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<span>Scale values</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scale_values-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scale values subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scale_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Correlation_with_magnitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correlation_with_magnitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Correlation with magnitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correlation_with_magnitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimating_site_intensity_and_its_use_in_seismic_hazard_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimating_site_intensity_and_its_use_in_seismic_hazard_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Estimating site intensity and its use in seismic hazard assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimating_site_intensity_and_its_use_in_seismic_hazard_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correlation_with_physical_quantities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correlation_with_physical_quantities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Correlation with physical quantities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correlation_with_physical_quantities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_the_moment_magnitude_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_the_moment_magnitude_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Comparison to the moment magnitude scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_the_moment_magnitude_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modified Mercalli intensity scale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli-intensiteitskaal" title="Mercalli-intensiteitskaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mercalli-intensiteitskaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84" title="مقياس ميركالي المعدل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقياس ميركالي المعدل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkalli_%C5%9Fkalas%C4%B1" title="Merkalli şkalası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Merkalli şkalası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Шкала Мэркалі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкала Мэркалі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%E2%80%93_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%E2%80%93_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Скала на Меркали – Канкани – Зиберг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скала на Меркали – Канкани – Зиберг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modificirana_Mercallijeva_skala_intenziteta" title="Modificirana Mercallijeva skala intenziteta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Modificirana Mercallijeva skala intenziteta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeul_Mercalli" title="Skeul Mercalli – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skeul Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Mercalli" title="Escala de Mercalli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escala de Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalliho_stupnice" title="Mercalliho stupnice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mercalliho stupnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalliskalaen" title="Mercalliskalaen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mercalliskalaen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalliskala" title="Mercalliskala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mercalliskala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_skaala" title="Mercalli skaala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mercalli skaala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Κλίμακα Μερκάλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλίμακα Μερκάλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_sismol%C3%B3gica_de_Mercalli" title="Escala sismológica de Mercalli – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escala sismológica de Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalo_de_Mercalli" title="Skalo de Mercalli – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skalo de Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_eskala" title="Mercalli eskala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mercalli eskala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مقیاس اصلاح‌شده شدت مرکالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقیاس اصلاح‌شده شدت مرکالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chelle_de_Mercalli" title="Échelle de Mercalli – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échelle de Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%A1la_d%C3%A9ine_Mercalli" title="Scála déine Mercalli – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scála déine Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Mercalli" title="Escala de Mercalli – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escala de Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95_%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A7%84%EB%8F%84_%EA%B3%84%EA%B8%89" title="수정 메르칼리 진도 계급 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수정 메르칼리 진도 계급" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="संशोधित मरकली तीव्रता पैमाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संशोधित मरकली तीव्रता पैमाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercallijeva_ljestvica" title="Mercallijeva ljestvica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mercallijeva ljestvica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_intensitas_Mercalli_yang_dimodifikasi" title="Skala intensitas Mercalli yang dimodifikasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skala intensitas Mercalli yang dimodifikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_Mercalli" title="Scala Mercalli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scala Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="סולם מרקאלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סולם מרקאלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkalli_skala" title="Merkalli skala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Merkalli skala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli-sk%C3%A1la" title="Mercalli-skála – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mercalli-skála" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Меркалиева скала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меркалиева скала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Mercalli" title="Skala Mercalli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skala Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaal_van_Mercalli" title="Schaal van Mercalli – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schaal van Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E6%AD%A3%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E9%9C%87%E5%BA%A6%E9%9A%8E" title="改正メルカリ震度階 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="改正メルカリ震度階" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalliskalaen" title="Mercalliskalaen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mercalliskalaen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalliskalaen" title="Mercalliskalaen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mercalliskalaen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Mercallego" title="Skala Mercallego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skala Mercallego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Mercalli" title="Escala de Mercalli – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escala de Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scara_de_intensitate_Mercalli" title="Scara de intensitate Mercalli – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scara de intensitate Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Шкала Меркалли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шкала Меркалли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkalla_e_Merkalit" title="Shkalla e Merkalit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkalla e Merkalit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_Mercalli" title="Scala Mercalli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scala Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" title="Mercalli intensity scale – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mercalli intensity scale" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifikovan%C3%A1_Mercalliho_stupnica" title="Modifikovaná Mercalliho stupnica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modifikovaná Mercalliho stupnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Меркалијева скала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Меркалијева скала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercallijeva_ljestvica" title="Mercallijeva ljestvica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mercallijeva ljestvica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Mercalli" title="Skala Mercalli – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Skala Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercallin_asteikko" title="Mercallin asteikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mercallin asteikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalliskalan" title="Mercalliskalan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mercalliskalan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="มาตราเมร์กัลลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาตราเมร์กัลลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_%C5%9Fiddet_%C3%B6l%C3%A7e%C4%9Fi" title="Mercalli şiddet ölçeği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mercalli şiddet ölçeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Шкала Меркаллі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шкала Меркаллі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thang_%C4%91o_Mercalli" title="Thang đo Mercalli – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thang đo Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%A5le_di_Mercalli" title="Schåle di Mercalli – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Schåle di Mercalli" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E7%83%88%E5%BA%A6%E8%A1%A8" title="修訂麥加利地震烈度表 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="修訂麥加利地震烈度表" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Меркалийова скала – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Меркалийова скала" 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earthquakes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mercalli" redirects here. For the scientist whom the scale is named after, see <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mercalli" title="Giuseppe Mercalli">Giuseppe Mercalli</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/80px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/120px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/160px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_earthquake" title="Types of earthquake">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainshock" title="Mainshock">Mainshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshock" title="Foreshock">Foreshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">Aftershock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_thrust_earthquake" title="Blind thrust earthquake">Blind thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_earthquake" title="Doublet earthquake">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplate_earthquake" title="Interplate earthquake">Interplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraplate_earthquake" title="Intraplate earthquake">Intraplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">Megathrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_triggered_earthquakes" title="Remotely triggered earthquakes">Remotely triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_earthquake" title="Slow earthquake">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supershear_earthquake" title="Supershear earthquake">Supershear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami_earthquake" title="Tsunami earthquake">Tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_swarm" title="Earthquake swarm">Earthquake swarm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Causes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_tectonic_earthquake" title="Volcano tectonic earthquake">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">Induced seismicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">Epicenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicentral_distance" title="Epicentral distance">Epicentral distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">Hypocenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_zone" title="Shadow zone">Shadow zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">Seismic waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">S wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Measurement</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">Seismic magnitude scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_intensity_scales" title="Seismic intensity scales">Seismic intensity scales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">Prediction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_for_Earthquake_Prediction" title="Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction">Coordinating Committee for<br />Earthquake Prediction</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_forecasting" title="Earthquake forecasting">Forecasting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shear_wave_splitting" title="Shear wave splitting">Shear wave splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Williamson_equation" title="Adams–Williamson equation">Adams–Williamson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinn%E2%80%93Engdahl_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flinn–Engdahl regions">Flinn–Engdahl regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismite" title="Seismite">Seismite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth Sciences Portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geology_articles" title="Index of geology articles">Related topics</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthquakes" title="Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthquakes" title="Template talk:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Modified Mercalli intensity scale</b> (<b>MM</b>, <b>MMI</b>, or <b>MCS</b>) measures the effects of an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> at a given location. This is in contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">seismic magnitude</a> usually reported for an earthquake. </p><p>Magnitude scales measure the inherent force or strength of an earthquake – an event occurring at greater or lesser depth. (The "<a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000A-QINU`"'</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a>" scale is widely used.) The MM scale measures intensity of shaking, at any particular location, on the surface. It was developed from <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mercalli" title="Giuseppe Mercalli">Giuseppe Mercalli</a>'s <b>Mercalli intensity scale</b> of 1902. </p><p>While shaking experienced at the surface is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Seismic_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic energy">seismic energy</a> released by an earthquake, earthquakes differ in how much of their energy is radiated as seismic waves. They also differ in the depth at which they occur; deeper earthquakes have less interaction with the surface, their energy is spread throughout a larger volume, and the energy reaching the surface is spread across a larger area. Shaking intensity is localized. It generally diminishes with distance from the earthquake's <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a>, but it can be amplified in <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary basins</a> and in certain kinds of unconsolidated soils. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seismic_intensity_scales" title="Seismic intensity scales">Intensity scales</a> categorize intensity empirically, based on the effects reported by untrained observers, and are adapted for the effects that might be observed in a particular region.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By not requiring instrumental measurements, they are useful for estimating the magnitude and location of historical (preinstrumental) earthquakes: the greatest intensities generally correspond to the epicentral area, and their degree and extent (possibly augmented by knowledge of local geological conditions) can be compared with other local earthquakes to estimate the magnitude. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian volcanologist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mercalli" title="Giuseppe Mercalli">Giuseppe Mercalli</a> formulated his first intensity scale in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had six degrees or categories, has been described as "merely an adaptation" of the then-standard <a href="/wiki/Rossi%E2%80%93Forel_scale" title="Rossi–Forel scale">Rossi–Forel scale</a> of 10 degrees, and is now "more or less forgotten".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercalli's second scale, published in 1902, was also an adaptation of the Rossi–Forel scale, retaining the 10 degrees and expanding the descriptions of each degree.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version "found favour with the users", and was adopted by the Italian Central Office of Meteorology and Geodynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, Adolfo Cancani proposed adding two additional degrees for very strong earthquakes, "catastrophe" and "enormous catastrophe", thus creating a 12-degree scale.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His descriptions being deficient, <a href="/wiki/August_Heinrich_Sieberg" title="August Heinrich Sieberg">August Heinrich Sieberg</a> augmented them during 1912 and 1923, and indicated a <a href="/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration" title="Peak ground acceleration">peak ground acceleration</a> for each degree.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Musson_2010_416_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musson_2010_416-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became known as the "Mercalli–Cancani scale, formulated by Sieberg", or the "Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg scale", or simply "MCS",<sup id="cite_ref-Musson_2010_416_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musson_2010_416-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was used extensively in Europe and remains in use in Italy by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Geophysics_and_Volcanology" title="National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology">National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology</a> (INGV).<sup id="cite_ref-INGV_intensity_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INGV_intensity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Harry_O._Wood" title="Harry O. Wood">Harry O. Wood</a> and Frank Neumann translated this into English in 1931 (along with modification and condensation of the descriptions, and removal of the acceleration criteria), they named it the "modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931" (MM31).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some seismologists refer to this version the "Wood–Neumann scale".<sup id="cite_ref-Musson_2010_416_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musson_2010_416-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood and Neumann also had an abridged version, with fewer criteria for assessing the degree of intensity. </p><p>The Wood–Neumann scale was revised in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Richter" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Francis Richter">Charles Francis Richter</a> and published in his influential textbook <i>Elementary Seismology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not wanting to have this intensity scale confused with the <a href="/wiki/Richter_scale" title="Richter scale">Richter scale</a> he had developed, he proposed calling it the "modified Mercalli scale of 1956" (MM56).<sup id="cite_ref-Musson_2010_416_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musson_2010_416-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their 1993 compendium of historical seismicity in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carl Stover and Jerry Coffman ignored Richter's revision, and assigned intensities according to their slightly modified interpretation of Wood and Neumann's 1931 scale,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effectively creating a new, but largely undocumented version of the scale.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basis by which the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a> (and other agencies) assigns intensities is nominally Wood and Neumann's MM31. However, this is generally interpreted with the modifications summarized by Stover and Coffman because in the decades since 1931, "some criteria are more reliable than others as indicators of the level of ground shaking".<sup id="cite_ref-Dewey_1995_5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewey_1995_5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, construction codes and methods have evolved, making much of built environment stronger; these make a given intensity of ground shaking seem weaker.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, some of the original criteria of the most intense degrees (X and above), such as bent rails, ground fissures, landslides, etc., are "related less to the level of ground shaking than to the presence of ground conditions susceptible to spectacular failure".<sup id="cite_ref-Dewey_1995_5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewey_1995_5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The categories "catastrophe" and "enormous catastrophe" added by Cancani (XI and XII) are used so infrequently that current USGS practice is to merge them into a single category "Extreme" abbreviated as "X+".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scale_values">Scale values</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scale values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lesser degrees of the MMI scale generally describe the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. The greater numbers of the scale are based on observed structural damage. </p><p>This table gives MMIs that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of the earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-comparison_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparison-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scale level </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration" title="Peak ground acceleration">Peak ground acceleration</a> (approx.)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Ground conditions </th> <th>Notable Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); color:black;width:180px;text-align:left" id="mmi-1"><span><big><big>I. Not felt</big></big></span> </th> <td><0.0005 <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> (0.0049 m/s<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>Not felt except by very few under especially favorable conditions. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(191, 204, 255); color:black;text-align:left" id="mmi-2"><span><big><big>II. Weak</big></big></span> </th> <td rowspan="2">0.003 <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> (0.029 m/s<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>Felt only by a few people at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(160, 230, 255); color:black;text-align:left" id="mmi-3"><span><big><big>III. Weak</big></big></span> </th> <td>Felt quite noticeably by people indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings: Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing vehicles may rock slightly. Vibrations are similar to the passing of a truck, with duration estimated. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_Nicaragua_earthquake" title="1992 Nicaragua earthquake">1992 Nicaragua earthquake</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(128, 255, 255); color:black;text-align:left" id="mmi-4"><span><big><big>IV. Light</big></big></span> </th> <td>0.028 <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> (0.27 m/s<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day: At night, some are awakened. Dishes, windows, and doors are disturbed; walls make cracking sounds. Sensations are like a heavy truck striking a building. Standing vehicles are rocked noticeably. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_Pangandaran_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami">2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(122, 255, 147); color:black;text-align:left" id="mmi-5"><span><big><big>V. Moderate</big></big></span> </th> <td>0.062 <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> (0.61 m/s<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened: Some dishes and windows are broken. Unstable objects are overturned. <a href="/wiki/Pendulum_clock" title="Pendulum clock">Pendulum clocks</a> may stop. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_Mentawai_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami">2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 0); color:black;text-align:left" id="mmi-6"><span><big><big>VI. Strong</big></big></span> </th> <td>0.12 <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> (1.2 m/s<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>Felt by all, and many are frightened. Some heavy furniture is moved; a few instances of fallen <a href="/wiki/Plaster_veneer" title="Plaster veneer">plaster</a> occur. Damage is slight. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_West_Sulawesi_earthquake" title="2021 West Sulawesi earthquake">2021 West Sulawesi earthquake</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(255, 200, 0); color:black;text-align:left" id="mmi-7"><span><big><big>VII. Very strong</big></big></span> </th> <td>0.22 <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> (2.2 m/s<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>Damage is negligible in buildings of good design and construction; but slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; damage is considerable in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys are broken. Noticed by motorists. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/May_1998_Afghanistan_earthquake" title="May 1998 Afghanistan earthquake">May 1998 Afghanistan earthquake</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/2002_Hindu_Kush_earthquakes" title="2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes">2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(255, 145, 0); color:black;text-align:left" id="mmi-8"><span><big><big>VIII. Severe</big></big></span> </th> <td>0.40 <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> (3.9 m/s<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. Sand and mud ejected in small amounts. Changes in well water. Motorists are disturbed. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_Sumatra_earthquakes" title="2009 Sumatra earthquakes">2009 Sumatra earthquakes</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/2021_Haiti_earthquake" title="2021 Haiti earthquake">2021 Haiti earthquake</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/2023_Herat_earthquakes" title="2023 Herat earthquakes">2023 Herat earthquakes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(255, 0, 0); color:white;text-align:left" id="mmi-9"><span style="color:white;"><big><big>IX. Violent</big></big></span> </th> <td>0.75 <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> (7.4 m/s<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>Damage is considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures are thrown off-kilter. Damage is great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings are shifted off foundations. <a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Liquefaction</a> occurs. Underground pipes are broken. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_Yogyakarta_earthquake" title="2006 Yogyakarta earthquake">2006 Yogyakarta earthquake</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/2023_Al_Haouz_earthquake" title="2023 Al Haouz earthquake">2023 Al Haouz earthquake</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(200, 0, 0); color:white;text-align:left" id="mmi-10"><span style="color: white;"><big><big>X. Extreme</big></big></span> </th> <td rowspan="3">>1.39 <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> (13.6 m/s<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>Some well-built wooden structures are destroyed; most masonry and frame structures are destroyed with foundations. Rails are bent. Landslides considerable from river banks and steep slopes. Shifted sand and mud. Water splashed over banks. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April 2015 Nepal earthquake</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/2018_Sulawesi_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami">2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(164, 0, 0); color:white;text-align:left" id="mmi-11"><span style="color: white;"><big><big>XI. Extreme</big></big></span> </th> <td>Few, if any, (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges are destroyed. Broad fissures erupt in the ground. Underground pipelines are rendered completely out of service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground. Rails are bent greatly. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake" title="2005 Kashmir earthquake">2005 Kashmir earthquake</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a>, <br />and <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:rgb(128, 0, 0); color:white;text-align:left" id="mmi-12"><span style="color: white;"><big><big>XII. Extreme</big></big></span> </th> <td>Damage is total. Waves are seen on ground surfaces. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects are thrown upward into the air. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1939_Erzincan_earthquake" title="1939 Erzincan earthquake">1939 Erzincan earthquake</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">1960 Valdivia earthquake</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes" title="2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes">2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correlation_with_magnitude">Correlation with magnitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Correlation with magnitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3" style="width:20%; border:1px aqua ; background:#eee; margin:0 auto 0 auto; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Magnitude </th> <td><b>Typical Maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">1.0–3.0 </th> <td><b>I</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">3.0–3.9 </th> <td><b>II–III</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">4.0–4.9 </th> <td><b>IV–V</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">5.0–5.9 </th> <td><b>VI–VII</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">6.0–6.9 </th> <td><b>VII–IX</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">7.0 and higher </th> <td><b>VIII or higher</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><small><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623113247/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mag_vs_int.php">Magnitude/intensity comparison, USGS</a></span></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Magnitude and intensity, while related, are very different concepts. Magnitude is a function of the energy liberated by an earthquake, while intensity is the degree of shaking experienced at a point on the surface, and varies from some maximum intensity at or near the epicenter, out to zero at distance. It depends upon many factors, including the depth of the <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocenter</a>, terrain, distance from the epicenter, whether the underlying strata there amplify surface shaking, and any directionality due to the earthquake mechanism. For example, a magnitude 7.0 quake in <a href="/wiki/Salta" title="Salta">Salta</a>, Argentina, in 2011, that was 576.8 km deep, had a maximum felt intensity of V,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a magnitude 2.2 event in <a href="/wiki/Barrow_in_Furness" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrow in Furness">Barrow in Furness</a>, England, in 1865, about 1 km deep, had a maximum felt intensity of VIII.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_online_EQ_database_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS_online_EQ_database-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The small table is a rough guide to the degrees of the MMI scale.<sup id="cite_ref-comparison_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparison-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abag_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colors and descriptive names shown here differ from those used on certain shake maps in other articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimating_site_intensity_and_its_use_in_seismic_hazard_assessment">Estimating site intensity and its use in seismic hazard assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Estimating site intensity and its use in seismic hazard assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dozens of intensity-prediction equations<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllenWaldWorden2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllenWaldWorden2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been published to estimate the macroseismic intensity at a location given the magnitude, source-to-site distance, and perhaps other parameters (e.g. local site conditions). These are similar to <a href="/wiki/Engineering_Seismology" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering Seismology">ground motion-prediction equations</a> for the estimation of instrumental strong-motion parameters such as <a href="/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration" title="Peak ground acceleration">peak ground acceleration</a>. A summary of intensity prediction equations is available.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such equations can be used to estimate the <a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">seismic hazard</a> in terms of macroseismic intensity, which has the advantage of being related more closely to <a href="/wiki/Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">seismic risk</a> than instrumental strong-motion parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusson2000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusson2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correlation_with_physical_quantities">Correlation with physical quantities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Correlation with physical quantities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MMI scale is not defined in terms of more rigorous, objectively quantifiable measurements such as shake amplitude, shake frequency, peak velocity, or peak acceleration. Human-perceived shaking and building damage are best correlated with peak acceleration for lower-intensity events, and with peak velocity for higher-intensity events.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_the_moment_magnitude_scale">Comparison to the moment magnitude scale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comparison to the moment magnitude scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effects of any one earthquake can vary greatly from place to place, so many MMI values may be measured for the same earthquake. These values can be displayed best using a contoured map of equal intensity, known as an <a href="/wiki/Isoseismal_map" title="Isoseismal map">isoseismal map</a>. However, each earthquake has only one magnitude. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_macroseismic_scale" title="European macroseismic scale">European macroseismic scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency_seismic_intensity_scale" title="Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale">Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale</a> (Shindo scale)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohn_emergency_scale" title="Rohn emergency scale">Rohn emergency scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_intensity_scales" title="Seismic intensity scales">Seismic intensity scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">Seismic magnitude scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_acceleration" title="Spectral acceleration">Spectral acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_ground_motion" title="Strong ground motion">Strong ground motion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Their modifications were mainly to degrees IV and V, with VI contingent on reports of damage to man-made structures, and VII considering only "damage to buildings or other man-made structures". See details at <a href="#CITEREFStoverCoffman1993">Stover & Coffman 1993</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq4/severitygip.html">"The Severity of an Earthquake"</a>. United States Geological Survey. November 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Severity+of+an+Earthquake&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fearthq4%2Fseveritygip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1921">Davison 1921</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussonGrünthalStucchi2010">Musson, Grünthal & Stucchi 2010</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1921">Davison 1921</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussonGrünthalStucchi2010">Musson, Grünthal & Stucchi 2010</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1921">Davison 1921</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1921">Davison 1921</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musson_2010_416-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Musson_2010_416_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musson_2010_416_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musson_2010_416_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musson_2010_416_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussonGrünthalStucchi2010">Musson, Grünthal & Stucchi 2010</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INGV_intensity-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INGV_intensity_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Geophysics_and_Volcanology" class="citation web cs1">National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020112435/http://legacy.ingv.it/roma/SITOINGLESE/activities/pererischio/macrosismica/macros/metod_val.html">"Intensity evaluation method"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.ingv.it/roma/SITOINGLESE/activities/pererischio/macrosismica/macros/metod_val.html">the original</a> on 2022-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intensity+evaluation+method&rft.au=National+Institute+of+Geophysics+and+Volcanology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.ingv.it%2Froma%2FSITOINGLESE%2Factivities%2Fpererischio%2Fmacrosismica%2Fmacros%2Fmetod_val.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodNeumann1931">Wood & Neumann 1931</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter1958">Richter 1958</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMussonGrünthalStucchi2010">Musson, Grünthal & Stucchi 2010</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoverCoffman1993">Stover & Coffman 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrünthal2011">Grünthal 2011</a>, p. 238. The most definitive exposition of the Stover and Coffman's effective scale is at <a href="#CITEREFMussonCecić2012">Musson & Cecić 2012</a>, §12.2.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dewey_1995_5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dewey_1995_5_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dewey_1995_5_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeweyReagorDenglerMoley1995">Dewey et al. 1995</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavenportDowrick2002">Davenport & Dowrick 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussonGrünthalStucchi2010">Musson, Grünthal & Stucchi 2010</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comparison-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comparison_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comparison_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prd-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/Mag_vs_Int_Pkg_1.pdf">"Magnitude vs Intensity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305084449/https://prd-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/Mag_vs_Int_Pkg_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnitude+vs+Intensity&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprd-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fassets%2Fpalladium%2Fproduction%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2FMag_vs_Int_Pkg_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usgs.github.io/shakemap/manual4_0/ug_intensity.html">"3.5. Representing Macroseismic Intensity on Maps – ShakeMap Documentation documentation"</a>. <i>usgs.github.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Historical+Earthquake+Database&rft.au=British+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakes.bgs.ac.uk%2Fhistorical%2Fquery_eq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abag-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abag_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023832/http://resilience.abag.ca.gov/shaking/mmi/">"Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Bay_Area_Governments" title="Association of Bay Area Governments">Association of Bay Area Governments</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resilience.abag.ca.gov/shaking/mmi/">the original</a> on 2023-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modified+Mercalli+Intensity+Scale&rft.pub=Association+of+Bay+Area+Governments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresilience.abag.ca.gov%2Fshaking%2Fmmi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllenWaldWorden2012-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllenWaldWorden2012_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllenWaldWorden2012">Allen, Wald & Worden 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmpe.org.uk">"Ground motion prediction equations (1964–2021) by John Douglas, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ground+motion+prediction+equations+%281964%E2%80%932021%29+by+John+Douglas%2C+University+of+Strathclyde%2C+Glasgow%2C+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmpe.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusson2000-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusson2000_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusson2000">Musson 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825092714/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/shakemap/background.php">"ShakeMap Scientific Background"</a>. United States Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/shakemap/background.php">the original</a> on 2009-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ShakeMap+Scientific+Background&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Feqcenter%2Fshakemap%2Fbackground.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenWaldWorden2012" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Trevor I.; <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wald" title="David J. Wald">Wald, David J.</a>; Worden, C. Bruce (2012-07-01). "Intensity attenuation for active crustal regions". <i>Journal of Seismology</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 409–433. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JSeis..16..409A">2012JSeis..16..409A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10950-012-9278-7">10.1007/s10950-012-9278-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1383-4649">1383-4649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140603532">140603532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Seismology&rft.atitle=Intensity+attenuation+for+active+crustal+regions&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-433&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10950-012-9278-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140603532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1383-4649&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JSeis..16..409A&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Trevor+I.&rft.au=Wald%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Worden%2C+C.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenportDowrick2002" class="citation conference cs1">Davenport, P. N.; Dowrick, D. J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzsee.org.nz/db/2002/Paper64.PDF"><i>Is there a relationship between observed felt intensity and parameters from strong motion instrument recordings?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NZEE 2002 Conference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Is+there+a+relationship+between+observed+felt+intensity+and+parameters+from+strong+motion+instrument+recordings%3F&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=P.+N.&rft.au=Dowrick%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzsee.org.nz%2Fdb%2F2002%2FPaper64.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison1921" class="citation cs2">Davison, Charles (June 1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkXPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA95">"On scales of seismic intensity and on the construction and use of isoseismal lines"</a>, <i>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</i>, <b>11</b> (2): 95–129, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921BuSSA..11...95D">1921BuSSA..11...95D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1785%2FBSSA0110020095">10.1785/BSSA0110020095</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Seismological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=On+scales+of+seismic+intensity+and+on+the+construction+and+use+of+isoseismal+lines&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-129&rft.date=1921-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1785%2FBSSA0110020095&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1921BuSSA..11...95D&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkXPAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeweyReagorDenglerMoley1995" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dewey, James W.; Reagor, B. 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(ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics</i>, Springer, pp. 237–242, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8701-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8701-0"><bdi>978-90-481-8701-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Earthquakes%2C+Intensity&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Solid+Earth+Geophysics&rft.pages=237-242&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-481-8701-0&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnthal&rft.aufirst=Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHgOwNCGbnAC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeJenningsKisslingerKanamori2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._K._Lee" title="William H. 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W.; Cecić, Ina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804200233/http://bib.telegrafenberg.de/publizieren/vertrieb/nmsop/">"Chapter 12: Intensity and Intensity Scales"</a>. In Bormann, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.telegrafenberg.de/publizieren/vertrieb/nmsop/"><i>New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (Nmsop2)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2312%2FGFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12">10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:43219:11/component/escidoc:916905/Chapter_12_rev1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Liu-Zeng, Jing; Allen, Mark B.; Zhang, Weiheng; Du, Peng (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/31743/1/31743.pdf">"Landslides of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, northern China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Landslides</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 935–953. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Lands..18..935X">2021Lands..18..935X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10346-020-01512-5">10.1007/s10346-020-01512-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-510X">1612-510X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221568806">221568806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landslides&rft.atitle=Landslides+of+the+1920+Haiyuan+earthquake%2C+northern+China&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=935-953&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10346-020-01512-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221568806%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1612-510X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Lands..18..935X&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Yueren&rft.au=Liu-Zeng%2C+Jing&rft.au=Allen%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Weiheng&rft.au=Du%2C+Peng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F31743%2F1%2F31743.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.hawaii.edu/~rmjones7/RMJ-Mercalli%20Scale%20Sci%20Scope%20Article.pdf">"Investigating the Mercalli Intensity Scale Through 'Lived Experience'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science Scope</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 54–60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0887-2376">0887-2376</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43183283">43183283</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC (identifier)">ERIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1000835">EJ1000835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Scope&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+Mercalli+Intensity+Scale+Through+%27Lived+Experience%27&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=54-60&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43183283%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0887-2376&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hawaii.edu%2F~rmjones7%2FRMJ-Mercalli%2520Scale%2520Sci%2520Scope%2520Article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldLoosSpenceGoded2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wald" title="David J. Wald">Wald, David J.</a>; Loos, Sabine; Spence, Robin; Goded, Tatiana; Hortacsu, Ayse (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eos.org/features/a-common-language-for-reporting-earthquake-intensities">"A Common Language for Reporting Earthquake Intensities"</a>. <i>Eos</i>. <b>104</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2023eo230160">10.1029/2023eo230160</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eos&rft.atitle=A+Common+Language+for+Reporting+Earthquake+Intensities&rft.volume=104&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2023eo230160&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Loos%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Spence%2C+Robin&rft.au=Goded%2C+Tatiana&rft.au=Hortacsu%2C+Ayse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feos.org%2Ffeatures%2Fa-common-language-for-reporting-earthquake-intensities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModified+Mercalli+intensity+scale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/national-earthquake-information-center-neic">National Earthquake Information Center (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/modified-mercalli-intensity-scale">Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq4/severitygip.html">The Severity of an Earthquake</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/eq-intensity.shtml">U.S. Earthquake Intensity Database</a> – <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BP7gKXLjqxk">Earthquake Intensity – What controls the shaking you feel?</a> – <a href="/wiki/IRIS_Consortium" title="IRIS Consortium">IRIS Consortium</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seismic_magnitude_scales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seismic_scales" title="Template:Seismic scales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seismic_scales" title="Template talk:Seismic scales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seismic_scales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seismic scales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seismic_magnitude_scales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">Seismic magnitude scales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intensity scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Weather_Administration_seismic_intensity_scale" title="Central Weather Administration seismic intensity scale">Central Weather Administration seismic intensity scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Seismic_Intensity_scale" title="Environmental Seismic Intensity scale">Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_macroseismic_scale" title="European macroseismic scale">European Macroseismic Scale (EMS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_seismic_intensity_scale" title="China seismic intensity scale">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev%E2%80%93Sponheuer%E2%80%93Karnik_scale" title="Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale">Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik (MSK)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modified Mercalli (MM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIVOLCS_Earthquake_Intensity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale">PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency_seismic_intensity_scale" title="Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale">Shindo (Japanese)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnitude scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body-wave_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-wave magnitude">Body-wave magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_duration_magnitude" title="Earthquake duration magnitude">Duration magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter_scale" title="Richter scale">Local magnitude (Richter scale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">Moment magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-wave_magnitude" title="Surface-wave magnitude">Surface-wave magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_class" title="Energy class">Energy class</a> (K-class)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev%E2%80%93Sponheuer%E2%80%93Karnik_scale" title="Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale">GEOFIAN</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Mercalli–Wood–Neuman (MWN)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omori_scale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omori scale (page does not exist)">Omori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi%E2%80%93Forel_scale" title="Rossi–Forel scale">Rossi–Forel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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