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class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE_(1814_%D0%B3.)" title="Договор от Фонтенбло (1814 г.) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Договор от Фонтенбло (1814 г.)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feur-emglev_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Feur-emglev Fontainebleau (1814) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Feur-emglev Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Tractat de Fontainebleau (1814) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat de Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontainebleausk%C3%A1_smlouva_(1814)" title="Fontainebleauská smlouva (1814) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fontainebleauská smlouva (1814)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Vertrag von Fontainebleau (1814) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vertrag von Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Tratado de Fontainebleau (1814) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktato_de_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Traktato de Fontainebleau (1814) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Traktato de Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B1%DB%B4)" title="پیمان فونتن‌بلو (۱۸۱۴) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان فونتن‌بلو (۱۸۱۴)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Traité de Fontainebleau (1814) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%90%81%ED%85%90%EB%B8%94%EB%A1%9C_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD_(1814%EB%85%84)" title="퐁텐블로 조약 (1814년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퐁텐블로 조약 (1814년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80_(1814)" title="Ֆոնտենբլոյի պայմանագիր (1814) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոնտենբլոյի պայմանագիր (1814)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktat_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Traktat Fontainebleau (1814) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Traktat Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_di_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Trattato di Fontainebleau (1814) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato di Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95_(1814)" title="הסכם פונטנבלו (1814) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכם פונטנבלו (1814)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foedus_Fontis_Bleaudi_(1814)" title="Foedus Fontis Bleaudi (1814) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Foedus Fontis Bleaudi (1814)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Verdrag van Fontainebleau (1814) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag van Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84_(1814%E5%B9%B4)" title="フォンテーヌブロー条約 (1814年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォンテーヌブロー条約 (1814年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktat_z_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Traktat z Fontainebleau (1814) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Traktat z Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Tratado de Fontainebleau (1814) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicarea_de_la_Fontainebleau" title="Abdicarea de la Fontainebleau – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abdicarea de la Fontainebleau" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE_(1814)" title="Договор в Фонтенбло (1814) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Договор в Фонтенбло (1814)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0_(1814)" title="Споразум из Фонтенблоа (1814) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Споразум из Фонтенблоа (1814)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1814)" title="สนธิสัญญาฟงแตนโบล (ค.ศ. 1814) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สนธิสัญญาฟงแตนโบล (ค.ศ. 1814)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814_Fontainebleau_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="1814 Fontainebleau Antlaşması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1814 Fontainebleau Antlaşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80_%D1%83_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE_(1814)" title="Договір у Фонтебло (1814) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Договір у Фонтебло (1814)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Hiệp ước Fontainebleau (1814) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệp ước Fontainebleau (1814)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%AB%E4%B8%B9%E7%99%BD%E9%9C%B2%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6_(1814%E5%B9%B4)" title="枫丹白露条约 (1814年) – Chinese" 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href="/wiki/File:Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg/280px-Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg/420px-Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg/560px-Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption><i>Napoleon signs his abdication at Fontainebleau, 11 April 1814</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bouchot" title="François Bouchot">François Bouchot</a> and Gaetano Ferri (1843)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Treaty of Fontainebleau</b> was an agreement concluded in <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>, France, on 11 April 1814 between <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and representatives of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>. The treaty was signed in Paris on 11 April by the <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiaries</a> of both sides and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a> and sent him <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">into exile</a> on <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Empire_April_1814.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/French_Empire_April_1814.png/220px-French_Empire_April_1814.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/French_Empire_April_1814.png/330px-French_Empire_April_1814.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/French_Empire_April_1814.png/440px-French_Empire_April_1814.png 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> on the eve of Napoleon’s abdication</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> (1812–1814), a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and a number of <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">German states</a> drove Napoleon out of Germany in 1813. In 1814, while the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1814%E2%80%9373)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1814–73)">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_south-west_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in south-west France (1814)">invaded France across the Pyrenees</a>; Russia, Austria and their allies <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)">invaded France across the Rhine</a> and, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Battle of Paris</a>, entered into negotiations with members of the French government for the abdication of Napoleon. </p><p>On 31 March, the Coalition issued a declaration to the French nation: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The allied powers having occupied Paris, they are ready to receive the declaration of the French nation. They declare, that if it was indispensable that the conditions of peace should contain stronger guarantees when it was necessary to enchain the ambition of Napoleon, they would become more favourable when, by a return to a wiser government, France itself offers the assurance of repose. The allied sovereigns declare, in consequence, that they will no longer treat with Napoleon nor with any of his family; that they respect the integrity of old France, as it existed under its legitimate kings—they may even go further, for they always profess the principle, that for the happiness of Europe it is necessary that France should be great and powerful; that they recognise and will guarantee such a constitution as the French nation may give itself. They invite, consequently, the senate to appoint a provisional government, which may provide for the necessities of administration, and establish such a constitution as may be fitting for the French people. The intentions which I have just expressed are common to me with all the allied powers. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander</a>, <i>Paris, 31st March</i> 1814 : <i>Three</i> P.M.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> On 1 April, Russian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> addressed the French <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_conservateur" title="Sénat conservateur">Sénat conservateur</a> in person and laid out similar terms as were in the previous day's declaration. As a gesture of good will, he announced that 150,000 French prisoners of war who had been held by the Russians since the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a>, two years earlier, would be released immediately. The next day, the Senate agreed to the Coalition's terms and passed a resolution deposing Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also passed a decree dated 5 April, justifying their actions, and ending:</p><blockquote><p>...the senate declares and decrees as follows :—1. Napoleon Buonaparte is cast down from the throne, and the right of succession in his family is abolished. 2. The French people and army are absolved from their oath of fidelity to him. 3. The present decree shall be transmitted to the departments and armies, and proclaimed immediately in all the quarters of the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>On 3 April 1814, word reached Napoleon, who was at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a>, that the French Senate had dethroned him. As the Coalition forces had made public their position that their quarrel was with Napoleon and not the French people, he called their bluff and abdicated in favour of his son, with the Empress <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie-Louise</a> as regent. </p><p>Three plenipotentiaries took this conditional abdication to the Coalition sovereigns: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The allied powers having proclaimed that the Emperor Napoleon is the sole obstacle to the re-establishment of peace in Europe, – the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he is ready to descend from the throne, to quit France, and even life itself, for the good of the country, which is inseparable from the rights of his son, of the regency of the Empress, and of the maintenance of the laws of the empire.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Napoleon: Fontainebleau, 4 April 1814<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>While the plenipotentiaries were travelling to deliver their message, Napoleon heard that <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Marmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Marmont">Auguste Marmont</a> had placed his corps in a hopeless position and that their surrender was inevitable. The Coalition sovereigns were in no mood to compromise and rejected Napoleon's offer. Emperor Alexander stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A regency with the Empress and her son, sounds well, I admit; but Napoleon remains – there is the difficulty. In vain will he promise to remain quiet in the retreat which will be assigned to him. You know even better than I his devouring activity, his ambition. Some fine morning he will put himself at the head of the regency, or in its place: then the war will recommence, and all Europe will be on fire. The very dread of such an occurrence will oblige the Allies to keep their armies on foot, and thus frustrate all their intentions in making peace.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>With the rejection of his conditional abdication and no military option left to him, Napoleon bowed to the inevitable: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The allied powers having declared that the Emperor Napoleon is the sole obstacle to the re-establishment of a general peace in Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he renounces, for himself and his heirs the throne of France and Italy; and that there is no personal sacrifice, not even that of life itself, which he is not willing to make for the interests of France.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Napoleon: Fontainebleau, 6 April 1814<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Over the next few days, with Napoleon's reign over France now at an end, the formal treaty was negotiated and signed by the plenipotentiaries in Paris on 11 April and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms">Terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gueridon_fontainebleau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gueridon_fontainebleau.JPG/220px-Gueridon_fontainebleau.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gueridon_fontainebleau.JPG/330px-Gueridon_fontainebleau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gueridon_fontainebleau.JPG/440px-Gueridon_fontainebleau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Room at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> where the Treaty was signed</figcaption></figure> <p>The agreement contained a total of 21 articles. By the most significant terms of the accord, Napoleon was stripped of his powers as ruler of the French Empire, but both Napoleon and Marie-Louise were permitted to preserve their respective titles as emperor and empress.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, all of Napoleon's successors and family members were prohibited from attaining power in France.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty also established the island of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> as a separate principality to be ruled by Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elba's sovereignty and flag were guaranteed recognition by foreign powers in the accord, but only France was allowed to assimilate the island.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another tenet of the agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma,_Piacenza_e_Guastalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla">Duchy of Piacentia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a> were ceded to Empress Marie-Louise. Moreover, a direct male descendant of Empress Marie-Louise would be known as the <i>Prince of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other parts of the treaty, Empress Josephine's annual income was reduced to 1,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Francs">francs</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Napoleon had to surrender all of his estates in France to the French crown,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and submit all crown jewels to France.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was permitted to take with him 400 men to serve as his personal guard.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The signatories were <a href="/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques MacDonald">Marshal MacDonald, Duke of Tarentum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Marshal Ney, Duke of Elchingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Prince Metternich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Count Nesselrode</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Baron Hardenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_opposition">British opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aufstieg-und-Niederfall-Napoleons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Aufstieg-und-Niederfall-Napoleons.png/220px-Aufstieg-und-Niederfall-Napoleons.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Aufstieg-und-Niederfall-Napoleons.png/330px-Aufstieg-und-Niederfall-Napoleons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Aufstieg-und-Niederfall-Napoleons.png/440px-Aufstieg-und-Niederfall-Napoleons.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>"The Rise and Fall of Napoleon", a cartoon drawn by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Voltz" title="Johann Michael Voltz">Johann Michael Voltz</a> following the Treaty of Fontainebleau; on the lower side is seen the map of Elba.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British position was that the French nation was in a state of rebellion and that Napoleon was a usurper. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a> explained that he would not sign on behalf of the king of the United Kingdom because to do so would recognise the legitimacy of Napoleon as emperor of the French and that to exile him to an island over which he had sovereignty, only a short distance from France and Italy, both of which had strong <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a> factions, could easily lead to further conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theft_of_document">Theft of document</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theft of document"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, two Americans, former history professor John William Rooney (then aged 74) and Marshall Lawrence Pierce (then aged 44), were charged by a French court for stealing a copy of the Treaty of Fontainebleau from the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Archives">French National Archives</a> between 1974 and 1988. The theft came to light in 1996, when a curator of the French National Archives discovered that Pierce had put the document up for sale at <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. Rooney and Pierce pleaded guilty in the United States and were fined ($1,000 for Rooney and $10,000 for Pierce). However, they were not extradited to France to stand trial there. The copy of the treaty and a number of other documents (including letters from King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII of France</a>) that were checked out from the French National Archives by Rooney and Pierce were returned to France by the United States in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Treaty of Chaumont</a> (1814) – a rejected cease-fire offered by the Sixth Coalition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris (1814)</a> – peace treaty at the end of the end of the Wars of the Sixth Coalition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_St._Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of St. Cloud">Convention of St. Cloud</a> (1815) – surrender of Paris at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris (1815)</a> – peace treaty after the Waterloo Campaign</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Napoleon and the Marshals of the Empire</i>, J. B. Lippincott of Philadelphia, 1855. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K5tyQIgif8MC&dq=Napoleon++four+hundred+men+Elba&pg=PA284">p. 284</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOuBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA185">p. 185</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOuBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA187">pp. 187–188</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOuBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA190">p. 190</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOuBAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+allied+powers+having+proclaimed+that+the+Emperor+Napoleon+was+the+sole+obstacle+to+the+re-establishment+of+peace+in+Europe&pg=PA197">197</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOuBAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+allied+powers+having+proclaimed+that+the+Emperor+Napoleon+was+the+sole+obstacle+to+the+re-establishment+of+peace+in+Europe&pg=PA199">p. 199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOuBAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+allied+powers+having+proclaimed+that+the+Emperor+Napoleon+was+the+sole+obstacle+to+the+re-establishment+of+peace+in+Europe&pg=PA205">205</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse de Lamartine, p. 202. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#ART.II" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Article II</a>) <i>Their Majesties the Emperor Napoleon and the Empress Marie-Louise, will preserve their titles and qualities to enjoy them during their lives. The mother, brothers, sisters nephews and nieces of the Emperor shall equally preserve, wherever they may be sojourning, the titles of princes of his family.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse de Lamartine, p. 202. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#ART.I" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Article I</a>) <i>His Majesty the Emperor Napoleon renounces, for himself, his successors and descendants as well as for each of the members of his family, all right of sovereignty and domination, as well as over the French Empire and the kingdom of Italy as over all other countries.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse de Lamartine, p. 203. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#ART.III" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Article III</a>) <i>The island of Elba, adopted by his Majesty the Emperor Napoleon, for the place of his residence, shall form, during his life, a separate principality, which shall be possessed by him in all sovereignty and property.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse de Lamartine, p. 203. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#ART.IV" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Article IV</a>) <i>All the allied powers engage themselves to employ their good offices cause to be respected, by the Barbary powers, the flag and territory of the island of Elba, so that in its relations with the Barbary powers it should be assimilated to France.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse de Lamartine, p. 203. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#ART.V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Article V</a>) <i>The Duchies of Parma, of Piacenza, and of Guastalla shall be given, in all property and sovereignty, to her Majesty the Empress Marie-Louise. They shall pass to her son and to his descendants in direct line. The prince her son shall take, from this time, the title of Prince of Parma, of Piacenza, and of Guastalla.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse de Lamartine, p. 204. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#ART.VII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Article VII</a>) <i>The annual income of the Empress Josephine shall be reduced to 1,000,000f., in domains, or in inscriptions on the grand livre of France. She shall continue to enjoy, in full property, all her estates real and personal, and may dispose of them in conformity with the laws of France.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse de Lamartine, p. 204. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#ART.IX" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Article IX</a>) <i>The estates which his Majesty the Emperor Napoleon possesses in France, whether of extraordinary or private domain, shall revert to the crown. Of the sums funded by the Emperor Napoleon, whether in the grand livre, or in the Bank of France, whether in canal shares, or in any other manner, and which his Majesty gives up to the crown, there shall be reserved a capital which shall not exceed 2,000,000f., to be disposed of in gratuities in favour of persons who shall be inscribed in the list that shall be signed by the Emperor Napoleon, and which shall be remitted to the French government.</i> – "<a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII#Relationship_with_Napoleon_I" title="Pope Pius VII">Bonaparte offered the pope</a> a pension of two millions of francs, being the precise sum he himself was thus obliged to accept!" (de Bourrienne <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgUKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA362">p. 362</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse de Lamartine, p. 204. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#ART.X" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Article X</a>) <i>All the crown jewels shall revert to France.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse de Lamartine, p. 206. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#ART.XVII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Article XVII</a>) <i>His Majesty the Emperor Napoleon can take with him, and keep for his guard, 400 men, volunteers, officers, subofficers, and soldiers.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonse de Lamartine, pp. 206–207. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#ART.XXI" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Article XXI</a>). <i>The present treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications of it shall be exchanged at Paris in the term of two days, or sooner, if possible. Done at Paris, the 11th April, 1814 (Signed) CAULAINCOURT, Duke of Vicenza. The Marshal Duke of Tarentum, MACDONALD. The Marshal Duke of Elchingen, NEY (Signed) The Prince of METTERNICH. The same articles have been signed separately, and under the same date, on the part of Russia, by the Count of Nesselrode, and on the part of Prussia, by the Baron of Hardenburg.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Abbott <i>The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte</i>, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-7063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-7063-6">978-1-4179-7063-6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNkJtTlVKzoC&dq=Napoleon++four+hundred+men+Elba&pg=RA1-PA481">p. 481</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1840178,00.html">Paris to try US citizens 24 November 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214005553/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1840178,00.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=386025">JS Online: Former professor may be doomed to repeat history: Man was already convicted in U.S. for taking historic treaty, now France wants to try him too (Author: Megan Twohey; Date: 18 January 2006)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_Cabot_Abbott" title="John Stevens Cabot Abbott">John Stevens Cabot Abbott</a>. <i>The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte</i>, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1417970636" title="Special:BookSources/978-1417970636">978-1417970636</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Alison,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Archibald Alison, 1st Baronet">Archibald Alison</a>. <i>History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815</i>, Edition: 10, W. Blackwood, 1860.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_Fauvelet_de_Bourrienne" title="Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne">Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne</a>. <i>Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte</i> R. Bentley, 1836.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a> (translated by Michael Rafter). <i>The History of the Restoration of Monarchy in France</i>. H. G. Bohn, 1854 (New York Public Library).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA.VV." class="mw-redirect" title="AA.VV.">AA.VV.</a> <i>Napoleon and the Marshals of the Empire</i>, Lippincott, 1855.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon%27s_stay_in_Auxonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon's stay in Auxonne (page does not exist)">Stay in Auxonne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9jour_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_%C3%A0_Auxonne" class="extiw" title="fr:Séjour de Napoléon Bonaparte à Auxonne">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Assassination attempts on Napoleon Bonaparte">Assassination attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_souper_de_Beaucaire" title="Le souper de Beaucaire">Le souper de Beaucaire</a></li> <li>Constitutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_X" title="Constitution of the Year X">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII" title="Constitution of the Year XII">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">1815</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Sale of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_in_Holland" title="Napoleon in Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Looting of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_tactics" title="Napoleonic tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Weaponry and warfare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">1st exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Route Napoléon">Route Napoléon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">2nd abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I%27s_exile_to_St._Helena" title="Napoleon I's exile to St. Helena">2nd exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Napoleon">Death</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier" class="extiw" title="fr:Mort de Napoléon Ier">fr</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_mask_of_Napoleon" title="Death mask of Napoleon">mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/120px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/180px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/240px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon" title="Military career of Napoleon">Battles and wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Siege of Toulon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lodi" title="Battle of Lodi">Battle of Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">Battle of Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French campaign in Egypt and Syria</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Siege of Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Battle of Eckmühl</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Battle of Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Napoleon and the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara" title="Napoleon Tiara">Tiara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews" title="Napoleon and the Jews">Jewish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Sanhedrin" title="Grand Sanhedrin">Grand 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style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Homes and honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Column of the Grande Armée">Column of the Grande Armée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Napoleon" title="Equestrian statue of Napoleon">Equestrian statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maison_Bonaparte" title="Maison Bonaparte">Maison Bonaparte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker">Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker_(Milan)" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker (Milan)">Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Victoire" title="Rue de la Victoire">Rue de la Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte_Monument_(Warsaw)" title="Napoleon Bonaparte Monument (Warsaw)">Warsaw monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Legacy and memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Napoleon" title="Cultural depictions of Napoleon">Cultural depictions</a> 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