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<li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_under_Franco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_under_Franco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Relations under Franco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_under_Franco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Spanish_transition_and_applying_for_Community_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Spanish_transition_and_applying_for_Community_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>The Spanish transition and applying for Community membership</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_political_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Internal political reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_political_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>International reaction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_reaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International reaction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1986 enlargement of the European Communities</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EC12-1986_European_Community_map_enlargement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/EC12-1986_European_Community_map_enlargement.svg/220px-EC12-1986_European_Community_map_enlargement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/EC12-1986_European_Community_map_enlargement.svg/330px-EC12-1986_European_Community_map_enlargement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/EC12-1986_European_Community_map_enlargement.svg/440px-EC12-1986_European_Community_map_enlargement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> EC members in 1986</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;"> </span> New EC members admitted in 1986</div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Category:History of the European Union">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the<br />European Union</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/120px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/180px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/240px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Pre-1948 ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">2004–present</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Organisation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1958–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1952–2002)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1958–1993)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1958–present)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community#European_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1993–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters">Justice and Home Affairs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1993–2003)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters">Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (2003–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> pillar</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1993–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1954–2011)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1948–1954)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1951</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commissions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Commission" title="Hallstein Commission">Hallstein Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rey_Commission" title="Rey Commission">Rey Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malfatti_Commission" title="Malfatti Commission">Malfatti Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mansholt_Commission" title="Mansholt Commission">Mansholt Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1972</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ortoli_Commission" title="Ortoli Commission">Ortoli Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Commission_(EU)" title="Jenkins Commission (EU)">Jenkins Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thorn_Commission" title="Thorn Commission">Thorn Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delors_Commission" title="Delors Commission">Delors Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santer_Commission" title="Santer Commission">Santer Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1994</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prodi_Commission" title="Prodi Commission">Prodi Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Juncker_Commission" title="Juncker Commission">Juncker Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">Von der Leyen Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2019</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History of the euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="History of the Common Security and Defence Policy">History of defence integration</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">History of enlargement</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">List of presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">List of founders</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:History of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:History of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_joining_EU_monument,_Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Spain_joining_EU_monument%2C_Madrid.jpg/220px-Spain_joining_EU_monument%2C_Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Spain_joining_EU_monument%2C_Madrid.jpg/330px-Spain_joining_EU_monument%2C_Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Spain_joining_EU_monument%2C_Madrid.jpg/440px-Spain_joining_EU_monument%2C_Madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Monument in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> marking Spain's accession to the EC</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accession_Treaty_of_Spain_to_the_European_Economic_Community" title="Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community">Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> acceded to the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, in 1986. This was the third enlargement of the Communities, following on from the <a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a> and <a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a> enlargements. Their accessions are considered to be a part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Mediterranean_enlargements" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Mediterranean enlargement of the European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both countries had been under <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorships</a> until just over a decade prior to the accession, with Spain under the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, and Portugal under the <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> dictatorship of the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></span>. This had meant that, whilst both countries had previously had relationships with the Communities in some form or another, they were ineligible to become members. The mid-1970s brought the death of Franco in Spain, and the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> in Portugal, which rapidly pushed both countries towards <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. Membership talks began with both countries a few years later. </p><p>Spain and Portugal acceded to the Communities on 1 January 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accession took place without any official ceremony other than the raising of the Spanish and Portuguese flags in Brussels, after a period of more than six years of negotiations between the Communities and the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accession talks were particularly prolonged by concerns over the Spanish fishing fleet, which was larger than the entire Community fleet put together, as well as severe governmental turbulence in Portugal, where several governments collapsed and one prime minister died in an aeroplane crash during the negotiations. </p><p>Some scholars at the time predicted that increased competition from Europe would lead to economic problems for Spain and Portugal; however, in the years since, both countries' economies have benefited overall from the accession. The enlargement is also credited by some with helping to stabilise the fledgling democracies of both countries, as well as speeding up the decolonisation of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>; whilst there is broadly consensus that membership played some role in these processes, there remains debate as to whether membership was the deciding factor in these changes, or whether it merely contributed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accession_Treaty_of_Spain_to_the_European_Economic_Community" title="Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community">Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_under_Franco">Relations under Franco</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relations under Franco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spain first applied for association with the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC), the general economic arm of the three European Communities, on 10 February 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country was ineligible for full membership as a direct consequence of its dictatorship; whilst there was no specific provision in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">treaty establishing the EEC</a> requiring that Member States be democracies,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> made clear just months after the application that an undemocratic Spain would never have any relationship negotiated "closer than a commercial treaty", with further European integration in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe</a> passed a resolution by 70 votes to 31 in its 14th ordinary session in May 1962 calling for members of the EEC to "examine the possibility of some form of economic agreement between Spain and the Community, bearing in mind the constitutional changes that will be necessary before any form of political association can be contemplated".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the application caused some controversy; a number of <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">members of the European Parliament</a> questioned whether the application was acceptable, given Spain's dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the question of association still unresolved by 1964, the head of the Spanish mission to the EEC sent another letter on 14 February renewing the request for association status.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talks were subsequently scheduled to begin in the autumn of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, in 1967, the Council of the EEC approved a mandate for the commission to negotiate with Spain, and a trade agreement was signed in June 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-slrte_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slrte-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this was a <i>trade preference agreement</i>, as opposed to an <i>association agreement</i>; this meant only reciprocity in trade concessions, as opposed to the economic development assistance and the possibility of eventual full membership that was granted through association status to, for instance, Greece and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussions remained in the 1970s about what the future relationship between the EEC and Spain might look like, after the formation of an EEC–Spain joint committee.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Spanish_transition_and_applying_for_Community_membership">The Spanish transition and applying for Community membership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Spanish transition and applying for Community membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezoek_Spaanse_premier_Suarez_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken,_Oreja_Aquirre,_Bestanddeelnr_929-3263.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bezoek_Spaanse_premier_Suarez_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken%2C_Oreja_Aquirre%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-3263.jpg/220px-Bezoek_Spaanse_premier_Suarez_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken%2C_Oreja_Aquirre%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-3263.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bezoek_Spaanse_premier_Suarez_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken%2C_Oreja_Aquirre%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-3263.jpg/330px-Bezoek_Spaanse_premier_Suarez_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken%2C_Oreja_Aquirre%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-3263.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bezoek_Spaanse_premier_Suarez_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken%2C_Oreja_Aquirre%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-3263.jpg/440px-Bezoek_Spaanse_premier_Suarez_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken%2C_Oreja_Aquirre%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-3263.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3682" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>Oreja and Suárez with <a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Joop den Uyl</a>, the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, in August 1977, following Spain's application</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the death of Spanish dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, who had ruled over the country for 36 years, and the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a>, rumours had been circulating for some time in 1977 about the possibility of a Spanish request for membership of the EEC.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 July, the new democratic government of Spain led by <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a> wrote three letters to the President of the Council of Ministers of the European Communities, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Simonet" title="Henri Simonet">Henri Simonet</a>, each requesting the admission of Spain to each different <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These letters were hand-delivered by the Foreign Minister of Spain, <a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Oreja" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcelino Oreja">Marcelino Oreja</a>, to the President of the European Commission, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a>, in Brussels on 28 July 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, significant concerns were raised with regards to whether or not Spain would be accepted into the EEC. Spanish press talked of a potential veto from France and Italy against its accession, on the basis of the potential threat it would pose to their agricultural sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slrte_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slrte-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more than a year after the application was made, after extensive consultation and negotiation with existing Member States, the European Commission published in November 1978 an official opinion on Spain's application for membership.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opinion recommended that membership negotiations begin, but noted that the process to becoming a member of the EEC was likely to be a slow one, citing both financial and bureaucratic barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Membership_negotiations">Membership negotiations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Membership negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 February 1979, negotiations were opened between Spain and the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> – the committee of leaders of the Member States of the European Communities. Roy Jenkins declared during a speech at the opening of the negotiations that "Spain is a part of Europe, and Europe is incomplete without Spain".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_marking_Spain%27s_EEC_accession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plaque_marking_Spain%27s_EEC_accession.jpg/220px-Plaque_marking_Spain%27s_EEC_accession.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plaque_marking_Spain%27s_EEC_accession.jpg/330px-Plaque_marking_Spain%27s_EEC_accession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plaque_marking_Spain%27s_EEC_accession.jpg/440px-Plaque_marking_Spain%27s_EEC_accession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a> marking the 12 June 1985 signing of the agreement that brought Spain into the EC.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt">attempted coup d'état in Spain in February 1981</a>, in which elements of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Spanish Civil Guard</a> attempted to remove the democratically elected government from office, represented a significant point of international attention during the membership negotiations. The EEC was no exception to this, expressing its concern about the unfolding events.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt was unsuccessful, and following its failure, the European Council met on 23–24 March 1981. It subsequently released a statement expressing its "great satisfaction at the reaction of the King, the government, and the Spanish people, faced by recent attacks against the democratic system of their country".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a>, the leader of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a>, went on a tour of Western Europe in March of the same year to "urge" nations to admit Spain to the EEC "as quickly as possible";<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the EEC was, according to a Spanish diplomat speaking in 1982, seen as "a synonym for democracy" among the population.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, the speed of the negotiations was not significantly increased by the events.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party were elected into government following the <a href="/wiki/1982_Spanish_general_election" title="1982 Spanish general election">1982 Spanish general election</a>, making González the Prime Minister. Prior to the election, Spanish negotiations with the Communities had reportedly stalled; this was not only due to the coup attempt, but also thanks to opposition from the French government over concerns related to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a> leading to greater competition from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> González once again put emphasis on the EEC during his election campaign, and at the same time downplayed the issue of Spanish membership of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, which had been a controversial issue within the debate about opening Spain up to the world for a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns were also raised over the potential impact of Spain's accession in particular on the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Common Fisheries Policy</a>. The Spanish fishing fleet was larger than the entire fleet of the existing Community members put together,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had presented an issue in a similar manner during the negotiation of an interim agreement on fishing between Spain and the Community.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was evident during the Spanish negotiations for admission that Spain had become more responsive to the fishing sector, as a consequence of the high propensity of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal fishing">illegal fishing</a> leading to fishermen "mobilising as a socio-occupational group".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish Act of Accession eventually devoted fifty of its pages to fisheries-related matters,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around 10% of the entire treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-accession-act_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accession-act-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning to tire of the long negotiations by December 1983, the French government requested a deadline be imposed on the accession talks, proposing 30 September 1984 as the date.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French government continued applying pressure in favour of this deadline into 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was agreed to by the Member States at the March 1984 Brussels Summit of the European Council.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the agreed deadline was not met, with questions over fishing, agriculture and steel still remaining by the end of September, and more negotiations scheduled beyond the deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of October 1984, a commitment was made that Spain and Portugal would join the Communities on 1 January 1986, although there remained "difficulties" still in a number of areas of the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This commitment was confirmed by a vote at the European Council summit on 3 December 1984, so long as "final negotiations [were] successful".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_under_the_Estado_Novo">Relations under the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Estado Novo</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relations under the Estado Novo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Socio-economic_evolution" title="History of Portugal">History of Portugal § Socio-economic evolution</a></div> <p>In July 1959, just over a year after the EEC was established, the government of Portugal began the process of establishing a diplomatic mission to it, and to <a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a> the same month.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Portugal considered its "multi-continental structure" (in reference to its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">many overseas colonies</a>) to be incompatible with EEC membership; even had it wished to join, its contemporary dictatorship would have made an accession difficult to impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-afof_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afof-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of these factors, Portugal was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA), which was initially aimed to compete with the EEC as a European common economic zone.<sup id="cite_ref-eftahistory_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eftahistory-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EFTA, constituting something closer to a pure free trade zone than the EEC, was a more palatable prospect at the time for Portugal than taking on the full rules and regulations of the EEC.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the organisation's foundation in 1960, Portugal was still under the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></span> corporatist dictatorship, led by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>; a year later, the government of Portugal published a report decrying the decision taken by members of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_European_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for European Economic Cooperation">Organisation for European Economic Cooperation</a> to establish the EEC "without consulting their partners in the Organisation", and saying that "The Portuguese Government is once again convinced that the spirit of understanding and solidarity that underpinned the establishment and operation of the European Free Trade Association will prevail".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Portuguese government report completed at the start of 1962 acknowledged that seeking entry as a member of the EEC would have been unlikely to end in success, and suggested that an application for associate status might have been a better option.<sup id="cite_ref-afof_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afof-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later, in April 1962, the Portuguese Ambassador to Brussels was instructed to open negotiations with the EEC to move towards this goal, in spite of potential hostilities due to "disapproval of the basic principles" of contemporary Portuguese government policy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Portuguese government did not clarify what type of negotiations were being asked for, or what the future relationship they envisaged looked like.<sup id="cite_ref-ud_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ud-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also significant international opposition to any meaningful agreement being made with Portugal, as a consequence of the country's authoritarian regime, with the General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions" title="International Confederation of Free Trade Unions">International Confederation of Free Trade Unions</a> intervening in June saying "We remain convinced that the Members of the Council of Ministers will not permit countries subjected to a regime like the Portuguese government of today to enter a community whose primary reason to exist is to strengthen the free world".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1962 negotiations were later postponed indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-aidepcee_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aidepcee-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portugal once again looked to open negotiations with the EEC in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-aidepcee_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aidepcee-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These negotiations were more fruitful, and eventually culminated in a trade agreement between the EEC and Portugal,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit one that came at the same time as the EEC were negotiating free trade agreements with all Member States of EFTA.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eftahistory_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eftahistory-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diplomatic efforts towards Portuguese membership of the EEC were restarted in the early 1970s, still during the time of the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Estado Novo</i></span> dictatorship, but with <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a> having assumed the office of prime minister after Salazar's death.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exploratory talks began in confidence on 7 January 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Caetano's attitude to Portuguese-EEC relations being described as "pragmatic", seeing that Europe would continue to be incredibly important for the country as their main trading partner.<sup id="cite_ref-ud_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ud-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 December 1972, the EEC and the Portuguese government concluded an agreement significantly reducing tariffs on imports in trade between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the last move towards Europe on the part of Portugal before the fall of the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Estado Novo</i></span> regime.<sup id="cite_ref-ud_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ud-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EC_loans_and_application_under_democracy">EC loans and application under democracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: EC loans and application under democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_Uyl_(PvdA)_en_Soares_(PS)_schudden_elkaar_de_hand_in_het_midden_minister_va,_Bestanddeelnr_929-0637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Den_Uyl_%28PvdA%29_en_Soares_%28PS%29_schudden_elkaar_de_hand_in_het_midden_minister_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0637.jpg/220px-Den_Uyl_%28PvdA%29_en_Soares_%28PS%29_schudden_elkaar_de_hand_in_het_midden_minister_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0637.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Den_Uyl_%28PvdA%29_en_Soares_%28PS%29_schudden_elkaar_de_hand_in_het_midden_minister_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0637.jpg/330px-Den_Uyl_%28PvdA%29_en_Soares_%28PS%29_schudden_elkaar_de_hand_in_het_midden_minister_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Den_Uyl_%28PvdA%29_en_Soares_%28PS%29_schudden_elkaar_de_hand_in_het_midden_minister_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0637.jpg/440px-Den_Uyl_%28PvdA%29_en_Soares_%28PS%29_schudden_elkaar_de_hand_in_het_midden_minister_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>Soares (right) in the Netherlands on 9 March 1977, just weeks before the Portuguese application</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> of 1974 and the first democratic elections in 1975, the new Portuguese government started to take greater steps towards European integration. Over the course of the early 1970s, the European Investment Bank loaned millions of <a href="/wiki/Units_of_account" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of account">units of account</a> – a pre-<a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> European system of monetary exchange without preference to a single currency – to Portugal, with the objective of "giving its fullest support to Portugal's efforts to strengthen democracy and promote social and economic progress".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1976, the exchange rate for units of account to US dollars meant the amount loaned at the time, <a href="/wiki/Units_of_account" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of account">UA</a> 70 million, was worth $79.1 million,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equivalent to $330,000,000 in 2023. </p><p>The first democratically elected government of Portugal spoke of its programme as one that "intends that Portugal be present in the common effort of democratic European countries in the political, economic, social and cultural transformation of the old continent".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts bore their first fruits in September 1976, with the entrance of Portugal into the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, just before Portugal made its formal application to join the Communities, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a>, the prime minister of Portugal, and his foreign minister both went on a tour of European capitals, attempting to gather preliminary support for his country's accession.<sup id="cite_ref-ae_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ae-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qe_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qe-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, on 28 March, Portugal made their formal application to join the European Communities,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a series of three letters written by Soares to <a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a>, the President of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese government at the time claimed that the application was not "the decision of a government" but rather "the decision of a people".<sup id="cite_ref-ae_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ae-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just over a year after the application was made, on 19 May 1978, the Commission issued a positive opinion on the Portuguese application for membership, following which membership negotiations were opened.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the opinion recommended that the Portuguese application be considered, it also highlighted significant dangers inherent to a Portuguese accession in the country's state at the time, noting that "profound social and economic reforms" would be required before admission could be successful.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_turbulence">Governmental turbulence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Governmental turbulence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the immediate months following the opening of negotiations, there was some concern expressed over the level of support within the Portuguese populace for membership of the Communities, with the French newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> reporting that half of the population of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> were unaware of what the Common Market was, rising to 72% in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, at the end of 1979, after the government collapsed several times, Parliament was dissolved and <a href="/wiki/1979_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1979 Portuguese legislative election">fresh elections were called</a>, leading to the election of a new prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_S%C3%A1_Carneiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Sá Carneiro">Francisco de Sá Carneiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after having been in office for only a year, Carneiro died in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Camarate_air_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Camarate air crash">1980 Camarate air crash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goldeyecp_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldeyecp-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced as prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pinto_Balsem%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Pinto Balsemão">Francisco Pinto Balsemão</a>, whose government highlighted in their program concerns over "negative economic and social consequences" resulting from Community regulations that "suppose a different stage of structural evolution" in a Member State.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Balsemão's government, a new Transitional Protocol was agreed between the EEC and Portugal, adjusting some of the tariffs applicable to trade between the two, with "a view to the accession of the Portuguese Republic to the Communities".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, amid a storm of resignations, Balsemão's government too collapsed, and the <a href="/wiki/1983_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1983 Portuguese legislative election">1983 Portuguese legislative election</a> was called.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goldeyecp_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldeyecp-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elections led to the return of the Socialist Party, and consequently the return of Mário Soares as prime minister. However, with insufficient support in the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Portuguese Assembly</a>, Soares was forced to form a coalition with Carneiro's party, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">Social Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new coalition's program stated that "accession to the EEC in good time and under the right conditions [...] is the top priority of Portuguese economic and foreign policy".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_political_reactions">Internal political reactions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Internal political reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 23 meetings of negotiations between ministers in Portugal and the Communities, on 24 October 1984, a joint statement was signed in Dublin between Soares, <a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a>, the president of the European Council, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Natali" title="Lorenzo Natali">Lorenzo Natali</a>, the Vice-President of the commission, "reaffirming the objective" of Portugal joining the Community on 1 January 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In debates in the Portuguese Assembly, the Socialist Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Independent Social Democratic Association all expressed their agreement with the accession arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The planned entrance was not entirely without opposition; some members of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Democratic_Movement" title="Portuguese Democratic Movement">Portuguese Democratic Movement</a>, which had been an important force in Portuguese politics at the time, claimed the accession was a "myth" that "served as an alibi" for the Portuguese government to "avoid being confronted with the disastrous economic and social consequences of its policy",<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Portuguese Communist Party</a> (PCP) member <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Carvalhas" title="Carlos Carvalhas">Carlos Carvalhas</a> claimed the EEC were "ready to sacrifice [...] the interests of other countries".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist-led union <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intersindical_(Portugal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intersindical (Portugal) (page does not exist)">Intersindical</a> stood with the PCP, who still exist today, in opposing EEC membership, on the grounds of what they considered to be loss of economic control that it would cause.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Communist Party was the only Portuguese political party at the time consistently opposed to EEC membership,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they began to receive fewer and fewer votes starting in the mid-1980s, around the time of accession.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reaction">International reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_and_Gibraltar">United Kingdom and Gibraltar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and Gibraltar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar-Spain_border#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar-Spain border">Gibraltar-Spain border § History</a></div> <p>The status of the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> was a significant sticking point in the negotiations for Spain's accession. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party were elected into government in 1982 on a manifesto including both EEC membership and a return of the territory to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the election, the Spanish government re-opened the border with Gibraltar to pedestrians on "humanitarian" grounds, which laid the foundation for further negotiations with the United Kingdom, although no other types of traffic were permitted through.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These negotiations continued for some time, with one suggestion being that the territory could be turned into a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> military base with shared sovereignty as a consequence.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negotiations surrounding the status of Gibraltar were described at the time by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Mor%C3%A1n_(politician)" title="Fernando Morán (politician)">Fernando Morán</a>, the Spanish foreign minister, as "the most decisive and delicate moment" of Spain's accession negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of the United Kingdom at the time declared themselves publicly to be in favour of Portugal and Spain joining the Communities,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Minister of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office saying that the country had been a "staunch supporter of the accession".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, the British prime minister, stated in 1983 that Spain could not accede to the Communities "until the restrictions on the border between Spain and Gibraltar are lifted";<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Trefgarne,_2nd_Baron_Trefgarne" title="David Trefgarne, 2nd Baron Trefgarne">Lord Trefgarne</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">undersecretary of state</a> at the time, even went so far as to say that the restrictions were "incompatible with the obligations" of Spain as a member of the EEC.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thatcher's government's insistence on a complete re-opening of the border prior to EEC entry "angered" the Spanish government of the time;<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, they also said that they would be prepared to allow vehicular and other crossings, rather than just those on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After even further protracted negotiations, the border was fully reopened on 5 February 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_veto">Greek veto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greek veto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1982 onwards, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> had been trying to secure approval by the European Council for the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes (IMPs), a series of financial aid measures for disadvantaged regions of the Communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having had little success, and with the idea still under "consideration" by the Council several years later,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece threatened to veto the accessions of Spain and Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The veto was based on Greece's claims that its economy would not be able to cope with more economically weak Member States joining, without receiving agricultural subsidies for its poorest regions that had not yet been approved.<sup id="cite_ref-Observador_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observador-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1984, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a>, the prime minister of Greece, formally confirmed that the only blocker for Greek approval of the accessions was the availability of financial subsidy through the IMPs.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This drew criticism from other Member States, who argued that Greek financial demands to the Communities should not affect the accession of new members,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led to doubts from <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a>, the President of the commission, that completing the agreements would be possible for an accession date of 1 January 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negotiations continued on into 1985, and on 29 May, the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a>, in conjunction with Spain's Fernando Morán and the Portuguese Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Ern%C3%A2ni_Lopes" title="Ernâni Lopes">Ernâni Lopes</a>, announced that an agreement had been reached.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some parts of the IMPs would be implemented, thereby increasing EEC funding to Greece;<sup id="cite_ref-Observador_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observador-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consequentially, Greece dropped its reservations, and Portugal and Spain would enter the "Europe of Twelve" on 1 January 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, Greece received <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2,000,000,000 in additional aid as a consequence of the negotiations,<sup id="cite_ref-Observador_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observador-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equivalent to $5,700,000,000 in 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatcenter" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Data in the table is as of 1986, unless otherwise stated. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Member countries </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Population <p>per km<sup>2</sup> </p> </th> <th>GDP <br />(billion US$) </th> <th>GDP <br />per capita (US$) </th> <th>Languages<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> </td> <td>10,030,621<sup id="cite_ref-:0_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>92,389<sup id="cite_ref-:1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>108.57 </td> <td>38.746<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3,863 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td> <td>38,531,195<sup id="cite_ref-:0_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>504,782<sup id="cite_ref-:1_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>76.33 </td> <td>251.321<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6,523 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accession countries </th> <th> </th> <th>48,561,816 </th> <th>597,171 </th> <th>81.32 </th> <th>290.067 </th> <th>5,973.15 </th> <th>2 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Existing members </th> <th> </th> <th>273,271,000<sup id="cite_ref-:1_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1,664,740<sup id="cite_ref-:1_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>164.15 </th> <th>2,187<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>8,003.04 </th> <th>7<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>EU12 after accessions </th> <th> </th> <th>321,832,816 </th> <th>2,261,911 </th> <th>142.28 </th> <th>2,477.067 </th> <th>7,696.75 </th> <th>9<sup id="cite_ref-accession-act_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accession-act-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_transition">Democratic transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Democratic transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Membership of the Communities is widely seen as having assisted the transitions to democracy of Spain and Portugal; however, there is some debate as to what extent Community membership is responsible for this.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prerequisite that a state should be a democracy before joining the Communities has been described as a motivating factor for democratisation, and such a requirement has been suggested for agreements such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-slfaapseu_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slfaapseu-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> surveys between 1985 and 1997 found a significant majority of Portuguese citizens felt that EU membership had benefited their country; this peaked at 82% of the population in 1991, before falling to a low of 67% in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquis_communautaire"><i>Acquis communautaire</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Acquis communautaire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Special arrangements agreed for Spain and Portugal as new EEC members meant that, whilst in principle they were subject to the <i><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">acquis communautaire</a></i> of the Common Fisheries Policy, they were not fully integrated into it for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued that the <i>acquis</i> on environmental policy "imposed significant costs" on accession countries; compliance pressure and <a href="/wiki/Capacity_building" title="Capacity building">capacity building</a> assistance from the Communities, later the EU, has been described as "necessary but not sufficient" alone to foster successful <a href="/wiki/Environmental_governance" title="Environmental governance">environmental governance</a> in the accession countries.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars have argued that the eventual benefit from the <i>acquis</i> has outweighed this, and pointed out that Spain has come to ardently insist on new EU members taking up the entire <i>acquis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after formally joining in 1986, both Spain and Portugal agreed to proposed changes to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> which limited individual countries' abilities to veto proposed legislation affecting tariffs and trade, and committed to a common foreign policy for Community Member States.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also expressed themselves to be in favour of a doubling of the research budget of the EEC over a period of 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accession of Portugal to the European Communities also had an impact on the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation of Portuguese colonies in Africa</a> and on Europe-Africa relations consequently. Whilst the <i>acquis communautaire</i> itself had been weak, dominated only by the <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Political Cooperation">European Political Cooperation</a>, the <i>acquis politique</i> was very much in favour of decolonisation,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a process which Portugal was pushed to adopt in order to join the Communities - although there is debate as to whether the planned accession was the primary cause.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accession led to significant benefits for both in terms of economic stability and strength,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the average per-capita income of Portuguese and Spanish citizens grew significantly, reaching 74% and 83% respectively of the EU average by 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-slfaapseu_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slfaapseu-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structural funds offered by European Community membership were of particular importance in easing pressure on the countries' economies, especially following the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> reforms that doubled the amount of structural funds available between 1988 and 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Portugal, these funds were invested primarily in road infrastructure, public buildings and urban renewal, indirectly creating many new jobs in the construction industry, which led to a significant (if small in absolute terms) increase in "unskilled or low-skilled" migration to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dismantling of tariff barriers subsequent to both countries' accessions led some scholars to predict the collapse of industry in the two countries; a columnist of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_International_Review" title="Harvard International Review">Harvard International Review</a>, Anne Robinson, predicted "both Spain's and Portugal's generally under-productive and inefficient industries will collapse, creating profitable new markets for exporters in Europe's modernised north".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Restrictive administrative practices" in Spain, however, are noted as having "penalised" products from abroad, placing a preference on locally produced ones.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns were also expressed over potential impacts of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a> on the Portuguese farming industry, especially with regard to pushes for <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a> and extensification - although these were additionally noted to have benefits for some industries, including in logging and paper production.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973 enlargement of the European Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981 enlargement of the European Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995 enlargement of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004 enlargement of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007 enlargement of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013 enlargement of the European Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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August 1964<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span> – via Archive of European Integration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+European+Economic+Community&rft.atitle=Activities+of+the+Community+-+external+relations%3A+Spain&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1964-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2Fid%2Feprint%2F64812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/54009">"Relations with international organisations: Council of Europe"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the European Economic Community</i>. <b>7</b>: 22–23. July 1962<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 1962<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span> – via Archive of European Integration. <q>M. Dehousse asked M. Battista 'whether Spain's application to join the Communities was not wholly unacceptable under the Franco regime in view of the harsh treatment recently meted out to its nationals who attended the Congress of the European Movement in Munich." He said that it seemed to him "contradictory to apply for admission to a European institution and at the same time boycott a European Congress and apply sanctions to those taking part in it.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+European+Economic+Community&rft.atitle=Institutions+and+organs%3A+The+Parliament&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=62-63&rft.date=1962-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2Fid%2Feprint%2F54010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/54013">"Institutions and organs: The Parliament"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the European Economic Community</i>. <b>12</b>: 50. December 1962<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span> – via Archive of European Integration. <q>M. de Kinder reviewed the various requests for accession to or association with the EEC and said that he was opposed to the association of Spain ("Spain is a dictatorship in the full sense of the word") or to a strengthening of economic links with Portugal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+European+Economic+Community&rft.atitle=Institutions+and+organs%3A+The+Parliament&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1962-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2Fid%2Feprint%2F54013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Miranda1964" class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Miranda, Carlos (14 February 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/spain_s_second_application_for_association_with_the_european_economic_community_14_february_1964-en-7db1935b-d8a9-4c13-8e56-3788d065c73c.html">"Seconde demande d'association de l'Espagne à la Communauté économique européenne"</a> [Second request for association of Spain to the European Economic Community] (in French). Letter to Paul-Henri Spaak, President of the Council of Ministers of the European Economic Community. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918041547/http://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/spain_s_second_application_for_association_with_the_european_economic_community_14_february_1964-en-7db1935b-d8a9-4c13-8e56-3788d065c73c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Some Major Trade and Development Programs of the European Economic Community with the LDCs: Toward a Common Development Policy?". <i>Journal of Economic Issues</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 651–662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00213624.1984.11504266">10.1080/00213624.1984.11504266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-3624">0021-3624</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4225461">4225461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Issues&rft.atitle=Some+Major+Trade+and+Development+Programs+of+the+European+Economic+Community+with+the+LDCs%3A+Toward+a+Common+Development+Policy%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=651-662&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0021-3624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4225461%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00213624.1984.11504266&rft.aulast=Kondonassis&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1970-1979/1973_en">"The history of the European Union - 1973"</a>. <i>European Union</i>. 16 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101062000/https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1970-1979/1973_en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Union&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+European+Union+-+1973&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Feuropean-union%2Fabout-eu%2Fhistory%2F1970-1979%2F1973_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilaro1977" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vilaro, Ramon (19 July 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1977/07/20/internacional/238197605_850215.html">"El silencio diplomático de Madrid sobre la CEE crea malestar en la prensa"</a> [The diplomatic silence of Madrid over the EEC creates a sense of unease in the press]. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506235251/https://elpais.com/diario/1977/07/20/internacional/238197605_850215.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+silencio+diplom%C3%A1tico+de+Madrid+sobre+la+CEE+crea+malestar+en+la+prensa&rft.date=1977-07-19&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.aulast=Vilaro&rft.aufirst=Ramon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1977%2F07%2F20%2Finternacional%2F238197605_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation archive">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/app/case4/home.aspx">Demandes d'adhésion aux Communautés présentées par l'Espagne</a>". CM5 Accession negotiations of Spain and Portugal, Fonds: CM5 ADH/ADH3, Box: 1, ID: I/290/1977. Central Archives of the Council of the European Union.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/spain_requests_accession_28_july_1977-en-4f138d0d-1517-4417-9c70-91062d16c65a.html">"Spain requests accession (28 July 1977)"</a>. <i>CVCE.EU by UNI.LU</i>. 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CVCE.EU+by+UNI.LU&rft.atitle=Spain+requests+accession+%2828+July+1977%29&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fen%2Fobj%2Fspain_requests_accession_28_july_1977-en-4f138d0d-1517-4417-9c70-91062d16c65a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/53749">"Spain applies officially to join the EC"</a> (Press release). Ottawa: European Community Information Service. 4 August 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spain+applies+officially+to+join+the+EC&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=European+Community+Information+Service&rft.date=1977-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2Fid%2Feprint%2F53749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFidalgo1977" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fidalgo, Feliciano (20 July 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1977/07/21/internacional/238284014_850215.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Veto verde", de Francia e Italia a la entrada inmediata de España en la CEE"</a> ["Green veto" from France and Italy to the immediate entrance of Spain to the EEC]. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506233942/https://elpais.com/diario/1977/07/21/internacional/238284014_850215.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=%22Veto+verde%22%2C+de+Francia+e+Italia+a+la+entrada+inmediata+de+Espa%C3%B1a+en+la+CEE&rft.date=1977-07-20&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.aulast=Fidalgo&rft.aufirst=Feliciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1977%2F07%2F21%2Finternacional%2F238284014_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/59839">"Spain to seek EC membership"</a> (Press release). Washington, D.C.: European Community Information Service. 26 July 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spain+to+seek+EC+membership&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=European+Community+Information+Service&rft.date=1977-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2Fid%2Feprint%2F59839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Opinion on Spain's application for membership: (transmitted to the Council by the Commission on 29 November 1978)</i>. 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(1979). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/braclj12&id=220">"The External Relations of the E.E.C. in the 1970s"</a></span>. <i>Bracton Law Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span> – via Hein Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bracton+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+External+Relations+of+the+E.E.C.+in+the+1970s&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Szyszczak&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fbraclj12%26id%3D220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/54771">"The European Community's second enlargement: Preparing for the entry of Greece, Portugal and Spain"</a> (Press release). Ottawa: European Community Information Service. 6 February 1979<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+Community%27s+second+enlargement%3A+Preparing+for+the+entry+of+Greece%2C+Portugal+and+Spain&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=European+Community+Information+Service&rft.date=1979-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2Fid%2Feprint%2F54771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation archive">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/11312">Speech by the Right Hon. Roy Jenkins, President of the Commission of the European Communities, on the occasion of the opening of the Spanish negotiations</a>". Archive of European Integration, Series: GENERAL:Speeches, ID: 11312. University of Pittsburgh.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation archive">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/declaration_de_roy_jenkins_lors_de_la_session_d_ouverture_des_negociations_avec_la_communaute_5_fevrier_1979-fr-79d424e5-8cbc-406b-b5d3-6c103b5b27d8.html">Déclaration de Roy Jenkins lors de la session d'ouverture des négociations avec la Communauté</a>". CVCE.eu, ID: CONF-E/5/79. University of Luxembourg.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1981/02/25/espana/351903610_850215.html">"Satisfacción internacional por el fracaso de la intentona"</a> [International satisfaction at the failure of the attempted coup]. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish). 24 February 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Satisfacci%C3%B3n+internacional+por+el+fracaso+de+la+intentona&rft.date=1981-02-24&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1981%2F02%2F25%2Fespana%2F351903610_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/doc_81_1">"CONSEIL EUROPEEN DES 23/24 MARS 1981 A MAASTRICHT"</a> [European Council of the 23/24 March 1981 in Maastricht] (Press release) (in French). Maastricht: European Commission. 24 March 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CONSEIL+EUROPEEN+DES+23%2F24+MARS+1981+A+MAASTRICHT&rft.place=Maastricht&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=1981-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2Fdoc_81_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarothers1981" class="citation journal cs1">Carothers, Thomas (1981). 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"Spain: Knocking on the Door". <i>Harvard International Review</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 38–40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-1854">0739-1854</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42763913">42763913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+International+Review&rft.atitle=Spain%3A+Knocking+on+the+Door&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=38-40&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42763913%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0739-1854&rft.aulast=Gorce&rft.aufirst=Martine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunha2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cunha, Alice (2018). "Portugal, Spain, and Europe: from the parallelism of the accession negotiations to the capitalisation of the third enlargement of the European Economic Community". <i>Relações Internacionais</i> (SI2018): 25–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23906%2Fri2018.sia03">10.23906/ri2018.sia03</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1645-9199">1645-9199</a>. <q>Not even Spain's attempted coup d'état on 23 February 1981 – the so-called "23-F" that confirmed the problems in the Spanish democratisation process –, which the Member States strongly condemned, resulted in an urgent policy to accelerate negotiations given the event and the undeniable link between accession and democratisation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Internacionais&rft.atitle=Portugal%2C+Spain%2C+and+Europe%3A+from+the+parallelism+of+the+accession+negotiations+to+the+capitalisation+of+the+third+enlargement+of+the+European+Economic+Community&rft.issue=SI2018&rft.pages=25-41&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23906%2Fri2018.sia03&rft.issn=1645-9199&rft.aulast=Cunha&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMujal-León1983" class="citation journal cs1">Mujal-León, Eusebio (1983). "Rei(g)ning in Spain". <i>Foreign Policy</i> (51): 101–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1148504">10.2307/1148504</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7228">0015-7228</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148504">1148504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Rei%28g%29ning+in+Spain&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=101-117&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0015-7228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1148504%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1148504&rft.aulast=Mujal-Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Eusebio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanz2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanz, Rosa Pardo (2011). 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Archivo Digital España - Unión Europea, ID: oai:repositori.uji.es:10234/45024. <a href="/wiki/Universitat_Jaume_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitat Jaume I">Universitat Jaume I</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCifarelli1978" class="citation report cs1">Cifarelli, M (13 December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/95311">Report drawn up on behalf of the Committee on Agriculture on the delay in the conclusion of a fishing agreement between Spain and the European Community</a> (Report)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+30+de+septiembre%2C+fecha+final+de+las+negociaciones+con+Espa%C3%B1a+y+Portugal&rft.date=1984-03-16&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.aulast=Ortega&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1984%2F03%2F17%2Feconomia%2F448326014_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtega1984" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ortega, Andrés (29 September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1984/09/30/economia/465343211_850215.html">"La CEE no presentará a España el día 3 una propuesta global sobre los temas pendientes"</a> [On 3 October, the EEC will not present Spain with a complete proposal on all of the remaining topics]. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629161803/https://elpais.com/diario/1984/09/30/economia/465343211_850215.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=La+CEE+no+presentar%C3%A1+a+Espa%C3%B1a+el+d%C3%ADa+3+una+propuesta+global+sobre+los+temas+pendientes&rft.date=1984-09-29&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.aulast=Ortega&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1984%2F09%2F30%2Feconomia%2F465343211_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/2828">The economic and social situation in the Community</a> (Report). European Commission. 29 November 1984. p. 10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+economic+and+social+situation+in+the+Community&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=1984-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2Fid%2Feprint%2F2828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner1985" class="citation journal cs1">Lerner, Craig S. (1985). "Spain: Democracy and Integration". <i>Harvard International Review</i>. <b>7</b> (5): 27–29. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-1854">0739-1854</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42760852">42760852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+International+Review&rft.atitle=Spain%3A+Democracy+and+Integration&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=27-29&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42760852%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0739-1854&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRey1959" class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rey, Jean (15 July 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/letter_from_jean_rey_to_attilio_cattani_brussels_15_july_1959-en-ced0efa8-d373-4531-86f8-669307a16bc9.html">"Représentations des Etats tiers"</a> [Representations of third countries] (in French). Letter to Attilio Cattani, Chairman of the Permanent Representatives Committee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Repr%C3%A9sentations+des+Etats+tiers&rft.date=1959-07-15&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fen%2Fobj%2Fletter_from_jean_rey_to_attilio_cattani_brussels_15_july_1959-en-ced0efa8-d373-4531-86f8-669307a16bc9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmes1959" class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calmes, Christian (30 July 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/letter_from_christian_calmes_on_the_establishment_of_a_portuguese_diplomatic_mission_to_the_eaec_30_july_1959-en-4e09f963-3cf2-45fb-afd1-72a9e6f76032.html">"The establishment of a Portuguese diplomatic mission to the EAEC"</a> (in French). Letter to Messrs. Van der Schueren and Schaus, the Foreign Ministers of Belgium and Luxembourg; the Foreign Minister of France<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Portugal and the First Attempt to Enlarge the European Economic Community, 1961-1963". <i>Contemporary European History</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 71–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777306003638">10.1017/S0960777306003638</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-7773">0960-7773</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20081341">20081341</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162696777">162696777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=A+Flight+of+Fantasy%3F+Portugal+and+the+First+Attempt+to+Enlarge+the+European+Economic+Community%2C+1961-1963&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-87&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0960-7773&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162696777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20081341%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777306003638&rft.aulast=Leit%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Nicolau+Andresen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eftahistory-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eftahistory_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eftahistory_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efta.int/About-EFTA/EFTA-through-years-747">"EFTA through the years | European Free Trade Association"</a>. <i>www.efta.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204142100/https://www.efta.int/About-EFTA/EFTA-through-years-747">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.efta.int&rft.atitle=EFTA+through+the+years+%7C+European+Free+Trade+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efta.int%2FAbout-EFTA%2FEFTA-through-years-747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResendeVale1984" class="citation journal cs1">Resende, Manuel; Vale, Michel (1984). "Portugal: From Revolution to the IMF". <i>International Journal of Politics</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 1–90. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8783">0012-8783</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40470148">40470148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Portugal%3A+From+Revolution+to+the+IMF&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-90&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40470148%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8783&rft.aulast=Resende&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft.au=Vale%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/memorando_com_posicao_portuguesa_face_as_negociacoes_entre_a_comunidade_economica_europeia_e_a_efta_5_junho_1961-pt-43bb7a67-a7ff-43ff-90ba-76451a5a2b26.html">Memorando com posição portuguesa face às negociações entre a Comunidade Económica Europeia e a EFTA</a> [Memorandum on the Portuguese position in the negotiations between the EEC and EFTA] (Report) (in Portuguese). COMISSÃO TÉCNICA DE COOPERAÇÃO ECONÓMICA EXTERNA. 5 June 1961<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Memorando+com+posi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+portuguesa+face+%C3%A0s+negocia%C3%A7%C3%B5es+entre+a+Comunidade+Econ%C3%B3mica+Europeia+e+a+EFTA&rft.pub=COMISS%C3%83O+T%C3%89CNICA+DE+COOPERA%C3%87%C3%83O+ECON%C3%93MICA+EXTERNA&rft.date=1961-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fen%2Fobj%2Fmemorando_com_posicao_portuguesa_face_as_negociacoes_entre_a_comunidade_economica_europeia_e_a_efta_5_junho_1961-pt-43bb7a67-a7ff-43ff-90ba-76451a5a2b26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_Fonseca1962" class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">da Fonseca, Lopes (19 April 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/telegram_to_the_portuguese_ambassador_to_brussels_concerning_the_request_for_the_opening_of_negotiations_with_the_eec_19_april_1962-en-f3ced3fa-3eb4-4228-9668-50a9aa5f35c8.html">"Request for the opening of negotiations with the EEC"</a> (in Portuguese). Letter to Portuguese Ambassador to Brussels<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Request+for+the+opening+of+negotiations+with+the+EEC&rft.date=1962-04-19&rft.aulast=da+Fonseca&rft.aufirst=Lopes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fen%2Fobj%2Ftelegram_to_the_portuguese_ambassador_to_brussels_concerning_the_request_for_the_opening_of_negotiations_with_the_eec_19_april_1962-en-f3ced3fa-3eb4-4228-9668-50a9aa5f35c8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ud-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ud_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ud_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ud_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunha2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cunha, Alice (1 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/cdlm/7879">"Underwriting Democracy: Portugal and European Economic Community's Accession"</a>. <i>Cahiers de la Méditerranée</i> (in French) (90): 47–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcdlm.7879">10.4000/cdlm.7879</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0395-9317">0395-9317</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502173633/https://journals.openedition.org/cdlm/7879">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Underwriting+Democracy%3A+Portugal+and+European+Economic+Community%27s+Accession&rft.issue=90&rft.pages=47-58&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcdlm.7879&rft.issn=0395-9317&rft.aulast=Cunha&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fcdlm%2F7879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuiter1962" class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buiter, Harm-Geert (22 June 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/letter_from_harm_geert_buiter_to_the_president_of_the_eec_council_brussels_22_june_1962-en-11f5c68f-fb3b-4514-9e11-858b7441a795.html">"Résolution sur le Portugal"</a> [Resolution on Portugal] (in French). Letter to President of the EEC Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9solution+sur+le+Portugal&rft.date=1962-06-22&rft.aulast=Buiter&rft.aufirst=Harm-Geert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fen%2Fobj%2Fletter_from_harm_geert_buiter_to_the_president_of_the_eec_council_brussels_22_june_1962-en-11f5c68f-fb3b-4514-9e11-858b7441a795.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aidepcee-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aidepcee_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aidepcee_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/memorandum_on_the_request_for_the_opening_of_negotiations_between_portugal_and_the_eec_4_february_1969-en-275a4a8d-31da-4a8c-b06e-12c29d9b5205.html">Aide-mémoire concernant la demande d'ouverture de négociations entre le Portugal et la Communauté économique européenne</a> [Memorandum concerning the request for the opening of negotiations between Portugal and the European Economic Community] (Report) (in French). 4 February 1969<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Aide-m%C3%A9moire+concernant+la+demande+d%27ouverture+de+n%C3%A9gociations+entre+le+Portugal+et+la+Communaut%C3%A9+%C3%A9conomique+europ%C3%A9enne&rft.date=1969-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fen%2Fobj%2Fmemorandum_on_the_request_for_the_opening_of_negotiations_between_portugal_and_the_eec_4_february_1969-en-275a4a8d-31da-4a8c-b06e-12c29d9b5205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Economic_Community.1972" class="citation book cs1">European Economic Community. (1972). <i>Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Portuguese Republic, with final act; Brussels, 22 July 1972</i>. Portugal. London: H.M.S.O. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-10-151640-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-10-151640-1"><bdi>0-10-151640-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898260">898260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agreement+between+the+European+Economic+Community+and+the+Portuguese+Republic%2C+with+final+act%3B+Brussels%2C+22+July+1972.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.M.S.O&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898260&rft.isbn=0-10-151640-1&rft.au=European+Economic+Community.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31972R2844">Concluding an Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Portuguese Republic and adopting provisions for its implementation</a> (Regulation (EEC) 2844/72). the Council of the European Communities. 19 December 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Concluding+an+Agreement+between+the+European+Economic+Community+and+the+Portuguese+Republic+and+adopting+provisions+for+its+implementation&rft.pub=the+Council+of+the+European+Communities&rft.date=1972-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2Fen%2FALL%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A31972R2844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_88_8">"EEC + EFTA = EUROPEAN ECONOMIC SPACE"</a> (Press release). European Commission. 28 January 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EEC+%2B+EFTA+%3D+EUROPEAN+ECONOMIC+SPACE&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=1988-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2FMEMO_88_8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisfeldvon_Beyme2012" class="citation cs2">Eisfeld, Rainer; von Beyme, Klaus (2012), "Portugal and Western Europe:: Shifting Involvements", <i>Radical Approaches to Political Science: Roads Less Traveled</i> (1 ed.), Verlag Barbara Budrich, pp. 207–240, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8474-0028-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8474-0028-8"><bdi>978-3-8474-0028-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvddzgc3.15">j.ctvddzgc3.15</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radical+Approaches+to+Political+Science%3A+Roads+Less+Traveled&rft.atitle=Portugal+and+Western+Europe%3A%3A+Shifting+Involvements&rft.pages=207-240&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvddzgc3.15%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-3-8474-0028-8&rft.aulast=Eisfeld&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft.au=von+Beyme%2C+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/circular_confidencial_enviada_as_missoes_diplomaticas_sobre_o_inicio_das_conversacoes_exploratorias_entre_portugal_e_a_cee_18_janeiro_1971-pt-095b2257-2bc0-4e39-9789-a548ee1791c0.html">Circular confidencial enviada às Missões Diplomáticas sobre o início das conversações exploratórias entre Portugal e a CEE</a> [Confidential circular sent to the Diplomatic Missions on the start of exploratory conversations between Portugal and the EEC] (Report) (in Portuguese). 18 January 1971<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Circular+confidencial+enviada+%C3%A0s+Miss%C3%B5es+Diplom%C3%A1ticas+sobre+o+in%C3%ADcio+das+conversa%C3%A7%C3%B5es+explorat%C3%B3rias+entre+Portugal+e+a+CEE&rft.date=1971-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fen%2Fobj%2Fcircular_confidencial_enviada_as_missoes_diplomaticas_sobre_o_inicio_das_conversacoes_exploratorias_entre_portugal_e_a_cee_18_janeiro_1971-pt-095b2257-2bc0-4e39-9789-a548ee1791c0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31972R2844">Concluding an Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Portuguese Republic and adopting provisions for its implementation</a> (Regulation 2844/72). Council of the European Communities. 31 December 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Concluding+an+Agreement+between+the+European+Economic+Community+and+the+Portuguese+Republic+and+adopting+provisions+for+its+implementation&rft.pub=Council+of+the+European+Communities&rft.date=1972-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A31972R2844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/963">"Portugal and the European Community"</a>. <i>Europe Information: External Relations</i> (34/80). Commission of the European Communities Spokesman's Group and Directorate-General for Information. June 1980 – via Archive of European Integration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe+Information%3A+External+Relations&rft.atitle=Portugal+and+the+European+Community&rft.issue=34%2F80&rft.date=1980-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2Fid%2Feprint%2F963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148883547.pdf">"European Community to make its third loan to Portugal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). Washington, D.C.: European Community Information Service. 30 June 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Community+to+make+its+third+loan+to+Portugal&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=European+Community+Information+Service&rft.date=1976-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F148883547.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/obj/programa_do_primeiro_governo_constitucional_portugues_extractos_sobre_a_politica_externa_lisboa_3_agosto_1976-pt-9d090287-a147-452b-a78b-a4fe4b257476.html">"Programa do primeiro Governo Constitucional português: extractos sobre a Política Externa"</a> [Programme of the first constitutional Portuguese government: extracts on foreign policy]. <i>CVCE.EU by UNI.LU</i> (in Portuguese). Lisbon (published 16 March 2015). 3 August 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CVCE.EU+by+UNI.LU&rft.atitle=Programa+do+primeiro+Governo+Constitucional+portugu%C3%AAs%3A+extractos+sobre+a+Pol%C3%ADtica+Externa&rft.date=1976-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fobj%2Fprograma_do_primeiro_governo_constitucional_portugues_extractos_sobre_a_politica_externa_lisboa_3_agosto_1976-pt-9d090287-a147-452b-a78b-a4fe4b257476.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez, Pablo Antonio Fernández (2000). "El papel de Portugal en el contexto internacional" [The role of Portugal in an international context]. <i>Revista CIDOB d'Afers Internacionals</i> (in Spanish) (51/52): 159–170. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1133-6595">1133-6595</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40585843">40585843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+CIDOB+d%27Afers+Internacionals&rft.atitle=El+papel+de+Portugal+en+el+contexto+internacional&rft.issue=51%2F52&rft.pages=159-170&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40585843%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1133-6595&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Pablo+Antonio+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/portugal">"Portugal - Member state"</a>. <i>www.coe.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515075525/https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/portugal">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.coe.int&rft.atitle=Portugal+-+Member+state&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fportal%2Fportugal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ae-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ae_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ae_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1978" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, A. H. (1978). <i>Annuaire Europeen / European yearbook, 1976</i>. Vol. 24. La Haye: Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-2043-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-2043-5"><bdi>90-247-2043-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867374591">867374591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annuaire+Europeen+%2F+European+yearbook%2C+1976&rft.place=La+Haye&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867374591&rft.isbn=90-247-2043-5&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qe-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qe_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazzo1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gazzo, Emanuele (7–8 March 1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/472141">"Quelle réponse donner au Portugal?"</a></span> [What response to give Portugal?]. <i>Bulletin Quotidien Europe</i> (in French) (2170). Archive reference AGE-765<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Union&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+European+Union+-+1977&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Feuropean-union%2Fabout-eu%2Fhistory%2F1970-1979%2F1977_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauderstädt1987" class="citation journal cs1">Dauderstädt, Michael (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.utl.pt/handle/10400.5/9639">"The EC's pre-accession aid to Portugal : a first appraisal"</a>. <i>Estudos de Economia</i>. <b>VII</b> (4): 401 – via Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudos+de+Economia&rft.atitle=The+EC%27s+pre-accession+aid+to+Portugal+%3A+a+first+appraisal&rft.volume=VII&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=401&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Dauderst%C3%A4dt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.utl.pt%2Fhandle%2F10400.5%2F9639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/57741">"Portugal's application for accession to the Communities"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the European Economic Community</i>. <b>3</b>: 8–10. March 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span> – via Archive of European Integration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+European+Economic+Community&rft.atitle=Portugal%27s+application+for+accession+to+the+Communities&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=8-10&rft.date=1977-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2Fid%2Feprint%2F57741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_of_the_European_Communities.1978" class="citation book cs1">Commission of the European Communities. (1978). <i>Opinion on Portuguese application for membership : transmitted to the Council by the Commission on 19 May 1978</i>. Council of the European Communities. [Brussels]: European Communities, Commission. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-825-0417-4" title="Special:BookSources/92-825-0417-4"><bdi>92-825-0417-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5777562">5777562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opinion+on+Portuguese+application+for+membership+%3A+transmitted+to+the+Council+by+the+Commission+on+19+May+1978.&rft.place=%5BBrussels%5D&rft.pub=European+Communities%2C+Commission&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5777562&rft.isbn=92-825-0417-4&rft.au=Commission+of+the+European+Communities.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLintock1978" class="citation news cs1">McLintock, Peter, ed. 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New York: Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office, United Nations. 1988. pp. 154–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-051070-4" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-051070-4"><bdi>92-1-051070-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18154251">18154251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1986+Demographic+yearbook+%3D+Annuaire+d%C3%A9mographique&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=154-155&rft.edition=38th&rft.pub=Department+of+International+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Statistical+Office%2C+United+Nations&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18154251&rft.isbn=92-1-051070-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=PT">"GDP (current US$) - Portugal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> Data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629234441/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=PT">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Shaping, not Making, Democracy: The European Union and the Post-Authoritarian Political Transformations of Spain and Portugal". <i>South European Society and Politics</i>. <b>8</b> (1–2): 31–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13608740808539642">10.1080/13608740808539642</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-8746">1360-8746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144921398">144921398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+European+Society+and+Politics&rft.atitle=Shaping%2C+not+Making%2C+Democracy%3A+The+European+Union+and+the+Post-Authoritarian+Political+Transformations+of+Spain+and+Portugal&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=31-46&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144921398%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1360-8746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13608740808539642&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slfaapseu-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slfaapseu_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slfaapseu_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyoManuel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Royo, Sebastián; Manuel, Paul Christopher (1 March 2003). 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"Portuguese Attitudes Towards EU Membership: Social and Political Perspectives". <i>South European Society and Politics</i>. <b>8</b> (1–2): 97–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13608740808539645">10.1080/13608740808539645</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-8746">1360-8746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219698025">219698025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+European+Society+and+Politics&rft.atitle=Portuguese+Attitudes+Towards+EU+Membership%3A+Social+and+Political+Perspectives&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=97-118&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219698025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1360-8746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13608740808539645&rft.aulast=Lobo&rft.aufirst=Marina+Costa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBörzel2009" class="citation book cs1">Börzel, Tanja A (2009). 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Associated Press. pp. 50, 53<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Panama+City+News+Herald&rft.atitle=Group+struggles+to+close+hi-tech+gap+with+U.S.&rft.pages=50%2C+53&rft.date=1986-01-12&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fpolitics-clipping-jan-12-1986-1769355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span> Continued on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/politics-clipping-jan-12-1986-1769360/">page 53</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson1987" class="citation journal cs1">Dickson, David (1987). "EEC: Uniting to Meet High-Tech's Challenge". <i>Science</i>. <b>237</b> (4819): 1103–1104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Sci...237.1103D">1987Sci...237.1103D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.237.4819.1103">10.1126/science.237.4819.1103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1699494">1699494</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17801624">17801624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=EEC%3A+Uniting+to+Meet+High-Tech%27s+Challenge&rft.volume=237&rft.issue=4819&rft.pages=1103-1104&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1699494%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987Sci...237.1103D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17801624&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.237.4819.1103&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaimundo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Raimundo, António (23 May 2013). "The Europeanisation of foreign policy: An assessment of the EU impact on Portugal's post-colonial relations in Sub-Saharan Africa". <i>European Integration Online Papers</i> (2013–001). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1695%2F2013001">10.1695/2013001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5193">1027-5193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Integration+Online+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Europeanisation+of+foreign+policy%3A+An+assessment+of+the+EU+impact+on+Portugal%27s+post-colonial+relations+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.issue=2013%E2%80%93001&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1695%2F2013001&rft.issn=1027-5193&rft.aulast=Raimundo&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeixeiraPinto2012" class="citation book cs1">Teixeira, Nuno Severiano; Pinto, António Costa (2012). <i>The Europeanization of Portuguese democracy</i>. Boulder [Colo.]: Social Science Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-946-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-946-9"><bdi>978-0-88033-946-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/788995939">788995939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europeanization+of+Portuguese+democracy&rft.place=Boulder+%5BColo.%5D&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F788995939&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-946-9&rft.aulast=Teixeira&rft.aufirst=Nuno+Severiano&rft.au=Pinto%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio+Costa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishiwaki2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nishiwaki, Yasuhiro (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kokusaiseiji/2012/168/2012_168_30/_article">"ポルトガルのＥＥＣ加盟申請—民主化、脱植民地化プロセスとの交錯"</a> [Portugal's Application to the EEC: Intertwine with the Democratization and Decolonization Processes]. <i>International Relations</i> (in Japanese). <b>2012</b> (168). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11375%2Fkokusaiseiji.168_30">10.11375/kokusaiseiji.168_30</a> – via J-STAGE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Relations&rft.atitle=%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%A5%EF%BC%A5%EF%BC%A3%E5%8A%A0%E7%9B%9F%E7%94%B3%E8%AB%8B%E2%80%94%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8C%96%E3%80%81%E8%84%B1%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%A4%E9%8C%AF&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=168&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11375%2Fkokusaiseiji.168_30&rft.aulast=Nishiwaki&rft.aufirst=Yasuhiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fkokusaiseiji%2F2012%2F168%2F2012_168_30%2F_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmasedaSebastián2003" class="citation journal cs1">Balmaseda, Manuel; Sebastián, Miguel (1 March 2003). "Spain in the EU: Fifteen Years May Not Be Enough". <i>South European Society and Politics</i>. <b>8</b> (1–2): 195–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13608740808539649">10.1080/13608740808539649</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-8746">1360-8746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155754024">155754024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+European+Society+and+Politics&rft.atitle=Spain+in+the+EU%3A+Fifteen+Years+May+Not+Be+Enough&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=195-230&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155754024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1360-8746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13608740808539649&rft.aulast=Balmaseda&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft.au=Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C+Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoares2007" class="citation journal cs1">Soares, António Goucha (1 December 2007). "Portugal and the European Union: The ups and downs in 20 years of membership". <i>Perspectives on European Politics and Society</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 460–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15705850701640835">10.1080/15705850701640835</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10400.5%2F26509">10400.5/26509</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-5854">1570-5854</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153728710">153728710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+European+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Portugal+and+the+European+Union%3A+The+ups+and+downs+in+20+years+of+membership&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=460-475&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10400.5%2F26509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153728710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1570-5854&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15705850701640835&rft.aulast=Soares&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Goucha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaganha2009" class="citation cs2">Baganha, Maria I. (2009), Fassmann, Heinz; Reeger, Ursula; Sievers, Wiebke (eds.), "Portugal", <i>Statistics and Reality</i>, Concepts and Measurements of Migration in Europe, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 263–280, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-052-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-052-9"><bdi>978-90-8964-052-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n2qg.17">j.ctt46n2qg.17</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistics+and+Reality&rft.atitle=Portugal&rft.pages=263-280&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46n2qg.17%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-052-9&rft.aulast=Baganha&rft.aufirst=Maria+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1987" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Anne (1987). "Growing Pains in the EEC". <i>Harvard International Review</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 40–48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-1854">0739-1854</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42759941">42759941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+International+Review&rft.atitle=Growing+Pains+in+the+EEC&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=40-48&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42759941%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0739-1854&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Royo, Sebastián (2010). 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"The crisis of Portugese [sic] agriculture in relation to the EEC challenge". <i>Agriculture and Human Values</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 70–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02219423">10.1007/BF02219423</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8366">1572-8366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154189903">154189903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agriculture+and+Human+Values&rft.atitle=The+crisis+of+Portugese+%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+agriculture+in+relation+to+the+EEC+challenge&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-81&rft.date=1989-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154189903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-8366&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02219423&rft.aulast=Moreira&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Belo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+enlargement+of+the+European+Communities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes only national languages; several Member States have various co-official languages, including Spain</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calculated by summing the 1986 mid-year estimates for the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities#Members" title="European Communities">existing members of the Communities</a> as of 1986 from the UN report</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bank data is insufficient for this purpose, as it appears to make no distinction between <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> in its historical data. The data here is an approximate estimate based on the latest available GNP data presented in the CIA World Factbook 1986 edition.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>University of Pittsburgh's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/view/eusries/">Archive of European Integration, with relevant Bulletins of the European Communities and supplements</a></li> <li>Digital Research in European Studies' archives related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/collections/unit-content/-/unit/02bb76df-d066-4c08-a58a-d4686a3e68ff/15bb0adb-1ff0-4299-b0aa-a9563ce40459/Resources">Spain's accession</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/collections/unit-content/-/unit/02bb76df-d066-4c08-a58a-d4686a3e68ff/80bdbed0-3c45-4c93-a3e2-f822c56f0a53/Resources">Portugal's accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroparlTV" title="EuroparlTV">EuroparlTV</a>'s short film <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/history-the-mediterranean-enlargement-19811986_V001-0014_ev">History: The Mediterranean Enlargement 1981-1986</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enlargement_and_partners_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible open navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_candidates" title="Template:European Union candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_candidates" title="Template talk:European Union candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enlargement_and_partners_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">partners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Historical_enlargements" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Previous enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a> (Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a> (Greece)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1986</a> (Portugal, Spain)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a> (Austria, Finland, Sweden)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a> (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a> (Bulgaria, Romania)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a> (Croatia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Western_Balkans" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Negotiating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire#Chapters" title="Acquis communautaire">Screened</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-negotiations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Georgia to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Turkey" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Suspended negotiations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Azerbaijan–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (<i>suspended</i>)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Belarus–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Andorra–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Monaco–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="San Marino–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other geographically<br />European countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Current membership</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Criteria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Union_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste#Dissolution" title="Free Territory of Trieste">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon#After_1945" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy#21st_century" title="Saint Barthélemy">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(first-level NUTS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />international-law<br />EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li>EIB Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union"><i>Official Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Judicial_Network_in_civil_and_commercial_matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (page does not exist)">European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthCare_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthCare in the European Union (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional 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