CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Thomas Kuhn - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"07d020fc-7bfb-4ff6-b50a-5ddfd9e879ad","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Thomas_Kuhn","wgTitle":"Thomas Kuhn","wgCurRevisionId":1256186588,"wgRevisionId":1256186588,"wgArticleId":25778629, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Thomas_Kuhn","wgRelevantArticleId":25778629,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang": "ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo", "autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym": "ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu", "autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym": "ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym": "Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr", "autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga" ,"din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn", "so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q184980","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true, "talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/87/Thomas_Kuhn.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1473"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/87/Thomas_Kuhn.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="982"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="786"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Thomas Kuhn - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Thomas_Kuhn rootpage-Thomas_Kuhn stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Thomas+Kuhn" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Thomas+Kuhn" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thomas Kuhn</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Thomas_Kuhn" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Thomas+Kuhn" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn_(Michigan_politician)" title="Thomas Kuhn (Michigan politician)">Thomas Kuhn (Michigan politician)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Thomas Samuel Kuhn (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kuːn/</a>; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American <a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">historian and philosopher of science</a> whose 1962 book <a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a> was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a>, which has since become an English-language idiom. <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Kuhn</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Kuhn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Thomas_Kuhn.jpg/220px-Thomas_Kuhn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/87/Thomas_Kuhn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="286"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Kuhn in 1973</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Thomas Samuel Kuhn</div> (1922-07-18)July 18, 1922 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 17, 1996(1996-06-17) (aged 73) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_turn" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical turn">Historical turn</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiographical_externalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographical externalism">Historiographical externalism</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949PhDT........11K/abstract">The Cohesive Energy of Monovalent Metals as a Function of Their Atomic Quantum Defects</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Incommensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_science" title="Normal science">Normal science</a></li> <li>Kuhn loss<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_nominalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental nominalism">Transcendental nominalism</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific knowledge</a>: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a> criteria but is defined by a consensus of a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a>. Competing paradigms are frequently <a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">incommensurable</a>; that is, they are competing and irreconcilable accounts of reality. Thus, our comprehension of science can never rely wholly upon "objectivity" alone. Science must account for <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> perspectives as well, since all objective conclusions are ultimately founded upon the subjective conditioning/worldview of its researchers and participants. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life,_family_and_education">1 Early life, family and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Career">2 Career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions">3 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Post-Structure_philosophy">4 Post-Structure philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Polanyi%E2%80%93Kuhn_debate">5 Polanyi–Kuhn debate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Honors">6 Honors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Personal_life">7 Personal life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Bibliography">8 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life,_family_and_education">Early life, family and education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, family and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Kuhn was born in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, in 1922 to Minette Stroock Kuhn and Samuel L. Kuhn, an industrial engineer, both <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans">Jewish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> From kindergarten through fifth grade, he was educated at Lincoln School, a private <a href="/wiki/Progressive_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive school">progressive school</a> in Manhattan, which stressed independent thinking rather than learning facts and subjects. The family then moved 40 mi (64 km) north to the small town of <a href="/wiki/Croton-on-Hudson,_New_York" title="Croton-on-Hudson, New York">Croton-on-Hudson, New York</a> where, once again, he attended a private progressive school – <a href="/wiki/Hessian_Hills_School" title="Hessian Hills School">Hessian Hills School</a>. It was here that, in sixth through ninth grade, he learned to love mathematics. He left Hessian Hills in 1937. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Taft_School" title="Taft School">The Taft School</a> in Watertown, Connecticut, in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He obtained his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> in 1943, where he also obtained <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MSc</a> and PhD degrees in physics in 1946 and 1949, respectively, under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Van Vleck</a>. <a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As he states in the first few pages of the preface to the second edition of <a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a>, his three years of total academic freedom as a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Junior_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Junior Fellow">Harvard Junior Fellow</a> were crucial in allowing him to switch from physics to <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">the history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Kuhn taught a course in the history of science at Harvard from 1948 until 1956, at the suggestion of university president <a href="/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bryant Conant">James Conant</a>. After leaving Harvard, Kuhn taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, in both the philosophy department and the history department, being named Professor of the history of science in 1961. Kuhn interviewed and tape recorded Danish physicist <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> the day before Bohr's death.<a href="#cite_note-bohr-12">[12]</a> At Berkeley, he wrote and published (in 1962) his best known and most influential work:<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In 1964, he joined <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> as the M. Taylor Pyne Professor of Philosophy and History of Science. He served as the president of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_Society" title="History of Science Society">History of Science Society</a> from 1969 to 1970.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In 1979 he joined the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) as the <a href="/wiki/Laurance_Rockefeller" title="Laurance Rockefeller">Laurance S. Rockefeller</a> Professor of Philosophy, remaining there until 1991. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a></div> The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (SSR) was originally printed as an article in the <a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science" title="International Encyclopedia of Unified Science">International Encyclopedia of Unified Science</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a>. In this book, heavily influenced by the fundamental work of <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Fleck" title="Ludwik Fleck">Ludwik Fleck</a> (on the possible influence of Fleck on Kuhn see<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>), Kuhn argued that science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge, but undergoes periodic revolutions, also called "<a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shifts</a>" (although he did not coin the phrase, he did contribute to its increase in popularity),<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> in which the nature of scientific inquiry within a particular field is abruptly transformed. In general, science is broken up into three distinct stages. Prescience, which lacks a central paradigm, comes first. This is followed by "<a href="/wiki/Normal_science" title="Normal science">normal science</a>", when scientists attempt to enlarge the central paradigm by "puzzle-solving".<a href="#cite_note-SSR-2nd.ed.-6">[6]</a>: 35–42 Guided by the paradigm, normal science is extremely productive: "when the paradigm is successful, the profession will have solved problems that its members could scarcely have imagined and would never have undertaken without commitment to the paradigm".<a href="#cite_note-SSR-2nd.ed.-6">[6]</a>: 24–25 In regard to experimentation and collection of data with a view toward solving problems through the commitment to a paradigm, Kuhn states: <blockquote>The operations and measurements that a scientist undertakes in the laboratory are not "the given" of experience but rather "the collected with difficulty." They are not what the scientist sees—at least not before his research is well advanced and his attention focused. Rather, they are concrete indices to the content of more elementary perceptions, and as such they are selected for the close scrutiny of normal research only because they promise opportunity for the fruitful elaboration of an accepted paradigm. Far more clearly than the immediate experience from which they in part derive, operations and measurements are paradigm-determined. Science does not deal in all possible laboratory manipulations. Instead, it selects those relevant to the juxtaposition of a paradigm with the immediate experience that that paradigm has partially determined. As a result, scientists with different paradigms engage in different concrete laboratory manipulations.<a href="#cite_note-SSR-2nd.ed.-6">[6]</a>: 126 </blockquote> During the period of normal science, the failure of a result to conform to the paradigm is seen not as refuting the paradigm, but as the mistake of the researcher, contra <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiability</a> criterion. As anomalous results build up, science reaches a crisis, at which point a new paradigm, which subsumes the old results along with the anomalous results into one framework, is accepted. This is termed revolutionary science. The difference between the normal and revolutionary science soon sparked the <a href="/wiki/Kuhn-Popper_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuhn-Popper debate">Kuhn-Popper debate</a>. In SSR, Kuhn also argues that rival paradigms are <a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">incommensurable</a>—that is, it is not possible to understand one paradigm through the conceptual framework and terminology of another rival paradigm. For many critics, for example <a href="/wiki/David_Stove" title="David Stove">David Stove</a> (<a href="/wiki/Popper_and_After" title="Popper and After">Popper and After</a>, 1982), this thesis seemed to entail that theory choice is fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Irrational" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrational">irrational</a>: if rival theories cannot be directly compared, then one cannot make a rational choice as to which one is better. Whether Kuhn's views had such <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativistic</a> consequences is the subject of much debate; Kuhn himself denied the accusation of <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a> in the third edition of SSR, and sought to clarify his views to avoid further misinterpretation. <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> has quoted Kuhn as saying "I am not a Kuhnian!",<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a> that some philosophers have developed based on his work. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is the single most widely cited book in the social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The enormous impact of Kuhn's work can be measured in the changes it brought about in the vocabulary of the philosophy of science: besides "paradigm shift", Kuhn popularized the word <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> itself from a term used in certain forms of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and the work of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Lichtenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Lichtenberg">Georg Lichtenberg</a> to its current broader meaning, coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Normal_science" title="Normal science">normal science</a>" to refer to the relatively routine, day-to-day work of scientists working within a paradigm, and was largely responsible for the use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">scientific revolutions</a>" in the plural, taking place at widely different periods of time and in different disciplines, as opposed to a single <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a> in the late Renaissance. The frequent use of the phrase "paradigm shift" has made scientists more aware of and in many cases more receptive to paradigm changes, so that Kuhn's analysis of the evolution of scientific views has by itself influenced that evolution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kuhn's work has been extensively used in social science; for instance, in the <a href="/wiki/Post-positivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-positivist">post-positivist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Positivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist">positivist</a> debate within <a href="/wiki/International_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Relations">International Relations</a>. Kuhn is credited as a foundational force behind the post-<a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Mertonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">sociology of scientific knowledge</a>. Kuhn's work has also been used in the Arts and Humanities, such as by Matthew Edward Harris to distinguish between scientific and historical communities (such as political or religious groups): 'political-religious beliefs and opinions are not epistemologically the same as those pertaining to scientific theories'.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This is because would-be scientists' worldviews are changed through rigorous training, through the engagement between what Kuhn calls 'exemplars' and the Global Paradigm. Kuhn's notions of paradigms and paradigm shifts have been influential in understanding the history of economic thought, for example the <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian revolution">Keynesian revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and in debates in political science.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> A defense Kuhn gives against the objection that his account of science from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions results in relativism can be found in an essay by Kuhn called "Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice."<a href="#cite_note-Kuhn_1977_320%E2%80%9339-22">[22]</a> In this essay, he reiterates five criteria from the penultimate chapter of SSR that determine (or help determine, more properly) theory choice: <ol><li>Accurate – empirically adequate with experimentation and observation</li> <li>Consistent – internally consistent, but also externally consistent with other theories</li> <li>Broad Scope – a theory's consequences should extend beyond that which it was initially designed to explain</li> <li>Simple – the simplest explanation, principally similar to <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li>Fruitful – a theory should disclose new phenomena or new relationships among phenomena</li></ol> He then goes on to show how, although these criteria admittedly determine theory choice, they are imprecise in practice and relative to individual scientists. According to Kuhn, "When scientists must choose between competing theories, two men fully committed to the same list of criteria for choice may nevertheless reach different conclusions."<a href="#cite_note-Kuhn_1977_320%E2%80%9339-22">[22]</a> For this reason, the criteria still are not "objective" in the usual sense of the word because individual scientists reach different conclusions with the same criteria due to valuing one criterion over another or even adding additional criteria for selfish or other subjective reasons. Kuhn then goes on to say, "I am suggesting, of course, that the criteria of choice with which I began function not as rules, which determine choice, but as values, which influence it."<a href="#cite_note-Kuhn_1977_320%E2%80%9339-22">[22]</a> Because Kuhn utilizes the history of science in his account of science, his criteria or values for theory choice are often understood as descriptive normative rules (or more properly, values) of theory choice for the scientific community rather than prescriptive normative rules in the usual sense of the word "criteria", although there are many varied interpretations of Kuhn's account of science. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Post-Structure_philosophy">Post-Structure philosophy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Structure philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Years after the publication of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Kuhn dropped the concept of a paradigm and began to focus on the <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> aspects of scientific theories. In particular, Kuhn focuses on the taxonomic structure of scientific kind terms. In SSR he had dealt extensively with "meaning-changes". Later he spoke more of "terms of reference", providing each of them with a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomy</a>. And even the changes that have to do with incommensurability were interpreted as taxonomic changes.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> As a consequence, a scientific revolution is not defined as a "change of paradigm" anymore, but rather as a change in the taxonomic structure of the theoretical language of science.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Some scholars describe this change as resulting from a 'linguistic turn'.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In their book, Andersen, Barker and Chen use some recent theories in cognitive psychology to vindicate Kuhn's mature philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Apart from dropping the concept of a paradigm, Kuhn also began to look at the process of scientific specialisation. In a scientific revolution, a new paradigm (or a new taxonomy) replaces the old one; by contrast, specialisation leads to a proliferation of new specialties and disciplines. This attention to the proliferation of specialties would make Kuhn's model less 'revolutionary' and more "evolutionary". <blockquote>[R]evolutions, which produce new divisions between fields in scientific development, are much like episodes of speciation in biological evolution. The biological parallel to revolutionary change is not mutation, as I thought for many years, but speciation. And the problems presented by speciation (e.g., the difficulty in identifying an episode of speciation until some time after it has occurred, and the impossibility even then, of dating the time of its occurrence) are very similar to those presented by revolutionary change and by the emergence and individuation of new scientific specialties.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></blockquote> Some philosophers claim that Kuhn attempted to describe different kinds of scientific change: revolutions and specialty-creation.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Others claim that the process of specialisation is in itself a special case of scientific revolutions.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> It is also possible to argue that, in Kuhn's model, science evolves through revolutions.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Polanyi–Kuhn_debate">Polanyi–Kuhn debate</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Polanyi–Kuhn debate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Although they used different terminologies, both Kuhn and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a> believed that scientists' subjective experiences made science a relativized discipline. Polanyi lectured on this topic for decades before Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Supporters of Polanyi charged Kuhn with plagiarism, as it was known that Kuhn attended several of Polanyi's lectures, and that the two men had debated endlessly over <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> before either had achieved fame. After the charge of plagiarism, Kuhn acknowledged Polanyi in the Second edition of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.<a href="#cite_note-SSR-2nd.ed.-6">[6]</a>: 44 Despite this intellectual alliance, Polanyi's work was constantly interpreted by others within the framework of Kuhn's paradigm shifts, much to Polanyi's (and Kuhn's) dismay.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Kuhn was named a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellow</a> in 1954, elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1963,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> elected to the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1979,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and, in 1982 was awarded the <a href="/wiki/George_Sarton_Medal" title="George Sarton Medal">George Sarton Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_Society" title="History of Science Society">History of Science Society</a>. He also received numerous honorary doctorates. In honor of his legacy, the Thomas Kuhn Paradigm Shift Award is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> to speakers who present original views that are at odds with mainstream scientific understanding. The winner is selected based on the novelty of the viewpoint and its potential impact if it were to be widely accepted.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Thomas Kuhn was married twice, first to Kathryn Muhs with whom he had three children, then to Jehane Barton Burns (Jehane B. Kuhn). In 1994, Kuhn was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died in 1996. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Kuhn, T. S. <a href="/wiki/The_Copernican_Revolution_(book)" title="The Copernican Revolution (book)">The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought</a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-17100-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-17100-4">0-674-17100-4</a></li> <li>Kuhn, T. S. The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science. Isis, 52 (1961): 161–193.</li> <li>Kuhn, T. S. <a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45808-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45808-3">0-226-45808-3</a></li> <li>Kuhn, T. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strangebeautiful.com/other-texts/kuhn-function-dogma.pdf">"The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research".</a> pp. 347–369 in A. C. Crombie (ed.). Scientific Change (Symposium on the History of Science, University of Oxford, July 9–15, 1961). New York and London: Basic Books and Heineman, 1963.</li> <li>Kuhn, T. S. The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45805-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45805-9">0-226-45805-9</a></li> <li>Kuhn, T. S. <a href="/wiki/Black-Body_Theory_and_the_Quantum_Discontinuity,_1894-1912" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912">Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45800-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45800-8">0-226-45800-8</a></li> <li>Kuhn, T. S. The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970–1993. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45798-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45798-2">0-226-45798-2</a></li> <li>Kuhn, T. S. The Last Writings of Thomas S. Kuhn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> K. Brad Wray, Kuhn's Evolutionary Social Epistemology, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bird" title="Alexander Bird">Alexander Bird</a>, "Kuhn and the Historiography of Science" in <a href="/wiki/Alisa_Bokulich" title="Alisa Bokulich">Alisa Bokulich</a> and William J. Devlin (eds.), Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50 Years On, Springer, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Bird2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bird" title="Alexander Bird">Alexander Bird</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thomas-kuhn/">"Thomas Kuhn"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University – via plato.stanford.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Kuhn&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Alexander+Bird&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fthomas-kuhn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> "Not all the achievements of the preceding period of normal science are preserved in a revolution, and indeed a later period of science may find itself without an explanation for a phenomenon that in an earlier period was held to be successfully explained. This feature of scientific revolutions has become known as 'Kuhn-loss'". The term was coined by Heinz R. Post in Post, H. R. (1971), "Correspondence, Invariance and Heuristics," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 2, 213–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "Transcendental nominalism" is a position ascribed to Kuhn by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a> (see D. Ginev, Robert S. Cohen (eds.), Issues and Images in the Philosophy of Science: Scientific and Philosophical Essays in Honour of Azarya Polikarov, Springer, 2012, p. 313). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Aviezer Tucker (ed.), A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography, Blackwell Publishing, 2011 : "Analytic Realism". </li> <li id="cite_note-SSR-2nd.ed.-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR-2nd.ed._6-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_S._Kuhn1970" class="citation book cs1">Thomas S. Kuhn (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129074938/https://projektintegracija.pravo.hr/_download/repository/Kuhn_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions.pdf">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45803-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45803-2"><bdi>0-226-45803-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projektintegracija.pravo.hr/_download/repository/Kuhn_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 29, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Scientific+Revolutions&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-226-45803-2&rft.au=Thomas+S.+Kuhn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojektintegracija.pravo.hr%2F_download%2Frepository%2FKuhn_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Richards" title="Robert J. Richards">Robert J. Richards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Daston" title="Lorraine Daston">Lorraine Daston</a> (eds.), Kuhn's 'Structure of Scientific Revolutions' at Fifty: Reflections on a Science Classic, University of Chicago Press, 2016, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burman,_J._T._2007-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Burman,_J._T._2007_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Burman, J. T. (2007). "Piaget No 'Remedy' for Kuhn, But the Two Should be Read Together: Comment on Tsou's 'Piaget vs. Kuhn on Scientific Progress'". Theory & Psychology. 17 (5): 721–732. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959354307079306">10.1177/0959354307079306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145497321">145497321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+%26+Psychology&rft.atitle=Piaget+No+%27Remedy%27+for+Kuhn%2C+But+the+Two+Should+be+Read+Together%3A+Comment+on+Tsou%27s+%27Piaget+vs.+Kuhn+on+Scientific+Progress%27&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=721-732&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959354307079306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145497321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burman&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jinfo.org/Philosophers.html">"Jewish Philosophers and Thinkers"</a>. jinfo.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jinfo.org&rft.atitle=Jewish+Philosophers+and+Thinkers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jinfo.org%2FPhilosophers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famousscientists.org/thomas-kuhn/">"Thomas Kuhn - Biography, Facts and Pictures"</a>. famousscientists.org. Retrieved November 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=famousscientists.org&rft.atitle=Thomas+Kuhn+-+Biography%2C+Facts+and+Pictures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famousscientists.org%2Fthomas-kuhn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2000" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Thomas S. (2000). Conant, Jim; Haugeland, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadsincestructu00kuhn">The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970-1993, with an Autobiographical Interview</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadsincestructu00kuhn/page/n248">242</a>–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226457987" title="Special:BookSources/9780226457987"><bdi>9780226457987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+Since+Structure%3A+Philosophical+Essays%2C+1970-1993%2C+with+an+Autobiographical+Interview&rft.pages=242-245&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780226457987&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadsincestructu00kuhn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bohr-12"><a href="#cite_ref-bohr_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_S._Kuhn1962" class="citation web cs1">Thomas S. Kuhn; et al. (November 17, 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4517-5">"Last interview with Niels Bohr by Thomas S. Kuhn, Leon Rosenfeld, Aage Petersen, and Erik Rudinger"</a>. Oral History Transcript – Niels Bohr. Professor Bohr's Office, Carlsberg, Copenhagen, Denmark: Center for History of Physics. Retrieved October 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oral+History+Transcript+%E2%80%93+Niels+Bohr&rft.atitle=Last+interview+with+Niels+Bohr+by+Thomas+S.+Kuhn%2C+Leon+Rosenfeld%2C+Aage+Petersen%2C+and+Erik+Rudinger&rft.date=1962-11-17&rft.au=Thomas+S.+Kuhn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory-programs%2Fniels-bohr-library%2Foral-histories%2F4517-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Bird2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bird" title="Alexander Bird">Alexander Bird</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thomas-kuhn/">"Thomas Kuhn"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University – via plato.stanford.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Kuhn&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Alexander+Bird&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fthomas-kuhn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212134009/http://www.hssonline.org/about/society_presidents.html">"Past Presidents of the History of Science Society"</a>. hssonline.org. The History of Science Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hssonline.org/about/society_presidents.html">the original</a> on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hssonline.org&rft.atitle=Past+Presidents+of+the+History+of+Science+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hssonline.org%2Fabout%2Fsociety_presidents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarnickiGreif2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jarnicki, Paweł; Greif, Hajo (June 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/22334/1/Jarnicki%2C%20Greif%20-%20The%20Aristotle%20Experience%20Revisited%2C%202022.pdf">"The 'Aristotle Experience' Revisited: Thomas Kuhn Meets Ludwik Fleck on the Road to Structure"</a> (PDF). Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie. 106 (2): 313–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fagph-2020-0160">10.1515/agph-2020-0160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+der+Philosophie&rft.atitle=The+%27Aristotle+Experience%27+Revisited%3A+Thomas+Kuhn+Meets+Ludwik+Fleck+on+the+Road+to+Structure&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-349&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fagph-2020-0160&rft.aulast=Jarnicki&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rft.au=Greif%2C+Hajo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilsci-archive.pitt.edu%2F22334%2F1%2FJarnicki%252C%2520Greif%2520-%2520The%2520Aristotle%2520Experience%2520Revisited%252C%25202022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorgan1991" class="citation journal cs1">Horgan, John (May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920161218/http://lilt.ilstu.edu/gmklass/foi/readings/horgan.htm">"Profile: Reluctant Revolutionary"</a>. Scientific American. 264 (5): 40–49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991SciAm.264e..40H">1991SciAm.264e..40H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0591-40">10.1038/scientificamerican0591-40</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lilt.ilstu.edu/gmklass/foi/readings/horgan.htm">the original</a> on September 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Reluctant+Revolutionary&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=40-49&rft.date=1991-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0591-40&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991SciAm.264e..40H&rft.aulast=Horgan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flilt.ilstu.edu%2Fgmklass%2Ffoi%2Freadings%2Fhorgan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Dyson, Freeman</a> (May 6, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sungenomeinterne00dyso/page/144">The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions</a>. Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sungenomeinterne00dyso/page/144">144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512942-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512942-7"><bdi>978-0-19-512942-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun%2C+the+Genome%2C+and+the+Internet%3A+Tools+of+Scientific+Revolutions&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999-05-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512942-7&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsungenomeinterne00dyso%2Fpage%2F144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2016" class="citation web cs1">Green, Elliott (May 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2016/05/12/what-are-the-most-cited-publications-in-the-social-sciences-according-to-google-scholar/">"What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according to Google Scholar)?"</a>. LSE Impact Blog. Retrieved September 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSE+Impact+Blog&rft.atitle=What+are+the+most-cited+publications+in+the+social+sciences+%28according+to+Google+Scholar%29%3F&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fimpactofsocialsciences%2F2016%2F05%2F12%2Fwhat-are-the-most-cited-publications-in-the-social-sciences-according-to-google-scholar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Matthew (2010). The notion of papal monarchy in the thirteenth century : the idea of paradigm in church history. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-1441-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-1441-9"><bdi>978-0-7734-1441-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+notion+of+papal+monarchy+in+the+thirteenth+century+%3A+the+idea+of+paradigm+in+church+history&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-1441-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> E.g. Ghanshyam Mehta, The Structure of the Keynesian Revolution, London, 1977 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> E.g. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ryan" title="Alan Ryan">Alan Ryan</a>, "Paradigms Lost: How Oxford Escaped the Paradigm Wars of the 1960s and 1970s', in Christopher Hood, Desmond King, & Gillian Peele, eds, Forging a Discipline, Oxford University Press, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhn_1977_320–39-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn_1977_320%E2%80%9339_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn_1977_320%E2%80%9339_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn_1977_320%E2%80%9339_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1977" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Thomas (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/kk3n/philsciclass/kuhn.pdf">The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change</a> (PDF). University of Chicago Press. pp. 320–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Tension%3A+Selected+Studies+in+Scientific+Tradition+and+Change&rft.pages=320-39&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrew.cmu.edu%2Fuser%2Fkk3n%2Fphilsciclass%2Fkuhn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorradori1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Borradori" title="Giovanna Borradori">Borradori, Giovanna</a> (1994). The American Philosopher: Conversations with Quine, Davidson, Putnam, Nozick, Danto, Rorty, Cavell, MacIntyre, Kuhn. University of Chicago Press. pp. 153–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06647-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06647-9"><bdi>978-0-226-06647-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Philosopher%3A+Conversations+with+Quine%2C+Davidson%2C+Putnam%2C+Nozick%2C+Danto%2C+Rorty%2C+Cavell%2C+MacIntyre%2C+Kuhn&rft.pages=153-168&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06647-9&rft.aulast=Borradori&rft.aufirst=Giovanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Kuhn, T. S. The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970–1993. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45798-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45798-2">0-226-45798-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrzikGrünberg1998" class="citation journal cs1">Irzik, Gürol; Grünberg, Teo (June 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003936819800003X">"Whorfian variations on Kantian themes: Kuhn's linguistic turn"</a>. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 29 (2): 207–221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SHPSA..29..207I">1998SHPSA..29..207I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-3681%2898%2900003-X">10.1016/S0039-3681(98)00003-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3681">0039-3681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+A&rft.atitle=Whorfian+variations+on+Kantian+themes%3A+Kuhn%27s+linguistic+turn&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-221&rft.date=1998-06-01&rft.issn=0039-3681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0039-3681%2898%2900003-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998SHPSA..29..207I&rft.aulast=Irzik&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCrol&rft.au=Gr%C3%BCnberg%2C+Teo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS003936819800003X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bird, Alexander (September 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039368102000286">"Kuhn's wrong turning"</a>. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 33 (3): 443–463. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SHPSA..33..443B">2002SHPSA..33..443B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-3681%2802%2900028-6">10.1016/S0039-3681(02)00028-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3681">0039-3681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+A&rft.atitle=Kuhn%27s+wrong+turning&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=443-463&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft.issn=0039-3681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0039-3681%2802%2900028-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002SHPSA..33..443B&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0039368102000286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Andersen, H., Barker, P., and Chen, X., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://The%20Cognitive%20Structure%20of%20Scientific%20Revolutions">The Cognitive Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._ConantJ._Haugeland2000" class="citation book cs1">J. Conant; J. Haugeland, eds. (2000). The Road Since Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 98–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+Since+Structure&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> (A collection of Kuhn’s last philosophical essays.) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Wray, K. Brad, Kuhn's Evolutionary Social Epistemology, Cambridge University Press, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoliti2018" class="citation journal cs1">Politi, Vincenzo (May 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1339-6">"Scientific revolutions, specialization and the discovery of the structure of DNA: toward a new picture of the development of the sciences"</a>. Synthese. 195 (5): 2267–2293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-017-1339-6">10.1007/s11229-017-1339-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F32dee9c6-622c-40ed-ae78-735c87060561">1983/32dee9c6-622c-40ed-ae78-735c87060561</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0964">1573-0964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255062115">255062115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=Scientific+revolutions%2C+specialization+and+the+discovery+of+the+structure+of+DNA%3A+toward+a+new+picture+of+the+development+of+the+sciences&rft.volume=195&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2267-2293&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F32dee9c6-622c-40ed-ae78-735c87060561&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255062115%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-0964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-017-1339-6&rft.aulast=Politi&rft.aufirst=Vincenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-017-1339-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuukkanen2012" class="citation book cs1">Kuukkanen, Jouni-Matti (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203103159-9/revolution-evolution-jouni-matti-kuukkanen">"Revolution as Evolution: The Concept of Evolution in Kuhn's Philosophy"</a>. In Vasso Kindi; Theodore Arabatzis (eds.). Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Revisited. Routledge. pp. 134–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203103159-9">10.4324/9780203103159-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203103159" title="Special:BookSources/9780203103159"><bdi>9780203103159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolution+as+Evolution%3A+The+Concept+of+Evolution+in+Kuhn%27s+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Kuhn%27s+The+Structure+of+Scientific+Revolutions+Revisited&rft.pages=134-152&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203103159-9&rft.isbn=9780203103159&rft.aulast=Kuukkanen&rft.aufirst=Jouni-Matti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780203103159-9%2Frevolution-evolution-jouni-matti-kuukkanen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Moleski, Martin X. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polanyisociety.org/TAD%20WEB%20ARCHIVE/TAD33-2/TAD33-2-fnl-pg8-24-pdf.pdf">"Polanyi vs. Kuhn: Worldviews Apart"</a>, polanyisociety.org, The Polanyi Society. Retrieved October 19, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/thomas-samuel-kuhn">"Thomas Samuel Kuhn"</a>. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved August 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Thomas+Samuel+Kuhn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fthomas-samuel-kuhn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Thomas+Kuhn&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved August 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DThomas%2BKuhn%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/53577.html">"Thomas S. Kuhn"</a>. www.nasonline.org. Retrieved August 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Thomas+S.+Kuhn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F53577.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web2011.acscomp.org/awards/thomas-kuhn-paradigm-shift-award">"Thomas Kuhn Paradigm Shift Award"</a>. acscomp.org. <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>. Retrieved September 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acscomp.org&rft.atitle=Thomas+Kuhn+Paradigm+Shift+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb2011.acscomp.org%2Fawards%2Fthomas-kuhn-paradigm-shift-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanne_Andersen_(philosopher)" title="Hanne Andersen (philosopher)">Hanne Andersen</a>, Peter Barker, and Xiang Chen. The Cognitive Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Cambridge University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521855754" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521855754">978-0521855754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bird" title="Alexander Bird">Alexander Bird</a>. Thomas Kuhn. Princeton and London: Princeton University Press and Acumen Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902683-10-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-902683-10-2">1-902683-10-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fuller_(sociologist)" title="Steve Fuller (sociologist)">Steve Fuller</a>. Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History for Our Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-26894-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-26894-2">0-226-26894-2</a></li> <li>Matthew Edward Harris. The Notion of Papal Monarchy in the Thirteenth Century: The Idea of Paradigm in Church History. Lampeter and <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-1441-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-1441-9">978-0-7734-1441-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoyningen-Huene" title="Paul Hoyningen-Huene">Paul Hoyningen-Huene</a> Reconstructing Scientific Revolutions: Thomas S. Kuhn's Philosophy of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226355511" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226355511">978-0226355511</a></li> <li>Jouni-Matti Kuukkanen, Meaning Changes: A Study of Thomas Kuhn's Philosophy. AV Akademikerverlag, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3639444704" title="Special:BookSources/978-3639444704">978-3639444704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ashtray_(Or_the_Man_Who_Denied_Reality)" title="The Ashtray (Or the Man Who Denied Reality)">The Ashtray (Or the Man Who Denied Reality)</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51384-3">978-0-226-51384-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal_Restivo" title="Sal Restivo">Sal Restivo</a>, The Myth of the Kuhnian Revolution. Sociological Theory, Vol. 1, (1983), 293–305.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Kuhn" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Kuhn_(philosopher)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thomas Kuhn (philosopher)">Thomas Kuhn (philosopher)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facultysites.vassar.edu/brvannor/Asia350/kuhnhelp.html">Notes for Thomas Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bird" title="Alexander Bird">Bird, Alexander</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thomas-kuhn/">"Thomas Kuhn"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Kuhn&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fthomas-kuhn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Kuhn" class="Z3988"></li> <li>James A. Marcum, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/kuhn-ts/">Thomas S. Kuhn (1922–1996)</a>", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V116/N28/kuhn.28n.html">Thomas S. Kuhn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120123206/http://tech.mit.edu/V116/N28/kuhn.28n.html">Archived</a> January 20, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (obituary, <a href="/wiki/The_Tech_(newspaper)" title="The Tech (newspaper)">The Tech</a> p. 9 vol 116 no 28, June 26, 1996)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/vl/notes/weinberg.html">Review in the New York Review of Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stanstudio.com/Boston_Photo_Blog/photo-of-thomas-samuel-kuhn">Color Portrait</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philsci.com">History of Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science</a>, BOOK VI: Kuhn on Revolution and Feyerabend on Anarchy – with free downloads for public use.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/oct2011/kuhn-o28.shtml">Thomas S. Kuhn, post-modernism and materialist dialectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/the-ashtray-the-ultimatum-part-1/?scp=1&sq=ashtray&st=cse">The Ashtray: The Ultimatum</a> (Part 1 [of 5 parts]), a critical view and memoir of Kuhn</li> <li>Daniel Laskowski Tozzini, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1884/26842/R%20-%20D%20-%20DANIEL%20LASKOWSKI%20TOZZINI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Objetividade e racionalidade na filosofia da ciência de Thomas Kuhn"</a></li> <li>Thomas S. Kuhn Papers, MC 240. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</li> <li>Maurício Cavalcante Rios,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppgefhc.ufba.br/sites/ppgefhc.ufba.br/files/mauricio_cavalcante_rios_-_dissertacao_-_kuhn_e_a_construcao_social_do_conhecimento.pdf">"Thomas S. Kuhn e a Construção Social do Conhecimento Científico</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kuhn/">Thomas Kuhn on Information Philosopher</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kuhn%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Kuhn%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kuhn%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Kuhn%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kuhn%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Kuhn%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kuhn%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Kuhn%22%29%20OR%20%28%221922-1996%22%20AND%20Kuhn%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Thomas Kuhn</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/kuhn-thomas.pdf">N. M. Swerdlow, "Thomas S. Kuhn", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2013)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&oldid=1256186588">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&oldid=1256186588</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 8 November 2024, at 17:49 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس كون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس كون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Kun" title="Tomas Kun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Kun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="টমাস স্যামুয়েল কুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টমাস স্যামুয়েল কুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Томас Сэмюэл Кун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Сэмюэл Кун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Томас Кун – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Кун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn" title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_S._Kuhn" title="Thomas S. Kuhn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas S. Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD" title="Τόμας Κουν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Κουν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86" title="توماس کوهن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس کوهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn" title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn" title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BF%A4" title="토머스 쿤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 쿤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस कुहन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थॉमस कुहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn" title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="תומאס קון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס קון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Томас Сэмюэл Кун – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Сэмюэл Кун" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_K%C5%ABns" title="Tomass Kūns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Kūns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Томас Семјуел Кун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Томас Семјуел Кун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BB" title="തോമസ് കുൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമസ് കുൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس كون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس كون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="トーマス・クーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・クーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8" title="ਥਾਮਸ ਕੂਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਮਸ ਕੂਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Томас Кун – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Томас Кун" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кун, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кун, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommasu_Kuhn" title="Tommasu Kuhn – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tommasu Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8C_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="තෝමස්‌ කූන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෝමස්‌ කූන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn" title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Томас Кун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Кун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தாமசு கூன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமசு கூன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Томас Кун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Кун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E6%81%A9" title="托马斯·库恩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托马斯·库恩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Thomas Kuhn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E6%81%A9" title="湯瑪斯·孔恩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯瑪斯·孔恩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E6%81%A9" title="托马斯·库恩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托马斯·库恩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 17:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kuhn&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-6trlv","wgBackendResponseTime":199,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.021","walltime":"1.262","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10956,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":239911,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13496,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":175162,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1093.089 1 -total"," 26.25% 286.989 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 19.21% 210.023 10 Template:Navbox"," 16.05% 175.414 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.01% 131.288 1 Template:Positivism"," 11.84% 129.458 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 11.64% 127.230 3 Template:Flatlist"," 10.11% 110.554 5 Template:Lang"," 9.64% 105.351 14 Template:Rp"," 9.05% 98.941 14 Template:R/superscript"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.581","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23417444,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-n9gqv","timestamp":"20241130112338","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Thomas Kuhn","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Kuhn","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184980","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184980","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-24T16:29:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T17:49:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/8\/87\/Thomas_Kuhn.jpg","headline":"American historian, physicist and philosopher"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>