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Disclaimers </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about the Filipino president. For his grandson, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mar_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a>. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Roxas (disambiguation)">Roxas (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_Roxas_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="President Roxas (disambiguation)">President Roxas</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> In this <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filipino_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filipino name">Philippine name</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle name">middle name</a> or maternal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surname">family name</a> is Acuña and the surname or paternal family name is Roxas. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Manuel Acuña Roxas <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quezon_Service_Cross?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quezon Service Cross">QSC</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Tagalog: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[maˈnwel aˈkuɲa ˈɾɔhas]</a>; January 1, 1892 – April 15, 1948) was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the fifth <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the Philippines">president of the Philippines</a> from 1946 until his death in 1948. He served briefly as the third and last President of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a> from May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, and became the first President of the Independent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%9365)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1946–65)">Third Philippine Republic</a> after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a> ceded its sovereignty over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"> <div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;"> Manuel Roxas </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg/220px-Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg/330px-Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="523"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">President of the Senate of the Philippines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office July 9, 1945 – May 25, 1946</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Avelino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José Avelino">José Avelino</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senator_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator of the Philippines">Senator of the Philippines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office July 9, 1945 – May 25, 1946</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_Secretary_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Executive Secretary (Philippines)">Executive Secretary</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 24, 1941 – March 26, 1942</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jorge_B._Vargas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jorge B. Vargas">Jorge B. Vargas</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arturo_Rotor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arturo Rotor">Arturo Rotor</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secretary_of_Finance_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secretary of Finance (Philippines)">Secretary of Finance</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office August 21, 1941 – December 29, 1941</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_de_las_Alas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio de las Alas">Antonio de las Alas</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data">Serafin Marabut</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Philippine_House_of_Representatives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives">Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office October 27, 1922 – May 5, 1934</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quintin_Paredes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintin Paredes">Quintin Paredes</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capiz%27s_1st_congressional_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capiz's 1st congressional district">Capiz's 1st district</a> Member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Assembly of the Philippines">National Assembly</a> (1935–1938)</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 6, 1922 – December 30, 1938</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data">Antonio Habana</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data">Ramon Arnaldo</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor_of_Capiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governor of Capiz">Governor of Capiz</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1919–1922</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_Hontiveros?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose Hontiveros">Jose Hontiveros</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data">Rafael Acuña</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas,_Capiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxas, Capiz">Capiz</a> Municipal Council</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1917–1919</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display:inline" class="nickname"> Manuel Acuña Roxas </div> (1892-01-01)January 1, 1892 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas,_Capiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxas, Capiz">Capiz</a>, Capiz, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish Empire">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th> <td class="infobox-data">April 15, 1948(1948-04-15) (aged 56) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clark_Air_Base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angeles_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angeles City">Angeles</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pampanga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, Philippines</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heart_attack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">Heart attack</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th> <td class="infobox-data label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manila_North_Cemetery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manila North Cemetery">Manila North Cemetery</a>, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> (1946–1948)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacionalista_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a> (1917–1946)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinidad_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad Roxas">Trinidad de Leon</a> </div> <div style="display:inline-block;"> </div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1921) </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerardo_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerardo Roxas">Gerardo Manuel Roxas</a></li> <li>Ruby Roxas</li> </ul> </div>Out of wedlock with Juanita Muriedas McIlvain (disputed by the De Leon-Roxas lineage):<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>Rosario M. Roxas<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Consuelo M. Roxas<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Manuel "Manny" M. Roxas Jr.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alma_mater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Manila">University of Manila</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of the Philippines College of Law">University of the Philippines College of Law</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Laws">LL.B</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawyer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soldier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soldier">soldier</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manuel_Roxas_autograph.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Manuel Roxas's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Manuel_Roxas_autograph.svg/128px-Manuel_Roxas_autograph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="26" class="mw-file-element" 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srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%2528navy_blue%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%2528navy_blue%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%2528navy_blue%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%2528navy_blue%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth Army">Philippine Commonwealth Army</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th> <td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a> * <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese Occupation of the Philippines (1942–1945)</a> * <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944-45)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines campaign (1944-45)">Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist"> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Presidential_address_of_Manuel_Roxas_on_Constitution_Day_(1948).ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Presidential address of Manuel Roxas on Constitution Day (1948).ogg">Manuel Roxas's voice</a> </div> <div> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="Presidential_address_of_Manuel_Roxas_on_Constitution_Day_(1948).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Presidential_address_of_Manuel_Roxas_on_Constitution_Day_%281948%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Presidential_address_of_Manuel_Roxas_on_Constitution_Day_%281948%29.ogg/Presidential_address_of_Manuel_Roxas_on_Constitution_Day_%281948%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio> </div> <div class="description"> Excerpt from his presidential address on Constitution day (Recorded on February 8, 1948) </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"> <div></div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_life_and_education">1 Early life and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Political_career">2 Political career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Senate">2.1 Senate</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Presidential_election_of_1946">3 Presidential election of 1946</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Presidency_(1946%E2%80%931948)">4 Presidency (1946–1948)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Administration_and_cabinet">4.1 Administration and cabinet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Last_president_of_the_Commonwealth">4.2 Last president of the Commonwealth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#First_president_of_the_Third_Republic_(1946%E2%80%931948)">4.3 First president of the Third Republic (1946–1948)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Domestic_policies">4.4 Domestic policies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy">4.4.1 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reconstruction_after_the_war">4.4.2 Reconstruction after the war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Agrarian_reform">4.4.3 Agrarian reform</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Amnesty_Proclamation">4.4.4 Amnesty Proclamation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Civil_war">4.4.5 Civil war</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Foreign_policies">4.5 Foreign policies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Treaty_of_General_Relations">4.5.1 Treaty of General Relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States_military_bases">4.5.2 United States military bases</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Parity_Rights_Amendment">4.5.3 Parity Rights Amendment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Turtle_and_Mangsee_Islands">4.5.4 Turtle and Mangsee Islands</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Controversies">4.6 Controversies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Assassination_attempt">4.7 Assassination attempt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Death">5 Death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personal_life">6 Personal life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legacy">7 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Family_and_ancestry">8 Family and ancestry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">9.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early life and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Roxas was born on January 1, 1892, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roxas City">Capiz</a>, Capiz (present-day Roxas City) to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerardo_Roxas_y_Luis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerardo Roxas y Luis">Gerardo Roxas y Luis</a> and Rosario Acuña y Villaruz. He was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Posthumous_birth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Posthumous birth">posthumous child</a>, as his father died after being mortally wounded by the Spanish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guardia_Civil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil">Guardia Civil</a> the year before. He and his older brother, Mamerto, were raised by their mother and her father, Don Eleuterio Acuña. His other siblings from his father included Leopoldo and Margarita, while he also had half-siblings, Consuelo, Leopoldo, Ines, and Evaristo Picazo after his mother remarried. Roxas received his early education in the public schools of Capiz and attended <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College_(Hong_Kong)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's College (Hong Kong)">St. Joseph's College</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> at age 12, but due to homesickness, he went back to Capiz. He eventually transferred to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manila_High_School_(Intramuros)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manila High School (Intramuros)">Manila High School</a>, graduating with honors in 1909. Roxas began his law studies at a private law school established by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_A._Malcolm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George A. Malcolm">George A. Malcolm</a>, the first dean of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of the Philippines College of Law">University of the Philippines College of Law</a>. On his second year, he enrolled at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>, where he was elected president of his class and the student council. In 1913, Roxas obtained his law degree, graduated class <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valedictorian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a>, and subsequently topped the bar examinations with a grade of 92% that same year. He then became professor of law at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_Law_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine Law School">Philippine Law School</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_University_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National University (Philippines)">National University</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-legacy-6">[6]</a> He served as secretary to Judge <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cayetano_Arellano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cayetano Arellano">Cayetano Arellano</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Political career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Manuel Roxas">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Manuel%2BRoxas%2522">"Manuel Roxas"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Manuel%2BRoxas%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Manuel%2BRoxas%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Manuel%2BRoxas%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Manuel%2BRoxas%2522">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Manuel%2BRoxas%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a> (March 2018) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manuel_Roxas,_Speaker_of_H.,_Phillippines_LOC_npcc.10140.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Manuel_Roxas%2C_Speaker_of_H.%2C_Phillippines_LOC_npcc.10140.jpg/220px-Manuel_Roxas%2C_Speaker_of_H.%2C_Phillippines_LOC_npcc.10140.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4304" data-file-height="5287"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Manuel_Roxas%2C_Speaker_of_H.%2C_Phillippines_LOC_npcc.10140.jpg/220px-Manuel_Roxas%2C_Speaker_of_H.%2C_Phillippines_LOC_npcc.10140.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Manuel_Roxas%2C_Speaker_of_H.%2C_Phillippines_LOC_npcc.10140.jpg/330px-Manuel_Roxas%2C_Speaker_of_H.%2C_Phillippines_LOC_npcc.10140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Manuel_Roxas%2C_Speaker_of_H.%2C_Phillippines_LOC_npcc.10140.jpg/440px-Manuel_Roxas%2C_Speaker_of_H.%2C_Phillippines_LOC_npcc.10140.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> House Speaker Roxas in 1923 </figcaption> </figure> In 1917, Roxas became a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Municipal_council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Municipal council">municipal council</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas_City,_Capiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxas City, Capiz">Capiz</a>, serving until 1919.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He then became the youngest provincial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor_of_Capiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governor of Capiz">governor</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capiz">Capiz</a>, and served in that capacity from 1919 to 1922.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-legacy-6">[6]</a> Roxas was elected to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">Philippine House of Representatives</a> in 1922, and for twelve consecutive years was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker of the House</a>. He served as a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1934_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">Constitutional Convention of 1934</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secretary_of_Finance_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secretary of Finance (Philippines)">secretary of finance</a>, chairman of the National Economic Council, chairman of the National Development Company, and served in many other government corporations and agencies. He also served as a brigadier general in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army Forces in the Far East">United States Army Forces in the Far East</a> (USAFFE), was a recognized guerrilla leader and military leader of the Philippine Commonwealth Army. Roxas became one of the leaders of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacionalista_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a>, which was dominated by the hacendado class who owned the vast hacienda estates that made up most of the cultivated land in the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200826-9">[9]</a> The same hacendado elite who dominated the Philippines under Spanish rule continued to be the dominant social element under American rule.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200826-9">[9]</a> Roxas himself was a hacendado, who had used his wealth to further his political ambitions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200826-9">[9]</a> The politics of the Philippines were characterized by a clientistic system under which politicians would use their offices to create patronage networks, and personal differences between politicians were far greater than any ideological differences.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200826-9">[9]</a> With the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Depression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the Philippines started to be seen as a liability in the United States as demands were made to end Filipino immigration to the United States and end the tariff free importation of Filipino agriculture into the American market as many American farmers complained they could not compete with Filipino farmers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971162-10">[10]</a> To end Filipino immigration and access to the American market, many U.S. congressional leaders favored granting immediate independence to the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971162-10">[10]</a> At the same time that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> was debating granting independence to the Philippines, many Filipino leaders were worried by the increasing assertive claims being made by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a> that all of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> was its sphere of influence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971161-11">[11]</a> In a role reversal, it was the Filipinos who were opposed to immediate independence, which was proposed in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Hawes%E2%80%93Cutting_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act">Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill</a> being debated within the halls of Congress.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971162-10">[10]</a> In early 1930, Roxas flew to the United States with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> to lobby the U.S. Congress to go slow on the granting of independence in the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971162-10">[10]</a> Aside from the fear of Japan, many Filipinos were deeply worried about the plans to impose heavy tariffs on Filipino agriculture after independence, which provided another reason to go slowly with independence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971162-10">[10]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, Roxas lobbied U.S. government leaders such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry Stimson</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Patrick Hurley</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971163-12">[12]</a> Roxas testified before the U.S. Congress that he favored Philippine independence, saying the Filipinos had fulfilled the "stable government" provision of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Act of 1916</a>, which mandated that independence be granted when Filipinos proved that they had a "stable government".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971164-13">[13]</a> However, Roxas went on to testify that "with the granting of tariff autonomy, serious difficulties may arise".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971164-13">[13]</a> In common with the rest of the Filipino elite, Roxas saw the plans of the U.S. Congress to impose tariffs on Filipino goods after independence as an economic disaster for the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971164-13">[13]</a> In May 1930, Roxas reported to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> that both Hurley and Stimson had testified before the U.S. Congress saying that the Philippines were not ready for independence nor would be for anytime in the foreseeable future, which he thought had a major impact on the U.S. Congress.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971166-14">[14]</a> Roxas advised that Quezon should now try to appease Senators <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_B._Hawes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry B. Hawes">Harry B. Hawes</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronson_M._Cutting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronson M. Cutting">Bronson B. Cutting</a> by sending them a message saying he wanted immediate independence, which Roxas felt was not likely at present.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971166-14">[14]</a> On May 24, 1930, Quezon followed Roxas's advice and sent public telegrams to both Hawes and Cutting saying the Filipinos "crave their national freedom".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971166-14">[14]</a> In a compromise, the Senate Insular Committee advised on June 2, 1930, that the Philippines should be given more autonomy to prepare for independence within the next 19 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971166-14">[14]</a> Upon his return to the Philippines in 1930, Roxas founded a new pro-independence group called Ang Bagong Katipunan ("The New Association") that proposed disbanding all political parties under its fold and the unification of national culture in order to negotiate better with the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971167-15">[15]</a> The plans for Ang Bagong Katipunan created widespread opposition, as the group was seen as too authoritarian and as a vehicle for Roxas to challenge Quezon for the leadership of the Nacionalista Party.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971167-15">[15]</a> Ang Bagong Katipunan was soon disbanded.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971167-15">[15]</a> In the summer of 1931, Hurley visited the Philippines to assess its readiness for independence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971168-16">[16]</a> In talks with Quezon, Osmeña, and Roxas, it was agreed that the Philippines should become an autonomous commonwealth under American rule and would be allowed to keep exporting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sugar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coconut_oil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a> to the United States at the present rate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971168-16">[16]</a> Roxas became seen as one of the less radical independence leaders, who favored "going slow" on independence to keep access to the U.S. market.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971168%E2%80%93169-17">[17]</a> At the time, Roxas cynically stated he and the other Nacionalistas had to make "radical statements for immediate, complete and absolute independence to maintain hold of the people".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971169-18">[18]</a> Filipino politics tended to be based more on personal loyalties to a politician who would reward his followers via patronage rather than ideological issues, and despite criticism of the Democratas that the Nacionalistas had abandoned their platform, the Nacionalistas triumphed in the election of July 13, 1931.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971169-18">[18]</a> In the election, Roxas was reelected and returned to his position as speaker of Philippine House of Representatives.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971169-18">[18]</a> In September 1931, Japan seized the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971169-18">[18]</a> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mukden_Incident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a>, the leaders of both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> started to argue in Washington that the Philippines occupied a strategical position in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia">Asia</a>, as naval and air bases located in the Philippines would allow any power that controlled them to dominate the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_China_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, the key sea that linked the markets of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeast_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> to China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971169-18">[18]</a> The prevailing opinion within the U.S. military was that the United States needed its Philippine bases to deter Japan from trying to seize control of all of East Asia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971169-18">[18]</a> In 1933, Roxas and Osmeña flew to Washington to negotiate Filipino independence from the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989308-19">[19]</a> The Americans agreed to grant the Filipinos independence, but only on the condition that the United States be allowed to retain military bases in the Philippines, a condition that led for the act to be rejected by the Philippine Congress.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989308-19">[19]</a> Quezon was late to state that the allowing of the United States to retain its bases in the Philippines would make Filipino independence no different from the independence of the Japanese sham state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchukuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989307-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Senate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Gabon,_Washington,_D.C.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Embassy_of_Gabon%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg/220px-Embassy_of_Gabon%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1824"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 233px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Embassy_of_Gabon%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg/220px-Embassy_of_Gabon%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="233" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Embassy_of_Gabon%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg/330px-Embassy_of_Gabon%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Embassy_of_Gabon%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg/440px-Embassy_of_Gabon%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Roxas's former diplomatic residence in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </figcaption> </figure> After amendments to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1935 Philippine Constitution</a> were approved in 1941, Roxas was elected to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senate of the Philippines">Philippine Senate</a>, but was unable to serve until 1945 because of the outbreak of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The United States was scheduled to grant the Philippines independence in 1945 while Japan started to make claims for a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> from 1940 onward. In common with other members of the Filipino elite, Roxas started to cultivate ties with Japan as it was unclear whatever the Philippines would remain in the American sphere of influence after independence or fall into the Japanese sphere of influence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr197412-21">[21]</a> However, as the United States was planning on granting independence, ending more than 400 years of foreign rule, Filipino public opinion was hostile to the idea of the Philippines joining the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr197412-21">[21]</a> Having enrolled prior to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a> as an officer in the reserves, Roxas was made liaison officer between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth government</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army Forces in the Far East">USAFFE</a> headquarters of General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>. On December 7, 1941, Japan went to war against the United States, bombing the U.S. naval base in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pearl_Harbor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, Hawaii, while also bombing American bases in the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200841-22">[22]</a> Shortly after, Japanese invasion forces landed on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luzon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, the largest and most populous of the islands of the Philippine archipelago.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200841-22">[22]</a> MacArthur had claimed that the American–Filipino forces under his command would stop any Japanese invasion "on the beaches", but instead the Japanese forces marched on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manila">Manila</a>, the capital and largest city of the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200841-22">[22]</a> Roxas accompanied President Quezon to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corregidor_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor Island">Corregidor</a> where he supervised the destruction of Philippine currency to prevent its capture by the Japanese. When Quezon left Corregidor, Roxas went to Mindanao to direct the resistance there. It was prior to Quezon's departure that he was made executive secretary and designated as successor to the presidency in case Quezon or Vice President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> were captured or killed. On January 3, 1942, President Quezon presented General MacArthur with a secret guaranty of $500,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005310-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Secret_Payment-24">[24]</a> The payment was related to the Filipino concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utang_na_loob?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utang na loob">utang na loob</a>, where one offers a lavish gift in order to create a reciprocal obligation from the individual who receives the gift.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Secret_Payment-24">[24]</a> Through the payment was legal, it was questionable from an ethical perspective, and MacArthur always kept the payment secret, which did not become public knowledge until 1979.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Secret_Payment-24">[24]</a> Later that year, Quezon offered payment to General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, which he refused, saying that as a United States Army official, his first loyalty was to the United States, which made accepting such a payment as morally wrong in his viewpoint.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Secret_Payment-24">[24]</a> Roxas was one of the few people who did know about Quezon's gift to MacArthur.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005863-25">[25]</a> Roxas was captured in April 1942 by the Japanese invasion forces. He became chief advisor to the collaborationist government of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005863-25">[25]</a> The American journalist Richard Rovere described Roxas as typical of the Filipino hacendado class (the wealthy owners of the hacienda estates) who sought to opportunistically ingratiate themselves with whatever power ruled the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERovere199284-26">[26]</a> An additional reason for the hacendados to support the Japanese occupation was that the main resistance group, the Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (People's Army against the Japanese), better known as the Huks, was a Communist movement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010171%E2%80%93172-27">[27]</a> Besides for opposing the Japanese, the Huks promised land reform, by breaking up the haciendas, which caused the hacendados as a group to support the Japanese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010171-28">[28]</a> The Manila chapter of the fascist Falange party had a membership of about 10,000 people, including members of the most prominent hacendado families such as the Ayalas, Zobels, Elizaldes and Sorianos.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010171-28">[28]</a> By 1945, the Huks had over 70,000 guerrillas in action, making them into easily the largest resistance group in the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010172-29">[29]</a> The American historian Russell Buhite wrote: "Roxas was the Philippine equivalent of the fabled French statesman Charles Maurice de Tallyrand who was able to blend with the wind, able to work with authority wherever he found it".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> The American historian Richard Bernstein stated: "If Japan had won the war...the top man in the Philippines today would probably have been Manuel Roxas".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERovere199284-26">[26]</a> During Japanese occupation, Roxas provided intelligence to General MacArthur and the American forces via the intelligence-gathering apparatus and efforts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chick_Parsons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chick Parsons">Chick Parsons</a>. Disguised as a Catholic priest, the bearded, tanned Parsons would visit Roxas even while the latter was effectively under house arrest, and privately "receive confession" from the Filipino statesman regarding the disposition of the Japanese forces, the collaborationist government, and various matters of state. Roxas also passed on information from Malacañang to the Fil-Am guerrilla movement through Ramona Snyder, the lover of guerrilla <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_Ramsey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edwin Ramsey">Edwin Ramsey</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-foo-31">[31]</a> On October 20, 1943, the head of the Japanese military police, Akira Nagahama, surprised President Laurel in Malacañang and demanded the arrest of Roxas, whose office was a short distance away. Laurel replied, "You can go and get Roxas, but you'll have to kill me first."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Control of the rice supplies and pricing was power politics in Manila. President Laurel and Roxas, as chief of the Government Rice Procurement Authority, secretly blocked Japanese access to the rice stores controlled by the agency—they wanted to project that the largest possible supply of the staple food would be available to the civilian population at the lowest possible price. They managed the system successfully. But when the Japanese occupiers were forced to use their own procurement methods outside of the Laurel government, short supply and high demand drove the prices up for everyone.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-foo-31">[31]</a> Eventually as the war progressed, Japan managed to divert most of the rice harvest to feed the Japanese forces in Southeast Asia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988212-33">[33]</a> The ruthless policies of confiscating rice harvests pushed many of the Filipino peasantry to the brink of starvation and made Roxas into one of the most hated men in the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988212-33">[33]</a> Roxas served in the Laurel government until April 1945, when he surrendered to American forces at Baguio.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERovere199283-34">[34]</a> After his capture, MacArthur publicized Roxas' contributions to the resistance movement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005863%E2%80%93864-35">[35]</a> MacArthur may have been blackmailed by Roxas, who threatened to reveal the guaranty he accepted in 1942.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005863-25">[25]</a> This was dangerous for The General, as MacArthur had ambitions to run as the candidate of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200883-36">[36]</a> MacArthur's political ambitions were an open secret at the time. In early 1944, letters between MacArthur and Congressman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_C._Miller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert C. Miller">Albert Miller</a> were leaked to the press,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200857-37">[37]</a> wherein MacArthur expressed his criticism of the policies of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Deal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, and dropped hints that he would be willing to accept the Republican nomination for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1944 United States presidential election">presidential election</a> to be held after the war.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200857-37">[37]</a> Shortly after his capture, Roxas told the Americans that he wanted the United States to keep its military bases in the Philippines after independence in 1946, and promised to use all of his influence to persuade the Filipino congress to accept independence on those terms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989310-38">[38]</a> Buhite wrote that by pardoning Roxas, MacArthur "...undermined his ability to treat other collaborators more harshly".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> Beyond his presidential ambitions, MacArthur had additional reasons to treat Roxas leniently. MacArthur believed that the men of the hacendado class, such as Roxas, were capable of providing the Philippines with competent leadership.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> The general felt that whatever Roxas and the other hacendados had done during the Japanese occupation was irrelevant compared to the need to have the haendados continue as the dominant group as MacArthur believed that the Philippines would descend into anarchy without the leadership of the educated class which had been responsible for governance since the time of the Spanish.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> Osmeña was opposed to MacArthur's rehabilitation of Roxas, only to receive the reply that: "I have known General Roxas for over twenty years, and I know that he is no threat to our military security. Therefore we are not detaining here".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERovere199283-34">[34]</a> It has been reported that MacArthur disliked President Osmeña, whom he felt was an incompetent leader, and much preferred Roxas to be the country's next president.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> The charismatic Roxas made for more appealing social company, which he used to his advantage in his dealings with The General.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> Moreover, Osmeña had often opposed MacArthur before the war.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> President Osmeña traveled to Washington in early 1945 to appeal for President Roosevelt's help against MacArthur, but he made tactless remarks in his meeting at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White House">White House</a>, inspiring the American president to declare that MacArthur should be allowed to rule the Philippines whatever way he liked.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> MacArthur announced in a speech that Roxas was "one of the prime factors in the guerilla movement" against the Japanese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERovere199283-34">[34]</a> Aside from Roxas, MacArthur pardoned over 5,000 Filipino collaborators. Even though over 80% of the Philippine Army officers went over to the Japanese in 1942, their commissions were restated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010173-39">[39]</a> When the Congress of the Philippines re-convened in 1945, legislators elected in 1941 Roxas as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">Senate president</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988212-33">[33]</a> Of all members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines">1st Commonwealth Congress</a>, 8 out of 14 senators and 19 out of 67 representatives had collaborated with the Japanese during the occupation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010172-29">[29]</a> In an attempt to undermine Osmeña's chances of winning the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1946_Philippine_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1946 Philippine presidential election">1946 Philippine presidential election</a>, MacArthur forced the Osmeña administration to make unpopular decisions while he groomed Roxas to run in the 1946 election.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died and his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice President of the United States">vice-president</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_S._Truman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S Truman</a>, succeeded him. Truman had little interest in the Philippines, as he had more pressing concerns to face in his first months of office.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> When MacArthur left the Philippines for Japan to sign the armistice ending the war on August 30, 1945, the Philippines has been in a chaotic state, with the economy in tatters and the political status undecided. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> When he took over the American occupation of Japan, MacArthur in turn lost his interest in the Philippines, only returning to Manila on July 4, 1946, to witness the declaration of Filipino independence before promptly returning to Tokyo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhite200863-30">[30]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Presidential_election_of_1946">Presidential election of 1946</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1946" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Prior to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1946_Philippine_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1946 Philippine general election">Philippine national elections of 1946</a>, at the height of the last <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> elections, Senate President Roxas and his friends left the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacionalista_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a> and formed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melted-40">[40]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Roxas became their candidate for president and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> for vice-president. The Nacionalistas, on the other hand, had Osmeña for president and Senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eulogio_Rodriguez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eulogio Rodriguez">Eulogio Rodriguez</a> for vice-president. Roxas had the staunch support of General MacArthur.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005864-41">[41]</a> The American military government strongly favored Roxas during the election, regarding him as the Filipino politician most likely to allow the American bases to continue in the Philippines after independence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010172-29">[29]</a> The British historian Francis Pike wrote that Roxas "effectively brought" the 1946 election, helped by the fact that he owned the largest newspaper empire in the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010172-29">[29]</a> The Roxas newspapers election coverage were essentially campaign ads for the Roxas campaign.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010172-29">[29]</a> Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his reputation. On April 23, 1946, Roxas won 54% of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the legislature.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Presidency_(1946–1948)">Presidency (1946–1948)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Presidency (1946–1948)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_by_Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of executive orders by Manuel Roxas">List of executive orders by Manuel Roxas</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #DEDEDE;">Presidential styles of Manuel Roxas</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines_1947-1951.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines_1947-1951.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines_1947-1951.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="658"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines_1947-1951.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines_1947-1951.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines_1947-1951.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines_1947-1951.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines_1947-1951.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines_1947-1951.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/His_Excellency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th> <td class="infobox-data">Your Excellency</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative style</th> <td class="infobox-data">Mr. President</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Administration_and_cabinet">Administration and cabinet</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Administration and cabinet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Manuel_Roxas_(1946%E2%80%931948)" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">List of cabinets of the Philippines § Manuel Roxas (1946–1948)</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Last_president_of_the_Commonwealth">Last president of the Commonwealth</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Last president of the Commonwealth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On May 28, 1946, prior to his inauguration, president-elect Roxas, accompanied by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Commissioner_to_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Commissioner to the Philippines">United States High Commissioner</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul V. McNutt">Paul V. McNutt</a>, left for the United States. During his U.S. visit, Roxas came out clearly for the United States to maintain its bases after independence, saying in a speech: "We will welcome the existence of your naval, air and army bases on such of our soil as it is mutually agreeable for the common protection of the United States and the Philippines, and will co-operate in the defense and security of those bases insofar as it is within our power to do so".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989310-38">[38]</a> After the experience of the Japanese occupation, Filipino public opinion was no longer against the presence of American bases after independence in quite the same way as before 1941.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989308-19">[19]</a> However, the U.S. government was apparently not aware of the change in public opinion, and favored Roxas as the man best able to allow the United States to keep its bases after independence. On May 10, 1946, a draft agreement was signed in Washington allowing the United States to keep its Filipino bases for 99 years after independence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989311-43">[43]</a> Roxas was willing to sign the agreement, but demanded that the number of American bases be reduced and complained that the sweeping immunity from Filipino law enjoyed by American military personnel envisioned in the agreement would not be popular with Filipino public opinion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989312-44">[44]</a> He also made it clear that he was more comfortable with the Americans mostly having naval and air bases in the Philippines, and wanted the number of U.S. Army bases kept to the minimum.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989312-44">[44]</a> Some aspects of the Roxas desiderata were incorporated in the final agreement as the Americans agreed to reduce the number of bases in the Philippines after independence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989312-44">[44]</a> Roxas's argument against the U.S. Army having bases were also incorporated in the agreement, through the fact that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Pentagon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> saw the Philippines primarily as a place to project power into Asia led to most of the American bases being naval and air bases.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989312-44">[44]</a> Furthermore, as long the Americans dominated the waters and air spaces around the Philippines, another invasion was unlikely. However, the Americans refused to give make concessions on the immunity issue, being adamant that American military personnel enjoy immunity from Filipino law after independence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca1989312%E2%80%93313-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Roxas-w960.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roxas-w960.jpg/220px-Roxas-w960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1245"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 285px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roxas-w960.jpg/220px-Roxas-w960.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roxas-w960.jpg/330px-Roxas-w960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roxas-w960.jpg/440px-Roxas-w960.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> President Manuel Roxas Official Portrait in Malacañang Palace </figcaption> </figure> On May 28, 1946, Roxas was inaugurated as the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The inaugural ceremonies were held in the ruins of the Legislative Building (now part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>) and were witnessed by about 200,000 people. In his address, he outlined the main policies of his administration, mainly: closer ties with the United States; adherence to the newly created <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>; national reconstruction; relief for the masses; social justice for the working class; the maintenance of peace and order; the preservation of individual rights and liberties of the citizenry; and honesty and efficiency of government. On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_session?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joint session">joint session</a> of Congress to deliver his first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State of the Nation Address (Philippines)">State of the Nation Address</a>. Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines face and reported on his special trip to the United States to discuss the approval for independence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> On June 21, Roxas reappeared in front of another joint session of Congress and urged the acceptance of two laws passed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress of the United States</a> on April 30, 1946—the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a>, of Philippine Rehabilitation Act, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bell_Trade_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bell Trade Act">Bell Trade Act</a> or Philippine Trade Act.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress. Under the Bell Trade Act, the goods from the Philippines were granted tariff-free access to the American market, achieving one of Roxas's key aims; in exchange, he accepted pegging the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_peso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> to the U.S. dollar and American corporations were granted parity rights when it came to exploiting the minerals and forests of the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010174-48">[48]</a> In exchange for accepting the Bell Trade Act, the U.S. Congress voted for some $2 billion in aid to the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010174-48">[48]</a> Though the $2 billion was intended to assist with the reconstruction of the war-devastated nation, the vast majority of the money was stolen by Roxas and his corrupt friends.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010174-48">[48]</a> The American journalist Robert Shaplen noted after a visit to Manila: "It may well be that in no other city in the world was there so much graft and corruption and conniving after the war".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010174-48">[48]</a> In the congressional elections, the Huks joined forces with socialists and peasant unions to form a new party, the Democratic Alliance. The party won six seats in Congress on a platform of punishing collaborators, land reform and opposing the Bell Trade Act.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010173-39">[39]</a> Among the Huk leaders elected to Congress was the party's leader <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luis_Taruc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luis Taruc">Luis Taruc</a>. In what was described as "a monstrous abrogation of democratic procedure", Roxas expelled all members of Congress from the Democratic Alliance, claiming that they been elected illegally, and replaced them with his own bets.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010173-39">[39]</a> Roxas's expulsion of the Democratic Alliance from Congress was the beginning of a nation-wide purge of those who served in the Huk resistance against the Japanese as arrests and murders followed. Those who survived fled to the jungle and formed the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (the People's Revolutionary Army).".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010173-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="First_president_of_the_Third_Republic_(1946–1948)">First president of the Third Republic (1946–1948)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: First president of the Third Republic (1946–1948)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv/250px--1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="128" data-mwtitle="1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv/1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-07-15_Philippines_Independence_Proclaimed.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </video> <figcaption> Short American <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newsreel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> of Philippine independence ceremonies on July 4, 1946, with brief footage of Roxas taking the oath of office as president. </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg/260px-Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="712"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg/260px-Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg/390px-Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg/520px-Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Roxas taking the oath as the first president of the Third Republic on July 4, 1946, at the Independence Grandstand (now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quirino_Grandstand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quirino Grandstand">Quirino Grandstand</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manila">Manila</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Roxas served as the president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, during which time Roxas helped prepare the groundwork for an independent Philippines. He was inugurated at the ruins of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">Legislative Building</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manila">Manila</a>, which was ruined during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Moran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel Moran">Manuel Moran</a> administered the oath of office. Roxas's term as the president of the Commonwealth ended on the morning of July 4, 1946, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Republic_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Republic of the Philippines">Third Republic of the Philippines</a> was inaugurated and independence from the United States proclaimed. The occasion, attended by some 300,000 people, was marked by the simultaneous lowering of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of the United States">U.S. flag</a> and raising of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of the Philippines">Philippine national flag</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21-gun_salute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21-gun salute">21-gun salute</a>, and the pealing of church bells. Roxas then took the oath of office as the first president of the new republic before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Moran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel Moran">Manuel Moran</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The inaugural ceremonies took place at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luneta_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luneta Park">Luneta Park</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Manila">City of Manila</a>. On the Grandstand alone were around 3,000 dignitaries and guests, consisting of President Roxas, Vice President Quirino, their respective parties, and the Cabinet; first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of the United States">United States Ambassador to the Philippines</a> Paul McNutt; General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> (coming from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tokyo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Postmaster General">United States Postmaster General</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Robert E. Hannegan</a>; a delegation from the U.S. Congress led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_of_Maryland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Maryland">Maryland</a> Senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millard_Tydings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millard Tydings">Millard Tydings</a> (author of the Tydings–McDuffie Act) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_of_Missouri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Missouri">Missouri</a> Representative <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C._Jasper_Bell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C. Jasper Bell">C. Jasper Bell</a> (author of the Bell Trade Act); and former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Civil Governor-General</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Burton_Harrison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Burton Harrison">Francis Burton Harrison</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Domestic_policies">Domestic policies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Domestic policies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox"> <caption class="infobox-title"> Economy of the Philippines under President Manuel Roxas 1946–1948 </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;">Population</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;">1948</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \approx }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo> ≈ </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \approx } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f58f4c2b73283ce8a5ad28fb3746f2a8c998789" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.125ex; margin-bottom: -0.297ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \approx }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.808ex;height: 1.509ex;vertical-align: 0.125ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f58f4c2b73283ce8a5ad28fb3746f2a8c998789" data-alt="{\displaystyle \approx }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  19.23 million</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;">Gross Domestic Product (1985 constant prices)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;">1947</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_peso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine peso">Php</a> 85,269 million</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;">Growth rate, 1947–48</th> <td class="infobox-data">39.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;">Per capita income (1985 constant prices)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;">1947</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_peso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine peso">Php</a> 4,434</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;">Total exports</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;">1947</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_peso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine peso">Php</a> 24, 824 million</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exchange_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exchange rate">Exchange rates</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1 US$ = <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_peso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine peso">Php</a> 2.00 1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_peso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine peso">Php</a> = US$ 0.50</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714131730/http://filipinopresidency.multiply.com/photos/album/26%23photo%3D15">Philippine Presidency Project</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalayaMalaya" class="citation book cs1">Malaya, Jonathan; Malaya, Eduardo. So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines. Anvil Publishing, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Help+Us+God...+The+Inaugurals+of+the+Presidents+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.aulast=Malaya&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Malaya%2C+Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Roxas" class="Z3988"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> No sooner had the fanfare of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independence">independence</a> festivities ended that the government and the people quickly put all hands to work in the tasks of rescuing the country from its dire economic straits. Reputed to be the most bombed and destroyed country in the world, the Philippines was in a sorry mess. Only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalingrad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, for instance, could compare with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manila">Manila</a> in point of destruction. All over the country more than a million people were unaccounted for. The war casualties as such could very well reach the two million mark. Conservative estimates had it that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> had lost about two thirds of her material wealth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1961-51">[51]</a> In 1946, the Filipino gross domestic produce was down 38.7% from where it had been in 1937.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010175-52">[52]</a> The country was facing near bankruptcy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1961-51">[51]</a> There was no national economy, no export trade. Indeed, production for exports had not been restored. On the other hand, imports were to reach the amount of three million dollars. There was need of immediate aid from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration">United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration</a>. Something along this line was obtained. Again, loans from the United States, as well as some increase in the national revenues, were to help the new Republic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1961-51">[51]</a> Among the main remedies proposed was the establishment of the Philippine Rehabilitation Finance Corporation. This entity would be responsible for the construction of twelve thousand houses and for the grant of easy-term loans in the amount of P177,000,000. Another proposal was the creation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Philippines">Central Bank of the Philippines</a> to help stabilize the Philippine dollar reserves and coordinate and the nations banking activities gearing them to the economic progress. Concentrating on the sugar industry, Roxas would exert such efforts as to succeed in increasing production from 13,000 tons at the time of the Philippine liberation to an all-high of one million tons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1961-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Reconstruction_after_the_war">Reconstruction after the war</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Reconstruction after the war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The war had burned cities and towns, ruined farms and factories, blasted roads and bridges, shattered industries and commerce, massacred thousands of civilians, and paralyzed the educational system, where 80% of the school buildings, their equipment, laboratories and furniture were destroyed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Numberless books, invaluable documents and works of art, irreplaceable historical relics and family <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heirloom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heirloom">heirlooms</a>, hundreds of churches and temples were burned. The reconstruction of the damaged school buildings alone cost more than ₱126,000,000,000. Pike noted that the Japanese as part of their efforts of "liberation" from American imperialism by bringing the Philippines into the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere "...had smashed industrial buildings, banks, government offices and hotels. Infrastructure including ports had been sabotaged or destroyed in the heavy fighting for Manila".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010175-52">[52]</a> The new republic began to function on an annual deficit of over P200,000,000 with little prospect of a balanced budget for some years to come.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manila">Manila</a> and other cities then were infested with criminal gangs which used techniques of American <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gangster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gangster">gangsters</a> in some activities—bank <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robbery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robbery">holdups</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kidnapping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burglar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Burglar">burglaries</a>. In rural regions, especially the provinces of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Luzon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Tagalog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Tagalog">Southern Tagalog</a> regions, the brigands terrorized towns and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrio">barrios</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Agrarian_reform">Agrarian reform</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Agrarian reform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_reform_in_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land reform in the Philippines">Land reform in the Philippines</a> </div> In 1946, shortly after his induction to presidency, Roxas proclaimed the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 effective throughout the country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated2-55">[55]</a> However, problems of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_tenure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land tenure">land tenure</a> continued. In fact, these became worse in certain areas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated2-55">[55]</a> Among the remedial measures enacted was Republic Act No. 34, likewise known as the Tenant Act, which provided for a 70–30 sharing arrangements and regulated share-tenancy contracts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated2-55">[55]</a> It was passed to resolve the ongoing peasant unrest in Central Luzon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated2-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Amnesty_Proclamation">Amnesty Proclamation</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Amnesty Proclamation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> President Roxas, on January 28, 1948, granted full amnesty to all Philippine collaborators, many of whom were on trial or awaiting to be tried, particularly former President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a> (1943–1945).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1961-51">[51]</a> The Amnesty Proclamation did not apply to those collaborators, who were charged with the commission of common crimes, such as murder, rape, and arson. The presidential decision did much to heal a standing wound that somehow threatened to divide the people's sentiments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1961-51">[51]</a> It was a much-called for measure to bring about a closer unity in the trying times when such was most needed for the progress of the nation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1961-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Civil war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After persecuting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HUKBALAHAP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HUKBALAHAP">Hukbóng Bayan Laban sa Hapón</a>, Roxas opened peace talks with the Huks and invited a delegation of Huk leaders led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_Feleo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan Feleo">Juan Feleo</a> to come to Manila in August 1946.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010175-52">[52]</a> While returning to their jungle bases, Felco and the other Huk leaders were ambushed by police forces, with Felco's head was found floating in the Pampanga River.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010175-52">[52]</a> The ambush was intended to cripple the Huks, but instead led to a civil war as the police and the army rapidly lost control of much of Luzon to the Huks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010175-52">[52]</a> Strongly opposed to the guerrilla movement <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HUKBALAHAP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HUKBALAHAP">Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón</a> (Nation's Army Against the Japanese, also called "the Huks"), Roxas issued a proclamation outlawing the Huk movement on March 6, 1948.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1961-51">[51]</a> At the same time, Roxas pardoned the Filipinos who had collaborated with the Japanese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010175-52">[52]</a> The pardon of the collaborators lent some substance to the charge by the Huks that his administration was a continuation of the wartime collaborationist puppet government. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> in a report noted that the Philippines was dominated by "an irresponsible ruling class which exercises economic and political power almost exclusively in its own interests".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010175-52">[52]</a> Secretary of State <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dean_Acheson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> complained that the Philippines was one of the most corrupt nations in Asia as he commented with some understatement "much of the aid to the Philippines has not been used as wisely as we wish it had".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010175-52">[52]</a> Acheson wanted to cease aid to the Philippines until reforms were mounted to crack down on corruption, but was blocked by John Melby, the head of the Filipino desk at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a>, who warned that to cut off aid would mean handing over the Philippines to the Huks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010175-52">[52]</a> U.S. officials throughout the late 1940s that Roxas was a corrupt leader whose policies openly favored the hacendado class and that unless reforms were made, it was inevitable that the Huks would win.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010175-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Foreign_policies">Foreign policies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Foreign policies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Treaty_of_General_Relations">Treaty of General Relations</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Treaty of General Relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila (1946)</a> </div> On August 5, 1946, Congress ratified the Treaty of General Relations that had been entered into by and between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a> and the United States on July 4, 1946.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1961-51">[51]</a> Aside from withdrawing her sovereignty from the Philippines and recognizing her independence, the Treaty reserved for the United States some bases for the mutual protection of both countries; consented that the United States represent the Philippines in countries where the latter had not yet established diplomatic representation; made the Philippines assume all debts and obligations of the former government in the Philippines; and provided for the settlement of property rights of the citizens of both countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1961-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="United_States_military_bases">United States military bases</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States military bases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:ManuelRoxas_Last.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ManuelRoxas_Last.jpg/225px-ManuelRoxas_Last.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="412"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 162px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ManuelRoxas_Last.jpg/225px-ManuelRoxas_Last.jpg" data-width="225" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ManuelRoxas_Last.jpg/338px-ManuelRoxas_Last.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ManuelRoxas_Last.jpg/450px-ManuelRoxas_Last.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> One of the last pictures of President Manuel Roxas. </figcaption> </figure> Although Roxas was successful in getting rehabilitation funds from the United States after independence, he was forced to concede military bases (23 of which were leased for 99 years), trade restriction for the Philippine citizens, and special privileges for U.S. property owners and investors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010174-48">[48]</a> On March 21, 1947, the United States granted the Philippines some $17.7 million in military aid and another $25 million to assist with reconstruction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010174-48">[48]</a> The Communist Huk rebellion led to fears in the United States that the Huks might come to power while the fact that the Kuomintang were clearly losing the Chinese civil war by this point led to the very real possibility that Chinese Communists might come to the power.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010174-48">[48]</a> In turn, there was much fear in Washington that a Communist China would grant the Soviet Union air and naval bases. The possibility of a Communist China vastly increased the geopolitical importance of the Philippines to the United States, which wanted to retain its air and naval bases in the Philippines to maintain control of the South China Sea.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010174-48">[48]</a> The Americans made it clear that they were prepared to pay "handsomely" for the right to keep their Filipino bases, which Roxas exploited.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2010174-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Parity_Rights_Amendment">Parity Rights Amendment</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Parity Rights Amendment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On March 11, 1947, Philippine voters, agreeing with Roxas, ratified in a nationwide <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebiscite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1947_Philippine_Parity_Rights_plebiscite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Philippine Parity Rights plebiscite">parity amendment</a>" to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1935_Constitution_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Constitution of the Philippines">1935 Constitution of the Philippines</a>, granting United States citizens the right to dispose of and utilize Philippine natural resources, or parity rights. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Turtle_and_Mangsee_Islands">Turtle and Mangsee Islands</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Turtle and Mangsee Islands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_Turtle_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#How_the_islands_came_under_Philippine_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Turtle Islands">Philippine Turtle Islands § How the islands came under Philippine administration</a> </div> On September 19, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines notified the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> that it wished to take over the administration of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turtle_Islands,_Tawi-Tawi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi">Turtle Islands</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mangsee_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mangsee Islands">Mangsee Islands</a>. Pursuant to a supplemental international agreement, the transfer of administration became effective on October 16, 1947.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Controversies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> His administration was marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The good record of the Roxas administration was marred by notable failures: the failure to curb graft and corruption in the government (as evidenced by the surplus war property scandal), the Chinese immigration scandal, the school supplies scandal and the failure to check and stop the communist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hukbalahap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a> movement.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Assassination_attempt">Assassination attempt</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Assassination attempt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The night before the plebiscite, Roxas narrowly escaped assassination by Julio Guillen, a disgruntled barber from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tondo,_Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo, Manila</a>, who hurled a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grenade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grenade">grenade</a> at the platform on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaza_Miranda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plaza Miranda">Plaza Miranda</a> immediately after Roxas had addressed a rally.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Death">Death</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1224Death_Place_of_Manuel_Roxasfvf_03.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1224Death_Place_of_Manuel_Roxasfvf_03.JPG/230px-1224Death_Place_of_Manuel_Roxasfvf_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 173px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1224Death_Place_of_Manuel_Roxasfvf_03.JPG/230px-1224Death_Place_of_Manuel_Roxasfvf_03.JPG" data-width="230" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1224Death_Place_of_Manuel_Roxasfvf_03.JPG/345px-1224Death_Place_of_Manuel_Roxasfvf_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1224Death_Place_of_Manuel_Roxasfvf_03.JPG/460px-1224Death_Place_of_Manuel_Roxasfvf_03.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Historical marker on the death place of Roxas </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Elpidio_Quirino_during_Manuel_Roxas_wake.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elpidio_Quirino_during_Manuel_Roxas_wake.jpg/230px-Elpidio_Quirino_during_Manuel_Roxas_wake.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="581"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 167px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elpidio_Quirino_during_Manuel_Roxas_wake.jpg/230px-Elpidio_Quirino_during_Manuel_Roxas_wake.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elpidio_Quirino_during_Manuel_Roxas_wake.jpg/345px-Elpidio_Quirino_during_Manuel_Roxas_wake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elpidio_Quirino_during_Manuel_Roxas_wake.jpg/460px-Elpidio_Quirino_during_Manuel_Roxas_wake.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Elpidio Quirino during the wake in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> </figcaption> </figure> On April 15, 1948, President Roxas delivered a speech before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Air Force">United States Thirteenth Air Force</a> at the Kelly Theater in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clark_Air_Base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a>, Pampanga. After the speech, he suffered dizziness and fatigue and was brought to the residence of Major General Eugene L. Eubank. That night, he suffered multiple heart attacks and died at 9:23 pm at the age of 56. His body was brought to Manila the following day on a special train, reaching Malacañang at about 9:20 am. Sessions of Congress were suspended until after the burial which was set on Sunday, April 25, 1948. Vice President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a>, who was on board a southern cruise at the time of Roxas's death, arrived in Manila on April 17. That morning, Quirino immediately went to Malacañang and took the oath of office as president in the Council of State Room. The new president then appointed a committee to take charge of the funeral arrangements for the late president and issued a proclamation declaring a period of national mourning from April 17 to May 17. Roxas was buried at the Manila North Cemetery. <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Roxas_Tomb.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roxas_Tomb.jpg/400px-Roxas_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 300px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roxas_Tomb.jpg/400px-Roxas_Tomb.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roxas_Tomb.jpg/600px-Roxas_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roxas_Tomb.jpg/800px-Roxas_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Tomb of Manuel Roxas in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manila_North_Cemetery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manila North Cemetery">Manila North Cemetery</a> </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Roxas married <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinidad_de_Leon-Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinidad de Leon-Roxas">Trinidad de Leon</a> on April 14, 1921, in a quiet ceremony at the Chapel of Sibul Springs, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Miguel,_Bulacan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Miguel, Bulacan">San Miguel, Bulacan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The couple had two children, Rosario "Ruby" and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerardo_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerardo Roxas">Gerardo</a> (Gerry). Roxas also fathered three children with Juanita Muriedas McIlvain – Rosario "Charo" Roxas (mother of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margie_Moran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Margie Moran">Margie Moran</a>), Consuelo Roxas, and Manuel "Manny" Roxas, Jr.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> On July 3, 1956, Roxas was posthumously awarded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quezon_Service_Cross?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quezon Service Cross">Quezon Service Cross</a>. The award was presented to his widow, Trinidad de Leon-Roxas, by Vice President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> on behalf of President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In his honor, various cities and municipalities in the Philippines have been renamed after him, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas,_Oriental_Mindoro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roxas, Oriental Mindoro">Roxas, Oriental Mindoro</a> in (1948), the first town to be named as such; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas,_Isabela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roxas, Isabela">Roxas, Isabela</a> (1948); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_Roxas,_Capiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President Roxas, Capiz">President Roxas, Capiz</a> (1949); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas,_Capiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxas, Capiz">Roxas City, Capiz</a> (1951); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas,_Palawan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roxas, Palawan">Roxas, Palawan</a> (1951); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_Roxas,_Cotabato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President Roxas, Cotabato">President Roxas, Cotabato</a> (1967); and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_Manuel_A._Roxas,_Zamboanga_del_Norte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="President Manuel A. Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte">President Manuel A. Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte</a> (1967). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas_Boulevard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roxas Boulevard">Dewey Boulevard</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metro_Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> was renamed in his memory, and he is currently depicted on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_one_hundred-peso_note?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine one hundred-peso note">100</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_peso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> bill. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 123.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Phil2pisocomm.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="1992 2-Piso President Manuel Roxas Birth Centennial Commemorative Coin"> <noscript> <img alt="1992 2-Piso President Manuel Roxas Birth Centennial Commemorative Coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Phil2pisocomm.jpg/182px-Phil2pisocomm.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="2252"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 122px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Phil2pisocomm.jpg/182px-Phil2pisocomm.jpg" data-alt="1992 2-Piso President Manuel Roxas Birth Centennial Commemorative Coin" data-width="122" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Phil2pisocomm.jpg/273px-Phil2pisocomm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Phil2pisocomm.jpg/364px-Phil2pisocomm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1992 2-Piso President Manuel Roxas Birth Centennial Commemorative Coin </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Roxas_Boulevard_in_Pasay_City.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Roxas Boulevard in Pasay, named after the president"> <noscript> <img alt="Roxas Boulevard in Pasay, named after the president" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roxas_Boulevard_in_Pasay_City.jpg/320px-Roxas_Boulevard_in_Pasay_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roxas_Boulevard_in_Pasay_City.jpg/320px-Roxas_Boulevard_in_Pasay_City.jpg" data-alt="Roxas Boulevard in Pasay, named after the president" data-width="214" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roxas_Boulevard_in_Pasay_City.jpg/480px-Roxas_Boulevard_in_Pasay_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roxas_Boulevard_in_Pasay_City.jpg/640px-Roxas_Boulevard_in_Pasay_City.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas_Boulevard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roxas Boulevard">Roxas Boulevard</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pasay">Pasay</a>, named after the president </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Roxas_Monument_in_Roxas_City.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Manuel Roxas in Roxas City"> <noscript> <img alt="Statue of Manuel Roxas in Roxas City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roxas_Monument_in_Roxas_City.jpg/240px-Roxas_Monument_in_Roxas_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roxas_Monument_in_Roxas_City.jpg/240px-Roxas_Monument_in_Roxas_City.jpg" data-alt="Statue of Manuel Roxas in Roxas City" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roxas_Monument_in_Roxas_City.jpg/360px-Roxas_Monument_in_Roxas_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roxas_Monument_in_Roxas_City.jpg/480px-Roxas_Monument_in_Roxas_City.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Statue of Manuel Roxas in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxas_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roxas City">Roxas City</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MAR_Monument_and_Historical_Marker.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Manuel Roxas in Ermita, Manila"> <noscript> <img alt="Statue of Manuel Roxas in Ermita, Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MAR_Monument_and_Historical_Marker.jpg/240px-MAR_Monument_and_Historical_Marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MAR_Monument_and_Historical_Marker.jpg/240px-MAR_Monument_and_Historical_Marker.jpg" data-alt="Statue of Manuel Roxas in Ermita, Manila" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MAR_Monument_and_Historical_Marker.jpg/360px-MAR_Monument_and_Historical_Marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MAR_Monument_and_Historical_Marker.jpg/480px-MAR_Monument_and_Historical_Marker.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Statue of Manuel Roxas in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ermita,_Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermita, Manila">Ermita, Manila</a> </div></li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Family_and_ancestry">Family and ancestry</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Family and ancestry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style> <div class="noresize"> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Manuel Roxas<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>]</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="28" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="13"></td> <td rowspan="12" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="5"></td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">Caetano Rojas</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">Antonio Roxas (II)</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerardo_Roxas_y_Luis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerardo Roxas y Luis">Gerardo Roxas y Luis</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="14" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="7"></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="7"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">Manuel Roxas</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="11"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="28" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"></td> <td rowspan="14" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="7"></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">Eleuterio Acuña</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">Rosario Acuña</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="13"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="12" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">Paulino Villaruz</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">Ramona Villaruz</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="5"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">Eugenia Andrada</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> 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<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971166_14-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971166_14-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHutchinson1971">Hutchinson 1971</a>, p. 166.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971167-15">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971167_15-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1971167_15-1">b</a> <a 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_Secret_Payment_24-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/macarthur-secret-payment/">"MacArthur – The Secret Payment"</a>. 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Penguin. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525429654?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525429654"><bdi>978-0525429654</bdi></a>. 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Print.</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505194733/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1951/TS0058%2520%25281951%2529%2520CMD-8320%25201948%252020%2520APR%252C%2520MANILA%253B%2520NOTES%2520BETWEEN%2520GOV%2520OF%2520UK%2520%2526%2520PHILIPPINES%2520REGARDING%2520TRANSFER%2520OF%2520ADMINISTRATION%2520OF%2520TURTLE%2520%2526%2520MANGSEE%2520ISLANDS.pdf">"Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the transfer of the administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic; Cmd 8320"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1951/TS0058%2520(1951)%2520CMD-8320%25201948%252020%2520APR,%2520MANILA%253B%2520NOTES%2520BETWEEN%2520GOV%2520OF%2520UK%2520%26%2520PHILIPPINES%2520REGARDING%2520TRANSFER%2520OF%2520ADMINISTRATION%2520OF%2520TURTLE%2520%26%2520MANGSEE%2520ISLANDS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 5, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exchange+of+Notes+between+the+Government+of+the+United+Kingdom+and+the+Government+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines+regarding+the+transfer+of+the+administration+of+the+Turtle+and+Mangsee+Islands+to+the+Philippine+Republic%3B+Cmd+8320&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.fco.gov.uk%2Fdocs%2Ffullnames%2Fpdf%2F1951%2FTS0058%2520%281951%29%2520CMD-8320%25201948%252020%2520APR%2C%2520MANILA%253B%2520NOTES%2520BETWEEN%2520GOV%2520OF%2520UK%2520%26%2520PHILIPPINES%2520REGARDING%2520TRANSFER%2520OF%2520ADMINISTRATION%2520OF%2520TURTLE%2520%26%2520MANGSEE%2520ISLANDS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Roxas" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1947" class="citation web cs1">Richards, Peter C. (December 6, 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid%3D1301%26dat%3D19471206%26id%3DSf5UAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4610,725646%26hl%3Den">"New Flag Over Pacific Paradise"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. Retrieved October 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Flag+Over+Pacific+Paradise&rft.pub=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.date=1947-12-06&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1301%26dat%3D19471206%26id%3DSf5UAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4610%2C725646%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Roxas" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Manuel-Roxas-y-Acuna">"Manuel Roxas | president of Philippines | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved October 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Manuel+Roxas+%7C+president+of+Philippines+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FManuel-Roxas-y-Acuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Roxas" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Roxas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> Guillen was arrested, tried by the court for attempted assassination, and was sentenced to die. 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Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400860586?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781400860586"><bdi>9781400860586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Paradigms+The+Failure+of+U.S.+Counterinsurgency+Policy&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9781400860586&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Roxas" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). A World In Arms A Global History of World War Two. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521618266?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0521618266"><bdi>0521618266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+In+Arms+A+Global+History+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0521618266&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Roxas" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide,_Gregorio_F.1984" class="citation book cs1">Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+and+Government&rft.pub=National+Bookstore+Printing+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Zaide%2C+Gregorio+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Roxas" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1956" class="citation book cs1">Zaide, Gregorio (1956). Philippine Political and Cultural History: the Philippines since British Invasion (1957 Revised ed.). Manila, Philippines: McCullough Printing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Political+and+Cultural+History%3A+the+Philippines+since+British+Invasion&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.edition=1957+Revised&rft.pub=McCullough+Printing+Company&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Gregorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Roxas" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Manuel_Roxas" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manuel_Roxas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pangulo.ph">The Philippine Presidency Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/phtoc.html">A Country Study: Philippines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.depedmares.com">Manuel A. Roxas Elementary School</a></li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box mw-collapsible autocollapse" style="margin: 0 auto 0 auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="3">Offices and distinctions</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives of the Philippines</a></th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> Antonio Habana </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capiz%27s_1st_congressional_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capiz's 1st congressional district">Capiz's 1st district</a> 1922–1938</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> Ramon Arnaldo </div>as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Assembly of the Philippines">Assemblyman</a> </td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> 1922–1933</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quintin_Paredes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintin Paredes">Quintin Paredes</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate of the Philippines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant <div style="font-size:90%"> Senate and House of Representatives merged into the unicameral <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Assembly of the Philippines">National Assembly</a> </div> <div style="font-size:90%"> Title last held by </div><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senate_President_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate President of the Philippines">President of the Senate</a> 1945–1946</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Avelino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José Avelino">José Avelino</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> Jose Hontiveros </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor_of_Capiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governor of Capiz">Governor of Capiz</a> 1919–1922</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> Rafael Acuña </div></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_de_las_Alas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio de las Alas">Antonio de las Alas</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secretary_of_Finance_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secretary of Finance (Philippines)">Secretary of Finance</a> 1938–1941</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> Serafin Marabut </div></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jorge_B._Vargas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jorge B. Vargas">Jorge B. Vargas</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_Secretary_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Executive Secretary (Philippines)">Executive Secretary</a> 1941–1942</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> Arturo Rotor </div></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> 1946–1948</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New political party</td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a> 1946–1948</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Avelino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José Avelino">José Avelino</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">First</td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a> nominee for President of the Philippines <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1946_Philippine_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1946 Philippine presidential election">1946</a></td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yulo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José Yulo">José Yulo</a> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DManuel_Roxas%26oldid%3D1276514000">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&oldid=1276514000</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxas&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 February 2025, at 08:12 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2584_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3" title="مانويل روكساس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانويل روكساس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A6%25D9%2584_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3" title="مانوئل روخاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مانوئل روخاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25A7%2588%25EB%2588%2584%25EC%2597%2598_%25EB%25A1%259C%25ED%2595%2598%25EC%258A%25A4" title="마누엘 로하스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마누엘 로하스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259A_%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25AE%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598" title="მანუელ როხასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანუელ როხასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581" title="Мануэль Рохас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мануэль Рохас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2584_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3" title="مانويل روكساس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانويل روكساس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581" title="Мануэль Рохас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мануэль Рохас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas_(president)" title="Manuel Roxas (president) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manuel Roxas (president)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2583%258B%25E3%2583%25A5%25E3%2582%25A8%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%258F%25E3%2582%25B9" title="マニュエル・ロハス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マニュエル・ロハス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_A._Roxas" title="Manuel A. Roxas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manuel A. Roxas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Acu%25C3%25B1a_Roxas" title="Manuel Acuña Roxas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manuel Acuña Roxas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581,_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C_(%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582)" title="Рохас, Мануэль (президент) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рохас, Мануэль (президент)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas_y_Acu%25C3%25B1a" title="Manuel Roxas y Acuña – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manuel Roxas y Acuña" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A5_%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25AE%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25AA" title="มานูเอล โรฮัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มานูเอล โรฮัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581_(%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582)" title="Мануель Рохас (президент) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мануель Рохас (президент)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manuel Roxas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259B%25BC%25E5%258A%25AA%25E5%259F%2583%25E7%2588%25BE%25C2%25B7%25E7%25BE%2585%25E5%2593%2588%25E6%2596%25AF_(%25E8%258F%25B2%25E5%25BE%258B%25E8%25B3%2593)" title="曼努埃爾·羅哈斯 (菲律賓) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼努埃爾·羅哈斯 (菲律賓)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" 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