Energies | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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<option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. 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Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life 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Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option 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Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option 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class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 7606 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5946/pdf?version=1732637379" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Dedicated HVAC Technology in the Renovation of Historic Buildings on the Example of the Marshal Pilsudski Manor in Sulejówek" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5946">Dedicated HVAC Technology in the Renovation of Historic Buildings on the Example of the Marshal Pilsudski Manor in Sulejówek</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Piotr Gleń</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jan Wrana</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wojciech Struzik</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katarzyna Jaromin-Gleń</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5946; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235946 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The article investigates HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) technologies aimed at mitigating Primary Energy (PE) consumption in renovated buildings. This research is part of a broader initiative focused on enhancing air quality and reducing the carbon footprint within the fields of architecture <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5946/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The article investigates HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) technologies aimed at mitigating Primary Energy (PE) consumption in renovated buildings. This research is part of a broader initiative focused on enhancing air quality and reducing the carbon footprint within the fields of architecture and urban planning. Conducted since 2018 by a team from the Institute of Architectural Design at the Department of Contemporary Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Technology in Lublin, the study exemplifies the application of these technologies at the historic Marshal Piłsudski’s “Milusin” Manor House in Sulejówek, near Warsaw. The primary objective of this research is to present HVAC solutions, particularly a free cooling and heating system, which are specifically tailored for the renovation of historic structures. This technology effectively recovers thermal energy from groundwater, achieving low energy consumption levels while simultaneously minimizing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5946">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/energies/special_issues/thermal_environment_energy_saving_buildings ">Thermal Environment and Energy Saving in Buildings</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5946/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530251"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530251"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530251" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530251" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530251" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g001-550.jpg?1732637486" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530251" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g002-550.jpg?1732637488'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g003-550.jpg?1732637489'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g004-550.jpg?1732637491'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g005-550.jpg?1732637493'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g006-550.jpg?1732637495'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g007-550.jpg?1732637496'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g008-550.jpg?1732637497'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g009-550.jpg?1732637499'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g010-550.jpg?1732637500'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g011-550.jpg?1732637501'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g012-550.jpg?1732637502'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1530251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g013-550.jpg?1732637505'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530251-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g001-550.jpg?1732637486" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Scheme of the lower-source FCH installation for obtaining groundwater energy with a system of vertical heat and cold exchangers. Source: authors’ data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g002-550.jpg?1732637488" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Groundwater temperature measurement results in the engine room of the FCH HVAC node before introducing the medium into the pumping room. Source: authors’ data *. * Installation tests performed in March 2017, Galeria facility in Mielec, by WAKAD Sp. z o. o. Results from the BMS of the FCH HVAC installation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g003-550.jpg?1732637489" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Chart of heat energy recovery in the HVAC installation according to diagram <a href="#energies-17-05946-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>. Orange line—temperature behind the rotary exchanger—which without the FCH heater has values of 9.5 °C. Red line—temperature after the FCH exchanger, and rotary exchanger with a value of 16.6 °C. Source: authors’ data*. * Installation tests performed in March 2017, Galeria facility in Mielec, performed by WAKAD Sp. z o. o. Results from the BMS of the FCH HVAC installation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g004-550.jpg?1732637491" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Results of the installation performance test, Eastern Poland Region 2022. Source: authors’ data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g005-550.jpg?1732637493" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Location of FCH HVAC installation boreholes. “Milusin” Manor House, Marshal Piłsudski Museum in Sulejówek. Source: authors’ data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g006-550.jpg?1732637495" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Example of FCH HVAC installation. Ground floor plan—“Milusin” Manor House, Marshal Piłsudski Museum in Sulejówek. Source: authors’ data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g007-550.jpg?1732637496" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Vertical Section A-A of the FCH HVAC installation. “Milusin” Manor House, Marshal Piłsudski Museum in Sulejówek. Source: authors’ data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g008-550.jpg?1732637497" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Indoor temperature distribution throughout the year in winter and summer. Source: The authors. Blue line—outdoor temperature, green—room temp (no. 1), red—room temp (no. 2), yellow—room temp (no. 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g009-550.jpg?1732637499" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Temperature distribution in summer. Location: Warsaw (Poland). Source: authors’ data. Green line—indoor temperature, blue—outdoor temperature, red—downstream of the FCH cooler; yellow—supply temperature at FCH radiator, white—supply temperature current value.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g010-550.jpg?1732637500" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Costs generated by traditional cross-technology. Source: authors’ data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g011-550.jpg?1732637501" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Cost generated by Gas spinner technology. Source: authors’ data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g012-550.jpg?1732637502" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Cost generated by FCH HVAC technology. Source: authors’ data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05946/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05946-g013-550.jpg?1732637505" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in three technologies. Source: authors’ data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5946'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 4972 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5945/pdf?version=1732637078" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Efficient Simulator for P2P Energy Trading: Customizable Bid Preferences for Trading Agents" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5945">Efficient Simulator for P2P Energy Trading: Customizable Bid Preferences for Trading Agents</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yasuhiro Takeda</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yosuke Suzuki</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kota Fukamachi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuji Yamada</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kenji Tanaka</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5945; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235945 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Given the accelerating global movement towards decarbonization, the importance of promoting renewable energy (RE) adoption and ensuring efficient transactions in energy markets is increasing worldwide. However, renewable energy sources, including photovoltaic (PV) systems, are subject to output fluctuations due to weather conditions, requiring <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5945/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Given the accelerating global movement towards decarbonization, the importance of promoting renewable energy (RE) adoption and ensuring efficient transactions in energy markets is increasing worldwide. However, renewable energy sources, including photovoltaic (PV) systems, are subject to output fluctuations due to weather conditions, requiring large-scale backup power to balance supply and demand. This makes trading electricity from large-scale PV systems connected to the existing grid challenging. To address this, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy markets where individual prosumers can trade excess power within their local communities have been garnering attention. This study introduces a simulator for P2P energy trading, designed to account for the diverse behaviors and objectives of participants within a market mechanism. The simulator incorporates two risk aversion parameters: one related to transaction timing, expressed through order prices, and another related to forecast errors, managed by adjusting trade volumes. This allows participants to customize their trading strategies, resulting in more realistic analyses of trading outcomes. To explore the effects of these risk aversion settings, we conduct a case study with 120 participants, including both consumers and prosumers, using real data from household smart meters collected on sunny and cloudy days. Our analysis shows that participants with higher aversion to transaction timing tend to settle trades earlier, often resulting in unnecessary transactions due to forecast inaccuracies. Furthermore, trading outcomes are significantly influenced by weather conditions: sunny days typically benefit buyers through lower settlement prices, while cloudy days favor sellers who execute trades closer to their actual needs. These findings demonstrate the trade-off between early execution and forecast error losses, emphasizing the simulator’s ability to analyze trading outcomes while accounting for participant risk aversion preferences. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5945">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/energies/sections/energy_economics_policy">C: Energy Economics and Policy</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 2638 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5944/pdf?version=1732634503" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Performance and Optimization of Novel Solar-Assisted Heat Pump System with Hybrid Thermal Energy Storage" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5944">Performance and Optimization of Novel Solar-Assisted Heat Pump System with Hybrid Thermal Energy Storage</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chaojie Ren</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jie Lin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nini Guo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5944; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235944 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this study, a novel solar-assisted heat pump (SAHP) system with hybrid thermal energy storage is proposed. The system can address the problems of large space requirements and the unstable heating of solar heating systems and tackle the energy-efficient degradation of air source <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5944/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this study, a novel solar-assisted heat pump (SAHP) system with hybrid thermal energy storage is proposed. The system can address the problems of large space requirements and the unstable heating of solar heating systems and tackle the energy-efficient degradation of air source heat pumps (ASHPs) in winter. This study utilized TRNSYS18 software to establish a dynamic simulation model of the system, including the system’s model construction and the control scheme’s design. This performance study focused on analyzing the effects of the collector area and thermal energy storage (TES). The results show that with the increase in the collector area, the collector and power generation efficiencies decrease, and the system performance coefficient improves; the rise in the volume of TES leads to the collector and power generation efficiencies first increasing, and then they tend to stabilize, and the performance coefficient shows a trend of firstly increasing, and then decreasing. In terms of parameter optimization, a target optimization scheme and an evaluation model are constructed. The results indicate that the heating demand for a 116-square-meter building in the Tianjin area is met. The equivalent annual cost (EAC) of the system cost is the lowest, which is CNY 3963, when the collector area of the system is 31 square meters, the heat storage tank (HST) volume is 0.4 cubic meters and the phase-change energy storage (PCES) volume is 0.2 cubic meters. The payback period of the system is 10.59 years, which was compared to that of the ASHP. The further comparison of the economic feasibility of the system in the Lhasa, Shenyang, and Tianjin regions shows that the Lhasa region has the lowest EAC and payback period of CNY 1579 and 8.53 years, respectively, while the payback periods of Tianjin and Shenyang are 10.59 and 10.3 years, with EACs of CNY 3963 and CNY 5096, respectively. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5944">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/energies/sections/solar_energy">A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5944/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530156"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530156"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530156" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530156" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530156" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g001-550.jpg?1732634594" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530156" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g002-550.jpg?1732634594'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g003-550.jpg?1732634595'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g004-550.jpg?1732634596'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g005-550.jpg?1732634597'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g006-550.jpg?1732634598'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g007-550.jpg?1732634599'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g008-550.jpg?1732634602'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g009-550.jpg?1732634603'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g010-550.jpg?1732634604'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g011-550.jpg?1732634605'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g012-550.jpg?1732634607'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g013-550.jpg?1732634608'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g014-550.jpg?1732634609'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g015-550.jpg?1732634609'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g016-550.jpg?1732634610'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1530156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g017-550.jpg?1732634611'><p>Figure 17</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530156-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g001-550.jpg?1732634594" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>System schematic diagram. 1. Inverter; 2. PV/T collector; from 3–1 to 3–4. Shut-off valve; 4. HST; 5. PCES; from 6–1 to 6–5. Water pump; from 7–1 to 7–3. Three-way valve; 8. Compressor; 9. Four-way valve; 10. Electric heater; 11. HWT; 12. Throttle valve; 13. Evaporator; 14. Filter; 15. Hot water.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g002-550.jpg?1732634594" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Building heat load simulation model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g003-550.jpg?1732634595" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of TRNSY simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g004-550.jpg?1732634596" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>TRNSYS simulation control flowchart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g005-550.jpg?1732634597" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Monthly variation in irradiation intensity and ambient temperature in Tianjin.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g006-550.jpg?1732634598" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Monthly variation in heat collection and power generation of system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g007-550.jpg?1732634599" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Monthly variation in system heat supply and electricity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g008-550.jpg?1732634602" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The operating parameters on a typical day for the system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g009-550.jpg?1732634603" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Effect of collector area on performance parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g010-550.jpg?1732634604" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Effect of volume of HST on system performance parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g011-550.jpg?1732634605" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Effect of volume of PCES on system performance parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g012-550.jpg?1732634607" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of system parameter optimization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g013-550.jpg?1732634608" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Genopt’s interface for calling the Hooke–Jeeves algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g014-550.jpg?1732634609" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Variation in month-by-month collector efficiency of system before and after optimization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g015-550.jpg?1732634609" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Variation in month-by-month COP of system before and after optimization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g016-550.jpg?1732634610" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of costs in different cities after optimization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05944/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05944-g017-550.jpg?1732634611" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of EACs for different cities after optimization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5944'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 772 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5943/pdf?version=1732633560" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Advanced Performance Prediction of Triple-Junction Solar Cell Structures Using MATLAB/Simulink Under Variable Conditions" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5943">Advanced Performance Prediction of Triple-Junction Solar Cell Structures Using MATLAB/Simulink Under Variable Conditions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Olfa Bel Hadj Brahim Kechiche</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Habib Sammouda</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5943; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235943 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Raising the efficiency of triple-junction cells such as (GaInP/GaInAs/Ge) is an important goal for designing high-concentration photovoltaic systems. This purpose can be achieved by facing cell obstacles and acting on their configurations to sustain under highly concentrated sunlight and high operating temperatures. In <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5943/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Raising the efficiency of triple-junction cells such as (GaInP/GaInAs/Ge) is an important goal for designing high-concentration photovoltaic systems. This purpose can be achieved by facing cell obstacles and acting on their configurations to sustain under highly concentrated sunlight and high operating temperatures. In this paper, a prediction performance study of triple-junction solar cells with four types of structures is proposed under variable conditions. The results show that the series structure is well-validated with experimental data under standard test conditions and is presented against those under variable conditions. Then, the triple-junction cells are compared and discussed in terms of photovoltaic cell open circuit voltage, photovoltaic cell electrical efficiency, fill factor, and temperature coefficients. Consequently, the results show that the cells can be separated into two categories that are useful for Low Concentration Systems and High Concentration Systems. The Low Concentration Systems present high efficiency at 20 suns. For the High Concentration Systems, the Hybrid 2 type demonstrates an optimal efficiency of 38.48% at 118 suns with a high<i> FF</i> (0.873) and shows a lower temperature coefficient than the series type. So, Hybrid 2 presents a good candidate for high-concentration systems with a performance better than the conventional triple-junction cells. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5943">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/7D181ADKD1">Advances in Solar Technologies</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 19953 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5942/pdf?version=1732634132" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Diagnostic Approach to Improving the Energy Efficiency of Production Processes—2E-DAmIcS Methodology" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5942">A Diagnostic Approach to Improving the Energy Efficiency of Production Processes—2E-DAmIcS Methodology</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adam Hamrol</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Agnieszka Kujawińska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Krzysztof Brzozowski</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Małgorzata Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5942; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235942 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This article presents the issue of energy waste in manufacturing processes, focusing on reducing unnecessary energy consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. A significant challenge in modern production is identifying and minimizing energy waste, which not only increases operational costs but also contributes to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5942/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This article presents the issue of energy waste in manufacturing processes, focusing on reducing unnecessary energy consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. A significant challenge in modern production is identifying and minimizing energy waste, which not only increases operational costs but also contributes to environmental degradation. An improvement methodology referred to as 2E-DAmIcS is proposed. A distinguishing feature of the methodology is a risk map of energy waste in the production process. Application of the methodology is demonstrated using the example of a lead–acid battery production process. It is shown that even small but well-diagnosed changes to the process make it possible to significantly reduce energy consumption. The proposed methodology offers practical tools for managers and decision-makers in various industries to systematically identify and minimize energy waste. It highlights the importance of cross-disciplinary collaboration among specialists in technology, energy consumption, and statistical analysis to optimize energy use. By applying this approach, companies can achieve both financial savings and environmental benefits, contributing to more sustainable production practices. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5942">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/energies/sections/energy_environment">B: Energy and Environment</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5942/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530136"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530136"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530136" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530136" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530136" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g001-550.jpg?1732634217" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530136" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g002-550.jpg?1732634219'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g003-550.jpg?1732634221'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g004-550.jpg?1732634222'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g005-550.jpg?1732634224'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g006-550.jpg?1732634225'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g007-550.jpg?1732634225'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g008-550.jpg?1732634227'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g009-550.jpg?1732634228'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g010-550.jpg?1732634230'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g011-550.jpg?1732634231'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1530136-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g012-550.jpg?1732634232'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530136-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g001-550.jpg?1732634217" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Possibility of parallel or alternating implementation of the stages of analysis, measurement, and improvement (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g002-550.jpg?1732634219" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>General scheme of the 2E-DAmIcS methodology (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g003-550.jpg?1732634221" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>General diagram of the LAB manufacturing process (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g004-550.jpg?1732634222" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Seasoning operation: its phases—basic seasoning and drying together with the parameters of the stages (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g005-550.jpg?1732634224" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of the moisture content of the slabs in the chamber space areas (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g006-550.jpg?1732634225" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Results of analysis of plate moisture measurement data for the left and right sides of the chamber. Legend: µ—mean moisture; <span class="html-italic">n</span>—sample size; T-Value—the value of <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test statistic; DF—degree of freedom in the test; <span class="html-italic">p</span>-Value—probability value indicating the significance of the test result (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g007-550.jpg?1732634225" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Results of analysis of temperature measurement data on the left and right sides of the chamber. Legend: µ—mean temperature; <span class="html-italic">n</span>—sample size; T-Value—the value of <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test statistic; DF—degree of freedom in the test; <span class="html-italic">p</span>-Value—probability value indicating the significance of the test result (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g008-550.jpg?1732634227" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Thermal imaging camera image for a leaking chamber—temperature difference indicates air leakage (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g009-550.jpg?1732634228" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Results of <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test for comparing the average moisture content of plates after seasoning in sealed and unsealed chambers. Legend: µ—mean moisture; <span class="html-italic">n</span>—sample size; T-value—the value of <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test statistic; DF—degree of freedom in the test; <span class="html-italic">p</span>-Value—probability value indicating the significance of the test result (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g010-550.jpg?1732634230" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Airflow before and after implementation of solutions (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g011-550.jpg?1732634231" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Boxplot of humidity before and after. Statistics and results of Mann–Whitney test. Legend: µ—mean moisture; N—sample size; StDev—standard deviation; T-Value—the value of <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test statistic; DF—degree of freedom in the test; <span class="html-italic">p</span>-Value—probability value indicating the significance of the test result; * − symbol of outlier (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05942/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05942-g012-550.jpg?1732634232" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Process capability (Cpk) and ppm before and after changes. Legend: Cpk—process capability index; ppm—parts per million; red line —fitted probability distribution (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5942'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 30 pages, 2686 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5941/pdf?version=1732632361" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Grey-Box Energy Modelling of Energy-Efficient House Using Hybrid Optimization Technique of Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Quasi-Newton Algorithms with Markov Chain Monte Carlo Uncertainty Distribution" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5941">Grey-Box Energy Modelling of Energy-Efficient House Using Hybrid Optimization Technique of Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Quasi-Newton Algorithms with Markov Chain Monte Carlo Uncertainty Distribution</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gulsun Demirezen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alan S. Fung</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aidan Brookson</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5941; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235941">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235941</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Understanding energy demands and costs is important for policy makers and the energy sector, especially in the context of residential heating and cooling systems. To estimate the thermal demand of a residential house, a grey-box modelling method with a resistance–capacitance (RC) analogy was <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5941/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Understanding energy demands and costs is important for policy makers and the energy sector, especially in the context of residential heating and cooling systems. To estimate the thermal demand of a residential house, a grey-box modelling method with a resistance–capacitance (RC) analogy was implemented. The architectural properties used to parameterize the grey-box model were derived from a house used for research purposes in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada (TRCA-House A). The house model accounts for solar irradiance on exterior building surfaces, thermal conductivity through all surfaces, solar heat gains through windows, and thermal gains from ventilation. Two parallel short- and long-term calibrations were performed such that model outputs reflected the real-world operation of the house as best as possible. To define the unknown model parameters (such as the conductivity of building materials and some constant parameters), a hybrid optimization scheme including a genetic algorithm (GA) and the Quasi-Newton algorithm was introduced and implemented using Bayesian approximation and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. The temperature outputs from the model were compared to the data retrieved from TRCA-House A. The final iteration of the model had an RMSE for interior zone temperature estimation of 0.22 °C when compared to the retrieved interior zone temperature data from TRCA-House A. Furthermore, the annual heating and cooling energy consumption values are within 1.50% and 0.08% of target values, respectively. According to these preliminary results, the introduced model and optimization techniques could be adjusted for different types of housing, as well as for smart control applications on both a short- and long-term basis. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5941">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/energies/sections/energy_buildings">G: Energy and Buildings</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 3436 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5940/pdf?version=1732632558" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Research on the Operation Optimization of Public Building Systems in Extremely Cold Areas Based on Flexible Loads" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5940">Research on the Operation Optimization of Public Building Systems in Extremely Cold Areas Based on Flexible Loads</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chuan Tian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shunli Jiang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shuai Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guohui Feng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bin Yu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5940; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235940">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235940</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The heating energy consumption in public buildings in cold regions is notably significant, presenting substantial scope for energy savings and emission reductions. Flexible loads can actively participate in controlling the operation of the power grid, improving the energy utilization and the economy of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5940/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The heating energy consumption in public buildings in cold regions is notably significant, presenting substantial scope for energy savings and emission reductions. Flexible loads can actively participate in controlling the operation of the power grid, improving the energy utilization and the economy of the system. This study introduces flexible loads into the operation optimization of energy systems, establishing mathematical models for flexible thermal and electrical loads. A two-stage operation optimization method is proposed: the first stage simulates the starting and stopping control conditions of equipment at varying temperatures and times, selecting the optimal time period to regulate the thermal loads; the second stage employs a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the scheduling of the system’s electrical load. Finally, an empirical analysis is carried out in a public building in Shenyang City as an example, and the results indicate that optimal scheduling of flexible thermal and electrical loads reduces the daily operating cost of the energy supply system by RMB 124.12 and decreases carbon emissions by 22.7%. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5940">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/energies/sections/energy_buildings">G: Energy and Buildings</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 36 pages, 2590 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5939/pdf?version=1732632361" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5939">A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>K. Nagendra</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>K. Varun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>G. Som Pal</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>K. Santosh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sunil Semwal</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manoj Badoni</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rajeev Kumar</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5939; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235939">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235939</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b> </b>This study addresses the load frequency control (LFC) within a multiarea power system characterized by diverse generation sources across three distinct power system areas. area 1 comprises thermal, geothermal, and electric vehicle (EV) generation with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) support; area 2 <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5939/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b> </b>This study addresses the load frequency control (LFC) within a multiarea power system characterized by diverse generation sources across three distinct power system areas. area 1 comprises thermal, geothermal, and electric vehicle (EV) generation with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) support; area 2 encompasses thermal and EV generation; and area 3 includes hydro, gas, and EV generation. The objective is to minimize the area control error (ACE) under various scenarios, including parameter variations and random load changes, using different control strategies: proportional-integral-derivative (PID), two-degree-of-freedom PID (PID-2DF), fractional-order PID (FOPID), fractional-order integral (FOPID-FOI), and fractional-order integral and derivative (FOPID-FOID) controllers. The result analysis under various conditions (normal, random, and parameter variations) evidences the superior performance of the FOPID-FOID control scheme over the others in terms of time-domain specifications like oscillations and settling time. The FOPID-FOID control scheme provides advantages like adaptability/flexibility to system parameter changes and better response time for the current power system. This research is novel because it shows that the FOPID-FOID is an excellent control scheme that can integrate these diverse/renewable sources with modern systems. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5939">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/energies/sections/electric_vehicles">E: Electric Vehicles</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 6314 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5938/pdf?version=1732632097" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Study on the Effect of Toroidal Propeller Parameters on Efficiency and Thrust" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5938">A Study on the Effect of Toroidal Propeller Parameters on Efficiency and Thrust</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ji Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qingchun Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hugh Deasy</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junyu Hang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5938; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235938">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235938</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper delves into the effects of a toroidal propeller’s geometrical characteristics on its thrust and efficiency. The focus is on three distinct numerical distributions: the outward inclination angle, the pitch angle, and the number of blades. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method is <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5938/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper delves into the effects of a toroidal propeller’s geometrical characteristics on its thrust and efficiency. The focus is on three distinct numerical distributions: the outward inclination angle, the pitch angle, and the number of blades. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method is employed to analyze the propeller’s open-water performance, taking into account cavitation flow, and a test bed was constructed to verify the rationality of CFD simulation. The findings reveal that the toroidal propeller’s efficiency and thrust coefficient initially increase with the outward inclination angle, followed by a decline; the angle of maximum efficiency is identified at 23.25°. A reduction in the pitch angle leads to a temporary rise in efficiency, which subsequently falls, accompanied by a continuous decrease in the thrust coefficient. The optimal selection angle should consider this to prevent negative thrust at lower advance coefficients, which could further impact overall efficiency. An increased number of blades elevates the thrust coefficient and reduces the force on each blade, yet has a minimal effect on efficiency. Additionally, the orthogonal test method was utilized to explore the interactions between these three parameters. The outcomes indicate that, in terms of final power, there is no significant interaction among the three parameters under investigation. However, notable interactions are observed between the pitch angle and the number of blades, the outward inclination angle and the pitch angle, and the outward inclination angle and the number of blades. Consequently, the study’s findings facilitate the selection of parameter combinations that yield higher efficiency or thrust coefficients. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5938">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5938/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530075"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530075"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530075" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530075" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530075" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g001-550.jpg?1732632290" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530075" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g002-550.jpg?1732632292'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g003-550.jpg?1732632293'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g004-550.jpg?1732632293'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g005-550.jpg?1732632295'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g006-550.jpg?1732632298'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g007-550.jpg?1732632299'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g008-550.jpg?1732632300'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g009-550.jpg?1732632301'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g010-550.jpg?1732632303'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g011-550.jpg?1732632304'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g012-550.jpg?1732632305'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g013-550.jpg?1732632306'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1530075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g014-550.jpg?1732632307'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530075-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g001-550.jpg?1732632290" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Calculation domain; (<b>b</b>) boundary size.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g002-550.jpg?1732632292" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Grids of different sizes; the sizes from left to right are 0.004 m, 0.002 m, 0.001 m.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g003-550.jpg?1732632293" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Propeller coordinates; (<b>b</b>) angle of outward inclination.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g004-550.jpg?1732632293" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Dynamic torque transducers; (<b>b</b>) thrust sensor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g005-550.jpg?1732632295" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Validation of the open-water test program.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g006-550.jpg?1732632298" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Verification of open-water test site: (<b>a</b>) verification of open-water test site; (<b>b</b>) nine types of ring propellers for testing; (<b>c</b>) underwater propeller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g007-550.jpg?1732632299" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Pressure cloud: (<b>a</b>) 0 degrees; (<b>b</b>) 7.5 degrees; (<b>c</b>) 15 degrees; (<b>d</b>) 22.5 degrees; (<b>e</b>) 30 degrees.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g008-550.jpg?1732632300" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The relation curve of propeller advance coefficient with (<b>a</b>) efficiency and (<b>b</b>) thrust coefficient, incorporating changes in the angle of outward inclination.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g009-550.jpg?1732632301" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Cavitation flow phenomenon when the outward inclination angle is (<b>a</b>) 0 degrees; (<b>b</b>) 7.5 degrees; (<b>c</b>) 15 degrees; (<b>d</b>) 22.5 degrees; (<b>e</b>) 30 degrees (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.9</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>20</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g010-550.jpg?1732632303" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Pressure cloud: (<b>a</b>) 25 degrees; (<b>b</b>) 35 degrees; (<b>c</b>) 45 degrees; (<b>d</b>) 55 degrees; (<b>e</b>) 65 degrees.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g011-550.jpg?1732632304" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The relation curve of the propeller advance coefficient with (<b>a</b>) efficiency and (<b>b</b>) thrust coefficient, regarding changes in the angle of pitch.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g012-550.jpg?1732632305" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Pressure cloud: (<b>a</b>) 2 blades; (<b>b</b>) 3 blades; (<b>c</b>) 4 blades; (<b>d</b>) 5 blades.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g013-550.jpg?1732632306" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>The relation curve of propeller advance coefficient with (<b>a</b>) efficiency and (<b>b</b>) thrust coefficient, regarding changes in the angle of pitch.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05938/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05938-g014-550.jpg?1732632307" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional response surface diagram. (<b>a</b>) Angle of outward inclination and angle of pitch; (<b>b</b>) number of blades and angle of pitch; (<b>c</b>) angle of outward inclination and number of blades.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5938'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 1367 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5937/pdf?version=1732631095" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Combined Investment and Operational Optimization Approach for Power-to-Methanol Plants" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5937">A Combined Investment and Operational Optimization Approach for Power-to-Methanol Plants</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nouman Akram</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thomas Kienberger</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5937; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235937">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235937</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In the global effort for industrial decarbonization, repurposing closed coal-fired power plants into power-to-methanol (PtM) plants offers a promising pathway to reduce CO₂ emissions while leveraging existing infrastructure. This study introduces a novel combined optimization approach using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) to simultaneously <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5937/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In the global effort for industrial decarbonization, repurposing closed coal-fired power plants into power-to-methanol (PtM) plants offers a promising pathway to reduce CO₂ emissions while leveraging existing infrastructure. This study introduces a novel combined optimization approach using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) to simultaneously optimize the investment and operation of a PtM plant, assessing its economic viability. The model incorporates the operational flexibility of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers in response to fluctuating electricity prices through a piecewise linear representation of its load–efficiency characteristic curve. A case study of a repurposed coal plant in Austria demonstrates the model's applicability and practical relevance. The results show that larger electrolyzer capacities, i.e., 434 MW, with flexible part-load operation can significantly reduce methanol production costs, i.e., EUR 0.8/kg, achieving competitiveness under high CO₂ pricing scenarios, i.e., EUR 500/ton. A sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the critical factors influencing production costs. This study concludes that the combined investment and operational optimization approach effectively captures the essential elements of PtM systems, enabling faster, better, and operation-informed investment decisions for innovative technologies to support the ongoing energy transition. These findings indicate that PtM technologies can be a viable solution for asset repurposing, grid stabilization, and decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5937">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/energies/sections/electrical_power_system">F1: Electrical Power System</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 729 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5936/pdf?version=1732630308" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Dimensionality Reduction and Clustering Strategies for Label Propagation in Partial Discharge Data Sets" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5936">Dimensionality Reduction and Clustering Strategies for Label Propagation in Partial Discharge Data Sets</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ronaldo F. Zampolo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Frederico H. R. Lopes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rodrigo M. S. de Oliveira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Martim F. Fernandes</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Victor Dmitriev</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5936; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235936">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235936</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Deep learning approaches have been successfully applied to perform automatic classification of phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) diagrams. Under the supervised learning paradigm, however, the performance of classifiers strongly depends on the availability of large and previously labeled data sets. Labeling is an intensive <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5936/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Deep learning approaches have been successfully applied to perform automatic classification of phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) diagrams. Under the supervised learning paradigm, however, the performance of classifiers strongly depends on the availability of large and previously labeled data sets. Labeling is an intensive and time-consuming labor, typically involving the manual annotation of a large number of data examples by an expert. In this work, we propose a label propagation algorithm applied to PRPD data sets, aiming to reduce the time necessary to manually label PRPDs. Our basic pipeline is composed of three phases: pre-processing, dimensionality reduction procedures, and clustering. Different configurations of the basic pipeline are tested by using PRPDs obtained from online measurements in hydrogenerators. The performance of each configuration is assessed by using the Silhouette, Caliński–Harabasz, and Davies–Bouldin scores. The clustering of the best three configurations is compared with annotated PRPDs by using the Fowlkes-Mallows index. Results suggest our strategy can substantially decrease the time for manual labeling. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5936">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/energies/special_issues/18W1GAC3RQ ">Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5936/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530028"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530028"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530028" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530028" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530028" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-ag-550.jpg?1732630459" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1530028" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g001-550.jpg?1732630441'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g002-550.jpg?1732630444'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g003-550.jpg?1732630444'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g004-550.jpg?1732630445'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g005-550.jpg?1732630446'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g006-550.jpg?1732630447'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g007-550.jpg?1732630448'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g008-550.jpg?1732630449'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g009-550.jpg?1732630450'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g010-550.jpg?1732630450'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g011-550.jpg?1732630451'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g012-550.jpg?1732630454'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1530028-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g013-550.jpg?1732630457'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530028-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-ag-550.jpg?1732630459" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g001-550.jpg?1732630441" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The proposed label propagation strategy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g002-550.jpg?1732630444" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Effects of pre-processing on PRPDs: (<b>a</b>) original PRPD; (<b>b</b>) PRPD after amplitude scaling; (<b>c</b>) PRPD after amplitude scaling (detail); (<b>d</b>) scaled PRPD after grey-scale closing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g003-550.jpg?1732630444" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Detailed view of the PRPD data set clustering procedure. The variables <span class="html-italic">d</span> and <span class="html-italic">k</span> denote the dimensionality of the latent space and the number of clusters, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g004-550.jpg?1732630445" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>General experimental setup for acquisition and analysis of partial discharge data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g005-550.jpg?1732630446" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Example of a PRPD pattern (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>256</mn> <mspace width="3.33333pt"/> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="3.33333pt"/> <mn>256</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> matrix).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g006-550.jpg?1732630447" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Number of PRPD diagrams for each hydroelectric generator in our data set.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g007-550.jpg?1732630448" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Silhouette scores for each configuration. A grey bar refers to the weighted average of Silhouette scores (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>w</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, left vertical axis) across hydroelectric generators, while the black dot indicates the corresponding standard deviation (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>α</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, right vertical axis).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g008-550.jpg?1732630449" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Caliński–Harabasz scores for each configuration. A grey bar refers to the weighted average of Caliński–Harabasz scores (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>w</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, left vertical axis) across hydroelectric generators, while the black dot indicates the corresponding standard deviation (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>β</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, right vertical axis).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g009-550.jpg?1732630450" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Davies–Bouldin scores for each configuration. A grey bar refers to the weighted average of Davies–Bouldin scores (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>w</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, left vertical axis) across hydroelectric generators, while the black dot indicates the corresponding standard deviation (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>γ</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, right vertical axis).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g010-550.jpg?1732630450" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Weighted average Silhouette scores (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>w</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>) vs. weighted average Chaliński–Harabasz scores (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>w</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g011-550.jpg?1732630451" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Weighted average Silhouette scores (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>w</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>) vs. weighted average Davies–Bouldin scores (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>w</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g012-550.jpg?1732630454" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Representative PRPDs from clusters 0 (<b>a</b>) and 1 (<b>b</b>) obtained from the best configuration selected by the Silhouette score for the machine 12. Vertical and horizontal axes indicate the indices of a 256 × 256 PRPD matrix.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05936/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05936-g013-550.jpg?1732630457" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Examples of two very distinct PRPDs associated to one cluster (cluster 0) obtained from the best configuration selected by the Davies–Bouldin score for the machine 12. Vertical and horizontal axes indicate the indices of a 256 × 256 PRPD matrix.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5936'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 358 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5935/pdf?version=1732628653" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Households in Poland—Current Status and Prospects for the Development of Energy Prosumption" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5935">The Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Households in Poland—Current Status and Prospects for the Development of Energy Prosumption</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulina Trębska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marcin Wysokiński</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anna Trocewicz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joanna Żurakowska-Sawa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Julia Tsybulska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aleksandra Płonka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Piotr Bórawski</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5935; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235935">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235935</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This article aimed to assess the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in households in Poland in the context of the Statistics Poland (GUS) research and our survey research. In addition, plans for using renewable energy sources and the willingness of respondents to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5935/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This article aimed to assess the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in households in Poland in the context of the Statistics Poland (GUS) research and our survey research. In addition, plans for using renewable energy sources and the willingness of respondents to spend money for this purpose were examined. At the beginning of this article, a theoretical approach to the household as an energy prosumer was presented, and the structure of obtaining energy from RES in Poland was shown. Then, the survey research methodology was presented, including the selection of the sample and the purpose of the survey. The next part of this article concerns the characteristics of the respondents and the buildings they inhabit, as well as statistics on RES used in the surveyed households. The research shows that 12% of the surveyed population was an energy prosumer, and 22% were interested in and planning to invest in RES. Only half of the respondents were ready to spend their money on micro-installations. The results were presented using the documentary and comparative methods. This article uses data from Statistics Poland (GUS) and our survey research conducted among 1112 representatives of households in Poland. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5935">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/energies/special_issues/67FQ31XTXW ">Energy Supply within Sustainable Agricultural Production and Development of Rural Areas: Challenges, Policies, Mechanisms</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 2297 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5934/pdf?version=1732627508" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Influence of Building Materials and Electrical Parameter Variability on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5934">The Influence of Building Materials and Electrical Parameter Variability on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Agnieszka Choroszucho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tomasz Szczegielniak</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dariusz Kusiak</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5934; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235934">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235934</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The article presents an analysis of the influence of building materials on the propagation of an electromagnetic wave and the values of the electric field intensity. The topics of the analysis were two types of walls (partition and load bearing) built of different <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5934/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The article presents an analysis of the influence of building materials on the propagation of an electromagnetic wave and the values of the electric field intensity. The topics of the analysis were two types of walls (partition and load bearing) built of different building materials. Different variants of walls were considered due to the building material used: concrete, aerated concrete, solid brick, clinker bricks, and three types of hollow bricks. The requirements for structures in terms of wall thickness were taken into account. The article, using concrete as an example, also describes the influence of changes in the electrical parameters of the building material on wave propagation and the values of the field. The results concerning the influence of complex materials, such as hollow bricks, on the non-uniform distribution of the electric field were also included. Due to the different percentage share of ceramic mass in hollow bricks, the article discusses its influence on the values of the field, taking into account the variability of conductivity. The analysis was performed using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. The results were compared with the analytical solution. The analysis, among others, showed that with the increase in the ceramic mass in bricks, the electric field values are higher but result in an uneven distribution of the field. Using the example of hollow bricks used to build load-bearing walls, it was observed that a small modification of the hollows practically does not affect the field intensity (the difference is approx. 2%). When planning the installation of wireless networks, the best solution is walls made of ceramics with a large number of hollows, where the ceramic mass constitutes only approx. 30%. A multivariate analysis allows for a better understanding of field phenomena inside single-family homes. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5934">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/energies/special_issues/2AA52VXCCD ">Applications of Electromagnetism in Energy Efficiency</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 2398 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5933/pdf?version=1732628549" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Cost–Benefit Analysis of the China’s Household Coal-to-Electricity Transition: A Case Study on the Beijing Mentougou Area" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5933">Cost–Benefit Analysis of the China’s Household Coal-to-Electricity Transition: A Case Study on the Beijing Mentougou Area</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanran Pan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Jiang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hui Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5933; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235933">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235933</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Since 2013, China has implemented clean heating projects such as the coal-to-electricity project to reduce emissions and improve air quality in northern China, but it still requires significant investment from governments, businesses, and households. However, the benefits of coal-to-electricity to improve the rural <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5933/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Since 2013, China has implemented clean heating projects such as the coal-to-electricity project to reduce emissions and improve air quality in northern China, but it still requires significant investment from governments, businesses, and households. However, the benefits of coal-to-electricity to improve the rural family environment have received less attention. In this study, we conducted a cost–benefit analysis of the coal-to-electricity transition in Beijing’s Mentougou District from 2013 to 2017, distinguishing private costs and benefits, government costs and public benefits, and social costs and benefits. The results show that for all coal-to-electricity households, the private benefits far outweigh the private costs, with a benefit–cost ratio of 15.9. The government costs outweigh the benefit of air pollutants and carbon dioxide emission reduction, with a benefit–cost ratio of 0.4. Overall, the social benefits outweigh the social costs: the benefit–cost ratio for society was 2.2. The environmental benefits of the coal-to-electricity policies did not offset the large amount of investment of the government, but society received a positive net benefit owing to the large benefits gained by rural households. This also proves that the investment by the government is efficient and verifies the government’s next step to continue to promote the coal-to-electricity transition. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5933">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/energies/sections/electrical_engineering">F: Electrical Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5933/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529974"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529974"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529974" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529974" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529974" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05933/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05933-ag-550.jpg?1732628651" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1529974" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05933/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05933-g001-550.jpg?1732628648'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05933/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05933-g002-550.jpg?1732628650'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529974-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05933/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05933-ag-550.jpg?1732628651" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5933'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05933/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05933-g001-550.jpg?1732628648" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Study area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5933'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05933/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05933-g002-550.jpg?1732628650" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Framework for the cost–benefit analysis of the coal-to-electricity transition. Note: The items without * should be compared with the base scenario of coal, while the items with * do not require this, because these are extra investments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5933'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 962 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5932/pdf?version=1732621185" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Is the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Manufacturing Carbon Emissions in China Toward Convergence?" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5932">Is the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Manufacturing Carbon Emissions in China Toward Convergence?</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jianmin You</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5932; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235932">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235932</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Understanding the convergence characteristics of manufacturing carbon emissions (MCEs) in China is essential for aligning regional carbon reduction efforts and achieving national climate goals. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution and convergence of MCEs across China and its eastern, central, and western regions, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5932/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Understanding the convergence characteristics of manufacturing carbon emissions (MCEs) in China is essential for aligning regional carbon reduction efforts and achieving national climate goals. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution and convergence of MCEs across China and its eastern, central, and western regions, using panel data from 30 provinces spanning 2001 to 2020. A spatial panel model is applied to analyze convergence trends and influencing factors. The findings reveal three key insights: (1) Nationwide, the disparity in MCEs is expanding, with significant spatial imbalances; intra-regionally, emission disparities are highest in the eastern region and lowest in the western region. (2) Both nationally and regionally, MCEs lacks a converging trend, complicating coordinated carbon reduction efforts. Less economically developed regions exhibit higher degrees and rates of spatial divergence. (3) Technological advancement and energy structure optimization accelerate spatial divergence, while reduced disparities in manufacturing output and urbanization levels help mitigate it. These results underscore the need for a gradient-based, region-specific approach to achieve carbon peaking and neutrality in China. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5932">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/energies/sections/energy_environment">B: Energy and Environment</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5932/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529868"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529868"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529868" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529868" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529868" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529868-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05932/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05932-g001-550.jpg?1732621356" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529868" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529868-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05932/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05932-g002-550.jpg?1732621358'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529868-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05932/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05932-g001-550.jpg?1732621356" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Changes in spatial and temporal patterns of MCEs in China.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5932'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05932/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05932-g002-550.jpg?1732621358" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The dynamic evolution of MCEs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5932'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 38 pages, 7196 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5931/pdf?version=1732620407" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Mobile Charging Stations: A Comprehensive Review of Converter Topologies and Market Solutions" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5931">Mobile Charging Stations: A Comprehensive Review of Converter Topologies and Market Solutions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rafael C. Neto</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Camila M. Bandeira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gustavo M. S. Azevedo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Leonardo R. Limongi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Márcio R. S. de Carvalho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>José F. C. Castro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pedro A. C. Rosas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Augusto C. Venerando</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Newmar Spader</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emilio Bueno</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5931; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235931">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235931</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has shown exponential growth in recent years, with expectations for further development in the years to come. With such significant expansion, efforts and incentives are shifting from EV sales to projects aimed at expanding charging station infrastructure. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5931/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has shown exponential growth in recent years, with expectations for further development in the years to come. With such significant expansion, efforts and incentives are shifting from EV sales to projects aimed at expanding charging station infrastructure. In order to sustain this growing trend, a reliable and robust charging infrastructure is needed. However, the entire process of planning, designing, and constructing fixed charging stations (FCSs) is time-consuming and expensive. In this scenario, mobile charging stations (MCSs) offer a complementary solution to ensure the necessary reliability for the improvement of EV owners’ experiences in the electrified transportation sector, as they help reduce range anxiety, peak-hour costs, and waiting times. In this sense, this paper aims to disseminate the state-of-the-art research and studies on MCSs, covering topics such as architectures, standards, converter topologies, and market solutions. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5931">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/energies/topical_collections/electric_vehicles_review_papers ">"Electric Vehicles" Section: Review Papers</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5931/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529857"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529857"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529857" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529857" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529857" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g001-550.jpg?1732620479" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529857" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g002-550.jpg?1732620481'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g003-550.jpg?1732620484'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g004-550.jpg?1732620486'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g005-550.jpg?1732620487'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g006-550.jpg?1732620490'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g007-550.jpg?1732620492'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g008-550.jpg?1732620493'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g009-550.jpg?1732620494'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g010-550.jpg?1732620497'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g011-550.jpg?1732620500'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g012-550.jpg?1732620502'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g013-550.jpg?1732620503'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1529857-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g014-550.jpg?1732620505'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529857-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g001-550.jpg?1732620479" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Evolution in sales of electric vehicles [<a href="#B5-energies-17-05931" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g002-550.jpg?1732620481" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Basic architecture of an MCS. Measurement, control, and communication buses are represented as blue dashed lines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g003-550.jpg?1732620484" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Connection configurations between an MCS and an electric vehicle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g004-550.jpg?1732620486" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>MCS topologies most commonly found in the literature and on the market.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g005-550.jpg?1732620487" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Half-bridge for MCS applications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g006-550.jpg?1732620490" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Examples of DC/DC converters derived from a half-bridge that can be used in MCS applications. (<b>a</b>) Cascaded half-bridge [<a href="#B75-energies-17-05931" class="html-bibr">75</a>]; (<b>b</b>) two-phase interleaved half-bridge [<a href="#B75-energies-17-05931" class="html-bibr">75</a>]; (<b>c</b>) three-phase interleaved half-bridge with snubber capacitors [<a href="#B81-energies-17-05931" class="html-bibr">81</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g007-550.jpg?1732620492" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Examples of ZVT non-insulated DC/DC converters that can be used in MCS applications. (<b>a</b>) Simple ZVT converter [<a href="#B84-energies-17-05931" class="html-bibr">84</a>]; (<b>b</b>) Interleaved ZVT converter [<a href="#B85-energies-17-05931" class="html-bibr">85</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g008-550.jpg?1732620493" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Three-level asymmetrical non-insulated DC/DC converter proposed in [<a href="#B86-energies-17-05931" class="html-bibr">86</a>] for DC fast EV charging application.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g009-550.jpg?1732620494" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Interleaved CBB converter proposed in [<a href="#B72-energies-17-05931" class="html-bibr">72</a>] for MCS applications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g010-550.jpg?1732620497" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Most common isolated DC/DC converters for EV charging station applications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g011-550.jpg?1732620500" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Two-stage LLC converter proposed in [<a href="#B112-energies-17-05931" class="html-bibr">112</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g012-550.jpg?1732620502" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Reconfigurable PSFB converter proposed in [<a href="#B126-energies-17-05931" class="html-bibr">126</a>] for EV charging station applications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g013-550.jpg?1732620503" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Topologies of emergency V2V portable chargers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05931/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05931-g014-550.jpg?1732620505" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Classification of MCS solutions that can be found on the market.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5931'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 31 pages, 9751 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5930/pdf?version=1732615648" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Electrochemical Mechanism Underlying Lithium Plating in Batteries: Non-Invasive Detection and Mitigation" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5930">Electrochemical Mechanism Underlying Lithium Plating in Batteries: Non-Invasive Detection and Mitigation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sourav Das</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pranav Shrotriya</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5930; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235930">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235930</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Efficient, sustainable, safe, and portable energy storage technologies are required to reduce global dependence on fossil fuels. Lithium-ion batteries satisfy the need for reliability, high energy density, and power density in electrical transportation. Despite these advantages, lithium plating, i.e., the accumulation of metallic <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5930/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Efficient, sustainable, safe, and portable energy storage technologies are required to reduce global dependence on fossil fuels. Lithium-ion batteries satisfy the need for reliability, high energy density, and power density in electrical transportation. Despite these advantages, lithium plating, i.e., the accumulation of metallic lithium on the graphite anode surface during rapid charging or at low temperatures, is an insidious failure mechanism that limits battery performance. Lithium plating significantly shortens the battery’s life and rapidly reduces capacity, limiting the widespread adoption of electrical vehicles. When lithium plating is extreme, it can develop lithium dendrites, which may pass through the separator and lead to an internal short circuit and the subsequent thermal runaway damage of the cell. Over the last two decades, a large number of published studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying lithium plating and on approaches to mitigate its harmful effects. Nevertheless, the physics underlying lithium plating still needs to be clarified. There is a lack of real-time techniques to accurately detect and quantify lithium plating. Real-time detection is essential for alleviating lithium plating-induced failure modes. Several strategies have been explored to minimize plating and its effect on battery life and safety, such as electrolyte design, anode structure design, and hybridized charging protocol design. We summarize the current developments and the different reported hypotheses regarding plating mechanisms, the influence of environmental and electrochemical conditions on plating, recent developments in electrochemical detection methods and their potential for real-time detection, and plating mitigation techniques. The advantages and concerns associated with different electrochemical detection and mitigation techniques are also highlighted. Lastly, we discuss outstanding technical issues and possible future research directions to encourage the development of novel ideas and methods to prevent lithium plating. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5930">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/energies/special_issues/23775UVBX8 ">Lithium-Ion Battery Management Systems: Design, Development, Analysis and Implementation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5930/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529742"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529742"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529742" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529742" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529742" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529742-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g001-550.jpg?1732615789" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529742" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529742-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g002-550.jpg?1732615792'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529742-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g003-550.jpg?1732615794'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529742-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g004-550.jpg?1732615796'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529742-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g005-550.jpg?1732615798'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529742-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g006-550.jpg?1732615799'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529742-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g007-550.jpg?1732615801'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529742-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g008-550.jpg?1732615804'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529742-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g009-550.jpg?1732615805'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529742-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g010-550.jpg?1732615807'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529742-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g001-550.jpg?1732615789" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Current trend in research articles on LiBs; (<b>b</b>) different degradation processes in LiBs [<a href="#B39-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">39</a>]; (<b>c</b>) diagram illustrating the mechanics of anodic interfacial deterioration during ultrafast lithium-ion battery charging [<a href="#B33-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">33</a>]; (<b>d</b>) discharge capacity variation during various fast charging rates [<a href="#B33-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">33</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5930'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g002-550.jpg?1732615792" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Charge polarization across the electrode and electrolyte [<a href="#B43-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">43</a>]; (<b>b</b>) anodic potential evolution during charging at different C rates [<a href="#B46-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">46</a>]; and (<b>c</b>) anode surface evolution at 1–6C due to plating [<a href="#B33-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">33</a>], coloured portion are the area where EDX scanning are performed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5930'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g003-550.jpg?1732615794" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Different external and internal factors affecting lithium plating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5930'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g004-550.jpg?1732615796" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Lithium plating nucleation near the edge of the cell [<a href="#B59-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">59</a>]; (<b>b</b>) effect of particle radius on plating at different C rates [<a href="#B69-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">69</a>]; (<b>c</b>) localized electrolyte leakage (Drilled locations for electrolyte removal are marked with red rectangles and serial no) [<a href="#B85-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">85</a>]; (<b>d</b>) capacity lost due to unavailability of electrolyte [<a href="#B85-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">85</a>]; (<b>e</b>) change in plating tendency due to different mass (N/P) loading [<a href="#B86-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">86</a>]; (<b>f</b>) probable plating initiation condition under mild C rate cycling. The figure highlights that localized electrode and separator deformation initiates plating nucleation (The Red cross marks separator deformation zone) [<a href="#B87-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">87</a>]; (<b>g</b>) knee-shaped rapid drop in recyclable capacity after long cycling due to the plating [<a href="#B88-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">88</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5930'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g005-550.jpg?1732615798" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Remaining normalized capacity vs. equivalent complete cycles number for cells charged under a range of temperatures at 1C rate [<a href="#B89-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">89</a>]; (<b>b</b>) cyclic capacity retention of NCA/C cell at room and elevated temperature at 0.5C rates [<a href="#B27-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">27</a>]; (<b>c</b>) cycling performance between coin cell and pouch cell [<a href="#B83-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">83</a>]; (<b>d</b>) dropping of anodic potential due to pore closure [<a href="#B84-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">84</a>]; (<b>e</b>) capacity loss (%) vs. externally applied pressure at fast charging rates [<a href="#B54-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">54</a>]; (<b>f</b>) considerable drop in anodic potential during overcharging conditions at C rate [<a href="#B103-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">103</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5930'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g006-550.jpg?1732615799" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Bode figure showing the pouch cell battery’s impedance evolution during voltage relaxation immediately following fast charging for EIS scans carried out at charging rates of (<b>a</b>) 1C and (<b>b</b>) 3C; (<b>c</b>) distribution of relaxation times (DRT) spectra during relaxation voltage after 4C fast charging rate [<a href="#B57-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">57</a>]; (<b>d</b>) a generic change in Nyquist plots due to plating [<a href="#B126-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">126</a>]; (<b>e</b>) voltage plateau analysis during 6c fast charging [<a href="#B33-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">33</a>]; (<b>f</b>) relaxation open circuit voltage gradient vs. time plot for different charging rates during the relaxation period [<a href="#B46-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5930'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g007-550.jpg?1732615801" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Incremental capacity curves at different SOH from the capacity test [<a href="#B26-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">26</a>]; (<b>b</b>) differential voltage plots during low-temperature cycling due to LLI loss (A–D refers to different stages of phase change within cathode/anodes during lithium deintercalation/intercalation) [<a href="#B31-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">31</a>]; (<b>c</b>) coulombic efficiency variation during fast charging [<a href="#B33-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">33</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5930'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g008-550.jpg?1732615804" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Using single-frequency dynamic capacitance measurement (DCM); capacitance at the negative electrode due to increased localized surface area when plating deposition occurs [<a href="#B131-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">131</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Variation in the slope of the terminal current during CCCV charging due to plating [<a href="#B132-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">132</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5930'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g009-550.jpg?1732615805" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Single-particle model for LiBs with linearized current distribution. (The red line signifies electrode current, blue line refers to electrolytic current).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5930'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05930/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05930-g010-550.jpg?1732615807" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of the solvation process and following intercalation into the graphite anodes and lithium plating during fast charging [<a href="#B153-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">153</a>]; (<b>b</b>) coulombic efficiency of Li||Cu electrochemical cells with different additive additions [<a href="#B154-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">154</a>]; (<b>c</b>) higher coulombic efficiency due to PC charging than CC charging [<a href="#B155-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">155</a>]; (<b>d</b>) capacity retention in the presence of magnetic field [<a href="#B125-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">125</a>]; (<b>e</b>) diagram illustrating the self-expanding charge ion transport channels made possible by the chemical bonds’ reversible transition between differing lengths and the corresponding increase in discharge capacity [<a href="#B156-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">156</a>]; (<b>f</b>) increase in fast charging capacity retention due to 3 different porous layers across the anode [<a href="#B157-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">157</a>]; (<b>g</b>) internal heating using external heating element before fast charging [<a href="#B42-energies-17-05930" class="html-bibr">42</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5930'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 29 pages, 4187 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5929/pdf?version=1732615598" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Dynamic Connectedness Among Alternative and Conventional Energy ETFs Based on the TVP-VAR Approach" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5929">Dynamic Connectedness Among Alternative and Conventional Energy ETFs Based on the TVP-VAR Approach</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joanna Górka</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katarzyna Kuziak</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5929; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235929">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235929</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigates risk transmission in the US energy instrument market to determine if certain factors, such as crude oil and natural gas, influence this market and whether stock or energy investment portfolios track their behavior. To investigate volatility spillover, the VAR-based connectedness <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5929/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigates risk transmission in the US energy instrument market to determine if certain factors, such as crude oil and natural gas, influence this market and whether stock or energy investment portfolios track their behavior. To investigate volatility spillover, the VAR-based connectedness approach is applied. This approach facilitates the measurement of interdependence across a network of variables, providing insights into aggregate, directional, and net interdependence. The use of the time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) approach, as developed by Antonakakis and Gabauer, avoids the problems associated with selecting rolling window sizes and the resultant loss of observations during estimations. The analysis revealed a distinction between alternative and traditional ETFs, with lower interdependence observed among the volatility of alternative energy ETFs. While most energy ETFs transmit risk within the systems analyzed, some act as risk receivers, though their net receiving/transmitting character fluctuates. The results of this study are significant for investment portfolio managers. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5929">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/energies/special_issues/EAPJ3A123U ">Breakthroughs in Sustainable Energy and Economic Development</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5929/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529737"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529737"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529737" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529737" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529737" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g001-550.jpg?1732615785" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529737" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g002a-550.jpg?1732615787'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g002b-550.jpg?1732615789'><p>Figure 2 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A1-550.jpg?1732615794'><p>Figure A1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A2-550.jpg?1732615796'><p>Figure A2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A3a-550.jpg?1732615802'><p>Figure A3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A3b-550.jpg?1732615807'><p>Figure A3 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A3c-550.jpg?1732615813'><p>Figure A3 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A4a-550.jpg?1732615818'><p>Figure A4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A4b-550.jpg?1732615824'><p>Figure A4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1529737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A4c-550.jpg?1732615829'><p>Figure A4 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529737-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g001-550.jpg?1732615785" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The volatility spillovers TO others (green line) and FROM others (blue line) between BRENT/GAS/OVX/VIX and ETF. (<b>a</b>) Energy ETF, (<b>b</b>) alternative Energy ETF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g002a-550.jpg?1732615787" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Dynamic total connectedness index between BRENT/GAS/OVX/VIX and ETFs. (<b>a</b>) Energy ETF, (<b>b</b>) alternative energy ETF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g002b-550.jpg?1732615789" title=" <strong>Figure 2 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Dynamic total connectedness index between BRENT/GAS/OVX/VIX and ETFs. (<b>a</b>) Energy ETF, (<b>b</b>) alternative energy ETF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A1-550.jpg?1732615794" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>The Conventional Energy ETF time series. (<b>a</b>) Prices, (<b>b</b>) returns. The two columns on the left represent prices (the levels), and the two on the right are for returns.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A2-550.jpg?1732615796" title=" <strong>Figure A2</strong><br/> <p>The alternative energy ETF time series. (<b>a</b>) Prices, (<b>b</b>) returns. The two columns on the left represent prices (the levels), and the two on the right are for returns.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A3a-550.jpg?1732615802" title=" <strong>Figure A3</strong><br/> <p>DCC’s conditional correlation. (<b>a</b>) BRENT and Energy ETF, (<b>b</b>) GAS and Energy ETF, (<b>c</b>) OVX and Energy ETF, (<b>d</b>) VIX and Energy ETF, (<b>e</b>) BRENT and alternative energy ETF, (<b>f</b>) GAS and alternative energy ETF, (<b>g</b>) OVX and alternative energy ETF, (<b>h</b>) VIX and alternative energy ETF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A3b-550.jpg?1732615807" title=" <strong>Figure A3 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>DCC’s conditional correlation. (<b>a</b>) BRENT and Energy ETF, (<b>b</b>) GAS and Energy ETF, (<b>c</b>) OVX and Energy ETF, (<b>d</b>) VIX and Energy ETF, (<b>e</b>) BRENT and alternative energy ETF, (<b>f</b>) GAS and alternative energy ETF, (<b>g</b>) OVX and alternative energy ETF, (<b>h</b>) VIX and alternative energy ETF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A3c-550.jpg?1732615813" title=" <strong>Figure A3 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>DCC’s conditional correlation. (<b>a</b>) BRENT and Energy ETF, (<b>b</b>) GAS and Energy ETF, (<b>c</b>) OVX and Energy ETF, (<b>d</b>) VIX and Energy ETF, (<b>e</b>) BRENT and alternative energy ETF, (<b>f</b>) GAS and alternative energy ETF, (<b>g</b>) OVX and alternative energy ETF, (<b>h</b>) VIX and alternative energy ETF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A4a-550.jpg?1732615818" title=" <strong>Figure A4</strong><br/> <p>Dynamic NET pairwise volatility connectedness. (<b>a</b>) BRENT and Energy ETF, (<b>b</b>) GAS and Energy ETF, (<b>c</b>) OVX and Energy ETF, (<b>d</b>) VIX and Energy ETF, (<b>e</b>) BRENT and alternative energy ETF, (<b>f</b>) GAS and alternative energy ETF, (<b>g</b>) OVX and alternative energy ETF, (<b>h</b>) VIX and alternative energy ETF. A net transmitter (green) or a net receiver (blue) of shocks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A4b-550.jpg?1732615824" title=" <strong>Figure A4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Dynamic NET pairwise volatility connectedness. (<b>a</b>) BRENT and Energy ETF, (<b>b</b>) GAS and Energy ETF, (<b>c</b>) OVX and Energy ETF, (<b>d</b>) VIX and Energy ETF, (<b>e</b>) BRENT and alternative energy ETF, (<b>f</b>) GAS and alternative energy ETF, (<b>g</b>) OVX and alternative energy ETF, (<b>h</b>) VIX and alternative energy ETF. A net transmitter (green) or a net receiver (blue) of shocks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05929/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05929-g0A4c-550.jpg?1732615829" title=" <strong>Figure A4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Dynamic NET pairwise volatility connectedness. (<b>a</b>) BRENT and Energy ETF, (<b>b</b>) GAS and Energy ETF, (<b>c</b>) OVX and Energy ETF, (<b>d</b>) VIX and Energy ETF, (<b>e</b>) BRENT and alternative energy ETF, (<b>f</b>) GAS and alternative energy ETF, (<b>g</b>) OVX and alternative energy ETF, (<b>h</b>) VIX and alternative energy ETF. A net transmitter (green) or a net receiver (blue) of shocks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5929'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 4353 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5928/pdf?version=1732614657" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Analysis of Severe Scarcity Situations in Finland’s Low Carbon Electricity System Until 2030" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5928">Analysis of Severe Scarcity Situations in Finland’s Low Carbon Electricity System Until 2030</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tero Koivunen</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sanna Syri</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5928; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235928">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235928</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper presents PLEXOS modelling of the Nordic and Baltic low-carbon electricity market until 2030, using a total of 35 different weather years’ (1982–2016) ERAA profiles as inputs for the modelling and focusing on the occurrence of severe electricity scarcity situations in Finland, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5928/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper presents PLEXOS modelling of the Nordic and Baltic low-carbon electricity market until 2030, using a total of 35 different weather years’ (1982–2016) ERAA profiles as inputs for the modelling and focusing on the occurrence of severe electricity scarcity situations in Finland, analyzing their duration and depth. The expected development of generation and demand is modelled based on available authoritative sources, such as ENTSO-E TYNDP and national projections. The present amount of nuclear power in Finland and growing amounts of wind and solar generation across the Nordic electricity system are modelled. This study analyzes scarcity situations by calculating residual loads and the expected electricity spot market prices assuming the different weather years with the generation fleet and demand in 2024 and 2030 scenarios. This study finds that, despite the very significantly growing amount of variable renewable generation (42.5 TWh/a increase in wind generation from 2024 to 2030 in Finland only), the frequency and severity of scarcity situations will increase from 2024 to 2030. The main reasons are the retirement of Combined Heat and Power plants and the transition to more electrified district heating in Finland and the expected demand growth. The findings indicate that without further measures Finland is not sufficiently prepared for cold winter periods with high heating and electricity demand and events of serious scarcity can occur. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5928">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/energies/special_issues/M4BR749W3F ">Energy Security and Energy Transition: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5928/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529690"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529690"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529690" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529690" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529690" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529690-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g001-550.jpg?1732614802" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529690" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529690-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g002-550.jpg?1732614806'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529690-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g003-550.jpg?1732614808'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529690-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g004-550.jpg?1732614811'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529690-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g005-550.jpg?1732614814'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529690-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g0A1-550.jpg?1732614817'><p>Figure A1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529690-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g0A2-550.jpg?1732614820'><p>Figure A2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529690-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g001-550.jpg?1732614802" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Figure showing the extent of the modelled electricity market regions in this model. External regions are shown as rectangles. Transmission lines in 2024 between regions are noted, with their transmission capacities reported in MW. For example, the maximum flow from SE1 to FI is 1500 MW, while from FI to SE1 it is 1100 MW. Symmetrical capacities are reported with one value. For example, between FI and EE, the maximum power flow is 1016 MW to either direction. Transmission capacities are according to ENTSO-E [<a href="#B18-energies-17-05928" class="html-bibr">18</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5928'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g002-550.jpg?1732614806" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Residual load in 2024 (<b>a</b>) and 2030 (<b>b</b>), with the theoretical maximum cumulative capacity of different generation capacities highlighted. The figure shows the hourly minimum, maximum, and average residual load of the 35 different weather years. The lines indicate what type of generation must be dispatched. For example, if the residual load is above the green line, then some power must be net imported, and if the yellow line is crossed, then some amount of demand response must be dispatched. Crossing the red line would mean load shedding or other similar measures, even if all available capacity were available. The available demand response is between the import capacity (yellow dashed line) and demand response (red dashed line).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5928'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g003-550.jpg?1732614808" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The day that includes the largest residual load of (<b>a</b>) 14.4 GW in the 2024 scenario and (<b>b</b>) 17.2 GW in the 2030 scenario out of the 35 individual weather years. The residual load is shown in blue, with the price in the base scenario shown in yellow, and the dashed red line showing the price when OL3 is not operational. Notice the different <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axes. The residual load is on the left while the price is shown on the right. The price level of 3999 EUR/MWh indicates a scarcity situation. The <span class="html-italic">x</span>-axis shows the day in the format month-day-hour. The maximum residual load in 2024 scenario is in the weather year 1985, while for 2030 the weather year with the maximum residual load is 2007.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5928'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g004-550.jpg?1732614811" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>This figure shows the top 10 two-week scarcity periods in the 2024 scenario. The periods are in descending order, with (<b>a</b>) being the highest scarcity and (<b>j</b>) the 10th highest period of scarcity. The subplot titles present the weather year and the beginning and end dates of the periods. With a blue line and using the left <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis, the residual load is shown during these periods. With an orange line, the price during these events in the base model is shown while the dashed red line represents the price if OL3 power plant is not available. Note the different price scales in (<b>f</b>,<b>j</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5928'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g005-550.jpg?1732614814" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>This figure shows the top 10 two-week scarcity periods in the 2030 scenario. The periods are in descending order, with (<b>a</b>) being the highest scarcity and (<b>j</b>) the 10th highest period of scarcity. The subplot titles present the weather year and the beginning and end dates of the periods. The residual load is shown during these periods with a blue line and using the left <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis. The price during these events in the base model is shown with an orange line, while the dashed red line represents the price if OL3 power plant is not available.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5928'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g0A1-550.jpg?1732614817" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>This figure shows the top 10 two-week scarcity periods in the 2024 scenario, with available deficit margin shown in the picture. A negative value means deployment of “reserve” generator within the model, which means an acute scarcity within the power system. The solid orange line depicts the situation with no OL3 issues, while the dashed line represents the situation with OL3 being offline.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5928'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05928/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05928-g0A2-550.jpg?1732614820" title=" <strong>Figure A2</strong><br/> <p>This figure shows the top 10 two-week scarcity periods in the 2030 scenario, with available deficit margin shown in the picture. A negative value means deployment of “reserve” generator within the model, which means an acute scarcity within the power system. The solid orange line depicts the situation with no OL3 issues, while the dashed line represents the situation with OL3 being offline.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5928'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 2424 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5927/pdf?version=1732670640" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Determination of Plastic Pollutants in Solid Biofuels" data-journal="energies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1073/17/23/5927">Determination of Plastic Pollutants in Solid Biofuels</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Roksana Muzyka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sebastian Werle</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marcin Sajdak</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Energies</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5927; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235927">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235927</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Many countries widely use biomass for household heating and heat production in district heating systems. Unfortunately, the steady increase in annual plastic waste production has a negative impact on the quality of solid biofuels. This is due to the increasing contamination of these <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5927/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Many countries widely use biomass for household heating and heat production in district heating systems. Unfortunately, the steady increase in annual plastic waste production has a negative impact on the quality of solid biofuels. This is due to the increasing contamination of these fuels with wastes from plastic and wastes from furniture production, such as laminates and medium-density fiberboard made from wood fibers, among others. The design of specialized biomass combustion systems does not allow for the burning of waste fuel, or the reduction in hazardous organic compounds emitted when burning contaminated biofuels. The study demonstrated the detection of polymeric impurities in solid biofuels through analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS). The study was conducted on model samples that contained increasing proportions of plastic waste, ranging from 0.1 to 10.0% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> to biomass. Markers were identified and described to indicate contaminated fuel, and the interactions between the sample matrix and plastic were studied. Unique markers were detected that indicate the presence of contamination, even at low concentrations like 0.1% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of plastic waste in solid biofuel. These results suggest that direct analytical pyrolysis of solid biofuels, which are already on the market but not covered by the relevant regulatory system and are contaminated with polymeric ingredients, is a method that is not only possible but also gives quick confirmation. <a href="/1996-1073/17/23/5927">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/energies/special_issues/TUO40FY28E ">Biomass, Biofuels and Waste: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5927/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529630"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529630"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529630" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529630" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529630" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529630-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05927/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05927-g001-550.jpg?1732670795" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529630" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529630-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05927/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05927-g002-550.jpg?1732670797'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529630-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05927/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05927-g003a-550.jpg?1732670798'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529630-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05927/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05927-g003b-550.jpg?1732670798'><p>Figure 3 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529630-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05927/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05927-g004-550.jpg?1732670800'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529630-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05927/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05927-g001-550.jpg?1732670795" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Experimental workflow for sample preparation and description used in Py-GC-MS analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5927'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05927/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05927-g002-550.jpg?1732670797" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Pyrographs of the polymer mixture, model samples in shares from 0.5, 2.5, and 10.0% PW_BW, and biomass obtained at 600 °C (the provided drawing serves solely as an illustration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5927'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05927/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05927-g003a-550.jpg?1732670798" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The distribution (area %) of the main chemical compounds from the thermal decomposition of the polymer waste (PW), reference biomass (BW), and their blends was determined by Py-GC-MS analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5927'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05927/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05927-g003b-550.jpg?1732670798" title=" <strong>Figure 3 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The distribution (area %) of the main chemical compounds from the thermal decomposition of the polymer waste (PW), reference biomass (BW), and their blends was determined by Py-GC-MS analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5927'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-17-05927/article_deploy/html/images/energies-17-05927-g004-550.jpg?1732670800" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The photo of the biofuel sample available on the local market and the pyrographs obtained by the analytical method are described in <a href="#sec2dot1-energies-17-05927" class="html-sec">Section 2.1</a> and <a href="#sec2dot2-energies-17-05927" class="html-sec">Section 2.2</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1073/17/23/5927'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=energies&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/energies"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/energies-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="energies-logo" title="Energies" 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Energies | An Open Access Journal from MDPI