT train collision</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_floods" title="2021–2022 Malaysian floods">2021-22 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2022_Batang_Kali_landslide" title="2022 Batang Kali landslide">2022 Batang Kali landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Elmina_plane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Elmina plane crash">2023 Elmina plane crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Lumut_mid-air_collision" title="2024 Lumut mid-air collision">2024 Lumut helicopters crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Ulu_Tiram_police_station_attack" title="2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack">2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="History of telecommunications in Malaysia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malaysian_Constitution" title="History of the Malaysian Constitution">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia#History" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_legal_history" title="Malaysian legal history">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Malaysia" title="Military history of Malaysia">Military</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="History of Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_George_Town,_Penang" title="History of George Town, Penang">George Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Batu Lintang camp</b> (also known as <b>Lintang Barracks</b> and <b>Kuching POW camp</b>) at <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a>-run internment camp during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. It was unusual in that it housed both <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs) and <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">civilian internees</a>. The camp, which operated from March 1942 until the liberation of the camp in September 1945, was housed in buildings that were originally <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> barracks. The original area was extended by the Japanese, until it covered about 50 acres (20 hectares).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camp population fluctuated, due to movement of prisoners between camps in Borneo, and as a result of the deaths of the prisoners. It had a maximum population of some 3,000 prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_76_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_76-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Life in the camp was harsh, with POWs and internees alike forced to endure <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">food shortages</a>, disease and sickness for which scant medicine was made available, <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labour</a>, brutal treatment, and lack of adequate clothing and living quarters. Of the approximately 2,000 British POWs held there, over two-thirds died during or as a result of their captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_636_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_636-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction and operation of a secret radio receiver for over 2½ years, from February 1943 until the liberation of the camp, was a morale booster and allowed the prisoners to follow the progress of the war. Discovery would have resulted in certain death for those involved. </p><p>Following the unconditional <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> on 15 August 1945, the camp was liberated on 11 September 1945 by the <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">Australian 9th Division</a>. On liberation, the camp population was 2,024, of whom 1,392 were POWs, 395 were male civilian internees and 237 were civilian women and children. Amongst official Japanese papers found at the camp following its liberation were two "death orders". Both described the proposed method of <a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">execution</a> of every POW and internee in the camp. The first order, scheduled for enactment on 17 or 18 August, was not carried out; the second was scheduled to take place on 15 September. The timely liberation of the camp may have prevented the murder of over 2,000 men, women and children. </p><p>In July 1948, a teachers' training college moved to the site, where it continues to this day, the oldest such establishment in Malaysia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_organisation">Location and organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location and organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuching lies some 35 kilometres (22 mi) up the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_River" title="Sarawak River">Sarawak River</a> from the sea;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the camp was situated some 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the southeast of Kuching.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The barracks were built by the Sarawak Government in early 1941, when Britain, in agreement with the Rajah of Sarawak, sent the 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Regiment_(India)" title="Punjab Regiment (India)">15th Punjab Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> (2/15th Punjab Regiment) to defend Sarawak in case of attack by the Japanese. The camp, known from its inception as Batu Lintang, was near completion for occupation by May 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese first <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941-42)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Borneo (1941-42)">invaded the island of Borneo</a> in mid December 1941, landing on the west coast near <a href="/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miri, Malaysia">Miri</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invasion was completed by 23 January 1942 when they landed at <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a> on the east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Allied prisoners held in the camp were about 340 British and Indian soldiers who were interned there in mid-March 1942. In time, it held both Allied POWs and Allied civilian internees. Local Sarawakians including <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a> were not interned in the camp, although some were imprisoned in Kuching gaol.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allied civilian prisoners came almost exclusively from different territories on Borneo: from <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> (now Sabah), from <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Labuan_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Labuan Territory">Labuan</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, all of which were under British control, and from Dutch Borneo (now <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>). In contrast, the POWs were brought to Batu Lintang from places such as mainland Malaya and Java as well as from Borneo. Many spent time at transit or temporary camps, such as the one at <a href="/wiki/Berhala_Island,_Sabah" title="Berhala Island, Sabah">Berhala Island, North Borneo</a>, prior to their transfer to Batu Lintang.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_286_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camp officially opened on 15 August 1942, at which time a commemoration stone was erected at the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awm116924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Awm116924.jpg/220px-Awm116924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Awm116924.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>The camp commander, Lt.-Col. <a href="/wiki/Tatsuji_Suga" title="Tatsuji Suga">Tatsuji Suga</a> (right) with Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eastick" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Eastick">Thomas Eastick</a> (left) and Lt.-Col. A. W. Walsh (centre) shortly after the liberation of Batu Lintang on 11 September 1945. Suga killed himself five days later.</figcaption></figure> <p>The camp commandant was Lieutenant-Colonel (Lt.-Col.) <a href="/wiki/Tatsuji_Suga" title="Tatsuji Suga">Tatsuji Suga</a>. Suga was the commandant of all <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">POW</a> and internees' camps in Borneo; there were <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">others</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jesselton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesselton">Jesselton</a> (later Kota Kinabalu), <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> and briefly on <a href="/wiki/Labuan_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Labuan Territory">Labuan</a> island<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also at <a href="/wiki/Tarakan,_East_Kalimantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarakan, East Kalimantan">Tarakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kandangan" title="Kandangan">Kandangan</a>; Suga was often absent from Batu Lintang as a result. His second-in-command was Lieutenant (later Captain) Nagata; some sources say Negata or Nekata. Most of the camp guards were <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, with a few <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Formosans</a> (Taiwanese).<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_286_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a range of administrative buildings, quartermaster's stores, guard houses, guards' quarters and a camp hospital. Throughout its operation, all the camps at Batu Lintang, including the internee ones, were conducted under prisoner-of-war rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_83_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_83-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entire camp was surrounded by a 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) perimeter barbed wire fence. The internees were segregated into categories and assigned separate compounds, each of which was also surrounded by barbed wire fencing. There were 8–10 compounds,<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_1969,_Appendix_30_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_1969,_Appendix_30-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although their make-up varied through the period of operation of the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The make-up was determined by the arrival and departure of different groups of prisoners as Batu Lintang camp was also used as a transit camp: at one point some of the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> and British soldiers who were later to die on the <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a> were held at the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contact between the inhabitants of the different compounds was forbidden and transgressors were severely punished. </p><p>The main groups of POWs were British <a href="/wiki/Officer_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer (military)">officers</a>, Australian officers and <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> (NCOs), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a> (KNIL) officers, British <a href="/wiki/Other_ranks_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Other ranks (UK)">Other Ranks</a>, British Indian Army (2nd/15th Punjab Regiment) personnel, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> (Indonesian) KNIL soldiers. The British and Australian personnel had mostly been sent from <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">the Allied surrender there</a>, whereas the KNIL soldiers and the Punjab Regiment had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941-42)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Borneo (1941-42)">defended Borneo</a>. The civilian internees were mostly Dutch <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Roman Catholic priests</a>, British civilians (including children), and British and Dutch Catholic <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>. There were a handful of Chinese and Eurasian civilian internees. </p><p>Each compound had its own "camp master" (or "camp mistress", in the case of the women's compound). The camp master was responsible for liaising between the internees and the Japanese authorities. Each compound contained a number of long barrack buildings, usually 25–30 m (82–98 ft), each of which housed 30–100 people. A barrack master was appointed for each building. The camp and barrack masters were appointed by Colonel Suga. </p><p>In addition, the Dutch other ranks and about 50 British soldiers were stationed in a separate compound at the Kampong Batu Tujoh airfield (also known as Bukit Stabah), near Kuching.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The camp included areas that had once been a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber tree">rubber tree</a> plantation, and some of the trees remained inside the compounds, providing a limited amount of shade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awm118640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Awm118640.jpg/220px-Awm118640.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Awm118640.jpg/330px-Awm118640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Awm118640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>One of the barracks in the Australian officers' camp. This building housed about 60 officers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Living conditions within the compounds were cramped. Each person was allotted a very small space within a barrack building within which to sleep, keep the few personal possessions they had with them, and also to eat, as there was no communal area within the barracks. </p> <dl><dt>British officers and NCOs</dt> <dd>This was described as "<i>perhaps the most commodious</i>" compound, with a fair amount of workable land.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_317-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first the officers were with the British other ranks, but they were separated out into this compound on 5 February 1943. Including the three huts, the compound was 2½ acres (1 ha) in area with 1½ acres (0.6 ha) of cultivable land. The Officer in Charge and overall British Military Authority was Lt.-Col. M. C. Russell, until his death on 5 June 1943; Lt.-Col T. C. Whimster took over the role thereafter. The compound held 134 men in September 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Australian officers and NCOs</dt> <dd>On liberation, 178 Australian officers and NCOs were held at Batu Lintang,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a compound which was without sufficient land for cultivation. The Officer in Charge was Lt.-Col. A. W. Walsh.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_317-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian other ranks were held in a camp at <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Dutch officers and NCOs</dt> <dd>This was without sufficient land for cultivation. The Officer in Charge was Lt.-Col. Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_317-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>British other ranks</dt> <dd>British soldiers were "<i>kept in grossly over-crowded barracks, with inadequate kitchen, lighting, water and sanitary services.</i>" They had no land for cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the compound held 1,500 POWs, with additional soldiers arriving thereafter taking the total to around 2,000, but by the end of the war the figure had been reduced to about 750. The Officer in Charge was <a href="/wiki/Regimental_Sergeant_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Regimental Sergeant Major">RSM</a> (later 2nd Lt) S. T. Sunderland.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_317-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>British Indian Army other ranks</dt> <dd>Soldiers from 2nd/15th Punjab Regiment were interned at Batu Lintang. The Indian POWs were housed in two huts, with no land for cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_317-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>KNIL soldiers</dt> <dd>Indonesian soldiers were housed in a small compound close to the British other ranks' compound.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awm116926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Awm116926.jpg/220px-Awm116926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Awm116926.jpg/330px-Awm116926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Awm116926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Priests waiting to welcome the liberating forces, 11 September 1945</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Roman Catholic priests and religious men</dt> <dd>The Catholic priests, brothers and religious men, mostly Dutch and Irish, lived in a separate compound, with a large plot of land to grow vegetables. They numbered 110, including 44 <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> friars, 5 Mountfort missionaries, 22 <i>Broeders van Huijbergen</i> (Brothers of Huijbergen) and 38 <a href="/wiki/Mill_Hill_Missionaries" title="Mill Hill Missionaries">Mill Hill Missionaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At liberation, there were 395 civilian men, which included the priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_1969,_Appendix_30_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_1969,_Appendix_30-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Male civilian internees and some boys</dt> <dd>In 1943, approximately 250 male civilian internees (excluding Roman Catholic Mission personnel) were held in this compound.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_317-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From July 1942 until 14 November 1944 the camp master was <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Drummond_Le_Gros_Clark" title="Cyril Drummond Le Gros Clark">C. D. Le Gros Clark</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Le_Gros_Clark" title="Wilfrid Le Gros Clark">Wilfrid Le Gros Clark</a>), the former Chief Secretary, Sarawak Government; Lt.-Col. W. C. C. Adams (of the North Borneo Constabulary), who had been assistant camp master, then served in the role until liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounts mention a British civilian internee named Don Tuxford whose eight-year-old son was in the compound with him, while Tuxford's wife and daughter Julia were in the women's compound;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other sources state that Dutch boys over the age of ten were sent to the men's compound rather than being placed with the women, as the Japanese considered them men at that age. The total number of male children held in the men's camp is uncertain.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Female civilian internees (including nuns) and children</dt> <dd>This compound was located at the western part of the camp, slightly removed from the other compounds. The internees were mostly Dutch and British, with a few Eurasian and Chinese women, and four American women, including <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Newton_Keith" title="Agnes Newton Keith">Agnes Newton Keith</a>. Their quarters were described by an internee as "<i>new and fair</i>" and "<i>they had a reason[able] area for cultivation.</i>" The camp mistress was initially Mother Bernardine, an English Roman Catholic nun, but when she became ill Mrs. Dorie Adams, wife of the master of the men's camp, took over the role.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women were housed in five very small barracks<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_76_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_76-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and each person was allotted a space of 6 feet by 4 feet (1.8m by 1.2m) in which to live and store their possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A chapel was constructed at one end of one of the huts.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>In March 1944, the women's compound comprised 280 people: 160 nuns, 85 secular women and 34 children.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 1944 the population had declined to 271;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at liberation there were 237 women and children in the compound.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_563_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_563-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the nuns, the large majority were Dutch Roman Catholic sisters, with a few English sisters. Initially there were 29 children in the compound, but by April 1943 there were 34. The oldest of these was seven when she entered the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the children died in the camp; the women often went without provisions to ensure the children's survival.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Roman Catholic priest from the nearby priests' compound came to the women's compound daily at 7 am to say mass, and the children were taught by the nuns.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daily_life_in_the_camp">Daily life in the camp</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Daily life in the camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Life in the camp is summed up by <a href="/wiki/Keat_Gin_Ooi" title="Keat Gin Ooi">Keat Gin Ooi</a>: "<i>The trying conditions of life under internment at Batu Lintang camp tested to the limits of the human struggle for survival. Food shortages, diseases and sickness, death, <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labor</a>, harsh treatment, and deplorable living quarters were daily occurrences in camp.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civilian internees were treated less harshly than the POWs; of those POWs, the other ranks were subjected to far worse treatment than the officers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work">Work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notes_issued_by_the_Japanese_Government_during_the_occupation_of_Malaya,_North_Borneo,_Sarawak_and_Brunei,_used_in_Batu_Lintang_camp,_Sarawak_(1942%E2%80%931945,_obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Notes_issued_by_the_Japanese_Government_during_the_occupation_of_Malaya%2C_North_Borneo%2C_Sarawak_and_Brunei%2C_used_in_Batu_Lintang_camp%2C_Sarawak_%281942%E2%80%931945%2C_obverse%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Notes_issued_by_the_Japanese_Government_during_the_occupation_of_Malaya%2C_North_Borneo%2C_Sarawak_and_Brunei%2C_used_in_Batu_Lintang_camp%2C_Sarawak_%281942%E2%80%931945%2C_obverse%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Notes_issued_by_the_Japanese_Government_during_the_occupation_of_Malaya%2C_North_Borneo%2C_Sarawak_and_Brunei%2C_used_in_Batu_Lintang_camp%2C_Sarawak_%281942%E2%80%931945%2C_obverse%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2173" /></a><figcaption>"Banana money", the currency introduced by the Japanese administration in the areas of Borneo that had previously been under British control. Denominations shown: 5 cents, 10 cents, 50 cents, 1 dollar, 10 dollars</figcaption></figure> <p>The male civilian internees' regulations (prepared by the internees themselves) stated that "<i>Any persons who are not performing some useful work in war-time are failing in their moral obligation. Internees should therefore do their best to do such work as ... agriculture, farming, and stock-breeding, in order to increase the supply of foodstuffs to the camp.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some male civilian internees chose to cultivate land around their compound in order to become self-supporting; however, the other work imposed on them meant that they never cultivated the land to its full effect. Some refused to carry out this work, even though it was for the common good.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work included wood-gathering parties, latrine duties, working as cookhouse staff and medical orderlies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sundays were a rest day, but these were later cut to one in every three weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>POWs and male civilian internees were forced to work as stevedores and in timber yards at Kuching harbour on the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_River" title="Sarawak River">Sarawak River</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_1969,_Appendix_30_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_1969,_Appendix_30-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from October 1942, on the extension of the two runways at the Batu Tujoh landing ground to the south of Kuching, where a small sub-camp was constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another sub-camp was made at Dahan, where the Japanese re-opened an old <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> mine, and used POWs to construct access roads. Such work was prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">1907 Hague Convention</a>, to which Japan was a signatory. Although it was against international law to force the prisoners to work on projects with a military objective, they were informed that refusal to work on these projects would result in their execution.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forced labour included refuelling the <a href="/wiki/A6M_Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="A6M Zero">Zero fighters</a> that used the runways; however, this happened only once as the men <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotaged</a> the operation by adding urine and water to the fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work party men were paid in what the prisoners called "camp dollars", the printed paper currency introduced by the Japanese administration. This currency was known colloquially as "banana money" because of the banana trees pictured on the 10 dollar notes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point the rate was 25 cents a day for officers and NCOs and 10 cents a day for other ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time went on, the working parties became smaller, as there was a lack of available men due to sickness and death. </p><p>The women were at first allowed to undertake domestic tasks around their compound; later they were forced to undertake work for the Japanese such as mending uniforms, for which they were also paid in camp dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later part of the war, when the food shortages had become critical, all internees, male and female, were also used as agricultural labourers on the land around the camp, to produce food for their Japanese captors.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prisoners referred to themselves as "white <a href="/wiki/Coolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolies">coolies</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_368_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_368-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only 30 men were fit enough to attend the final work parties in 1945; the rest were either too ill, or already dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_636_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_636-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AwmOG3516.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/AwmOG3516.jpg/220px-AwmOG3516.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/AwmOG3516.jpg/330px-AwmOG3516.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/AwmOG3516.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>After liberation, ex-POWs throw away the pig trough in which the daily ration of boiled rice for 1200 men was served. The ration only half filled the trough, and was mixed with sweet potato tops.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rations were always meagre but decreased in both quantity and quality as the war progressed. The women and children drew the same rations as the men. The Japanese controlled all food supplies, releasing only what was needed for the day.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning, the rations comprised rice and local vegetables (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_aquatica" title="Ipomoea aquatica">kangkung</a></i>), with every 10 days or so some pork (such as offal, or a head, or some poor-meat bearing part of the animal). The daily rice ration in late 1943 was 11 ounces (312 grams) a day;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the end of the war the rice ration was about 4 ounces (113 grams) per man daily.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1944, children were recorded as receiving 50 millilitres (1.8 imp fl oz; 1.7 US fl oz) of milk a day.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> emerged in which the main merchants were a Dutch-Indonesian couple, who obtained goods from a Japanese guard and sold them for a profit to those with cash or tradable goods.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the times of greatest hardship the internees were so hungry that they were reduced to eating snakes, rubber nuts (which were believed to be poisonous), snails and frogs, and rats, cats and dogs if they could be caught.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On special occasions an extra ration would be introduced. In the British POW compounds 58 chickens were provided for 1,000 men for Christmas 1942;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the next Christmas the women received a single turkey to share between 271 women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Christmas 1944, their last in captivity, the internees received a single egg each.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only one <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> supply of parcels was received by the prisoners between March 1942 and September 1945. This arrived in March 1944 and worked out at one sixth of a parcel per person: a single tin of food.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners occasionally were able to buy or barter chicks which they raised on worms and beetles and rice sweepings from the quartermaster's store floor (other edible food scraps being too precious to use).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those which were female provided much-needed eggs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A camp hospital was set up and run by a Japanese medical officer, Dr. Yamamoto. The prisoners believed that his policy was "<i>live and let die</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_366_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_366-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the hospital became "<i>a filthy germ-ridden death hole</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_317-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lionel E. Morris, a sapper with the British Army <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>, wrote that Yamamoto "<i>never attended to ... sick or diseased men</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_380_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_380-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamamoto issued an order that no rations were to be issued to men in the hospital. The prisoners pooled their food and the sick were provided for even though it meant all others went short.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Care of all prisoners was left to the camp doctors, such as Colonel King and Captain Bailey in the POWs' compounds and Dr. Gibson in the women's compound.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_380_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_380-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awm118565.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Awm118565.jpg/220px-Awm118565.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Awm118565.jpg/330px-Awm118565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Awm118565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>The camp hospital and mortuary. In the right foreground is a stack of coffins. These had hinged bottoms for re-use.</figcaption></figure> <p>The hospital comprised three huts in January 1943 and housed both POWs and civilians. The standard of accommodation was very low and crowded, and facilities were virtually non-existent. A hut was later built for tuberculosis patients.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early September 1945 the camp hospital comprised about 30 beds under the care of Lt.-Col. E. M. Sheppard.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_563_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_563-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little medicine was available to the internees from the Japanese: they provided small amounts of quinine and aspirins. Morris recounts how Yamamoto would quite often beat sick men until they fell down, especially if they approached him for drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_380_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_380-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few Red Cross supplies were available and most medication was bought or bartered from the outside world or from the guards themselves. No anaesthesia was available for operations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main source of medical supplies in early 1943 was a pro-Allied <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a> family who lived nearby and were assisting in the provision of materials for the construction of a radio.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disease">Disease</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mortality rate amongst the British soldiers was extremely high: ⅔ of the population of POWs died in the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_636_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_636-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was suggested that this high rate was partly because most had come direct from Europe and were not acclimatised and had no idea about the importance of tropical hygiene. <a href="/wiki/Tropical_ulcers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical ulcers">Tropical ulcers</a>—which are often <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> appearing as a secondary infection of a skin disease—were a common medical complaint, along with <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beri-beri" class="mw-redirect" title="Beri-beri">beri-beri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dengue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengue">dengue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">scabies</a>, and septic bites and sores. 600 men out of 1000 were unfit for work in January 1943 owing to beri beri and skin conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deaths from dysentery increased towards the end of the period of captivity. A British NCO, E. R. Pepler, commented that "<i>[m]en wasted away from their normal weight of over ten stone [140 </i>lb<i>/64 </i>kg<i>] to three or four stones [42–56 </i>lb<i>/19-25 </i>kg<i>] ... As the time passed on to 1945, the deaths in our camp [from dysentery] were taking place at two or three every day</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Malnutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awm120404.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Awm120404.jpg/220px-Awm120404.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Awm120404.jpg/330px-Awm120404.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Awm120404.jpg/440px-Awm120404.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Captain Anderson, a severely emaciated British officer, in Kuching Civil Hospital five days after his liberation from Batu Lintang camp. With him is Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._M._Hutson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. M. Hutson (page does not exist)">A. M. Hutson</a>, an Australian medical officer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Malnutrition caused most of the invalidity and was a major factor in the high mortality rate in the camp, ascribed as the chief cause of death in 600 deaths in the camp. It was considered by the relieving forces that the Japanese were pursuing a policy of deliberate starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic diet only contained 1.5 ounces (44 grams) of protein and had a <a href="/wiki/Calorific_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Calorific value">calorific value</a> of 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. L. Noakes, a male civilian internee wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>"<i>In common with many others I experienced the pain of food deficiency disease and by May 1944 it was difficult to work and nights were a torture. My eyes failed rapidly and it became impossible to read or to distinguish objects clearly. The death rate for the whole camp jumped at an alarming rate and we began to realise that we must now begin a real fight for existence.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By November 1944 the suffering caused by malnutrition was profound, as recorded by Hilda E. Bates, a female civilian internee who was a nurse based in Jesselton prior to the war: </p> <blockquote><p>"<i>We are having a particularly hungry period and [I] can quite truthfully say that our mouths water, and that we 'slaver' as dogs do before meals. Some of us find it advisable to rise slowly after lying down, as due to malnutrition, any rapid movement is apt to cause dizziness or even a black-out ... one morning recently I awoke and discovered to my horror that my sight had become very dim. Later I realised this was due to vitamin deficiency in our poor diet.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By the end of their third year of internment, most women suffered from <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">amenorrhoea</a> due to malnutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_83_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_83-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In May 1945 Hilda Bates met some of the male civilian internees at the funeral of a friend: </p><blockquote><p>"<i>I was horrified to see their condition. Some had formerly been strong men of twelve to fourteen stone </i>[168–196 lb/76–89 kg]<i> in weight, but were now reduced to mere shadows of themselves, and weighed less than eight stone </i>[112 lb/51 kg]<i>. .. [In] the soldiers camp ... many of the men were just skeletons,—crawling about, as few were able to stand upright. Even our toddlers received the same rations as these poor [souls], and the children are still hungry, so what must have been the suffering of those men, many of whom are hardly more than boys?</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_337_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_337-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 30 August 1945, after Suga had officially informed the prisoners of the Japanese surrender but before the liberation of the camp, Hilda Bates visited the sick POWs: </p> <blockquote><p>"<i>I was horrified to see the condition of some of the men. I was pretty well hardened to sickness, dirt and disease, but never had I seen anything like this in all my years of nursing. Pictures of hospitals during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> showed terrible conditions, but even those could not compare with the dreadful sights I met on this visit. Shells of men lay on the floor sunken-eyed and helpless; some were swollen with hunger, <a href="/wiki/Oedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedema">oedema</a> and ber-beri, others in the last stages of dysentery, lay unconscious and dying. They had no pillows or clothes, few cups, fewer bowls, or even medical supplies. [...] There were three hundred desperately sick men, many unable to help themselves, or to carry food to their mouths. Throughout our internment, we women had begged to be allowed to nurse the soldiers, but the Japanese refused our offer, saying this would be indecent</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On his release, L. E. Morris, who was one of the "healthy" prisoners, weighed five stone, three pounds (73 lb (33 kg)).<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_636_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_636-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brutality">Brutality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brutality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brutality by the guards was another factor that damaged the health of many of the prisoners. Hilda Bates described the guards' treatment of the male prisoners: "<i>Their favourite methods of punishment are either kicking below the waist with their heavy army boots, face slapping or striking the head with a rifle butt</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_337_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_337-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failure to bow properly to a guard was a common cause of a beating. Hilda Bates wrote of "<i>One male internee [who] was paralysed for a week following Japanese brutality, simply because he had not made his bow in what the Japs considered a proper manner</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E. R. Pepler recorded that "<i>a favourite punishment was to make the offender stand in the blazing sun with his arms above his head holding a log of wood. If the prisoner or his arms sagged, he was punched or kicked. This treatment usually lasted until the prisoner completely collapsed</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_391_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_391-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prisoners suspected of more serious misdemeanours were taken by the Japanese military police, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></i>, for interrogation at the former Sarawak Police headquarters in Kuching. <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a> was a common method of extracting information.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Japanese defeat, an Australian war crimes investigation team worked in Kuching from the liberation until January 1946. Of around 120 guards, more than 70 had a crime or crimes ascribed to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_667_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_667-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awm118637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Awm118637.jpg/220px-Awm118637.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Awm118637.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Private J. M. Curry, who was cook at the Australian Officers' camp, wearing the loincloth issued to him by the Japanese, his sole clothing issue in two years.</figcaption></figure> <p>Clothing wore out quickly: the tropical climate meant that clothes had to be washed every day, and the rigours of labouring in them meant that they soon became torn, worn and threadbare. An enterprising male internee, J. R. Baxter, entered the camp with two pairs of shorts; as they wore out he constructed a new pair from them by glueing together the constituent parts with <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> from the rubber trees growing in the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese did not provide replacement clothing for the prisoners when their clothes wore out.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period male internees and POWs were issued with a loincloth and perishable rubber shoes, which soon degraded and meant in effect that most prisoners went barefoot.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women fared a little better, often bartering possessions for material: clothes were fashioned out of whatever material was to hand, such as sheets and breakfast cloths.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the women kept their best clothes unworn in readiness for their expected eventual liberation, while their other clothes became more and more shabby. </p><p>Prior to their liberation, supplies were dropped by the Australians. Hilda Bates recorded: "<i>The soldiers received shorts, shoes, and blankets with instructions not to appear naked in future!</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_624_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_624-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purchasing,_bartering_and_smuggling"><span id="Purchasing.2C_bartering_and_smuggling"></span>Purchasing, bartering and smuggling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Purchasing, bartering and smuggling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prisoners were able to buy a small range of provisions from their captors at Japanese prices, which escalated as the war went on.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_315_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_315-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black marketeering</a> was sometimes tolerated by the guards, as they themselves were involved in the buying or exchanging of goods, and at other times punished severely. Although contact with the outside world was forbidden, there were plenty of opportunities to communicate with the locals. Firewood-gathering gangs in the jungle were able to make contact and arrange purchases when the guards were not paying attention;<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at other times these transactions were permitted with the permission of and in the presence of a lenient Japanese guard.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold, in the form of rings and jewellery, and British <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a> were in demand by the Japanese guards. Such was the desperation of the prisoners towards the end of their <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> that two soldiers disinterred a recently buried body in order to retrieve the dead man's wedding ring.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smuggling became an integral part of camp life, and despite frequent searches, foodstuffs in particular were smuggled into the camp (for example, dried fish was nailed to the underside of wooden bins, and the inside of a hat was a favourite hiding place).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasional dangerous night-time forays to outside the camp netted foodstuffs such as a chicken or eggs or fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese currency (the "camp dollars") was used by the prisoners illicitly to purchase supplies from the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_life">Social life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_lintang_postcards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Batu_lintang_postcards.jpg/220px-Batu_lintang_postcards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Batu_lintang_postcards.jpg/330px-Batu_lintang_postcards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Batu_lintang_postcards.jpg/440px-Batu_lintang_postcards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2338" /></a><figcaption>Postcards sent home to England by a civilian internee couple, 5 May 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Le Gros Clark, as men's camp master, issued regular official bulletins to his compound regarding meetings with Suga and other Japanese officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Firkins_119_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firkins_119-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communication between the various compounds and with the outside world was forbidden. Married male internees were refused permission to see their wives and children on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a>, 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Firkins_119_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firkins_119-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasional, irregular meetings were allowed between married couples. </p><p> Pre-printed postcards to be sent home with stock phrases such as "I am well" and "We have plenty of food" were issued occasionally;<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnes Keith records that these were issued three times a year but in May 1945 it was decided that a certain percentage of the camp had to include a <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> sentence in addition to the 25 permitted words of free text. She wrote:</p><blockquote><p>"<i>I decided that [the sentences] were all so obvious that my people would know they were propaganda. I sent the following card:</i></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p><i> 'Seven communications sent. Seven received. Health moderate. George</i> [Keith's son] <i>well, energetic, roughneck, reminds me my brother. Fed-up with war. Hopes deferred. Borneo is a beautiful place for living, a dreamland where the scenery is beautiful, little birds sing, very delicious fruits grow, we are very happy here. Agnes, Harry</i> [Keith's husband], <i>George.' </i></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p><i>My aunt told me later that she had never felt as downhearted about my fate as when she received that card. She said that obviously I had lost my mind."</i></p></blockquote> <p>Sacks of undelivered mail both to and from the prisoners were discovered in the camp on liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bee_(gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee (gathering)">Working bees</a> were held at Christmas time to make gifts for the children: worn-out clothing was cut up and sleeves, collars, and hems were cut from clothing still in use to provide materials for soft toys.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More robust toys, such as scooters, carts, swords, and guns were made from materials such as barbed wire and the wood of rubber trees in and around the compounds. The nuns provided food and gifts for each child. The Japanese officers also gave sweets and biscuits to the children at Christmas. A concert was organised for Christmas 1942, as well as inter-compound games;<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_315_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_315-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another less lavish Christmas concert took place in 1943, and a concert party was briefly established before disbanding due to the illness and death of its members.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bell_(educator)" title="Frank Bell (educator)">Frank "Tinker" Bell</a> was largely responsible for conceiving and organising what became known by the prisoners as the "Kuching University". This operated in the British officers' compound. Under Japanese regulations prisoners were forbidden to teach, to learn, to compile or possess notes on any subject whatever, or to meet in groups for discussion. The penalty for disobedience was imprisonment or death. Despite this the university, led by Bell, established classes in seven modern languages, as well as subjects as diverse as history, public speaking, navigation, pig-farming, civics and poultry keeping. Bell and his fellow educators organised courses, compiled text books, led classes, and awarded diplomas.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classes were often held in the evenings when dusk or darkness gave some protection against surprise by their captors. Paper for writing exercises and for compiling textbooks was always at a premium: books were fashioned out of paper from soap wrappers, newspaper, the backs of letters and envelopes, and cigarette paper. These were bound into books and often covered with sarong material. </p><p>Other informal clubs, mainly comprising discussion groups, were established in the other compounds. They covered topics such as chess and draughts (checkers), book-keeping, sailing, and French conversation lessons. A central library for all the camp was run from the British Officers' compound, with books donated by the internees and some from the civilian library in Kuching town.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cemetery">Cemetery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cemetery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awm116974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Awm116974.jpg/220px-Awm116974.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Awm116974.jpg/330px-Awm116974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Awm116974.jpg/440px-Awm116974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>A section of the cemetery at Batu Lintang camp.</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially the dead were buried in the cemetery at Kuching. The high death rate meant that this was soon filled, however, and in November 1942 a new cemetery area was created next to the camp at an area to the south-east known as "Boot Hill". The cemetery was within sight of the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_366_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_366-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first the dead were buried in coffins, but soon the number of fatalities and the shortage of timber meant that shrouds made from rice sacks or blankets were used instead. The bodies were carried to the grave in a wooden coffin with a hinged bottom, which allowed re-use.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hilda Bates wrote in June 1945: "<i>I am horrified at the increased number of graves in the burial ground. Deaths are now so frequent, that a party of grave diggers is now permanently employed, and given extra rations in order that they will have the strength to dig</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After liberation the bodies were exhumed from the cemetery and sent to Labuan for reburial in a central military cemetery there. A large number of the graves of prisoners from Batu Lintang now at Labuan are unidentified: after the Japanese surrender Suga destroyed many camp records. The cemetery in Labuan is cared for by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_radio_(the_"Old_Lady")_and_generator_("Ginnie")"><span id="The_radio_.28the_.22Old_Lady.22.29_and_generator_.28.22Ginnie.22.29"></span>The radio (the "Old Lady") and generator ("Ginnie")</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The radio (the "Old Lady") and generator ("Ginnie")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information on the outside world was gathered from a variety of sources, such as from co-workers of the Batu Lintang work parties at Kuching docks.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An invaluable boost to the prisoners' morale was provided by a secret radio receiver, from which they were able to learn about the progress of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_391_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_391-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had been constructed from scavenged and bartered parts. A generator was later constructed to power the radio. </p><p>The construction of the radio was ordered by Russell. He and some 1150 other POWs had arrived at Batu Lintang on 13 October 1942 from <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Priok" title="Tanjung Priok">Tanjung Priok</a> camp in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, where a small group of men had worked on constructing a radio.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His proposal was initially met with a distinct lack of enthusiasm, as discovery would result in certain death. One of these men was G. W. Pringle, a member of the British military police. He wrote "Do these madmen ever seriously consider these idiotic plans before putting men's lives in danger?"<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AwmOG3526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/AwmOG3526.jpg/220px-AwmOG3526.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/AwmOG3526.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Leonard Beckett with the radio (the "Old Lady") and the generator ("Ginnie")</figcaption></figure> <p>It was known that <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a> people in Sarawak were pro-Allied, and so contact was made with the Ongs, the leading Chinese family in Kuching, who lived about a mile from the camp, to see if they could assist in providing parts.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first night-time attempt, by G. W. Pringle, was a failure as he could not find his way through the dense jungle to the house. A reconnoitre mission was required. To achieve this, Russell suggested to Dr Yamamoto that as the area was a breeding ground for mosquitoes (with the resultant risk of malaria, which would affect Japanese and prisoner alike), the jungle should be cleared and sprayed. Pringle took part on this working party and was able to plot his route. He subsequently made contact and Ong Tiang Swee, <a href="/wiki/Kapitan_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapitan China">Kapitan China</a> of Sarawak and the patriarch of the Ong family, agreed to help. Ong instructed his grandson, Kee Hui to help Pringle obtain the needed parts.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was at massive risk to the family's own safety as they too would have been executed if discovered. Their only condition was that they should be provided with the news gathered from the radio, in order to boost the morale of the Chinese community under occupation in Kuching. They provided some radio parts, the acquisition of which must have been a considerable task as all radio equipment had been confiscated by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radio was built and operated in the British other ranks' compound. The maker of the radio was Warrant Officer Leonard A. T. Beckett, an experienced radio engineer, who was assisted in its construction, operation, and concealment by a core group of three other soldiers. Before Beckett could begin on the radio he first had to make some of the tools needed, such as a lathe and a soldering iron. In addition to the genuine radio parts provided by the Chinese family and a few parts brought along with the men from Tanjung Priok, the radio was constructed from items as diverse as a deaf aid, the steering damper of a <a href="/wiki/Norton_(motorcycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton (motorcycle)">Norton</a> motorcycle, a bakelite shaving soap container, an army mess tin, the backing of an old map case, pieces of glass, wire, mica and barbed wire, and parts stolen from Japanese-owned motor cars and motorcycles. The receiver was completed within four weeks of starting.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radio was concealed during its construction in a large stewing-pot; once completed its hiding place was in a biscuit tin buried under the bakehouse fire in the British other ranks' compound.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was operated in the stores where it had a temporary hiding place in a false-bottomed table.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elaborate security proceedings to protect the radio were put in place, including a network of look-outs.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radio at first ran off torch batteries: these soon ran out and so Beckett constructed a power unit to run off the camp electricity supply.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access to the camp powerhouse was gained by one of the POWs who had been a professional <a href="/wiki/Cat_burglar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat burglar">cat burglar</a> before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_368_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_368-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radio was first used on the night of 24 February 1943, as radio reception was better in the evening. Some of the news was bewildering to the prisoners: "<i>Who is this <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">General Montgomery</a>? He seems to be the man we ought to have had in charge from the very beginning. A real live wire</i>", wrote Pringle.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existence of the radio, referred to by many code-names but chiefly as the "Old Lady" and "Mrs Harris",<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was to be a closely guarded secret, for fear of alerting the Japanese to its existence through loose talk. The commanding officers of the camp and those who had constructed and operated it were known as the "Board of Directors", and were the only ones who knew the precise contents of the radio news received.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A way of disseminating information was organised: it was arranged for rumours to be spread which contained a considerable amount of truth.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Gros Clark, the head of the male internees, directed the dissemination of news amongst the male internees;<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_549_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_549-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was decided not to provide information to the women's compound. News was also passed to the Chinese once a week, carried through the jungle by Pringle. On the first exchange, without being asked, the Chinese thoughtfully provided medical supplies; thereafter they regularly provided much-needed medicines, money, and vegetable seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaked news rumours had the desired effect and a more cheerful atmosphere was noted in the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women's compound somehow learned of the existence of the radio and the camp mistress, Dorie Adams, asked that they should be provided with news; to counter worries about security she suggested that the Roman Catholic priest who celebrated mass with the R.C. nuns should deliver the news as part of his service, which was always given in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early March 1943 the provision of electric power for the lighting in the internees' compounds was halted.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_549_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_549-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a serious blow as the radio was run off the power supply. Batteries were unavailable and so the only solution, again the idea of Russell, was to construct a generator. His idea again met with some initial scepticism: "Now I know he has gone mad", wrote Pringle.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pringle's colleagues were more enthusiastic. Beckett was sure he could build the generator and British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="Royal Army Ordnance Corps">RAOC</a> personnel were certain they could supply the necessary components, though they thought it would take three months to make the tools needed.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To disguise the noise of the work the enterprise was described as a "watch repairing factory" to the Japanese, who offered the use of various tools and other equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_498_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_498-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1943, after the execution of some prisoners at the Sandakan POW camp for operating a radio, the Japanese stepped up their searches at Batu Lintang.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many items essential for the construction of the generator such as magnets, wire, and scrap iron were not easily available, but the involvement of "Freddie", one of the prisoners who was a self-confessed thief (and most likely the same man who had previously obtained a power supply: records are unclear) meant that material and equipment was soon obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_498_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_498-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awm116951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Awm116951.jpg/220px-Awm116951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Awm116951.jpg/330px-Awm116951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Awm116951.jpg/440px-Awm116951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Leonard Beckett showing the radio to Brigadier T. C. Eastick and A. W. Walsh on 11 September 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The generator needed to turn at 3,000 revolutions a minute, and so the fittest of the men involved in its construction was chosen to turn the wheel. He was given extra food rations to prepare him for the task.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first trial of the generator was a success, and again, Pringle recorded how news reports told of unknown figures: "<i>Events appeared to have been moving with unseemly haste during our enforced breaks from the news broadcasts. [We] listened to names we had never heard of. <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">General Eisenhower</a>? <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">General Stilwell</a>?</i>" The assembling and disassembling drill took less than thirty seconds, with both the "Old Lady" and "Ginnie" stowed in their hiding places in the hut which was occupied by cookhouse staff during the day. </p><p>In June 1944, Le Gros Clark was taken from the camp by the <i>kempeitai</i> for questioning. On his return the same day, he was considerably shaken and recommended that the radio should be destroyed. This message was relayed to the camp master of the British other ranks' compound by Whimster, who was the senior British officer. Beckett and his colleagues were informed of this order, but were left to decide themselves what course of action to take. Realising its importance in keeping up camp morale, they decided to keep the radio, saying that "<i>we might as well be hung for a sheep as a lamb</i>", according to Pepler.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steps to safeguard the civilian internees were undertaken by cutting off news to their compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same month the prisoners received news of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">invasion of Normandy</a>. Pringle recorded how, once again, the news brought unfamiliar names to the prisoners' attention: "'<i>Blood and Guts <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">Patton</a>'. Now there is a name for a General! ... Somehow though, we feel that with a General bearing the name of 'Blood and Guts' there is little danger of the Germans dislodging his army</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was clear that such important news would have a great effect in the camp; at the same time, the rejoicing it would bring would undoubtedly alert the Japanese. It was therefore decided to provide a hint to the other prisoners, rather than the full information. This was again delivered by a priest, this time by the padre officiating at one of the numerous funeral services. He quoted <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> chapter 15, verses 9 and 10, which refer to pursuing, overtaking and destroying the enemy, and the sea. News of the bombing of London by <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> rockets was withheld.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The news of the <a href="/wiki/V-E_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="V-E Day">German capitulation</a> on 7 May 1945 was similarly cryptically relayed at a funeral by the padre. This time the verse was <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> chapter 3, verse 8, concerning the deliverance of the Israelites from the Egyptians to the land of milk and honey; extra piquancy was added by the fact that Suga was present at this service.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_war_for_Batu_Lintang">End of the war for Batu Lintang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: End of the war for Batu Lintang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Allied plans for the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific theatre</a>, the responsibility for re-taking the island of Borneo was entrusted to Australian forces. Prior to the Australian landings, strategic bombing and reconnaissance missions were undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/RAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF">RAAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a>. The first Allied planes, 15 USAAF <a href="/wiki/P-38_Lightning" class="mw-redirect" title="P-38 Lightning">Lockheed Lightnings</a>, were seen over the camp on the morning of 25 March 1945, as they flew on a mission to bomb the Batu Tujoh landing ground.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raids continued sporadically over the next few weeks. A lone <a href="/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17 Flying Fortress">Flying Fortress</a> regularly attacked targets in Kuching.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Borneo campaign</a> was launched on 1 May 1945, with a brigade of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">Australian 9th Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">landing at Tarakan</a>, on the eastern coast of Dutch Borneo. The American armed forces provided naval and air support to assist the landings, and in some cases the Australians were assisted by the advance landings of the <a href="/wiki/Services_Reconnaissance_Department" title="Services Reconnaissance Department">Services Reconnaissance Department</a> (SRD) and their local allies.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Oboe_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Oboe Six">landings in Brunei and Labuan</a> on 10 June.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early July, a raid was made by <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquito</a> aircraft on oil and petrol dumps near to the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_606_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_606-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberation still seemed a remote prospect, however: "<i>As the weeks dragged by, the lone planes of the Allies were a daily occurrence and as we had realised very early that they could do nothing to help us, we hardly took any notice of them</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_606_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_606-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings</a> in Japan at <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> on 6 August 1945 followed by that of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> on 9 August precipitated the abrupt end of the war. On 15 August 1945, Japan announced its official <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">unconditional surrender</a> to the Allied Powers. The POWs learned of the surrender early in the morning of 15 August, in a broadcast by Radio Chungking received by the secret radio.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pringle made one last journey through the jungle to inform his Chinese friends.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The news was immediately broken to the British other ranks' compound, and quickly spread to the other compounds. Celebratory meals were prepared, with precious supplies and livestock used up. The Japanese guards were unaware of their country's surrender, and as the day coincided with an official camp holiday, marking the opening of the camp on 15 August three years previously, they were satisfied that the celebrations were related to the break from the working parties.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women learned shortly afterwards, when the married women had their scheduled meeting with their husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AwmP00987.006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AwmP00987.006.jpg/220px-AwmP00987.006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AwmP00987.006.jpg/330px-AwmP00987.006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AwmP00987.006.jpg/440px-AwmP00987.006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners waving to the RAAF <a href="/wiki/Beaufighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaufighter">Beaufighter</a> aircraft which flew over to drop leaflets announcing Japan's surrender</figcaption></figure> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/General_Order_%E2%84%96_1" class="mw-redirect" title="General Order № 1">General Order No. 1</a>, issued on 16 August by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">General Douglas MacArthur</a>, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, the Japanese were required to provide information on the location of all camps and were responsible for the safety of prisoners and internees, for providing them with adequate food, shelter, clothes and medical care until their care could pass to the Allied powers, and for handing over each store together with its equipment, stores, arms and ammunition and records to the senior Allied officer in each camp. Since it was known that in many areas prisoners and internees were suffering from starvation and neglect, it was of the first importance that they were contacted and recovered as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the surrender, the Japanese would remain in control of the camp until 11 September. During this period, there were no work parties and the prisoners did not suffer any beatings.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It became apparent during the next few days that the Japanese soldiers knew something had happened but were not sure what it was", wrote Pepler.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extra food was provided by the Japanese shortly afterwards; the camp hospital was furnished with bed chairs and mosquito nets for the first time, and substantial amounts of medicine were issued.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pamphlet in English titled <i>JAPAN HAS SURRENDERED</i> was dropped over the camp by three Beaufighters on 16 August.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 19–23 August, leaflets were dropped by aircraft all over known areas in which the Japanese were concentrated, giving general war news and news of the progress of the surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 19 or 20,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more leaflets were dropped on the camp. Signed by Major-General <a href="/wiki/George_Wootten" title="George Wootten">George Wootten</a>, General Officer Commanding, 9th Division, they informed the prisoners of the surrender of Japan, and stated "<i>I know that you will realise that on account of your location, it will be difficult to get aid to you immediately, but you can rest assured that we will do everything within our power to release and care for you as soon as possible</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 August, Suga officially announced to the camp that Japan had surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 August letters were dropped on the camp, instructing the Japanese commander to make contact with the Australian commanders. The letter contained a code of panel signals which enabled Suga to indicate that he agreed to the dropping of supplies for the prisoners and that he would meet Australian representatives later.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These panels were placed on the roof of one of the buildings and can be seen in the photograph at the start of the article (above). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awm115437.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Awm115437.jpg/220px-Awm115437.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Awm115437.jpg/330px-Awm115437.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Awm115437.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Preparing to drop a storpedo into the camp, 30 August 1945. "<i>On the six foot torpedo was printed the word BREAD ... [it] spelled BREAD, but it meant, YOU ARE NOT FORGOTTEN</i>" <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Newton_Keith" title="Agnes Newton Keith">Agnes Newton Keith</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Came_Home" title="Three Came Home">Three Came Home</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stores in long canisters (known by the aircraftmen as "storpedos") were first parachuted into the camp from a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF</a> <a href="/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47 Skytrain">Douglas Dakota</a> on 30 August. A female internee, Hilda Bates, wrote: "<i>At 11.30 a.m. today a sea-plane dropped twenty parachutes with packages attached. One fell outside our hut and was labelled 'bread'. Others contained flour, tinned rabbit, and other meat. The goods were collected by the Japs under the supervision of Australian Officers who distributed them to the groups of internees. All sorts of what we had thought of as luxuries arrived; such as sugar, sweets, milk, bundles of clothing, and even fashion books!</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_624_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_624-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further supplies were dropped daily;<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tragedy struck on 7 September when a male civilian internee was hit and killed by a storpedo that had broken free from its parachute.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Instrument of Surrender</a> was signed on 2 September ending World War II. </p><p>After communicating with the Japanese staff at Kuching, Colonel A. G. Wilson landed on the Sarawak River on 5 September and conferred with the commander of the Japanese forces there, who confirmed there were 2,024 Allied prisoners and internees in the area. The next day, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eastick" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Eastick">Thomas Eastick</a>, commander of Kuching Force—a detachment from the 9th Division—flew to the mouth of the Sarawak River in a <a href="/wiki/PBY_Catalina" class="mw-redirect" title="PBY Catalina">Catalina</a> where three Japanese officers, including Suga, came aboard for talks.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_563_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_563-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The task of Kuching Force was to accept the surrender of and impound the Japanese forces in the Kuching area, release and evacuate Allied prisoners and internees, and establish military control.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the meeting, Suga presented Eastick with complete nominal rolls of all compounds in the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September, Walsh was permitted by the Japanese to fly to the headquarters of the 9th Division on Labuan island, to collect surgical and medical supplies for the camp. He returned with two Australian medical officers, Major A. W. M. Hutson and Lt.-Col. N. H. Morgan.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pepler recorded how "<i>Dr Yamamoto came in for one hell of a time from these two Medical Officers when they saw the state of the majority of our camp. Up-to-date medical care and drugs soon began to show effect upon our sick and many lives were saved by these two officers. Out of the two thousand of us who entered that camp, only seven hundred and fifty survived and of these well over six hundred were chronic sick</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_orders">Death orders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately prior to the surrender of Japan, rumours abounded in the camp that the Japanese intended to execute all the prisoners rather than allow them to be freed by the approaching Allied forces;<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Dr Yamamoto informed some prisoners that they were to be moved to a new camp they naturally feared the worst, especially when he promised the unlikely idyll of a camp "<i>equipped with the best medical equipment obtainable ... there would be no working parties and food would be plentiful ... the sick men would be especially well cared for</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official orders to execute all the prisoners, both POWs and civilian, on 17 or 18 August 1945<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were found in Suga's quarters after the liberation of the camp. The orders were not carried out, presumably as a result of the unconditional surrender of Japan on 15 August. A "death march", similar to those at <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan</a> and elsewhere, was to have been undertaken by those male prisoners physically able to undertake it; other prisoners were to be executed by various methods in the camp: </p> <ul><li><b>1</b> All POWs and male internees to be marched to a camp at milestone 21 and <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayoneted</a> there</li> <li><b>2</b> All sick unable to walk to be treated similarly in the Square at Kuching [in the square at the camp rather than in Kuching town]</li> <li><b>3</b> All women and children to be burnt in their barracks<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Revised orders for the execution on 15 September 1945 of all the internees were also found, this time in the Administration Office at Batu Lintang: </p> <ul><li><b>Group 1</b> Women internees, children and nuns – to be given poisoned rice</li> <li><b>Group 2</b> Internee men and Catholic Fathers to be shot and burnt</li> <li><b>Group 3</b> POWs to be marched into the jungle, shot and burnt</li> <li><b>Group 4</b> Sick and weak left at Batu Lintang main camp to be bayoneted and the entire camp to be destroyed by fire<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The camp was liberated on 11 September 1945, four days before the revised proposed execution date of over 2,000 men, women and children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberation_of_the_camp">Liberation of the camp</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Liberation of the camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awm116933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Awm116933.jpg/220px-Awm116933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Awm116933.jpg/330px-Awm116933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Awm116933.jpg/440px-Awm116933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Eastick addressing part of the parade at the surrender ceremony at the camp, 11 September 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8–9 September, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> corvette <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Kapunda" title="HMAS Kapunda">HMAS <i>Kapunda</i></a>, with Eastick and staff officers on board, sailed for Kuching, along with <a href="/wiki/USS_Doyle_C._Barnes" title="USS Doyle C. Barnes">USS <i>Doyle C. Barnes</i></a>. At 14:35 on 11 September, Eastick accepted the surrender of the Japanese forces in the Kuching area from their commander, Major-General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiyoe_Yamamura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiyoe Yamamura (page does not exist)">Hiyoe Yamamura</a>, on board HMAS <i>Kapunda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that day the Australian occupying force landed.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_563_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_563-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 9th Division troops arrived at Batu Lintang camp that afternoon, accompanied by a few American naval officers.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no resistance from the Japanese troops. The prisoners and internees had been forewarned that there would be no delay in taking the surrender, and quickly gathered at 17:00 in the main square of the camp to witness Eastick accept the sword of Suga.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese finally learned of the existence of the radio in a dramatic fashion: </p> <blockquote><p>"<i>The Australian Commander, Major General</i> [sic] <i>Eastick ... mounted the rostrum and after accepting the sword of surrender from Suga was about to dismiss him when a shout, rising simultaneously from the throats of the Board of Directors of the 'Old Lady' and 'Ginnie' stopped the proceedings. 'Hold on, we have something to show you.' Carrying the radio and generator Len [Beckett] proudly showed them to the General and turning to Suga, asked, 'Well, what do you think about it Suga?' Now I know the full meaning of the saying 'If looks could kill.' Len would have died a horrible death</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The following day, Suga, together with Captain Nagata and Dr Yamamoto, were flown to the Australian base on Labuan, to await their trials as <a href="/wiki/War_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminals">war criminals</a>. Suga committed suicide there on 16 September. Nagata and Yamamoto were later tried, found guilty and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_667_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_1998,_667-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photographers and cameramen accompanied the liberating force, and the events, and those of the following days, were well-documented.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On liberation, the camp contained 2,024 inmates: 1,392 prisoners (including 882 British, 178 Australian and 45 Indian); and 632 internees.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most ill prisoners were taken to Kuching Civil Hospital, which had been entirely refitted by the Australians since serving as the Japanese military hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 September, a thanksgiving service was held in the camp, led by two Australian chaplains from the liberating force and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hollis" title="Francis Hollis">Francis S. Hollis</a> of Sarawak, an ex-internee.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a parade held in honour of Wootten, as commander of the 9th Division.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In appreciation of Beckett's work on the radio, fellow ex-prisoners in the camp subscribed over <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>1,000 for him, a massive sum of money for the time, which Beckett intended to use to set up a wireless business in London, his hometown.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beckett was later awarded the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Medal" title="British Empire Medal">British Empire Medal</a> for his work on the radio.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AwmOG3567.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AwmOG3567.jpg/220px-AwmOG3567.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/AwmOG3567.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Ex-internee children inspecting the RAAF Douglas Dakota C-47 on which they were to be transferred to Labuan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Repatriation commenced on 12 September, and by 14 September, 858 former prisoners had been removed, though pressure of numbers meant that some were still at Batu Lintang a week after liberation. Ex-prisoners were transported by ship (including <i><a href="/wiki/MS_Wanganella" title="MS Wanganella">Wanganella</a></i>, an Australian hospital ship) and in eight Douglas Dakotas and two Catalinas, to the 9th Division's "Released Prisoners of War and Internees Reception Camp", and the 2/1st Australian Casualty Clearing Station (CCS) on Labuan, before continuing their journeys homeward.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The captured Japanese soldiers were then held at Batu Lintang camp. There they were visited by J. B. Archer, an ex-internee, who noted "There were about eight thousand of them ... it was difficult not to feel aggrieved at the good treatment they were receiving compared to what we had received at their hands. A lunch of fried rice, fish, vegetable and dried fruit was shown to me. This, I was told, was just an ordinary sample."<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war">Post-war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By June–July 1946, the bodies in the cemetery at Batu Lintang had been exhumed and reburied in <a href="/wiki/Labuan_War_Cemetery" title="Labuan War Cemetery">the military cemetery on Labuan island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, a grant was approved for the establishment of a teachers' training college on the site. It exists as such to the present day, the oldest in Malaysia. Of the numerous huts that had housed the prisoners, only 21 were considered fit for use in 1947; after refurbishment the college moved in July 1948 from its temporary home in Kuching to the site at Batu Lintang.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The huts have gradually been replaced over the years, although a few remnants of the site's former life remain. These include a single hut (albeit with a galvanised roof rather than the attap (palm leaf) one of the war), the old gate posts, the gate bunker and stump of the Japanese flag pole. There is also a small museum on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Came_Home" title="Three Came Home">Three Came Home</a></i>, an account of female internee <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Newton_Keith" title="Agnes Newton Keith">Agnes Newton Keith</a>'s time in the camp, was published in 1947. It was later made into a feature film of the same name, with <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a> playing the part of Agnes, <a href="/wiki/Patric_Knowles" title="Patric Knowles">Patric Knowles</a> playing her husband <a href="/wiki/Harry_Keith" title="Harry Keith">Harry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sessue_Hayakawa" title="Sessue Hayakawa">Sessue Hayakawa</a> in the role of Suga. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> which had been draped over the coffins of prisoners of war at the camp, and which had been raised in the camp on the Japanese capitulation, was placed in <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints Church, Oxford">All Saints Church, Oxford</a> in April 1946, together with two wooden memorial plaques. After the deconsecration of the church and their temporary loss, in 1993 the flag and plaques were housed in <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Abbey" title="Dorchester Abbey">Dorchester Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a> in Canberra, Australia holds a large archive of material related to the camp, much of which is accessible on the AWM website<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the collections databases. In England, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> in London also houses material about the camp, as does the Bodleian Library of Commonwealth and African Studies at <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_House" title="Rhodes House">Rhodes House</a> in Oxford. Many of the personal recollections held at the latter two repositories are reproduced in the 1998 publication by Keat Gin Ooi (see below for full reference). </p><p>Originally the site was commemorated by a small stone. A more formal memorial was opened at the site of the camp in April 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various memorial ceremonies have been held at the site of the camp, including one on 11 September 2020 to mark the 75th anniversary of the liberation of the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batu_Lintang_in_March_2007:_gallery">Batu Lintang in March 2007: gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Batu Lintang in March 2007: gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_Lintang_ammunition_bunker.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ammunition bunker."><img alt="Ammunition bunker." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Batu_Lintang_ammunition_bunker.jpg/120px-Batu_Lintang_ammunition_bunker.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Batu_Lintang_ammunition_bunker.jpg/180px-Batu_Lintang_ammunition_bunker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Batu_Lintang_ammunition_bunker.jpg/240px-Batu_Lintang_ammunition_bunker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ammunition bunker.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_Lintang_flagpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the Japanese flagpole at the site of Lt.-Col. Suga's office."><img alt="Remains of the Japanese flagpole at the site of Lt.-Col. Suga's office." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Batu_Lintang_flagpole.jpg/120px-Batu_Lintang_flagpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Batu_Lintang_flagpole.jpg/180px-Batu_Lintang_flagpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Batu_Lintang_flagpole.jpg/240px-Batu_Lintang_flagpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the Japanese flagpole at the site of Lt.-Col. Suga's office.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_Lintang_Japanese_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese monument at the main road leading to the camp."><img alt="Japanese monument at the main road leading to the camp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Batu_Lintang_Japanese_monument.jpg/90px-Batu_Lintang_Japanese_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Batu_Lintang_Japanese_monument.jpg/135px-Batu_Lintang_Japanese_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Batu_Lintang_Japanese_monument.jpg/180px-Batu_Lintang_Japanese_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese monument at the main road leading to the camp.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_Lintang_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prisoner of War camp memorial."><img alt="Prisoner of War camp memorial." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Batu_Lintang_memorial.jpg/120px-Batu_Lintang_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Batu_Lintang_memorial.jpg/180px-Batu_Lintang_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Batu_Lintang_memorial.jpg/240px-Batu_Lintang_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prisoner of War camp memorial.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_Lintang_memorial_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque of the Prisoner of War camp memorial."><img alt="Plaque of the Prisoner of War camp memorial." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Batu_Lintang_memorial_plaque.jpg/90px-Batu_Lintang_memorial_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Batu_Lintang_memorial_plaque.jpg/135px-Batu_Lintang_memorial_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Batu_Lintang_memorial_plaque.jpg/180px-Batu_Lintang_memorial_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque of the Prisoner of War camp memorial.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_Lintang_Punjabi_Barracks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'Punjabi Barracks', a reconstructed building. Currently the oldest building in the camp grounds."><img alt="'Punjabi Barracks', a reconstructed building. Currently the oldest building in the camp grounds." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Batu_Lintang_Punjabi_Barracks.jpg/120px-Batu_Lintang_Punjabi_Barracks.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Batu_Lintang_Punjabi_Barracks.jpg/180px-Batu_Lintang_Punjabi_Barracks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Batu_Lintang_Punjabi_Barracks.jpg/240px-Batu_Lintang_Punjabi_Barracks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'Punjabi Barracks', a reconstructed building. Currently the oldest building in the camp grounds.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="POWs_and_internees_of_note">POWs and internees of note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: POWs and internees of note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Banks_(naturalist)" title="Edward Banks (naturalist)">Edward Banks</a>, naturalist and museum curator (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bell_(educator)" title="Frank Bell (educator)">Frank Bell</a>, educator (POW)<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clarke_(Doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Clarke (Doctor)">Dr Marcus C. Clarke</a> (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Crosland" title="Philip Crosland">Philip Crosland</a>, journalist (POW)<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenelm_Hubert_Digby" title="Kenelm Hubert Digby">Kenelm Hubert Digby</a>, proposer of the notorious 1933 <a href="/wiki/The_King_and_Country_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="The King and Country debate">"King and Country" debate</a> and later Attorney General and judge in Sarawak (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._H._N._Evans" title="I. H. N. Evans">I. H. N. Evans</a>, anthropologist, ethnographer and archaeologist (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranald_Graham" title="Ranald Graham">Ranald Graham</a>, writer, director and producer (child internee)<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hollis" title="Francis Hollis">Francis Hollis</a>, Anglican Bishop of Labuan and Sarawak (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Newton_Keith" title="Agnes Newton Keith">Agnes Newton Keith</a>, author (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Keith" title="Harry Keith">Harry Keith</a>, forester and plant collector (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Drummond_Le_Gros_Clark" title="Cyril Drummond Le Gros Clark">Cyril Drummond Le Gros Clark</a>, Secretary of Sarawak, and translator of <a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> from Chinese into English (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._O%27Connor_(writer)" title="Michael P. O'Connor (writer)">Michael P. O'Connor</a>, doctor, writer and broadcaster (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Rice-Oxley" title="Alan Rice-Oxley">Alan Rice-Oxley</a>, World War I flying ace (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998_190-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Robert Smith">Charles Robert Smith</a>, Governor of North Borneo (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998_190-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Wookey" title="Keith Wookey">Keith Wookey</a>, colonial administrator (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998_190-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cathcart_Woolley" title="George Cathcart Woolley">George Cathcart Woolley</a>, colonial administrator and ethnographer (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Young_(veteran)" title="William Young (veteran)">William Young</a>, later a centenarian and last surviving veteran of the Royal Flying Corps (internee)<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firkins 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keith_76-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keith_76_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keith_76_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_636-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_636_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_636_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_636_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_636_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 636</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby 1969, Appendix 30; Lim 1995, 19; Lim 2005, 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wigmore 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Three Chinese men from North Borneo, all staff at the Chinese Consulate at Sandakan, and their families were held in the camp: Mr Huan Lai Cho (the Chinese Consul), his wife and two children; Mr Ting Yuan Li and his wife and child, and Mr Philip Yang; a total of eight Chinese people interned in the camp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_286-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_286_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_286_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 180; Australian War Memorial (AWM) photograph 120332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wigmore 595 note 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keith_83-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keith_83_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keith_83_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby_1969,_Appendix_30-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_1969,_Appendix_30_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_1969,_Appendix_30_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_1969,_Appendix_30_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby 1969, Appendix 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the beginning the British officers shared with the British Other Ranks, but were later separated into two compounds; at one point the Indonesian soldiers and the Dutch officers were sharing a compound, whilst at another they were in separate compounds; the Indian POWs were kept in different locations over the period of the operation of the camp. (Ooi 1998, 139, 317)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 320–321, 384–385; Wigmore 596</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 317, 399–400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_317-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_317_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby 1969 Appendix 30; <i>pace</i> Wigmore (1957) 599 who gives the figure as 169 (149 officers and 20 other ranks)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lim 2005, 266–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lim 2005, 251–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402062415/http://www.bevrijdingintercultureel.nl/eng/indie.html#indiened">"Netherlands Indies in WWII"</a>. Pim Ligtvoet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bevrijdingintercultureel.nl/eng/indie.html#indiened">the original</a> on 2 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netherlands+Indies+in+WWII&rft.pub=Pim+Ligtvoet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bevrijdingintercultureel.nl%2Feng%2Findie.html%23indiened&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 354 In this account the author L. E. Morris mistakenly states that Tuxford's wife was in the camp. She was a native woman and so was not interned. Julie was interned with Tuxford's mother and his sister (ie with her grandmother and aunt).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 79–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 76, 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 327, 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long_563-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_563_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_563_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_563_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_563_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Long 563</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 76, 96, 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 78–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 349, 386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 363, 403–405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 288, 298, 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 412–413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans 1999, 90; Ooi 1998, 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_368-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_368_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_368_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 368</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 329, 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker 648</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 327–328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firkins 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 352, 353, 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 146–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_366-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_366_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_366_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_380-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_380_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_380_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_380_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker 646–647</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 462–465</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker 646</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a letter dated 14 September 1945, an Australian officer with the liberating force described the conditions in the camp, and stated that "Judging by the quantity of food available in Kuching when the Relief Force arrived and by the adequate supplies which were then in stock in the Japanese storehouses, it is considered that the PW food ration could easily have been maintained at a level which would have kept the PW alive and reasonably healthy. However, a policy of slow starvation was carried out instead." National Archives WO 325/52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker 646, 648</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_337-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_337_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_337_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 625</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_391-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_391_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_391_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 422–437, 452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_667-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_667_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_667_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 667</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans 1999, 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 393–394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_624-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_624_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_624_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 624</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_315-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_315_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_315_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 360, 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 522–524</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firkins_119-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Firkins_119_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firkins_119_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Firkins 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 175–176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firkins 118–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 373, 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell 1991; Ooi 1998, 349, 369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, 62; Ooi 1998, 349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 335, 367, 389, AWM photographs 118566 and 118567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 314, 439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 439–440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 440; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061103132156/http://www.aiipowmia.com/inter25/in240705ginnie.html">"Mrs Harris and Ginnie"</a>. AII POW-MIA InterNetwork. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiipowmia.com/inter25/in240705ginnie.html">the original</a> on 2006-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mrs+Harris+and+Ginnie&rft.pub=AII+POW-MIA+InterNetwork&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiipowmia.com%2Finter25%2Fin240705ginnie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061103132156/http://www.aiipowmia.com/inter25/in240705ginnie.html">"Mrs Harris and Ginnie"</a>. AII POW-MIA InterNetwork. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiipowmia.com/inter25/in240705ginnie.html">the original</a> on 2006-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mrs+Harris+and+Ginnie&rft.pub=AII+POW-MIA+InterNetwork&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiipowmia.com%2Finter25%2Fin240705ginnie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 442–454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 358, 441, 457, 516–517, 549</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 395, 457, 517, 522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 397, 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 517, 549</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 460–461, 517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 627; Keith 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 570</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_549-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_549_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_549_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 549</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 461–464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 471–472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 1998, 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_498-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_498_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_498_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 498</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 398, 549, 553</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a result some of the male internees instigated the smuggling-in of a newspaper, previously available in the camp but banned since August 1943. They were caught, and although opposed to the activity, Le Gros Clark was implicated. Nine men were tried and sentenced to between six months' and six years' imprisonment. Le Gros Clark was amongst the five men of the nine at the trial who were murdered by the Japanese at <a href="/wiki/Keningau" title="Keningau">Keningau</a> aerodrome some time in June or July 1945 (Ooi 1998, 549–560)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 507–508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 509–512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 513–514</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 335, 353, 604; Keith 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 604</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 9, 569–570</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long 459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi_1998,_606-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_606_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi_1998,_606_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 606</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 607–608, 614–616. The official surrender broadcast, a pre-recorded speech by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Rescript on Surrender">Imperial Rescript on Surrender</a>, was made at noon on 15 August. However, the Japanese Suzuki government had indicated the surrender on August 14, by notifying the Allied forces that it accepted the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chungking</a> in China was <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s provisional capital during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945) and so broadcast pro-Allied news and propaganda</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 616</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 607</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 622</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby 1969, 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 610, 616</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 608. A second rescript was issued to Japan's armed forces on 17 August; it is unclear at what stage this would have been received and disseminated at Batu Lintang camp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 622–623</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long 562</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell 112; Ooi 1998, 623; Keith 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell 113; Ooi 1998, 618; Keith 182. Although sources vary, the most likely date appears to be 24 August</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell 115–116; <i>pace</i> Long 562</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 609</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 609, 625, 633</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long 562–563; AWM photographs OG3454 and OG3455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firkins 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long 563; AWM photograph 115799</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 609–610</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 611–614</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 612–614. Quotation from the papers of G. W. Pringle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 610, 628</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 628</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 648; Keith 183, 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long 563; AWM photographs 041062-041071, 116168-116175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 626</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 619, 626</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 620; quotation from the papers of G. W. Pringle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 610, 627</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long 562; Kirby 1969, Appendix 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 620, 628</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 627; Keith 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AWM photographs 118591-118598</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AWM photograph OG3527</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37744/supplements/4903/page.pdf">"Reference at www.london-gazette.co.uk"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reference+at+www.london-gazette.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F37744%2Fsupplements%2F4903%2Fpage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long 563; Wigmore 634</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer 1997, 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi 1998, 672</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lim 1995, 81, 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070408115804/http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/stories_sandakan_anzac.htm">"Sandakan ANZAC Tour 2002"</a>. COFEPOW. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/stories_sandakan_anzac.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sandakan+ANZAC+Tour+2002&rft.pub=COFEPOW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofepow.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fstories_sandakan_anzac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev Brian Taylor, 2006, "Lintang Camp memorials" <i>The <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Museum_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Museum Journal">Sarawak Museum Journal</a></i> Vol 62, No 83, 59–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au">"Australian War Memorial"</a>. Australian War Memorial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070318175616/http://www.awm.gov.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theborneopost.com/2013/04/24/batu-lintang-wartime-memorial-square-officially-unveiled/">"Batu Lintang Wartime Memorial Square officially unveiled"</a>. 24 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Batu+Lintang+Wartime+Memorial+Square+officially+unveiled&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2013%2F04%2F24%2Fbatu-lintang-wartime-memorial-square-officially-unveiled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/09/11/memorial-held-at-former-wwii-prisoner-camp-in-batu-lintang-sarawak">"Memorial held at former WWII prisoner camp in Batu Lintang, Sarawak"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial+held+at+former+WWII+prisoner+camp+in+Batu+Lintang%2C+Sarawak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2020%2F09%2F11%2Fmemorial-held-at-former-wwii-prisoner-camp-in-batu-lintang-sarawak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heimann, Judith M. (1999). <i>The Most Offending Soul Alive: Tom Harrisson and His Remarkable Life</i>. University of Hawai'i Press: Honolulu. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2149-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2149-1">0-8248-2149-1</a> p.223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, Frank (1991) <i>Undercover University</i> (revised edition) Cambridge: Elisabeth Bell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9516984-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9516984-0-0">0-9516984-0-0</a> (Originally published in 1990, same ISBN)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kell, Derwent (1984) <i>A Doctor's Borneo</i>, Boolarong Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908175-80-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-908175-80-9">0-908175-80-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9605570/Philip-Crosland.html">"The Daily Telegraph"</a>. 12 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F9605570%2FPhilip-Crosland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Round and Kenelm Digby (2002). Barbed Wire Between Us: A Story of Love and War. Random House, Auckland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Kenelm+Hubert+Digby.+(Memorials).-a093533233">"Kenelm Hubert Digby. (Memorials). – Free Online Library"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kenelm+Hubert+Digby.+%28Memorials%29.+%E2%80%93+Free+Online+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FKenelm%2BHubert%2BDigby.%2B%28Memorials%29.-a093533233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horton, A. V. M. (ed) Bornean Diaries 1938–1942 I. H. N. Evans Borneo Research Council Monograph 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obituary of I. H. N. Evans in Sarawak Museum Journal 8 (2), 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/sep/16/ranald-graham-obituary">"Ranald Graham obituary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Ranald+Graham+obituary&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2010%2Fsep%2F16%2Franald-graham-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Mulok Kedit (ed) (1998) <i>150 Years of the Anglican Church in Borneo 1848–1998</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/collis_borneo/">"Borneo (No date)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Borneo+%28No+date%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fasia%2Fsarawak%2Fcollis_borneo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moo-Tan, Stella (2002). "A Portrait of Agnes Newton Keith: Noted Author, Survivor, Heroine". <i>Sabah Society Journal</i> 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998_190-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998_190-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998_190-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998_190-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi,_Keat_Gin_1998_190-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooi, Keat Gin (1998) <i>Japanese Empire in the Tropics: Selected Documents and Reports of the Japanese Period in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo, 1941–1945</i> Ohio University Center for International Studies, Monographs in International Studies, SE Asia Series 101 (2 vols) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89680-199-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89680-199-3">0-89680-199-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The More Fool I: A Piece of Autobiography</i> Dublin: Michael F. Moynihan, 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borneopow.info/bugle/Borneo%20Bugle6.pdf">"Reference at www.borneopow.info"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reference+at+www.borneopow.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borneopow.info%2Fbugle%2FBorneo%2520Bugle6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biographical Appendix in <i>Bornean Diaries 1938–1942: I. H. N. Evans</i>, ed. A.V. M. Horton, Borneo Research Council Monograph Series No 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael P. O'Connor, 1954, <i>The More Fool I</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201120235/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/07/26/nveteran126.xml">"The Daily Telegraph"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/07/26/nveteran126.xml">the original</a> on 2008-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F07%2F26%2Fnveteran126.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+Lintang+camp" class="Z3988"></span> "Great War veteran dies aged 107"], <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, 26 July 2007</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Anonymous (1944) "Kuching Internment Camp, July 1943" <i>The Chronicle: A Quarterly Report Of The Borneo Mission Association</i> 28(1), 7 (March 1944)</li> <li>Archer, B. E. (1999) <i>A study of civilian internment by the Japanese in the Far East, 1941–45</i> Essex: B. Archer (University of Essex PhD thesis)</li> <li>Archer, Bernice (2004) <i>The Internment of Western Civilians under the Japanese 1941–45, A Patchwork of Internment</i> London: Routledge Curzon <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5592-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5592-9">0-7146-5592-9</a> (A 2008 reprint with expanded final chapter has been published by Hong Kong University Press)</li> <li>Archer, John Belville (1946) (collected and edited) <i>Lintang Camp: Official Documents from the Records of The Civilian Internment Camp (No 1 Camp) at Lintang, Kuching, Sarawak, During the Years 1942–1943–1944–1945</i>. Published as a pamphlet March 1946</li> <li>Archer, John Belville (1997) <i>Glimpses of Sarawak Between 1912 & 1946: Autobiographical Extracts & Articles of an Officer of the Rajahs</i> Compiled and edited by Vernon L. Porritt Special Issue of the Department of South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85958-906-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85958-906-4">0-85958-906-4</a></li> <li>Arvier, Robyn (2001) <i>"Caesar's Ghost!": Maurie Arvier's story of war, captivity and survival</i> Launceston, Tasmania. Arvier was in the Australian officers' camp</li> <li>Arvier, Robyn (collected and edited) (2004) <i>Don't worry about me: Wartime letters of the 8th Division A.I.F.</i> Launceston, Tasmania: Bokprint. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-44026-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-44026-8">0-646-44026-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bell_(educator)" title="Frank Bell (educator)">Bell, Frank</a> (1991) <i>Undercover University</i> (revised edition) Cambridge: Elisabeth Bell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9516984-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9516984-0-0">0-9516984-0-0</a> (Originally published in 1990, same ISBN). Bell was in the British officers' camp; his wife published his account after his death</li> <li>Brown, D. A. D. (1946) "Reminiscences of Internment" <i>The Chronicle: A Quarterly Report Of The Borneo Mission Association</i> 29(3), 37 (December 1946)</li> <li>Colley, George S. Jr. (1951) <i>Manila, Kuching and return 1941–1945</i> San Francisco: privately printed (first printing 1946). Colley was in the male civilians' camp; his wife was in the female civilians' camp</li> <li>Cunningham, Michele K. (2006) <i>Defying the Odds. Surviving Sandakan and Kuching</i> Lothian Books/Hachette Livre <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7344-0917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7344-0917-1">978-0-7344-0917-1</a></li> <li>Darch, Ernest G. (Airman) (2000) <i>Survival in Japanese POW Camps with Changkol and Basket</i> London: Minerva Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7541-1161-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7541-1161-X">0-7541-1161-X</a> (also published by Stewart Books, Ontario, Canada). Darch was in the British other ranks' camp</li> <li>Dawson, Christopher (1995) <i>To Sandakan: The Diaries of Charlie Johnstone Prisoner of War 1942–45</i> St Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-818-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-818-5">1-86373-818-5</a> Johnstone, an Australian serving in the RAF, was in the British officers' camp</li> <li>Digby, K. H. (1980) <i>Lawyer in the Wilderness</i> Ithaca, New York: Cornell University (Data Paper 114, Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies) Digby was in the male civilians' camp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Evans" title="Stephen R. Evans">Evans, Stephen R.</a> (1999) <i>Sabah (North Borneo) Under the Rising Sun Government</i> Printed in Malaysia, no publisher details or ISBN. Contains an account by J. R. Baxter, who was in the male civilians' camp</li> <li>Firkins, Peter (1995) <i>Borneo Surgeon: A Reluctant Hero</i> Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85905-211-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85905-211-7">0-85905-211-7</a>. A biography of Dr James P. Taylor, Principal Medical Officer in North Borneo when the Japanese invaded. His wife Celia was in the female civilians' camp</li> <li>Forbes, George K. <i>et al.</i> (1947) <i>Borneo Burlesque: Comic Tragedy/Tragic Comedy</i> Sydney: H. S. Clayton. Edition limited to 338 copies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Howes" title="Peter Howes">Howes, Peter H. H.</a> (1976) "The Lintang Camp: Reminiscences of an Internee during the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945" <i>Journal of the Malaysian Historical Society (Sarawak Branch)</i> 2, 33–47. Howes was a Church of England priest in Sarawak, and was in the male civilians' camp</li> <li>Howes, Peter H. H. (1994) <i>In a Fair Ground or Cibus Cassowari</i> London: Excalibur Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85634-367-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85634-367-7">1-85634-367-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Newton_Keith" title="Agnes Newton Keith">Keith, Agnes Newton</a> (1955) <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Came_Home" title="Three Came Home">Three Came Home</a></i> London: Michael Joseph (Mermaid Books). Originally published in 1947 by Little Brown and Company, Boston, Mass. Keith was in the female civilians' camp</li> <li>Keith, Agnes Newton (1972) <i>Beloved Exiles</i> Boston, Mass: Little Brown and Company Semi-autobiographical novel based on Keith's time in Borneo, including her internment</li> <li>Kell, Derwent (1984) <i>A Doctor's Borneo</i> Brisbane: Boolarong Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908175-80-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-908175-80-9">0-908175-80-9</a>. Derwent Kell is the pen name of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clarke_(Doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Clarke (Doctor)">Dr Marcus C. Clarke</a>, who was in the male civilians' camp</li> <li>Kirby, S. Woodburn <i>et al.</i> (1957) <i>The War Against Japan. Volume 1: The Loss of Singapore</i> London: HMSO</li> <li>Kirby, S. Woodburn <i>et al.</i> (1969) <i>The War Against Japan. Volume 5: The Surrender of Japan</i> London: HMSO</li> <li>Lim, Shau Hua Julitta (1995) <i>From an Army Camp to a Teacher College: A History of Batu Lintang Teachers' College, Kuching, Sarawak</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-99068-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/983-99068-0-1">983-99068-0-1</a></li> <li>Lim, Shau Hua Julitta (2005) <i>Pussy's in the well: Japanese Occupation of Sarawak 1941–1945</i> Kuching, Sarawak: Research and Resource Centre <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-41998-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/983-41998-2-1">983-41998-2-1</a> Some accounts, many photographs and some nominal rolls</li> <li>Long, Gavin (1963) <i>The Final Campaigns</i> Australia in the War 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army), Volume 7. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (Online in PDF form at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070206">[1]</a>)</li> <li>Mackie, John (2007) <i>Captain Jack Surveyor and Engineer: The autobiography of John Mackie</i> Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Institute of Surveyors <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9582486-6-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9582486-6-4">0-9582486-6-4</a> Mackie was in the British officers' camp</li> <li>Newman, Carolyn (ed) (2005) <i>Legacies of our Fathers</i> South Melbourne: Lothian Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7344-0877-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7344-0877-3">0-7344-0877-3</a> Accounts of six Australian officers and a female civilian internee</li> <li>O'Connor, Michael P. (1954) <i>The More Fool I</i> Dublin: Michael F. Moynihan Account of O'Connor's time in Malaya, including Batu Lintang. He was in the male civilians' camp</li> <li>Ooi, Keat Gin (1998) <i>Japanese Empire in the Tropics: Selected Documents and Reports of the Japanese Period in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo, 1941–1945</i> Ohio University Center for International Studies, Monographs in International Studies, SE Asia Series 101 (2 vols) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89680-199-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89680-199-3">0-89680-199-3</a> Contains many accounts by British POWs and civilian internees.</li> <li>Ooi, Keat Gin (2006) "The 'Slapping Monster' and Other Stories: Recollections of the Japanese Occupation (1941–1945) of Borneo through Autobiographies, Biographies, Memoirs, and Other Ego-documents" <i>Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History</i> 7(3), Winter 2006</li> <li>Purden, Ivor M. (1989) "Japanese P.O.W. Camps in Borneo" in Neville Watterson (1989) <i>Borneo: The Japanese P.O.W. Camps – Mail of the Forces, P.O.W. and Internees</i> (published by W. N. Watterson)</li> <li>Reece, Bob (1998) <i>Masa Jepun: Sarawak under the Japanese 1941–1945</i> Kuching, Sarawak: Sarawak Literary Society <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-9115-06-5" title="Special:BookSources/983-9115-06-5">983-9115-06-5</a></li> <li>St. John-Jones, L. W. (2004) "The Kuching Prisoner-of-War Camp 1944–45: Heroism and Tragedy" <i>Sabah Society Journal</i> 21</li> <li>Smallfield, E. J. (1947) "Internment Under the Japanese" <i>New Zealand Surveyor</i> 19, no 4, April 1947, 301–310. Smallfield was in the male civilians' camp</li> <li>Southwell, C. Hudson (1999) <i>Uncharted Waters</i> Calgary, Canada: Astana Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9685440-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9685440-0-2">0-9685440-0-2</a> Southwell was in the male civilians' camp</li> <li>Taylor, Brian (2006) "Lintang Camp Memorials" <i>The Sarawak Museum Journal</i> 62(83), 59–62 (December 2006)</li> <li>Torrens, Alexandra (1998) "Borneo burlesque" <i>Wartime</i> 4 (Summer 1998), 51–55. <i>Wartime</i> is the official magazine of the Australian War Memorial. The article is about a group of officers who made it their mission to uphold the morale of Australian POWs in Batu Lintang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_S._Walker" title="Allan S. Walker">Walker, Allan S.</a> (1953) <i>Middle East and Far East</i> Australia in the War 1939–1945 Series 5 (Medical), Volume 2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (1962 reprint online in PDF form at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=36">[2]</a>)</li> <li>Wall, Don (no date, post-1993) <i>Kill the Prisoners!</i> Mona Vale, NSW, Australia: Don Wall <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-27834-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-27834-7">0-646-27834-7</a></li> <li>Watterson, W. N. (1989) and (1994) <i>Borneo: The Japanese P.O.W. Camps – Mail of the Forces, P.O.W. and Internees</i> (published in two parts by W. N. Watterson) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9514951-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9514951-0-0">0-9514951-0-0</a> (Part 1, 1989); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9514951-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9514951-2-7">0-9514951-2-7</a> (Part 2, 1994)</li> <li>Wigmore, Lionel (1957) <i>The Japanese Thrust</i> Australia in the War 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army), Volume 4. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (Online in PDF form at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=20">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623202546/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=20">Archived</a> 2008-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>Yap, Felicia (2004) <i>Reassessing the Japanese prisoner of war and internment experience: the Lintang Camp, Kuching, Sarawak, 1942–45</i> Cambridge: M. Phil. dissertation (copy held in the Seeley Library, University of Cambridge Faculty of History)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Batu_Lintang_camp" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Batu Lintang camp">Batu Lintang camp</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/Baldwin/html/batu_lintag.htm">Plan of the camp, one of several different versions</a> The plan is dated 1945, and the layout of the barracks differs (mostly in orientation rather than location) from that shown in the 1945 aerial reconnaissance photographs held at the AWM</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/22403">Sketch of malnutrition cases from Batu Lintang</a> "Typical Malnutrition Cases: Australian and British Prisoners of War just released from Lintang Barracks, Kuching, Borneo 16 September 1945" by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Rafty" title="Tony Rafty">Tony Rafty</a>. Imperial War Museum, Catalogue No. Art.IWM ART LD 5884</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/22404">Sketch of hospitalised POWs from Batu Lintang</a> "British Prisoners-of-War after Rescue from Kuching, Borneo" by Tony Rafty. Imperial War Museum, Catalogue No. Art.IWM ART LD 5885</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/virtualtour/enlarge.asp?section=10&photo=3">Photograph of the stone which commemorated the opening of the camp on 15 August 1942.</a> The stone bears the name of the camp commander, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Tatsuji_Suga" title="Tatsuji Suga">Tatsuji Suga</a>, and the command "Be faithful". It is now housed at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/stolenyears/korea/aftermath/story1.asp">Information on <i>Borneo Burlesque</i> (Forbes <i>et al.</i>.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504160919/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/canwehelp/video/">Episode 10 of <i>Can We Help?</i></a> Broadcast by <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a> 18 April 2008. Part of the programme features Dandi Michael Tiong, who with his twin brother Danis Stephen Tiong was in the camp as a child. Includes some AWM archive footage of the camp. (NB all archive film material shows Batu Lintang, not the Labuan camp mentioned). Relevant times: 01:24–02:05 and 17:58–25:03.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/results.php?field=what&searchterm=%22Roll+book%22&searchdb=scran">A roll book kept in the British Other Ranks' compound and now in the National Museums of Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B6js47kN2dFcNzE3MDVlMDEtYmUzMC00NWRkLWE0MTEtYWNkZmE4MTE5OTY5/edit?pli=1">"Perspex Crucifix" by Sarah Hilary</a>, an article in <i>foto8</i> about her mother and maternal grandparents who were civilian internees in the camp</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/mar/01/mother-emperor-hirohito-war-poster-child">"How the Japanese used my Family" by Sarah Hilary</a>, an article in <i>The Guardian</i>, "Family" section, pp 4–5, 1 March 2014. (The online version of the article is titled "My mother was Emperor Hirohito's poster child").</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/18/4325/">Quietly Dangerous: How My Grandmother Won the War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Hilary" title="Sarah Hilary">Sarah Hilary</a>, an article commissioned by the Dangerous Women Project and published on 18 January 2017</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auVVqTTgN4A"><i>Three Came Home</i> full movie (now in the public domain)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/results.php?QUICKSEARCH=1&search_term=craig+kidd">Female internees' signatures</a> Tea towel signed by the female internees in the camp, and by some of the Japanese staff, including Lt.-Col. Suga, and embroidered over by Mrs Catherine Craig Kidd. <a href="/wiki/National_Museums_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museums of Scotland">National Museums of Scotland</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_histories">Personal histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Personal histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Maurie Arvier</b> (Australian serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927064716/http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/vevp/home.html">Short account</a> Scroll down to near the bottom of the page</li> <li><b>Mary Baldwin</b> (civilian internee) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/Baldwin/html/war.htm">Captivity</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/Baldwin/html/release.htm">Release</a></li> <li><b>John Stewart Bell</b> (Australian serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borneopow.info/profiles/profile17.htm">Short account</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pows-of-japan.net/articles/60.htm">Short account</a> Same article but both have small amounts of additional information</li> <li><b>Leslie Bickerton</b> (British serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070408153656/http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_borneo_batu_lintang.htm">The Batu Lintang Union Jack</a></li> <li><b>Charles Cleal</b> (British serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/weekend/story/0,,2158870,00.html">Short account</a></li> <li><b>W. G. Cockburn</b> (British serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928212353/http://www.zoobiotic.org/maggots-in-wartime/">The use of maggots to clean a wound</a> Second article down on the page</li> <li><b>Edwin John Esler</b> (Australian serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borneopow.info/profiles/profile18.htm">Short account</a></li> <li><b>Robert Fyvie</b> and <b>Frances Colina</b> (British serviceman and civilian internee) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/Love_Sprang_From_Batu_Lintang/">Couple who met at Batu Lintang and married soon after their liberation</a></li> <li><b>Bennie Gold</b> (British serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/47/a5976147.shtml">Near-discovery of the generator</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/92/a5976192.shtml">Religion in the camp</a></li> <li><b>Harold McManus</b> (American serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.pon.net/shawnf/stor/ocmcmanus/ocmcmanus.htm">Short account</a> The webpage is mainly about Harold's brother, O. C. McManus</li> <li><b>Les Mockridge</b> (British serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626155505/http://www.cofepow.org.uk/remembrance/pages/mockridge_les_.htm">Short account. Mockridge was initially at Sandakan</a></li> <li><b>Dennis Riley</b> (British serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/Life_of_Riley/html/batu-lintang_camp.htm">Life in the camp</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/Life_of_Riley/html/glimmer_of_hope.htm">The radio</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/Life_of_Riley/html/liberation_september_1945.htm">Liberation of the camp</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/Life_of_Riley/html/going_home.htm">Labuan field hospital</a></li> <li><b>Vernon Hopetoun Smith</b> (Australian serviceman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borneopow.info/profiles/profile15.htm">Brief profile</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations">Organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipgkbl.net/index.php/visit">Website of the Teachers' Training College mini-museum and heritage association (in English and Malay)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311130051/http://www.mpbl.edu.my/">Batu Lintang Teachers' Training College website (in Malay)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borneopow.info/index.htm">Borneo POW Relatives Association of Western Australia</a> Parts of the site still under construction</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofepow.org.uk">COFEPOW (Children and Families of Far East Prisoners of War)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fepow-community.org.uk/">FEPOW (Far East Prisoners of War) Community</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Malaysia">West Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arulmigu_Sri_Rajakaliamman_Glass_Temple" title="Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple">Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Johor)" title="Church of the Immaculate Conception (Johor)">Church of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dato%27_Bentara_Luar_Mosque" title="Dato' Bentara Luar Mosque">Dato' Bentara Luar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Besar" title="Istana Besar">Istana Besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Bukit_Serene" title="Istana Bukit Serene">Istana Bukit Serene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Johor Bahru railway station">Johor Bahru railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Old_Chinese_Temple" title="Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple">Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pisang_Lighthouse" title="Pulau Pisang Lighthouse">Pulau Pisang Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abu_Bakar_State_Mosque" title="Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque">Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Jamek_Mosque" title="Sultan Ibrahim Jamek Mosque">Sultan Ibrahim Jamek Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Building" title="Sultan Ibrahim Building">Sultan Ibrahim Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanah_Aminah_Hospital" title="Sultanah Aminah Hospital">Sultanah Aminah Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanah_Fatimah_Specialist_Hospital" title="Sultanah Fatimah Specialist Hospital">Sultanah Fatimah Specialist Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_State_Art_Gallery" title="Kedah State Art Gallery">Kedah State Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahir_Mosque" title="Zahir Mosque">Zahir Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Mu%27adzam_Shah_Gallery" title="Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Gallery">Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Petani_clock_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Petani clock tower">Sungai Petani clock tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Batu_Royal_Museum" title="Istana Batu Royal Museum">Istana Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Jahar" title="Istana Jahar">Istana Jahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Laut_Mosque" title="Kampung Laut Mosque">Kampung Laut Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Maha_Vihara,_Brickfields" title="Buddhist Maha Vihara, Brickfields">Buddhist Maha Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliseum_Theatre_(Kuala_Lumpur)" title="Coliseum Theatre (Kuala Lumpur)">Coliseum Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panggung_Bandaraya_DBKL" title="Panggung Bandaraya DBKL">DBKL City Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Majestic_(Kuala_Lumpur)" title="Hotel Majestic (Kuala Lumpur)">Hotel Majestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamek_Mosque" title="Jamek Mosque">Masjid Jamek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_railway_station" title="Kuala Lumpur railway station">Kuala Lumpur railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Rubber_Building" title="Lee Rubber Building">Lee Rubber Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mosque_of_Malaysia" title="National Mosque of Malaysia">National Mosque of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Textile_Museum" title="National Textile Museum">National Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Market,_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Central Market, Kuala Lumpur">Pasar Seni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_Sze_Si_Ya_Temple" title="Sin Sze Si Ya Temple">Sin Sze Si Ya Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kandaswamy_Kovil,_Brickfields" title="Sri Kandaswamy Kovil, Brickfields">Sri Kandaswamy Kovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Mahamariamman_Temple,_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur">Sri Mahamariamman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Samad_Building" title="Sultan Abdul Samad Building">Sultan Abdul Samad Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral_(Kuala_Lumpur)" title="St. John's Cathedral (Kuala Lumpur)">St. John's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Kuala_Lumpur" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Kuala Lumpur">St. Mary's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Institution" title="Victoria Institution">Victoria Institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hoon_Teng_Temple" title="Cheng Hoon Teng Temple">Cheng Hoon Teng Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Malacca" title="Christ Church, Malacca">Christ Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Francis_Xavier_(Melaka)" title="Church of St. Francis Xavier (Melaka)">Church of St. Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Rachado_Lighthouse" title="Cape Rachado Lighthouse">Cape Rachado Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress of Malacca">Fortress of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Hulu_Mosque" title="Kampung Hulu Mosque">Kampung Hulu Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Kling_Mosque" title="Kampung Kling Mosque">Kampung Kling Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_and_Islamic_World_Museum" title="Malay and Islamic World Museum">Malay and Islamic World Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Architecture_Museum" title="Malaysia Architecture Museum">Malaysia Architecture Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Youth_Museum" title="Malaysia Youth Museum">Malaysia Youth Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middelburg_Bastion" title="Middelburg Bastion">Middelburg Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poh_San_Teng_Temple" title="Poh San Teng Temple">Poh San Teng Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_Memorial" title="Proclamation of Independence Memorial">Proclamation of Independence Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadthuys" title="Stadthuys">Stadthuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Fort" title="St. John's Fort">St. John's Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Paul,_Malacca" title="Church of Saint Paul, Malacca">St. Paul's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church_(Melaka)" title="St. Peter's Church (Melaka)">St. Peter's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Chinese_Jewellery_Museum" title="Straits Chinese Jewellery Museum">Straits Chinese Jewellery Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Poyatha_Moorthi_Temple" title="Sri Poyatha Moorthi Temple">Sri Poyatha Moorthi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Methodist_Church" title="Tamil Methodist Church">Tamil Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquerah_Mosque" title="Tranquerah Mosque">Tranquerah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undan_Island_Lighthouse" title="Undan Island Lighthouse">Undan Island Lighthouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Ampang_Tinggi" title="Istana Ampang Tinggi">Istana Ampang Tinggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Seri_Menanti" title="Istana Seri Menanti">Istana Seri Menanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seremban_Komuter_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Seremban Komuter station">Seremban railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Church,_Cameron_Highlands" title="All Souls' Church, Cameron Highlands">All Souls' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Marathandavar_Bala_Dhandayuthapani_Alayam" title="Sri Marathandavar Bala Dhandayuthapani Alayam">Sri Marathandavar Bala Dhandayuthapani Alayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abu_Bakar_Museum" title="Sultan Abu Bakar Museum">Sultan Abu Bakar Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arulmigu_Balathandayuthapani_Temple,_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Arulmigu Balathandayuthapani Temple, Penang">Arulmigu Balathandayuthapani Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China_Building_(Penang)" title="Bank of China Building (Penang)">Bank of China Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph,_Penang" title="The Cenotaph, Penang">Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Risen_Christ,_Penang" title="Church of the Risen Christ, Penang">Church of the Risen Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_George_Town" title="City Hall, George Town">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheong_Fatt_Tze_Mansion" title="Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion">Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Assumption_(Penang)" title="Church of the Assumption (Penang)">Church of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Penang" title="Church of the Immaculate Conception, Penang">Church of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammikarama_Burmese_Temple" title="Dhammikarama Burmese Temple">Dhammikarama Burmese Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_%26_Oriental_Hotel" title="Eastern & Oriental Hotel">Eastern & Oriental Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foo_Tye_Sin_Mansion" title="Foo Tye Sin Mansion">Foo Tye Sin Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Cornwallis" title="Fort Cornwallis">Fort Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Cornwallis_Lighthouse" title="Fort Cornwallis Lighthouse">Fort Cornwallis Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Mercy_Temple" title="Goddess of Mercy Temple">Goddess of Mercy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hin_Bus_Depot" title="Hin Bus Depot">Hin Bus Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Cathedral,_Penang" title="Holy Spirit Cathedral, Penang">Holy Spirit Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC_Building_(Penang)" title="HSBC Building (Penang)">HSBC Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House,_Penang" title="India House, Penang">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor_God_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Jade Emperor God Temple">Jade Emperor God Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalan_Baru_Sri_Muniswarar_Temple" title="Jalan Baru Sri Muniswarar Temple">Jalan Baru Sri Muniswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Clock_Tower" title="Jubilee Clock Tower">Jubilee Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitan_Keling_Mosque" title="Kapitan Keling Mosque">Kapitan Keling Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_Lok_Si" title="Kek Lok Si">Kek Lok Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoo_Kongsi" title="Khoo Kongsi">Khoo Kongsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebuh_Aceh_Mosque" title="Lebuh Aceh Mosque">Lebuh Aceh Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahindarama_Buddhist_Temple" title="Mahindarama Buddhist Temple">Mahindarama Buddhist Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nattukkottai_Chettiar_Temple,_Penang" title="Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple, Penang">Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCBC_Building_(Penang)" title="OCBC Building (Penang)">OCBC Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_High_Court" title="Penang High Court">Penang High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Islamic_Department_Building" title="Penang Islamic Department Building">Penang Islamic Department Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Islamic_Museum" title="Penang Islamic Museum">Penang Islamic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Masonic_Temple" title="Penang Masonic Temple">Penang Masonic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_State_Assembly_Building" title="Penang State Assembly Building">Penang State Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinang_Peranakan_Mansion" title="Pinang Peranakan Mansion">Pinang Peranakan Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Hall,_Penang" title="Town Hall, Penang">Penang Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Residency,_Penang" title="The Residency, Penang">Seri Mutiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thean_Kong_Thnuah_Temple" title="Thean Kong Thnuah Temple">Thean Kong Thnuah Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Temple" title="Snake Temple">Snake Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_Teratai" title="Seri Teratai">Seri Teratai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Mahamariamman_Temple,_Penang" title="Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Penang">Sri Mahamariamman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Bukit_Mertajam" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anne's Church, Bukit Mertajam">St. Anne's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Church,_Penang" title="St. George's Church, Penang">St. George's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_House,_Penang" title="Suffolk House, Penang">Suffolk House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayer_Itam_War_Memorial_Park" title="Ayer Itam War Memorial Park">War Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Buppharam,_Penang" title="Wat Buppharam, Penang">Wat Buppharam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Chayamangkalaram" title="Wat Chayamangkalaram">Wat Chayamangkalaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville,_Penang" title="Woodville, Penang">Woodville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghufran_Royal_Mausoleum" title="Al-Ghufran Royal Mausoleum">Al-Ghufran Royal Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Taiping" title="All Saints' Church, Taiping">All Saints' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Anthony%27s_Church,_Teluk_Intan" title="St. Anthony's Church, Teluk Intan">Church of St. Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fort" title="Dutch Fort">Dutch Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipoh_railway_station" title="Ipoh railway station">Ipoh railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie%27s_Castle" title="Kellie's Castle">Kellie's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Teluk_Intan" title="Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan">Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panglima_Kinta_Mosque" title="Panglima Kinta Mosque">Panglima Kinta Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_State_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Perak State Museum">Perak State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple" title="Sam Poh Tong Temple">Sam Poh Tong Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Hospital" title="Taiping Hospital">Taiping Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubudiah_Mosque" title="Ubudiah Mosque">Ubudiah Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alwi_Mosque" title="Alwi Mosque">Alwi Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Mosque_(Jugra,_Malaysia)" title="Alaeddin Mosque (Jugra, Malaysia)">Alaeddin Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Klang" title="Church of Our Lady of Lourdes Klang">Church of Our Lady of Lourdes Klang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatter%27s_Castle_(building)" title="Hatter's Castle (building)">Hatter's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Bandar" title="Istana Bandar">Istana Bandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Fathom_Bank_Lighthouse" title="One Fathom Bank Lighthouse">One Fathom Bank Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sunderaraja_Perumal_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sunderaraja Perumal Temple">Sri Sunderaraja Perumal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sithi_Vinayagar_Temple" title="Sri Sithi Vinayagar Temple">Sri Sithi Vinayagar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Sulaiman_Mosque" title="Sultan Sulaiman Mosque">Sultan Sulaiman Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Aziz_Royal_Gallery" title="Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery">Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Chetawan" title="Wat Chetawan">Wat Chetawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abidin_Mosque" title="Abidin Mosque">Abidin Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duyong_Old_Fort" title="Duyong Old Fort">Duyong Old Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Ann_Kiong_Temple" title="Ho Ann Kiong Temple">Ho Ann Kiong Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Maziah" title="Istana Maziah">Istana Maziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumah_Warisan_Haji_Su" title="Rumah Warisan Haji Su">Rumah Warisan Haji Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Hou_Gong_Temple" title="Tian Hou Gong Temple">Tian Hou Gong Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials<br />and monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makam_Al-Ghufran" class="mw-redirect" title="Makam Al-Ghufran">Al-Ghufran Royal Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Memorial_Clock_Tower" title="Birch Memorial Clock Tower">Birch Memorial Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenotaph,_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenotaph, Penang">Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheras_War_Cemetery" title="Cheras War Cemetery">Cheras War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_Jebat_Mausoleum" title="Hang Jebat Mausoleum">Hang Jebat Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_Li_Poh%27s_Well" title="Hang Li Poh's Well">Hang Li Poh's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah%27s_Well" title="Hang Tuah's Well">Hang Tuah's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makam_Pahlawan" title="Makam Pahlawan">Heroes' Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Royal_Mausoleum" title="Kedah Royal Mausoleum">Kedah Royal Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Royal_Mausoleum" title="Kelantan Royal Mausoleum">Kelantan Royal Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugu_Keris" title="Tugu Keris">Kris Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Klawang_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Klawang Memorial">Kuala Klawang Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Murugan_Statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Murugan Statue">Lord Murugan Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makam_Mahmoodiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Makam Mahmoodiah">Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaka_Warrior_Monument" title="Melaka Warrior Monument">Melaka Warrior Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makam_Sultan_Abdul_Samad" class="mw-redirect" title="Makam Sultan Abdul Samad">Sultan Abdul Samad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makam_Sultan_Mahmud_Mangkat_Dijulang" class="mw-redirect" title="Makam Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Dijulang">Tomb of Sultan Mahmud Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="Millennium Monument (Malaysia)">Millennium Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Protestant_Cemetery,_George_Town" title="Old Protestant Cemetery, George Town">Old Protestant Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Old_Royal_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahang Old Royal Mausoleum">Pahang Old Royal Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_Menanti_Royal_Mausoleum" title="Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum">Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_War_Cemetery" title="Taiping War Cemetery">Taiping War Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historic_site" title="Historic site">Site</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves" title="Batu Caves">Batu Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Pahat_Well" title="Batu Pahat Well">Batu Pahat Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasik_Biru_Seri_Kundang" title="Tasik Biru Seri Kundang">Biru Seri Kundang Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Bujang Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Melawati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukit Melawati">Bukit Melawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kuala_Terengganu" title="Chinatown, Kuala Terengganu">Chinatown (Kuala Terengganu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Cina" title="Bukit Cina">Chinese Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillemard_Bridge" title="Guillemard Bridge">Guillemard Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Ngah_Ibrahim" title="Kota Ngah Ibrahim">Fort of Ngah Ibrahim's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Buruk" title="Kota Buruk">Fort of Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biawak_Busuk" title="Biawak Busuk">Fort of Smelly Monitor Lizard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Square_(Kuala_Lumpur)" title="Independence Square (Kuala Lumpur)">Independence Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukut_Fort_and_Museum" title="Lukut Fort and Museum">Lukut Fort and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markets_of_Taiping,_Perak" title="Markets of Taiping, Perak">Markets of Taiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_General_Hospital" title="Malacca General Hospital">Malacca General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morib" title="Morib">Morib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Botanic_Gardens" title="Penang Botanic Gardens">Penang Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Puteri" title="Bukit Puteri">Princess Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Hill" title="St. Paul's Hill">St. Paul's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Hospital" title="Sultan Abdul Halim Hospital">Sultan Abdul Halim Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bridge,_Malaysia" title="Victoria Bridge, Malaysia">Victoria Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambun_rock_art" title="Tambun rock art">Tambun rock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Tualang_Tin_Dredge_No._5" title="Tanjung Tualang Tin Dredge No. 5">Tanjung Tualang Tin Dredge No. 5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="East_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_Museum" title="Chimney Museum">Labuan Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labuan_Clock_Tower" title="Labuan Clock Tower">Labuan Clock Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Keith_House" title="Agnes Keith House">Agnes Keith House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atkinson_Clock_Tower" title="Atkinson Clock Tower">Atkinson Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Tinagat_Lighthouse" title="Batu Tinagat Lighthouse">Batu Tinagat Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesselton_Freemason_Hall" title="Jesselton Freemason Hall">Jesselton Freemason Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesselton_Hotel" title="Jesselton Hotel">Jesselton Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Heritage_Museum" title="Keningau Heritage Museum">Keningau Heritage Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinarut_Mansion" title="Kinarut Mansion">Kinarut Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melalap_railway_station" title="Melalap railway station">Melalap railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Tourism_Board" title="Sabah Tourism Board">Sabah Tourism Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Kota_Kinabalu" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kota Kinabalu">Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kota Kinabalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sing_Kung_Temple" title="Sam Sing Kung Temple">Sam Sing Kung Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Heritage_Museum" title="Sandakan Heritage Museum">Sandakan Heritage Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Jamek_Mosque" title="Sandakan Jamek Mosque">Sandakan Jamek Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Penampang" title="St. Michael's Church, Penampang">St. Michael's Church, Penampang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_and_All_Angels_Church,_Sandakan" title="St. Michael's and All Angels Church, Sandakan">St. Michael's and All Angels Church, Sandakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawau_Bell_Tower" title="Tawau Bell Tower">Tawau Bell Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_History_Museum" title="Chinese History Museum">Chinese History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ching_San_Yen_Temple" title="Ching San Yen Temple">Ching San Yen Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Alice" title="Fort Alice">Fort Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hose" title="Fort Hose">Fort Hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Margherita" title="Fort Margherita">Fort Margherita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sylvia" title="Fort Sylvia">Fort Sylvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_San_Si_Temple" title="Hong San Si Temple">Hong San Si Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Heritage_Museum" title="Islamic Heritage Museum">Islamic Heritage Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuching_Old_Courthouse" title="Kuching Old Courthouse">Kuching Old Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Sibu" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Sibu">Sacred Heart Cathedral, Sibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Museum" title="Sarawak State Museum">Sarawak State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Tower_(Sarawak)" title="Square Tower (Sarawak)">Square Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astana,_Sarawak" title="The Astana, Sarawak">The Astana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tua_Pek_Kong_Temple,_Kuching" title="Tua Pek Kong Temple, Kuching">Tua Pek Kong Temple, Kuching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tua_Pek_Kong_Temple,_Miri" title="Tua Pek Kong Temple, Miri">Tua Pek Kong Temple, Miri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tua_Pek_Kong_Temple,_Sibu" title="Tua Pek Kong Temple, Sibu">Tua Pek Kong Temple, Sibu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials<br />and monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau" title="Tanjung Simpang Mengayau">Bronze Globe of Tanjung Simpang Mengayau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Memorial" title="Brooke Memorial">Brooke Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Company_Monument" title="Chartered Company Monument">Chartered Company Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho_Huan_Lai_Memorial" title="Cho Huan Lai Memorial">Cho Huan Lai Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Fontaine_Memorial" title="De Fontaine Memorial">De Fontaine Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Six_Monument" title="Double Six Monument">Double Six Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunner_Cleary_Memorial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunner Cleary Memorial (page does not exist)">Gunner Cleary Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Oath_Stone" title="Keningau Oath Stone">Keningau Oath Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuching_Heroes%27_Cemetery" title="Kuching Heroes' Cemetery">Kuching Heroes' Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundasang_War_Memorial" title="Kundasang War Memorial">Kundasang War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labuan_War_Cemetery" title="Labuan War Cemetery">Labuan War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_POW_Camp_Memorial" title="Last POW Camp Memorial">Last POW Camp Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Monument" title="Malaysia Monument">Malaysia Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mat_Salleh_Memorial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mat Salleh Memorial (page does not exist)">Mat Salleh Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_War_Monument" title="North Borneo War Monument">North Borneo War Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petagas_War_Memorial" title="Petagas War Memorial">Petagas War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quailey%27s_Hill_Memorial" title="Quailey's Hill Memorial">Quailey's Hill Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafflesia_Monument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafflesia Monument (page does not exist)">Rafflesia Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Heritage_Trail" title="Sandakan Heritage Trail">Sandakan Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Japanese_Cemetery" title="Sandakan Japanese Cemetery">Sandakan Japanese Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Massacre_Memorial" title="Sandakan Massacre Memorial">Sandakan Massacre Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Memorial_Park" title="Sandakan Memorial Park">Sandakan Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_War_Monument" title="Sandakan War Monument">Sandakan War Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starcevich_Monument" title="Starcevich Monument">Starcevich Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawau_Japanese_War_Memorial" title="Tawau Japanese War Memorial">Tawau Japanese War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Datu_Mustapha_Memorial" title="Tun Datu Mustapha Memorial">Tun Datu Mustapha Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pryer_Monument" title="William Pryer Monument">William Pryer Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historic_site" title="Historic site">Site</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agop_Batu_Tulug_Caves" title="Agop Batu Tulug Caves">Agop Batu Tulug Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Batu_Lawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukit Batu Lawi">Batu Lawi Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buloh_Kasap_Bridge" title="Buloh Kasap Bridge">Buloh Kasap Bridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batu Lintang camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kuching" title="Chinatown, Kuching">Chinatown, Kuching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Kent_Hospital" title="Duchess of Kent Hospital">Duchess of Kent Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Street,_Kota_Kinabalu" title="Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu">Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumuyu_Petroglyphs" title="Lumuyu Petroglyphs">Lumuyu Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madai_Cave" title="Madai Cave">Madai Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Kota_Kinabalu" title="Merdeka Square, Kota Kinabalu">Merdeka Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunuk_Ragang" title="Nunuk Ragang">Nunuk Ragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Museum_(Malaysia)" title="Petroleum Museum (Malaysia)">Petroleum Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogunon_Community_Museum" title="Pogunon Community Museum">Pogunon Community Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital,_Kota_Kinabalu" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu">Queen Elizabeth Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_camp" title="Sandakan camp">Sandakan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_General_Hospital" title="Sarawak General Hospital">Sarawak General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull_Hill,_Malaysia" title="Skull Hill, Malaysia">Skull Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_East_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Template:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_East_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common<br />history<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Malaysia" title="Proclamation of Malaysia">Proclamation of Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_2019_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">2019 federal constitution amendment</a> <span style="color:darkred;">(on hold) ★ first tabling</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia#March_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">2021 federal constitution amendment</a> <span style="color:darkgreen;">(passed) ★ second tabling</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_and_Dutch_Borneo,_1898.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of British and Dutch Borneo, 1898."><img alt="Map of British and Dutch Borneo, 1898." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/150px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/225px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/300px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of<br />Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Civil War">Brunei Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_conflict_(1771)" title="Sabah conflict (1771)">Sabah conflict (1771)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_colonial_policy#North_Borneo" title="Austrian colonial policy">Austrian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antanum" title="Antanum">Antanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_camp" title="Sandakan camp">Sandakan camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">Self-government of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Oath_Stone" title="Keningau Oath Stone">Keningau Oath Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Double Six Crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Cross border attacks from the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">2013 Lahad Datu standoff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">1986 Sabah riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sabah_political_arrests" title="1991 Sabah political arrests">1991 Sabah political arrests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_IC" title="Project IC">Project IC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Water_Department_corruption_probe" title="Sabah State Water Department corruption probe">Sabah State Water Department corruption probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah">2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of<br />Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rentap" title="Rentap">Rentap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shan_Bang" title="Liu Shan Bang">Liu Shan Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syarif_Masahor" title="Syarif Masahor">Syarif Masahor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement of Sarawak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Self-government of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-point_agreement" title="18-point agreement">18-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Sarawak_constitutional_crisis" title="1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis">1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">1987 Ming Court Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Sarawak_HFMD_outbreak" title="1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak">1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_rabies_outbreak" title="Sarawak rabies outbreak">Sarawak rabies outbreak</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak">2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labuan#History" title="Labuan">History of<br />Labuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1890–1904)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907–46)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">Battle of Labuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Colony of Singapore</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–63)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–84)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984–)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>1</sup> Covers the three territories</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&oldid=1253128029">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batu_Lintang_camp&oldid=1253128029</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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