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<span>Togol subbahagian Penerangan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penerangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contoh_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contoh_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Contoh 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contoh_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contoh_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contoh_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Contoh 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contoh_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnitud ketara</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 75 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Scheinbare Helligkeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="قدر ظاهري – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قدر ظاهري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit%C3%BA_aparente" title="Magnitú aparente – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnitú aparente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C9%99n_ulduz_%C3%B6l%C3%A7%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Görünən ulduz ölçüsü – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Görünən ulduz ölçüsü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudo_semu" title="Magnitudo semu – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magnitudo semu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আপাত মান – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আপাত মান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Бачная зорная велічыня – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бачная зорная велічыня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prividna_magnituda" title="Prividna magnituda – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prividna magnituda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Видима звездна величина – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видима звездна величина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparent" title="Magnitud aparent – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magnitud aparent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzdn%C3%A1_velikost" title="Hvězdná velikost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hvězdná velikost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scheinbare Helligkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hesuurus" title="Tähesuurus – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tähesuurus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φαινόμενο μέγεθος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαινόμενο μέγεθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Apparent magnitude" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparente" title="Magnitud aparente – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnitud aparente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cajna_magnitudo" title="Ŝajna magnitudo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝajna magnitudo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itxurazko_magnitude" title="Itxurazko magnitude – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itxurazko magnitude" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قدر ظاهری – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدر ظاهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_apparente" title="Magnitude apparente – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnitude apparente" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_aparente" title="Magnitude aparente – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Magnitude aparente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%89%EB%B3%B4%EA%B8%B0%EB%93%B1%EA%B8%89" title="겉보기등급 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="겉보기등급" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեսանելի աստղային մեծություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեսանելի աստղային մեծություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सापेक्ष कांतिमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सापेक्ष कांतिमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prividna_magnituda" title="Prividna magnituda – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prividna magnituda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_apparente" title="Magnitude apparente – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Magnitude apparente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudine_apparente" title="Magnitudine apparente – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magnitudine apparente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בהירות נראית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בהירות נראית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94" title="ვარსკვლავიერი სიდიდე – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარსკვლავიერი სიდიდე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwangaza_unaoonekana" title="Mwangaza unaoonekana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwangaza unaoonekana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayitid_aparan" title="Mayitid aparan – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mayitid aparan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qedra_zahir%C3%AE" title="Qedra zahirî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qedra zahirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudo_apparens" title="Magnitudo apparens – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magnitudo apparens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redzamais_spo%C5%BEums" title="Redzamais spožums – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Redzamais spožums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visuell_Magnitude" title="Visuell Magnitude – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Visuell Magnitude" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimasis_ry%C5%A1kis" title="Regimasis ryškis – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Regimasis ryškis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit%C3%BAd%C3%B3" title="Magnitúdó – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magnitúdó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Привидна ѕвездена величина – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Привидна ѕвездена величина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ദൃശ്യകാന്തിമാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദൃശ്യകാന്തിമാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="आभासी दृश्यप्रत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आभासी दृश्यप्रत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schijnbare_magnitude" title="Schijnbare magnitude – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schijnbare magnitude" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%81%91%E3%81%AE%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A" title="見かけの等級 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="見かけの等級" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiinboor_magnituud" title="Skiinboor magnituud – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skiinboor magnituud" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilsynelatende_st%C3%B8rrelsesklasse" title="Tilsynelatende størrelsesklasse – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tilsynelatende størrelsesklasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilsynelatande_storleiksklasse" title="Tilsynelatande storleiksklasse – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tilsynelatande storleiksklasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparenta" title="Magnitud aparenta – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnitud aparenta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamma_gonkaa" title="Hamma gonkaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hamma gonkaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBrinma_yulduz_kattaligi" title="Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਾਪੇਖ ਕਾਂਤੀਮਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਪੇਖ ਕਾਂਤੀਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obserwowana_wielko%C5%9B%C4%87_gwiazdowa" title="Obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_aparente" title="Magnitude aparente – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magnitude aparente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudine_aparent%C4%83" title="Magnitudine aparentă – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnitudine aparentă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Видимая звёздная величина – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видимая звёздная величина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit%C3%B9dini_apparenti" title="Magnitùdini apparenti – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnitùdini apparenti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="දෘශ්‍ය විශාලත්වය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෘශ්‍ය විශාලත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magnitude (astronomy)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdanliv%C3%A1_hviezdna_ve%C4%BEkos%C5%A5" title="Zdanlivá hviezdna veľkosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zdanlivá hviezdna veľkosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navidezni_sij" title="Navidezni sij – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navidezni sij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Привидна звездана величина – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Привидна звездана величина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prividna_magnituda" title="Prividna magnituda – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prividna magnituda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudi_(t%C3%A4htitiede)" title="Magnitudi (tähtitiede) – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magnitudi (tähtitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenbar_magnitud" title="Skenbar magnitud – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skenbar magnitud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliwanag_na_kalakhan" title="Maliwanag na kalakhan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maliwanag na kalakhan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="தோற்ற ஒளிப்பொலிவெண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோற்ற ஒளிப்பொலிவெண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azal_amaskad" title="Azal amaskad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azal amaskad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Йолдызча зурлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йолдызча зурлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F" title="โชติมาตรปรากฏ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โชติมาตรปรากฏ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5p_sao_bi%E1%BB%83u_ki%E1%BA%BFn" title="Cấp sao biểu kiến – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cấp sao biểu kiến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadir_(astronomi)" title="Kadir (astronomi) – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kadir (astronomi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Видима зоряна величина – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Видима зоряна величина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude" title="Magnitude – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Magnitude" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparente" title="Magnitud aparente – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Magnitud aparente" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="视星等 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="视星等" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="視星等 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="視星等" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="视星等 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="视星等" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q124313#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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dir="ltr"><p><b>Magnitud ketara</b> (<i><b>m</b></i>) bagi jasad samawi merupakan <a href="/wiki/Pengukuran" title="Pengukuran">pengukuran</a> <a href="/wiki/Kecerahan" title="Kecerahan">kecerahannya</a> seperti yang dilihat dari pencerap di atas <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>. Yang dinormalkan kepada nilainya dalam kehadiran atmosfera Bumi. Lebih cerah objek itu, lebih kecil nilai angka <b>magnitud</b>nya. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penerangan">Penerangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Penerangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penerangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skala magnitud yang digunakan kini berasal dari amalan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunani_Helenistik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunani Helenistik (laman tidak wujud)">Helenistik</a> yang membahagikan bintang yang boleh dilihat mata kasar kepada enam <i>magnitud</i>. Bintang tercerah dikatakan mempunyai magnitud pertama (<i>m</i> = 1), manakala yang termalap adalah magnitud keenam (<i>m</i> = 6), had penglihatan <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> (tanpa bantuan <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskop</a>.) Setiap gred dikatakan dua kali ganda kecerahan gred sebelumnya (sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skala_logaritma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skala logaritma (laman tidak wujud)">skala logaritma</a>). Walau bagaimanapun, merupakan kaedah ayng kasar yang dipopularkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almagest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almagest (laman tidak wujud)">Almagest</a></i>nya, dan secara amnya dipercayai berasal dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipparchus (laman tidak wujud)">Hipparchus</a>. Sistem yang asal ini juga tidak mengukur magnitud <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a> kerana ketika itu Matahari belum dikelaskan sebagai bintang. </p><p>Pada 1856, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Robert_Pogson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Robert Pogson (laman tidak wujud)">Pogson</a> memformalkan sistem dengan mentakrifkan bintang magnitud pertama adalah 100 kali kecerahan bintang magnitud enam; maka, bintang magnitud pertama lebih kurang 2.512 lebih terang daripada bintang magnitud kedua. 100 punca kuasa satu perlima itu dikenalpasti sebagai <i>Nisbah Pogson</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Skala Pogson pada asalnya ditetapkan dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a> sebagai bintang bermagnitud 2. Ahli astronomi kemudian menemui bahawa Polaris agak berubah, maka mereka mula-mula bertukar kepada <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a> sebagai bintang rujukan piawai, dan kemudian bertukar dengan menggunakan titik sifar yang dijadualkan bagi fluks yang diukur<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Magnitud bergantung kepada jalur panjang gelombang (lihat bawah). </p><p>Sistem moden tidak lagi mengehadkan kepada enam magnitud atau cahaya nampak. Objek yang berkecerahan yang tinggi mempunyai magnitud <i>negatif</i>. Sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, bintang tercerah dalam <a href="/wiki/Sfera_samawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfera samawi">sfera samawi</a>, mempunyai magnitud ketara −1.47. Skala moden turut memasukkan <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a> ; Bulan mengambang mempunyai magnitud ketara −12.6 manakala Matahari mempunyai magnitud ketara −26.73. <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_Angkasa_Hubble" title="Teleskop Angkasa Hubble">Teleskop Angkasa Hubble</a> telah mengenalpasti bintang bermagnitud 30 pada panjang gelombang nampak dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleskop_Keck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleskop Keck (laman tidak wujud)">teleskop Keck</a> telah mengenalpasti bintang yang malap dengan infra merah. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Skala Magnitud Ketara </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Magnitud<br />Ketara </th> <th>Julat <br />Magnitud<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">−5 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−4.51 hingga −5.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">−4 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−3.51 hingga −4.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">−3 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−2.51 hingga −3.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">−2 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−1.51 hingga −2.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">−1 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−0.51 hingga −1.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">0 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">−0.50 hingga 0.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">0.50 hingga 1.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1.50 hingga 2.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">3 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">2.50 hingga 3.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">4 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">3.50 hingga 4.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">5 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">4.50 hingga 5.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">5.50 hingga 6.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">7 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">6.50 hingga 7.49 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Magniitud ketara bagi objek samawi yang diketahui</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Mag. Ketara </th> <th>Objek Samawi </th></tr> <tr> <td>−26.73</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a> (449,000 lebih cerah dari bulang mengambang) </td></tr> <tr> <td>−12.6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a> mengambang </td></tr> <tr> <td>−4.7 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Zuhrah" title="Zuhrah">Zuhrah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Stesen_Angkasa_Antarabangsa" title="Stesen Angkasa Antarabangsa">Stesen Angkasa Antarabangsa</a> (apabila ISS dipancar cahaya matahari sepenuhnya)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3.9 </td> <td>Objek yang paling malap yang mampu dicerap mata kasar pada waktu siang </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3.7 </td> <td>Kecerahan minimum <a href="/wiki/Zuhrah" title="Zuhrah">Zuhrah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3.0 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Marikh" title="Marikh">Marikh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2.8 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Musytari" title="Musytari">Musytari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1.9 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Utarid" title="Utarid">Utarid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1.47</td> <td>Bintang tercerah (selain matahari) pada panjang gelombang nampak: <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−0.7</td> <td>Bintang kedua tercerah: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopus_(bintang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canopus (bintang) (laman tidak wujud)">Canopus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−0.24 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Zuhal" title="Zuhal">Zuhal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>Takrifan titik sifar: Ini digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Bintang termalap yang mampu dilihat mata kasar dalam kawasan perumahan </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.6 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(bulan)" title="Ganymede (bulan)">Ganymede</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.5 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.5 </td> <td>Bintang termalap yang dapat dilihat mata kasar pada keadaan sempurna </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.7 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet_kerdil)" title="Ceres (planet kerdil)">Ceres</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7.7 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun">Neptun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9.1 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/w/index.php?title=10_Hygiea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10 Hygiea (laman tidak wujud)">10 Hygiea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9.5 </td> <td>Objek termalap yang mampu dilihat dengan <a href="/wiki/Binokular" title="Binokular">binokular</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10.2 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(bulan)" title="Iapetus (bulan)">Iapetus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12.6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuasar" title="Kuasar">Kuasar</a> tercerah </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.65 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> (1,148 kali lebih malap dari jurang nampak mata kasar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>18.7 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet_kerdil)" title="Eris (planet kerdil)">Eris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>Kecerahan maksimum bulan terkecil Pluto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydra_(bulan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydra (bulan) (laman tidak wujud)">Hydra</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nix_(bulan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nix (bulan) (laman tidak wujud)">Nix</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>Objek termalap yang mampu dicerap dalam cahaya nampak melalui teleskop bumi 8m </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>Objek termalap yang mampu dicerap dalam cahaya nampak dengan <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_Angkasa_Hubble" title="Teleskop Angkasa Hubble">Teleskop Angkasa Hubble</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td>Objek termalap dalam cahaya nampak dengan teleskop yang dirancang iaitu OWL (2020) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">(lihat juga <a href="/wiki/Senarai_bintang_tercerah" title="Senarai bintang tercerah">Senarai bintang tercerah</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ini merupakan nilai anggaran pada panjang gelombang nampak (dalam realiti, nilai bergantung kepada berapa jitu jalur lalu yang digunakan). </p><p>Memandangkan jumlah cahaya yang diterima sebenarnya bergantung kepada ketebalan atmosfera Bumi dalam garis penglihatan objek, magnitud ketara dinormalkan kepada nilai tanpa kewujudan atmosfera. Semakin malap objek itu, semakin tinggi magnitud ketaranya. Perhatikan bahawa kecerahan berubah dengan jarak, cahaya yang terlampau terang boleh menjadi malap jika ia terlampau jauh. Kecerahan berkadaran songsang secara tidak langsung dengan kuasa dua kepada jarak. (Ini merupakan anggaran skala jarak kosmologi kepada <a href="/wiki/Kerelatifan_am" title="Kerelatifan am">lengkokan ruang-masa</a>). <a href="/wiki/Magnitud_mutlak" title="Magnitud mutlak">Magnitud mutlak</a>, <i>M</i>, bagi jasad samawi (di luar sistem suria) merupakan magnitud ketara yang dimilikinya jika ia 10 <a href="/wiki/Parsek" title="Parsek">parsek</a> (~32 <a href="/wiki/Tahun_cahaya" title="Tahun cahaya">tahun cahaya</a>) jauh; iaitu sesuatu planet (atau jasad sistem suria lain) merupakan magnitud ketara yang akan dimilikinya jika ia 1 <a href="/wiki/Unit_astronomi" title="Unit astronomi">unit astronomi</a> jauh dari kedua-dua matahari dan Bumi. Magnitud mutlak bagi matahari ialah 4.83 dalam jalur V (kuning) dan 5.48 dalam jalur B (biru). </p><p>Magnitud ketara dalam jalur x boleh ditakrifkan sebagai (mecatatkannya <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{\sqrt[{5}]{100}}F={\frac {\log _{10}F}{\log _{10}100^{1/5}}}=2.5\log _{10}F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mroot> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </mroot> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{\sqrt[{5}]{100}}F={\frac {\log _{10}F}{\log _{10}100^{1/5}}}=2.5\log _{10}F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8ce68df2b25cfe6ce971aeba6dcd3fca1666b27" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:37.955ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{\sqrt[{5}]{100}}F={\frac {\log _{10}F}{\log _{10}100^{1/5}}}=2.5\log _{10}F}"></span>) </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{x}=-2.5\log _{10}(F_{x})+C\!\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{x}=-2.5\log _{10}(F_{x})+C\!\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9528144d2dda348885594fb0d4d4daea909957a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.409ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{x}=-2.5\log _{10}(F_{x})+C\!\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>iaitu <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{x}\!\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{x}\!\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f018c0b4251d26746ec37e2ba5fe340f94995313" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.667ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{x}\!\,}"></span> merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluks (laman tidak wujud)">fluks</a> yang dicerap dalam jalur x, dan <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C\!\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C\!\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/985bbff798f8fb5e92bccab7921bff1ca757fc2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C\!\,}"></span> merupakan pemalar yang bergantung kepada unit fluks dan jalur. Pemalar <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C\!\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C\!\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/985bbff798f8fb5e92bccab7921bff1ca757fc2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C\!\,}"></span> ditakrifkan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnitud ketar (laman tidak wujud)">Aller et al 1982</a> bagi kebanyakan sistem yang biasa digunakan. </p><p>Kepelbagaian kecerahan antara dua objek bercahaya boleh dikira dengan cara lain dengan menolak nombor magnitud objek yang lebih cerah dari nombor magnitud yang lebih malap, kemudian menggunakan beza sebagai eksponen kepada asas nombor 2.512; iaitu (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{f}-m_{b}=x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{f}-m_{b}=x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9cbde1df5854c4acaf67e6ae46be1547fd340bd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.423ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{f}-m_{b}=x}"></span>; and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2.512^{x}=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2.512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2.512^{x}=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7e5b8c76b737e6dcab7337a6b0dd78c44dda7ab8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.922ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2.512^{x}=}"></span><i>kepelbagaian kecerahan</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contoh_1">Contoh 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Contoh 1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Contoh 1"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Apakah beza kecerahan antara Matahari dan bulan mengambang?</i> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{f}-m_{b}=x\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{f}-m_{b}=x\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/854d5ba7297c0de5026d5806aea0bb1a2eea7ecb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.617ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{f}-m_{b}=x\!\ }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2.512^{x}=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2.512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2.512^{x}=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7e5b8c76b737e6dcab7337a6b0dd78c44dda7ab8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.922ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2.512^{x}=}"></span><i>kepelbagaian kecerahan</i> </p><p><i>Magnitud ketara Matahari ialah -26.73, dan magnitud ketara bulan mengambang -12.6. Bulan mengambang lebih malap antara dua objek, manakala Matahari lebih terang</i>. </p><p><b>Beza kecerahan</b> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=m_{f}-m_{b}\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=m_{f}-m_{b}\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56dd69adccb1f96243b0504cc021594de1b6b0b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.617ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=m_{f}-m_{b}\!\ }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=-12.6--26.73=14.13\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>12.6</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>26.73</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14.13</mn> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=-12.6--26.73=14.13\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/967009adbb25230a055f40e85f9cf3f9eadf1e98" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:28.904ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=-12.6--26.73=14.13\!\ }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=14.13\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14.13</mn> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=14.13\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd085bd987307217efa0976dcc73bd52cb1eb86b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.918ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=14.13\!\ }"></span> </p><p><b>Kepelbagaian kecerahan</b> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{x}\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>2.512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{x}\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a81439f1ed941a34b116072be01a3cc05bfbae63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.826ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{x}\!\ }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{14.13}\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>2.512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>14.13</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{14.13}\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9633f58f6f783c699a344114d8c28a2350bbedc1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.631ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{14.13}\!\ }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{b}=449,032.16\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>449</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>032.16</mn> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{b}=449,032.16\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab66deb590ef4e2e325b4201a8c87cfe8dc23122" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.338ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{b}=449,032.16\!\ }"></span> </p><p><i>kepelbagaian kecerahan</i> = 449,032.16 </p><p><i>Dalam istilah magnitud ketara, Matahari 449,032 kali lebih terang berbanding bulan mengambang. Ini adalah sebab yang bagus untuk mengelakkan dari melihat secara terus kepada Matahari, walaupu ketika fasa </i>separuh<i> bagi gerhana suria. (Melihat gerhana suria </i>penuh<i> adalah selamat, tetapi gerhana bukanlah dalam jangka masa yang panjang.)</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contoh_2">Contoh 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Contoh 2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Contoh 2"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Apakah beza kecerahan antara Sirius dan Polaris?</i> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{f}-m_{b}=x\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{f}-m_{b}=x\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/854d5ba7297c0de5026d5806aea0bb1a2eea7ecb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.617ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{f}-m_{b}=x\!\ }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2.512^{x}=\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2.512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2.512^{x}=\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ae5e9fbdf8bc4c37253898e2a9691fefc69800d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.761ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2.512^{x}=\!\ }"></span> <i>kepelbagaian kecerahan</i> </p><p><i>Magnitud ketara bagi Sirius ialah -1.44, dan magnitud ketara bagi Polaris ialah 1.97. Polaris adalah lebih malap manakala Sirius lebih terang</i>. </p><p><b>Beza kecerahan</b> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=m_{f}-m_{b}\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=m_{f}-m_{b}\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56dd69adccb1f96243b0504cc021594de1b6b0b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.617ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=m_{f}-m_{b}\!\ }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=1.97--1.44=3.41\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.97</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1.44</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.41</mn> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=1.97--1.44=3.41\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/123d4eeb406072679f09e4fc5c316b2f9da9a2fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:24.771ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=1.97--1.44=3.41\!\ }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=3.41\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.41</mn> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=3.41\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66fc092c913e04a03a173aa6ec55c25c00593d51" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.756ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=3.41\!\ }"></span> <b>Kepelbagaian kecerahan</b> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{x}\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>2.512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{x}\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a81439f1ed941a34b116072be01a3cc05bfbae63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.826ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{x}\!\ }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{3.41}\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>2.512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3.41</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{3.41}\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce2f9afa3a59e43b2f07827070765038fc40a500" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.81ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{b}=2.512^{3.41}\!\ }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{b}=23.124\!\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>23.124</mn> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{b}=23.124\!\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9f935b2dbd44b216a3550030a279c63eaa3ddb9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.816ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{b}=23.124\!\ }"></span> </p><p><i>Dalam istilah magnitud ketara, Sirius 23.124 kali lebih terang berbanding Polaris Bintang Utara</i>. </p><p>Perkara kedua untuk diperhatikan ialah skala itu merupakan berlogaritma: kecerahan relatif bagi dua objek ditentukan oleh perbezaan magnitud mereka. Sebagai contoh, perbezaan 3.2 bermaksud salah satu objek itu lebih kurang 19 kali lebih terang dari yang satu lagi, sebab nisbah Pogson berkuasa 3.2 ialah 19.054607... </p><p>Salah faham yang biasa ialah alam berskala logaritma adalah kerana mata manusia mertindak balas dalam keadaan logaritma. Ketika masa Pogson, ini dikatakan benar (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_Weber-Fechner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum Weber-Fechner (laman tidak wujud)">hukum Weber-Fechner</a>), tetapi kini dipercayai tindak balas itu adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kuasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum kuasa (laman tidak wujud)">hukum kuasa</a> (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kuasa_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum kuasa Stevens (laman tidak wujud)">hukum kuasa Stevens</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Magnitud dirumitkan dengan kenyataan bahawa cahaya itu bukan <a href="/wiki/Monokrom" title="Monokrom">monokrom</a>. Kesensitifan pengesan cahaya bergantung kepada panjang gelombang cahaya, dan cara ia berubah bergantung kepada jenis pengesan cahaya. Disebabkan ini, adalah perlu untuk menentukan bagaimana magnitud diukur supaya nilai itu berguna. Untuk itu, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_UBV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem UBV">sistem UBV</a> digunakan secara meluas, iaitu magnitud dapat diukur dalam tiga jalur panjang gelombang yang berbeza: U (berpusat pada lebih kurang 350 nm, berhampiran <a href="/wiki/Ultra_ungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra ungu">ultra ungu</a>), B (lebih kurang 435 nm, dalam kawasan biru) dan V (lebih kurang 555 nm, dalam tengah-tengah julat penglihatan manusia di waktu siang). Jalur V dipilih bagi kegunaan spektra dan memberikan magnitud hampir dengan yang dilihat dengan mata manusia, dan apabila magnitud ketara diberikan tanpa pengesahan seterusnya, lazimnya ia bermaksud magnitud V, lebih kurang sama dengan <b>magnitud tampak</b>. </p><p>Memadangkan bintang yang lebih sejuk, seperti <a href="/wiki/Gergasi_merah" title="Gergasi merah">gergasi merah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kerdil_merah" title="Kerdil merah">kerdil merah</a>, yang memancarkan sedikit tenaga dalam kawasan spektrum biru dan UV, kuasa mereka lazim tidak diwakili oleh skala UBV. Malah, sesetengah bintang <a href="/wiki/Pengkelasan_najam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengkelasan najam">kelas L dan T</a> mempunyai anggaran magnitud melebihi 100, memandangkan mereka memancarkan sangat sedikit cahaya tampak tetapi lebih dalam lingkungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infra_merah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infra merah (laman tidak wujud)">infra merah</a>. </p><p>Pengukuran magnitud memerlukan penjagaan berhati-hati dan amatlah penting untuk mengukurnya dalam keadaan yang sangat bersesuaian. Pada awal abad ke-20 dan kemudian, <a href="/wiki/Filem_fotografi" class="mw-redirect" title="Filem fotografi">filem fotografi</a> ortokromatik (biru-sensitif), kecerahan relatif bagi gergasi biru <a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a> dan gergasi merah <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> adalah songsang berbanding apa yang dilihat mata memandangkan filem arkaik adalah lebih sensitive kepada lampu biru berbanding merah. Magnitud yang diperoleh dari kaedah ini dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_fotograf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnitud fotograf (laman tidak wujud)">magnitud fotograf</a>, dan sekarang dianggap ketinggalan zaman. </p><p>Bagi objek dalam galaksi kita dengan <a href="/wiki/Magnitud_mutlak" title="Magnitud mutlak">magnitud mutlak</a> yang diberi, 5 ditambah kepada magnitud ketara bagi setiap penambahan jarak objek. Hubungan ini tidak digunakan untuk objek pada jarak yang terlampau jauh (lebih jauh dari galaksi kita), memandangkan pembetulan bagi <a href="/wiki/Kerelatifan_am" title="Kerelatifan am">kerelatifan am</a> harud dimasukkan disebabkan ciri alam yang bukan Euclidean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnitud_mutlak" title="Magnitud mutlak">Magnitud mutlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarai_bintang_tercerah" title="Senarai bintang tercerah">Senarai bintang tercerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarai_bintang_cerah_terdekat" title="Senarai bintang cerah terdekat">Senarai bintang cerah terdekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarai_bintang_terdekat" title="Senarai bintang terdekat">Senarai bintang terdekat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kecerahan_Permukaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kecerahan Permukaan (laman tidak wujud)">Kecerahan Permukaan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0017//0000012.000.html">Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the first day of each month of the year 1857</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Robert_Pogson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Robert Pogson (laman tidak wujud)">N. Pogson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">MNRAS</a> Vol. 17, pg. 12 (1856)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1982lbor.book.....A&db_key=AST">Landolt-Börnstein: Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology - New Series " Gruppe/Group 6 Astronomy and Astrophysics " Volume 2 Schaifers/Voigt: Astronomy and Astrophysics / Astronomie und Astrophysik " Stars and Star Clusters / Sterne und Sternhaufen</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput"><span title=" Pautan mati ditandakan pada Ogos 2021">pautan mati kekal</span></a></i>]</span></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_H._Aller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence H. Aller (laman tidak wujud)">L. H. Aller</a> <i>et al.</i>, ISBN # 3-540-10976-5; 0-387-10976-5 (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stargazing.net/David/constel/howmanystars.html">"How Many Stars You Can Observe"</a> (dalam bahasa English). David Haworth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2007-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Many+Stars+You+Can+Observe&rft.pub=David+Haworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stargazing.net%2FDavid%2Fconstel%2Fhowmanystars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitud+ketara" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109032255/http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.asp?SatID=25544">"ISS Information - Heavens-above.com"</a> (dalam bahasa English). Heavens-above. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.asp?SatID=25544">yang asal</a> pada 2006-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2007-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISS+Information+-+Heavens-above.com&rft.pub=Heavens-above&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heavens-above.com%2Fsatinfo.asp%3FSatID%3D25544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitud+ketara" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Misconceptions About Astronomical Magnitudes," <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Schulman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Schulman (laman tidak wujud)">E. Schulman</a> and C. V. Cox, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Physics (laman tidak wujud)">American Journal of Physics</a></i>, Vol. 65, pg. 1003 (1997).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&oldid=5323760">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnitud_ketara&oldid=5323760</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Astronomi_cerapan" title="Kategori:Astronomi cerapan">Astronomi cerapan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati" title="Kategori:Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati">Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati_dari_Ogos_2021" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari Ogos 2021">Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari Ogos 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati_kekal" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal">Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">CS1 maint: unrecognized language</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 06:07, 2 Oktober 2021.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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