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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgender_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transgender linguistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transgender_linguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transgender linguistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transgender_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Phonetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon_and_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon_and_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lexicon and pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon_and_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discursive_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discursive_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Discursive practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discursive_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-binary_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-binary_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-binary people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-binary_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-binary people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-binary_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Phonetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Slang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Slang subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Dyke"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Dyke""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>"Dyke"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Dyke"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Faggot"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Faggot""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>"Faggot"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Faggot"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_about_the_reasons_for_differences_in_language_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_about_the_reasons_for_differences_in_language_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theories about the reasons for differences in language use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_about_the_reasons_for_differences_in_language_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories about the reasons for differences in language use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_about_the_reasons_for_differences_in_language_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_use_as_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_use_as_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Language use as performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_use_as_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goals_of_distinctive_language_use_among_gay_men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals_of_distinctive_language_use_among_gay_men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Goals of distinctive language use among gay men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goals_of_distinctive_language_use_among_gay_men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goals_of_distinctive_language_use_among_lesbians_and_heterosexual_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals_of_distinctive_language_use_among_lesbians_and_heterosexual_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Goals of distinctive language use among lesbians and heterosexual women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goals_of_distinctive_language_use_among_lesbians_and_heterosexual_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_styles_of_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_styles_of_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Changing styles of speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_styles_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_with_studying_speech_patterns_in_relation_to_sexuality_and_sexual_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_studying_speech_patterns_in_relation_to_sexuality_and_sexual_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Issues with studying speech patterns in relation to sexuality and sexual identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_studying_speech_patterns_in_relation_to_sexuality_and_sexual_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_with_over-generalizations_about_sexual_identities_and_linguistic_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_over-generalizations_about_sexual_identities_and_linguistic_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Issues with over-generalizations about sexual identities and linguistic styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_with_over-generalizations_about_sexual_identities_and_linguistic_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues with over-generalizations about sexual identities and linguistic styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_over-generalizations_about_sexual_identities_and_linguistic_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inaccuracy_of_metonymic_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inaccuracy_of_metonymic_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Inaccuracy of metonymic models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inaccuracy_of_metonymic_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presence_of_overlaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_of_overlaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Presence of overlaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presence_of_overlaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiplicity_of_social_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiplicity_of_social_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Multiplicity of social identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiplicity_of_social_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_non-Western_sexual_identities_and_their_language_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_non-Western_sexual_identities_and_their_language_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Examples of non-Western sexual identities and their language use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_non-Western_sexual_identities_and_their_language_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bakla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Bakla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hijras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hijras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Hijras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hijras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغويات خزامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغويات خزامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="ЛГБТ лингвистика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ЛГБТ лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavenda_lingvoscienco" title="Lavenda lingvoscienco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lavenda lingvoscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="زبان‌شناسی لاوندر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌شناسی لاوندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistika_LGBT" title="Linguistika LGBT – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linguistika LGBT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhbt-lingu%C3%AFstiek" title="Lhbt-linguïstiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lhbt-linguïstiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="LGBTQ言語学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="LGBTQ言語学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ADstica_queer" title="Linguística queer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linguística queer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laventelilingvistiikka" title="Laventelilingvistiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laventelilingvistiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavendellingvistik" title="Lavendellingvistik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lavendellingvistik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_LGBT" title="Ngôn ngữ LGBT – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ LGBT" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6502543#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span style="background:red; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:orange; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:yellow; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:green; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:blue; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:purple; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceflux" title="Aceflux">Aceflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraysexuality" title="Fraysexuality">Fraysexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Identities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_and_LGBT" title="Intersex and LGBT">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke March">Dyke March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_LGBTQ_events" title="List of largest LGBTQ events">Largest events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">in New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">QPR and QPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosocialization" title="Homosocialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_aik%C4%81ne" title="Moe aikāne">Moe aikāne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Health</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation restrictions</a> / <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">LGBTQ medical organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Youth suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Social attitudes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allonormativity" title="Allonormativity">Allonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayal</a></li> <li>Religion and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">homosexuality</a> / <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">trans people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_stereotypes" title="LGBTQ stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism#Discrimination_and_cultural_erasure" title="Aromanticism">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_stigma" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS stigma">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBTQ_issues" title="Censorship of LGBTQ issues">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">Closeted</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">Outing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Comphet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">Erasure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straightwashing" title="Straightwashing">Straightwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans erasure">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Intersex discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li>LGBTQ youth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability" title="LGBTQ youth vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualism">Sexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic fields and discourse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: -4px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism and LGBT rights">Communism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lavender linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)#Academic_research" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_LGBT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/25px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/38px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/50px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234201967">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>LGBTQ linguistics</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">study of language</a> as used by members of <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> communities. Related or <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymous</a> terms include <b>lavender linguistics</b>, advanced by <a href="/wiki/William_Leap" title="William Leap">William Leap</a> in the 1990s, which "encompass[es] a wide range of everyday language practices" in <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ communities">LGBTQ communities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-socioling_dict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socioling_dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>queer linguistics</b>, which refers to the linguistic analysis concerning the effect of <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormativity</a> on expressing sexual identity through language.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former term derives from the longtime association of the color <a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)" title="Lavender (color)">lavender</a> with LGBTQ communities.<sup id="cite_ref-socioling_dict_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socioling_dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Language", in this context, may refer to any aspect of spoken or written linguistic practices, including speech patterns and pronunciation, use of certain vocabulary, and, in a few cases, an elaborate alternative <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early studies in the field of LGBTQ linguistics were dominated by the concept of distinct "lavender lexicons" such as that recorded by <a href="/wiki/Gershon_Legman" title="Gershon Legman">Gershon Legman</a> in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kul_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kul-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, William Leap, whose work incorporates LGBTQ culture studies, cultural theory, and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, called for scholarship to move toward a fuller and more nuanced study of LGBTQ language use, especially through the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Lavender_Languages_and_Linguistics_Conference" title="Lavender Languages and Linguistics Conference">Lavender Languages and Linguistics Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anna Livia and Kira Hall have noted that while research in the 1960s and 1970s on the difference between men's and women's speech made the implicit assumption that gender was the relevant way to divide the social space, there is still considerable room for linguistic research based on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, rather than gender.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accents_of_English">Accents of English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accents of English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_men">Gay men</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gay men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gay_male_speech" title="Gay male speech">Gay male speech</a></div> <p>Linguistics research, particularly within <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>, has revealed a number of phonetically salient features used by many <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a>, some of which adhere to stereotypes. Studies have repeatedly confirmed that male American English speakers are recognized as gay by their speech at rates above chance. Relevant features include what is popularly known as a <a href="/wiki/Gay_lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay lisp">gay lisp</a>: in fact, the articulation of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> with a higher frequency and longer duration than average speakers. Also, gay men may tend to <a href="/wiki/Raising_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising (phonetics)">lower</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set#Wells_Standard_Lexical_Sets_for_English" title="Lexical set"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000021-QINU`"'</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/DRESS_lexical_set" class="mw-redirect" title="DRESS lexical set"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>, especially in "fun" or casual social situations. Many gay speech characteristics match those that other speakers use when trying to speak especially clearly or carefully, including (over-)enunciating and widening the vowel spaces in the mouth. The notion that some gay male speech entirely imitates women's speech is inaccurate, though certain vocal qualities are certainly shared between the two speech styles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has also shown unique speech of gay men in other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican Spanish</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Dutch">Flemish Dutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Borsel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Borsel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lesbians">Lesbians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lesbians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Speech_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech scientist">Speech scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Munson_(professor)" title="Benjamin Munson (professor)">Benjamin Munson</a> confirmed such features among lesbians as the use of lower pitch and more direct communication styles found in previous studies,<sup id="cite_ref-atkins_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atkins-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus more backed variants of <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunsonMcDonaldDeBoeWhite2006205_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunsonMcDonaldDeBoeWhite2006205-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he noted too that differences between lesbians and straight women are "even more subtle" than differences between gay and straight men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunsonMcDonaldDeBoeWhite2006215_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunsonMcDonaldDeBoeWhite2006215-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one English-language experiment, listeners were unable to identify female speakers as either lesbian or straight based solely on voice.<sup id="cite_ref-moon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kul_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kul-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, lesbian speech studies have long been neglected, making introductory research difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study showed that speakers' self-assessed "familiarity with <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">culture</a>" had a statistically significant correlation with phonetic variation like lower median pitch and faster rate of speech, though mostly for straight women, somewhat for bisexual women, and not at all for lesbians. The study's author theorized that the straight women, aware of the study's purpose, may have been attempting to express their affinity with lesbians by adopting their stereotype of a lower pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-barr_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barr-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another experiment found that listeners indeed were able to accurately judge female speakers on a scale from "least" to "most likely to be a lesbian" (the slight lesbian and bisexual differences approaching statistical significance), perceiving the straight women as significantly more feminine, bisexual speakers as only slightly more, and lesbians as correlated with lower median pitch, wider pitch range, lower second formant, and more use of <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky voice</a>. However, no direct correlations between these phonetic variables and sexual orientation were found, perhaps with listeners identifying other features that were not tested.<sup id="cite_ref-barr_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barr-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguist <a href="/wiki/Robin_Queen" title="Robin Queen">Robin Queen</a> argues that analyses have been too simplistic and that a uniquely lesbian language is constructed through the combination of sometimes-conflicting <a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">stylistic tropes</a>: stereotypical women's language (e.g. hypercorrect grammar), stereotypical nonstandard forms associated with the (male) working class (e.g. contractions), stereotypical gay male lexical items, and stereotypical lesbian language (e.g. flat intonation, cursing). Sometimes lesbians deliberately avoid stereotypical female speech, according to Queen, in order to distance themselves from "normative" heterosexual female speech patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-queen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because femininity is a <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">marked style</a>, adopting it is more noticeable than avoiding it, which may add to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Social_salience" title="Social salience">socially salient</a> styles for lesbians in contrast with socially identifiable stereotypically gay male speech.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lesbians may have more slang than gay males, with one article listing nearly eighty common lesbian slang words for sexual acts and organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley1982_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley1982-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transgender_linguistics">Transgender linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transgender linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguistic research on the language of transgender communities has explored the gendered phonetic aspects of the voice, specific gendered lexical items (pronouns, identity labels, terms of address), as well as specific discursive practices within trans communities (pronoun introductions, coming out stories, linguistic activism). A <i>trans linguistic framework</i> has been developed and advocated for by linguist <a href="/wiki/Lal_Zimman" title="Lal Zimman">Lal Zimman</a>. This framework not only seeks to research the linguistic features and practices of transgender people, but to foreground the knowledge and experiences of trans communities and researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetics">Phonetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phonetics research has shown that the physical voices of <a href="/wiki/Trans_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans men">trans men</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Transmasculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmasculine">transmasculine</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">trans women</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Transfeminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfeminine">transfeminine</a>) individuals is often but not always affected by social and medical transition, including through <a href="/wiki/Voice_therapy_(transgender)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice therapy (transgender)">voice training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_shave" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheal shave">tracheal shaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">feminizing hormones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">masculinizing hormones</a>, or other drugs, all of which can alter <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistic</a> characteristics. A 2006 study noted that, after undergoing five <a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation#The_oral_cavity" title="Vocal resonation">oral resonance</a> sessions targeted at lip spreading and forward tongue carriage, ten transfeminine individuals demonstrated a general increase in the <a href="/wiki/Formant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Formant frequency">formant frequency</a> values F1, F2, and F3 as well as the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental frequency</a> value F0, meaning an overall higher vocal pitch, thus more closely approximating the desired vocal frequency of <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> women.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lal_Zimman" title="Lal Zimman">Lal Zimman</a>'s 2012 doctorate dissertation followed fifteen transmasculine individuals from the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> in a long-term study focused on <a href="/wiki/Formant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Formant frequency">formant</a> and fundamental frequency, for one to two years after the start of masculinizing <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">hormone replacement therapy</a> (HRT), concluding that all ten underwent a drop in fundamental frequency in the early stages of HRT but that social factors also affected many of the changes in voice and mannerisms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexicon_and_pronouns">Lexicon and pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lexicon and pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some research has focused on language change over time in the terminology used to talk about transgender people and communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimman_499_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimman_499-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early twentieth century, the work of German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld introduced two terms that were popularly used for transgender people throughout the 1900s: <i><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexual</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Transvestism" title="Transvestism">transvestite</a>.</i> In the 1990s, the term <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> became more widely used to refer to people who do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth. Histories of the word transgender often attribute the coining of the term to <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Prince" title="Virginia Prince">Virginia Prince</a>, an activist from Southern California, but note the term's rise in popularity with its use in <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Leslie Feinberg</a>'s book, <i>Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time has Come</i>. In the decades following the move to "transgender" as the most widely used community label, terminology used to refer to gender diverse communities has continued to expand, especially given the rapid pace of language shift in online trans communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimman_499_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimman_499-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research on the lexicon of <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people shows that they often use creative tactics to avoid specific physical or gender-specific characteristics of genital terms, including using certain words for specific genitalia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also use certain pronouns as <a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">singular they</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neopronoun" title="Neopronoun">neopronouns</a> and use different morphology in cases where the morphology is traditionally linked to gender, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Spanish" title="Gender neutrality in Spanish">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese" title="Gender neutrality in Portuguese">Portuguese</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discursive_practices">Discursive practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Discursive practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discursive practices that are relevant to transgender communities are also major topics of research within trans linguistics. Research on inclusive language reforms and linguistic activism has addressed ways that transgender communities have advocated for language change that recognizes the range of gender diversity. Some changes that trans advocates promote include using inclusive gender labels (e.g., 'hello everyone' as opposed to 'hello ladies and gentlemen' or 'students' as opposed to 'boys and girls') and respecting the linguistic choices of transgender people.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related to research on advocating for inclusive forms is research that explores the process of discursive self determination for transgender people, what Zimman calls "linguistic self-identification".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other discursive practices that have been studied in trans communities are coming out stories,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pronoun introductions, relationship to medical discourses,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discourses of the voice and masculinity,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and media representations of trans identities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-binary_people">Non-binary people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-binary people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Non-binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary">Non-binary</a> people may perform gender in a unique way through language. While a majority of research on nonbinary people has focused on lexical issues, there is growing research on phonetic features of nonbinary voices as well as discursive and language ideological issues related to nonbinary language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They may reject being referred to by gendered <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> like English <i>he</i> or <i>she</i>, and use <i>they</i>, <i>it</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Neopronoun" title="Neopronoun">neopronouns</a> which are not gendered or which indicate a nonbinary gender. English examples of neopronouns go back to the 1800s with <i>thon</i> and <i>e</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> newer pronouns include <i>ey</i>, <i>em</i>, <i>xe</i>, and <i>ve</i>. Nonbinary people may also use different words for traditionally gender-expressing relationships (e.g. <i>partner</i> instead of <i>boyfriend</i>). </p><p>The English <a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">singular <i>they</i></a> has several functions. Besides referencing to an unspecific person as in "the ideal student never forgets their homework", it is also used for specific people as in "Jayden forgot their homework".<sup id="cite_ref-Conrod_2019_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrod_2019-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singular <i>they</i> can vary in meaning, indicating either someone whose pronouns the speaker or writer does not know, or someone who is known to use <i>they</i> as their pronoun.<sup id="cite_ref-Conrod_2019_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrod_2019-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-binary–inclusive language includes terms besides pronouns, and depending on the language, other aspects of the language such as suffixes are also used differently. In Romance languages like French and Spanish, for example, affixes of nouns, adjectives and participles with gender agreement are changed, as well as pronouns and articles. Depending on the language and sociolinguistic factors, there are different approaches to undo the grammatical binary when speaking about people. For Spanish, the morphemes <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-x#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-x">-x</a></i></span> and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-e#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-e">-e</a></i></span> are used, and can be seen in terms like <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Latinx" title="Latinx">Latinx</a></i></span> and pronouns like <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Elle_(Spanish_pronoun)" title="Elle (Spanish pronoun)">elle</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in French, non-binary pronouns include <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">iel</i></span> (singular; plural: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">iels</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Portuguese speakers use the pronoun <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elu_(pronoun)" class="extiw" title="simple:Elu (pronoun)">elu</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows a wide variety of different forms used to avoid the binary. Kris Knisely states that using a comprehensible non-binary inclusive form has advantages in foreign language education.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For more gender neutral forms in different languages, see <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetics_2">Phonetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Building off work in trans linguistics that has explored the social construction of gender through different phonetic features, some sociophonetic work has looked at the voices of nonbinary people specifically. Gratton (2016) looked at (ING) production and how nonbinary participants used variations of the feature to index nonbinary identities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Rechsteiner and Sneller found that nonbinary speakers produce (ING) at rates unlike either male or female speakers; however, nonbinary speakers used (ING) at rates similar to other nonbinary speakers, suggesting the presence of a distinct nonbinary linguistic community.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slang">Slang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Slang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">LGBTQ slang</a></div> <p>Specialized dictionaries that record gay and lesbian slang tend to revolve heavily around sexual matters, which may reflect the publications' methodological assumptions about the hyper-sexuality of conversations among LGBTQ people.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study showed gay pornographic imagery to men and asked them to discuss the imagery, finding that conversations between gay men used more slang and fewer commonly-known terms about sexual behavior than conversations where both participants were heterosexual males or where the pair consisted of one heterosexual and one homosexual male.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumby_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumby-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methodological issues of this study may include that the findings reflect homophobia among the heterosexual participants.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have also been done into whether words used within the gay community are understood by heterosexuals. A study of Deaf <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> users showed that all the gay male participants understood the sign for a <a href="/wiki/Gay_bathhouse" title="Gay bathhouse">bathhouse</a> and that 83% of lesbians knew the sign. This compared to zero heterosexual men and only one out of eleven heterosexual women knowing the sign.<sup id="cite_ref-RudnerButowsky_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RudnerButowsky-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Dyke""><span id=".22Dyke.22"></span>"Dyke"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: "Dyke""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dyke_(slang)" title="Dyke (slang)">Dyke (slang)</a></div> <p>One prominent example of LGBTQ slang is the rising <a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">reappropriation</a> among lesbians of the word "<a href="/wiki/Dyke_(slang)" title="Dyke (slang)">dyke</a>". Though still in many contexts considered <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>, "dyke" has become a symbol for increasing acceptance of the lesbian movement and identity. Lesbians themselves use it to further solidarity and unity among their community. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Dyke_march" title="Dyke march">dyke marches</a> (female-exclusive <a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">pride parades</a>), "dykes with tykes" (describing <a href="/wiki/LGBT_parenting" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT parenting">lesbian motherhood</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Dykes_to_Watch_Out_For" title="Dykes to Watch Out For">Dykes to Watch Out For</a></i> (a comic strip that ran for 25 years), and <a href="/wiki/Dykes_on_Bikes" title="Dykes on Bikes">Dykes on Bikes</a> (a motorcycle group that traditionally leads the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Pride</a> parade). Like other minorities, lesbians are slowly reclaiming a word that was once used to hurt them in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley1982_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley1982-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This even had legal repercussions, in that the "Dykes on Bikes" group was formally known as the "Women's Motorcycle Contingent" since they were refused the right to register under their preferred name by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a>, until 2006 when they finally were able to trademark the name, having persuaded the Office that "dyke" was not an offensive word.<sup id="cite_ref-Raab_2006_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raab_2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCLR_Winter_2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCLR_Winter_2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Faggot""><span id=".22Faggot.22"></span>"Faggot"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Faggot""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Faggot_(slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faggot (slang)">Faggot (slang)</a></div> <p>Faggot, often shortened to fag, is a usually pejorative term used chiefly in North America primarily to refer to a gay man or boy.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference.com_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-American_Heritage_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Heritage-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some gay men have reclaimed the term as a neutral or positive term of self-description.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside its use to refer to gay men in particular, it may also be used as a pejorative term for a "repellent male" or to refer to women who are lesbian.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Heritage_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Heritage-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spears_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spears-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use has spread from the United States to varying extents elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> through mass culture, including film, music, and the Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_about_the_reasons_for_differences_in_language_use">Theories about the reasons for differences in language use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theories about the reasons for differences in language use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally it was believed that one's way of speaking is a result of one's identity, but the <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernist</a> approach reversed this theory to suggest that the way we talk is a part of identity formation, specifically suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> is variable and not fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (May 2018)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the early 20th century sexuality-related theories about language were common (for example, <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a> and his theories of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>), using a quite different basis from that used by modern studies on this topic. One of these early views was that homosexuality was a <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">pathology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, however the LGBTQ community was increasingly viewed as an oppressed minority group, and scholars began to investigate the possibility of characterizing gay language use in a different way, influenced in part by studies of <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>. There was a shift in beliefs from language being a result of identity to language being employed to <i>reflect</i> a shared social identity and even to <i>create</i> sexual or gender identities.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_use_as_performance">Language use as performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language use as performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shared ways of speaking can be used to create a single, cohesive identity that in turn help organize political struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a> is one form of <a href="/wiki/Social_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social identity">social identity</a>, discursively constructed and represented. This shared identity can in some cases be strengthened through shared forms of language use and used for political organizing. Language can be used to negotiate relations and contradictions of gender and sexual identities, and can <a href="/wiki/Indexicality" title="Indexicality">index</a> identity in various ways, even if there is no specific gay or lesbian code of speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-mor_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mor-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gay men and lesbians may, through the use of language, form speech communities. A <a href="/wiki/Speech_community" title="Speech community">speech community</a> is a community that shares linguistic traits and tends to have community boundaries that coincide with social units. Membership in speech communities is often assumed based on stereotypes about the community as defined by non-linguistic factors.<sup id="cite_ref-bar7_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar7-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers may resist culturally dominant language and oppose cultural authority by maintaining their own varieties of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-bar5_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar5-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gender_performativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender performativity">Gender performativity</a> relates to speech in that people may consciously or unconsciously modify their speech styles to conform with their <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a>, which men often pick speech styles that reflect the culturally defined standards of masculinity. Gay men may be associated with "femininity" in their speech styles because others perceive that their speech performance does not conform with their gender. </p><p>For example, in the west, parodies of gay styles employ resources that are heard as hyper-feminine, supporting that gay speech is feminine.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because many speech varieties associated with 'masculinity' are learned and not biological, certain gay men may be using a wider variety of speech than a stereotypical 'masculine' male. </p><p>These stylistic innovations are made possible by the <a href="/wiki/Citationality" title="Citationality">iterability</a> of speech, and are used to index elements of identity that often do not conform with the <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">gender binary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, lesbian women already have a wider variety of speech available, yet refrain from using a distinctive style of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masculinity, and speech associated with a heterosexual male, is constrained by cultural expectations for men to avoid '<a href="/wiki/Abjection" title="Abjection">abjection</a>' (as further elaborated in <i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i>);<sup id="cite_ref-Butler,_Judith_2007_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler,_Judith_2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> power differences amongst the genders may lead to speakers adopting different speech styles that conform with their identities, or expected <a href="/wiki/Gender_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender performance">gender performances</a> (e.g. adolescent males often use the term 'fag' to police one another, which challenges their sexual orientation through gender performance, and reinforces the avoidance of the 'abject' or femininity).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Masculine' speech is associated with non-feminine sounding speech and because some gay men may not wish to identify with straight masculine speech in some contexts, they may access other speech styles to convey their identity (because the possibilities have two options, 'masculine' or 'feminine,' to be not-'masculine' is often associated with 'feminine'). The boundary between 'masculine' and 'feminine' is maintained by cultural norms and societal orders, that do not permit masculinity to include femininity, the abject.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler,_Judith_2007_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler,_Judith_2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Language use can also mimic culturally dominant forms or stereotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crom_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crom-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performing identity can only work as long as the indexes used are conventional and socially recognized, which is why stereotypes are sometimes adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-kul_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kul-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Community members can establish their affiliation with the group through shared ways of speaking, acting, and thinking. Such discourses may in turn reproduce or modify social relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, however, such a code may fall out of use when it becomes widely known and therefore no longer exclusive, as occurred with <a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a> after it was used on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a particular example of how this process of language community formation happens in a specific LGBTQ community, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people and <a href="/wiki/Transvestism" title="Transvestism">transvestites</a> may use vocabulary that includes members and excludes non-members to establish social identity and solidarity and to exclude outsiders. As these social groups are particularly likely to be viewed negatively by outsiders, the use of a private language can serve to keep membership in the group a secret to outsiders while allowing group members to recognize their own.<sup id="cite_ref-crom_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crom-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some members of a community may use stylistic and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatic</a> devices to index and exaggerate orientations and identities, but others may deliberately avoid stereotypical speech.<sup id="cite_ref-crom_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crom-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gender is frequently indexed indirectly, through traits that are associated with certain gender identities. In this way, for example, speaking forcefully is associated with <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> but also with confidence and authority.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly, LGBTQ speech has a relationship with the speaker's <a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">community of practice</a>. Speakers may have a shared interest, and respond to a mutual situation, and through communicating regularly they may develop certain speech norms. The innovative speech norms that LGBTQ people may use within their communities of practice can be spread through institutions like schools where person of many classes, races, and genders come together. These particular speech traits may be spread through the adoption of use by people with association to LGBTQ identities.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goals_of_distinctive_language_use_among_gay_men">Goals of distinctive language use among gay men</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Goals of distinctive language use among gay men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People often are members of multiple communities, and which community they want to be most closely associated with may vary. For some gay men, the primary self-categorization is their identity as gay men. To achieve recognition as such, gay men may recognize and imitate forms of language that reflect the social identity of gay men, or which are stereotypically considered to be characteristic to gay men.<sup id="cite_ref-bar7_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar7-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the use of female <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">pronouns</a> dissociates gay men from heterosexual norms and designates them in opposition to heterosexual masculinity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for using female pronouns and the frequency of use may vary, however. For example, they may be used only in jest, or may be used more seriously to stabilize a group of gay men and bond its members together.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goals_of_distinctive_language_use_among_lesbians_and_heterosexual_women">Goals of distinctive language use among lesbians and heterosexual women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Goals of distinctive language use among lesbians and heterosexual women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of gay identity may differ for men and women. For many women, regardless of orientation, female identity is more important than sexual identity. Where gay men feel a need to assert themselves against male heterosexual norms, lesbians may be more concerned about <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> than about lesbian identity.<sup id="cite_ref-zwick_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zwick-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most studies of lesbian speech patterns focus on conversational patterns, as in Coates and Jordan (1997) and Morrish and Saunton (2007). Women draw on a variety of discourses, particularly <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> discourses, to establish themselves as not submissive to <a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">heteropatriarchy</a> by using cooperative all-female talk, which is marked by less distinct turns and a more collaborative conversational environment. Often the conversational bond between women overrides their sexual identities.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the content of lesbian discourse can separate those who use it from <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormativity</a> and the values of dominant cultures. Collaborative discourse involves resisting dominant <a href="/wiki/Gender_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender norms">gender norms</a> through more subtle creation of solidarity, and not necessarily resisting "gender-typical" linguistic behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-mor_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mor-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a distinctive way of speaking for a female community is that of female bikers. <a href="/wiki/Dykes_on_Bikes" title="Dykes on Bikes">Dykes on Bikes</a>, a mostly lesbian group, and Ladies of Harley, a mostly heterosexual group, have demonstrated shared experiences. Though the two cultures differ, both have a focus on female bonding and motorcycles and have a shared female biker language. Their shared language helps to establish their shared identity in a largely male-dominated domain and to mark boundaries between them and traditional femininity.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_styles_of_speech">Changing styles of speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Changing styles of speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changing speech styles can indicate which identity individuals want to put forward as primary at a given time. <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a> is often used to describe the switching of languages or language styles, within a sentence or conversation. <a href="/wiki/Raciolinguistics#:~:text=Raciolinguistics_examines_how_language_is,influence_language_and_language_use." title="Raciolinguistics">Raciolinguistic</a> scholars discuss code switching in terms of race, but as discussed, language also forms gender & sex through systemic designs that influence social concepts. Choices of slang use among gay men depend on the audience and context,<sup id="cite_ref-zwick_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zwick-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shift depending on situational needs such as the need to demonstrate or conceal gay identity in a particular environment. Likewise, lesbians may foreground lesbian identity in some contexts but not in others.<sup id="cite_ref-mor_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mor-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podesva discusses an example of code-switching where a gay lawyer is being interviewed about anti-gay discrimination on the radio, so he balances the need to sound recognizably gay and the need to sound recognizably educated, since "gay speech" tends to be associated with frivolity and lack of education.<sup id="cite_ref-pod_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pod-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Exploratory switching" can be used to determine whether an interlocutor shares the speaker's identity. For example, a gay man might use certain key words and mannerisms generally known by the community as a test to see whether they are recognized by the interlocutor. This allows the gay man to establish solidarity with a community member previously unknown to him without having to disclose his orientation to a heterosexual and potentially hostile person. However, inconsistency of language use between different sub-groups of the LGBTQ community, along with the existence of non-members who may be familiar with a gay mode of speech, can make such exploratory switching unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-bar7_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar7-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People may also use code-switching to comment on society or for entertainment. Black drag performers often use stereotypical "female white English" to disrupt societal assumptions about gender and ethnicity and to express criticisms of these assumptions. Imitations do not necessarily represent actual language use of a group, but rather the generally recognized stereotypical speech of that group. In the language of drag performers, language play is also marked by juxtaposition of contradictory aspects such as very proper language mixed with obscenities, adding to the queens' and kings' deliberate disruption of cultural and linguistic norms.<sup id="cite_ref-bar5_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar5-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_with_studying_speech_patterns_in_relation_to_sexuality_and_sexual_identity">Issues with studying speech patterns in relation to sexuality and sexual identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Issues with studying speech patterns in relation to sexuality and sexual identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a> argues that the search for a link between sexual identity categories and language is misplaced, since studies have failed to show that the language gay men and lesbians use is unique. Kulick argues that though some researchers may be politically motivated to imagine an LGBTQ community that is a unified whole and identifiable through linguistic means, this <a href="/wiki/Speech_community" title="Speech community">speech community</a> does not necessarily exist as such. Kulick points out that the LGBTQ community is not homogeneous, nor is its language use. Features of "gay speech" are not used consistently by gay individuals, nor are they consistently absent from the speech of all heterosexual individuals. Further, Kulick takes issue with frequently circular definitions of queer speech. He argues that speech patterns cannot be labelled LGBTQ language simply because they are used by LGBTQ people.<sup id="cite_ref-kul_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kul-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies of a speech community that presuppose the existence of that community may reproduce stereotypes that fail to accurately depict the social reality of variance among subgroups within a community and overlapping identities for individuals. Furthermore, studies of gay male language use often look at <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a> who are <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">out</a> as gay to the exclusion of other subgroups of the LGBTQ community, and hence may draw misleading conclusions about the community as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-bar7_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar7-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Barrett" title="Rusty Barrett">Rusty Barrett</a> suggests that the idea of the homogeneous speech community could perhaps be more accurately replaced by one of a queer community based on community spirit or a queer cultural system, since language use varies so greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-bar7_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar7-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kulick proposes, instead of studying speech communities that he concludes "do not and cannot exist" because of methodological problems, researchers should study "language and desire" through examining repression in the context of linguistics, considering both what is said and what is not or cannot be said.<sup id="cite_ref-kul_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kul-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kulick addresses the need for consideration of the role of sexuality in sexual identity, unlike some lavender linguists who neglect sexuality in favor of linguistic features that might be more likely than sexuality to legitimize gay identity.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_with_over-generalizations_about_sexual_identities_and_linguistic_styles">Issues with over-generalizations about sexual identities and linguistic styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Issues with over-generalizations about sexual identities and linguistic styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inaccuracy_of_metonymic_models">Inaccuracy of metonymic models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Inaccuracy of metonymic models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prototype_theory" title="Prototype theory">Prototype theory</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Lakoff" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a> explained the inaccuracy of <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymic models</a>, through which people jump to conclusions without sufficient elaboration, giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Prototype_theory" title="Prototype theory">prototype effects</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Women,_Fire,_and_Dangerous_Things" title="Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things">Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things</a></i>. First of all, we commonly consider typical examples as the better examples of a category. For instance, in the category of fruits, apples and oranges are typical examples. It is common practice that we engage in reasoning by making inferences from typical to non-typical examples. As a matter of fact, an enormous amount of our knowledge about categories of things is organized in terms of typical cases. We constantly draw inferences on the basis of that kind of knowledge. Second, salient examples, which are familiar and memorable, are unconsciously used in our understanding of things. For instance, if one's best friend is a vegetarian and they do not know any others well, they will tend to generalize from their best friend to other vegetarians. This is what Tversky and Kahneman referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Conjunction_fallacy" title="Conjunction fallacy">conjunction fallacy</a>". To understand this notion via <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a>, think of two mutually unrelated events. The theory assumes that the likelihood of the co-occurrence of the two events is lower than that of the occurrence of either, ignoring the fact that the two events are actually unrelated to one another. To understand this with regards to lavender linguistics, just because two individuals are both self-identified bisexual males does not necessarily mean that they must engage in the same linguistic patterns and social styles. The failure to capture this asymmetry between prototypical and non-prototypical cases results in ineffective study of lavender linguistics. Typical and salient examples are just two kinds of metonymic models. Others include social stereotypes, ideal cases, paragons, generators, and submodels.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakoff_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakoff-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presence_of_overlaps">Presence of overlaps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Presence of overlaps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant multitude of scholastic studies have shown that the linguistic styles of <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> and straight people are not mutually exclusive. Munson et al. (2006), for instance, examined the gradient nature of perceived sexual orientation by having 40 listeners rate 44 talkers' sexual orientation on a five-point equally appearing interval scale. The 44 talkers included equal number of LGBT and straight people. When averaged across the 40 listeners, ratings for individual talkers showed some overlap between LGBT and straight people. For example, the two men who were tied with the most-gay average ratings included one self-identified straight man, and one self-identified gay man. While there are group level differences between LGBT and straight people in the gay soundness of their voices, overlap does exist, providing a serious challenge to a simple model in which speech differences were the inevitable consequence of sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-Munson_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munson-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that there is no clean cut between the linguistic patterns of LGBT and straight people suggests that too many generalizations in the study of language and gender can be dangerous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplicity_of_social_identity">Multiplicity of social identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Multiplicity of social identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></div> <p>Contemporary sociolinguistic studies suggest that <a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">styles</a> are learned, rather than assigned at the time of birth. With that said, identities emerge in a time series of social practice, through the combined effects of structure and agency. Because <a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">social identities</a> are not static, the <a href="/wiki/Speech_community" title="Speech community">speech community model</a>, which was traditionally employed as a sociolinguistic framework in the study of language and gender, is not as reliable as the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">community of practice model</a>, the new framework emerged from <a href="/wiki/Practice_theory" title="Practice theory">practice theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bucholtz1999a_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucholtz1999a-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, because social identities are not static, speech styles are actively subject to change, such that one's speech styles have different social meanings across time. Similarly, it is possible for an individual to engage in multiple identity practices simultaneously, and move from one identity to another unconsciously and automatically, and thus the term polyphonous identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bucholtz1999_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucholtz1999-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podesva (2004) is a paper that studies recordings of a gay medical student, whom he called "Heath", as he moved through different situations in the course of his everyday life. The fact that Heath's pronunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar stops">voiceless alveolar stop</a>, /t/, varies when he deals with different groups of people suggest not only some of gay people's speech features, but also the multiplicity of a person's social identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Podesva2004_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podesva2004-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Podesva also examined the relationship between the California Vowel Shift (CVS) and the gay identity, again by investigating intra-speaker patterns in a single individual, Regan, as opposed to inter-speaker variation, and found that Regan, who is a self-identified gay Asian American, realized CVS differently depending on the context, whether it be a "boys' night out", "dinner with friend", or "meeting with supervisor".<sup id="cite_ref-Podesva_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podesva-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cross-situational patterns are critical in the sense that an individual's speech styles can change not only across time, but also across space, depending on which social identity the individual is attempting to engage in under a given situation. Overgeneralizations of social identity, however, overlook this intra-speaker variability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_non-Western_sexual_identities_and_their_language_use">Examples of non-Western sexual identities and their language use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Examples of non-Western sexual identities and their language use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to many language scholars, it is misleading to assume that all sex and gender roles are the same as those that are salient within <a href="/wiki/Western_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Western society">Western society</a> or that the linguistic styles associated with given groups will be like the styles associated with similarly identified Western groups.<sup id="cite_ref-buch_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buch-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bakla">Bakla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bakla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in the Philippines">LGBT culture in the Philippines</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Baklas</a> are homosexual <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino men</a>, but the concept of bakla identity does not map cleanly to Western male homosexuality. With baklas, as with other non-Western sexual minority groups, sexual identity is very closely related to gender identity. Baklas often assume female attributes and dress like women. They also use female terms for themselves and occasionally for their body parts, and are sometimes referred to and refer to themselves as not being "real men".<sup id="cite_ref-man_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they have contact with other gay cultures through technology, bakla culture remains fairly distinct. They have their own rapidly shifting linguistic code called <a href="/wiki/Swardspeak" title="Swardspeak">Swardspeak</a>, which is influenced by Spanish and English loan words. This code mostly consists of lexical items, but also includes sound changes such as [p] to [f]. Some baklas who move to the United States continue to use this code, but others abandon it, regarding it as a Filipino custom that is out of place abroad and replacing it with aspects of American gay culture.<sup id="cite_ref-man_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hijras">Hijras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hijras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra (South Asia)</a></div> <p>Hijras are Indians who refer to themselves as neither man nor woman. Some describe hijras as a "<a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third sex</a>". Their identity is distinct from a Western gay or transgender identity, though many hijras have male sexual partners. There is a distinctive mode of speech often attributed to hijras, but it is stereotypical, and frequently derogatory.<sup id="cite_ref-buch_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buch-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often the standard for Hijras to adopt feminine mannerisms, feminine gender agreement when addressing the self or other Hijaras, and pronouns, depending on context and their interlocutors, to create solidarity or distance.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 218–219">: 218–219 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also use stereotypically male elements of speech, such as vulgarity. Hijras often refer to themselves as masculine in the past tense and females in the present. Their combined use of masculine and feminine speech styles can be seen as reflecting their ambiguous sexual identities and challenging dominant sexuality and gender ideologies.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, hijras use grammar as a form of resistance against gender roles.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckert,_McConnell-Ginet-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 218–219">: 218–219 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Zwicky" title="Arnold Zwicky">Arnold Zwicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Binan" title="Bahasa Binan">Bahasa Binan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binnen-I" title="Binnen-I">Binnen-I</a>, a convention for gender-neutral language in German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Feminist language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_language" title="Gayle language">Gayle language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_male_speech" title="Gay male speech">Gay male speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_language" title="Gender-neutral language">Gender-neutral language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender" title="Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender">Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_and_gender-neutral_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns">Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">Singular they</a>, English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_(pronoun)" title="Ri (pronoun)">Ri (pronoun)</a>, Esperanto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elle_(Spanish_pronoun)" title="Elle (Spanish pronoun)">Elle (Spanish pronoun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hen_(pronoun)" title="Hen (pronoun)">Hen (pronoun)</a>, Swedish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iel_(pronoun)" title="Iel (pronoun)">Iel (pronoun)</a>, French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu_(Portuguese_pronoun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elu (Portuguese pronoun)">Elu (Portuguese pronoun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun_game" title="Pronoun game">Pronoun game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_never_married" title="He never married">He never married</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_linguistic_profiling" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT linguistic profiling">LGBT linguistic profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT slang">LGBT slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsiNgqumo" title="IsiNgqumo">IsiNgqumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajub%C3%A1" title="Pajubá">Pajubá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-socioling_dict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-socioling_dict_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-socioling_dict_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwannDeumertLillisMesthrie2004" class="citation book cs1">Swann, Joan; Deumert, Ana; Lillis, Theresa; Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). <i>A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics</i>. 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In García, Ofelia; Flores, Nelson; Spotti, Massimiliano (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/blog.nus.edu.sg/dist/d/3920/files/2016/10/Milani_2017-1g9k22t.pdf"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> - Oxford Handbooks Online. pp. 409–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190212896.013.17">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212896.013.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021289-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021289-6"><bdi>978-0-19-021289-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+Sexuality&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Language+and+Society&rft.pages=409-410&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+-+Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft.date=2017-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190212896.013.17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-021289-6&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Tomasso+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com%2Fblog.nus.edu.sg%2Fdist%2Fd%2F3920%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F10%2FMilani_2017-1g9k22t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegman1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gershon_Legman" title="Gershon Legman">Legman, G.</a> (1941). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 214–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Que%28e%29rying+Friendship%3A+Discourses+of+Resistance+and+the+Construction+of+Gendered+Subjectivity&rft.btitle=Queerly+Phrased%3A+Language%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=214-232&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Jordan%2C+Mary+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoans1995" class="citation book cs1">Joans, Barbara (1995). "Dykes on Bikes Meet Ladies of Harley". 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Chiacago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenfiredangero00lako/page/84">84–90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226468037" title="Special:BookSources/9780226468037"><bdi>9780226468037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Fire%2C+and+Dangerous+Things%3A+What+Categories+Reveal+about+the+Mind&rft.place=Chiacago&rft.pages=84-90&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780226468037&rft.aulast=Lakoff&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenfiredangero00lako&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munson-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Munson_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunsonBabel2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Munson_(professor)" title="Benjamin Munson (professor)">Munson, Benjamin</a>; Babel, Molly (2007). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 430–460.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Go+Suck+Your+Husband%27s+Sugarcane%21%27%3A+Hijras+and+the+Use+of+Sexual+Insult.&rft.btitle=Queerly+Phrased%3A+Language%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=430-460&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_linguistics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciis.edu/academics/graduate-programs/human-sexuality/lavender-languages-and-linguistics-conference-27th-annual-new-date-confirmed-may-21-23-2021">Annual Lavender Languages and Linguistics Conference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313233603/https://www.ciis.edu/academics/graduate-programs/human-sexuality/lavender-languages-and-linguistics-conference-27th-annual-new-date-confirmed-may-21-23-2021">Archived</a> 2021-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_slang_terms" title="Template:LGBTQ slang terms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_slang_terms" title="Template talk:LGBTQ slang terms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_slang_terms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ slang terms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lesbian,_gay,_bisexual,_transgender_and_queer_(LGBTQ)_slang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a>) <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">slang</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bareback (sex)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_(gay_culture)" title="Bear (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beard_(companion)" title="Beard (companion)">Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_beat" title="Gay beat">Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_and_femme" title="Butch and femme">Butch and femme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top,_bottom_and_versatile" class="mw-redirect" title="Top, bottom and versatile">Top, bottom and versatile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">Bottom surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeder_(slang)" title="Breeder (slang)">Breeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugchasing" title="Bugchasing">Bugchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_(slang)" title="Dyke (slang)">Bulldagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_(lesbian_slang)" title="Butch (lesbian slang)">Butch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_clone" title="Castro clone">Castro clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(gay_slang)" title="Chicken (gay slang)">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickenhawk_(gay_slang)" title="Chickenhawk (gay slang)">Chickenhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_(gay_slang)" title="Chub (gay slang)">Chub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_fetishism" title="Fat fetishism">Chubby chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottaging" title="Cottaging">Cottaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruising_for_sex" title="Cruising for sex">Cruising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daddy_(gay_slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daddy (gay slang)">Daddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)" title="Down-low (sexual slang)">Down-low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_(entertainment)" title="Drag (entertainment)">Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_(slang)" title="Dyke (slang)">Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_femme" class="mw-redirect" title="En femme">En femme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_homme" class="mw-redirect" title="En homme">En homme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faggot_(slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faggot (slang)">Fag (Faggot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fag_hag" title="Fag hag">Fag hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fag_stag" title="Fag stag">Fag stag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_queen_(drag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Female queen (drag)">Female queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">F2M/FTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femboy" title="Femboy">Femboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femme" title="Femme">Femme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Flagging (hanky code)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_Dorothy" title="Friend of Dorothy">Friend of Dorothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_(slang)" title="Fruit (slang)">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_(slang)#Fruit_fly" title="Fruit (slang)">Fruit fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-for-pay" title="Gay-for-pay">Gay-for-pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaydar" title="Gaydar">Gaydar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaymer" title="Gaymer">Gaymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Genderfuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_star_(slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold star (slang)">Gold star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_hole_(sexual_slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glory hole (sexual slang)">Glory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_until_graduation" title="Lesbian until graduation">Lesbian until graduation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_lesbian" title="Lipstick lesbian">Lipstick lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">M2F/MTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Muffing">Muffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-op_(transsexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-op (transsexual)">Non-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packing_(phallus)" title="Packing (phallus)">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(gender)" title="Passing (gender)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-op_(transsexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-op (transsexual)">Post-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-op_(transsexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-op (transsexual)">Pre-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(slang)" title="Queen (slang)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-life_experience_(transgender)" title="Real-life experience (transgender)">RLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemale" title="Shemale">Shemale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_butch" title="Soft butch">Soft butch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Scissoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">SRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_butch" title="Stone butch">Stone butch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(gender)#Stealth" title="Passing (gender)">Stealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swish_(slang)" title="Swish (slang)">Swish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottaging" title="Cottaging">Tea-room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">TERF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery_(female-to-male)#Mastectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery (female-to-male)">Top surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrolaryngoplasty" title="Chondrolaryngoplasty">Trache shave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(gay_slang)" title="Trade (gay slang)">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranny" title="Tranny">Tranny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_chaser" title="Trans chaser">Trans chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitioning_(transgender)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitioning (transgender)">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_(gay_slang)" title="Troll (gay slang)">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twink_(gay_slang)" title="Twink (gay slang)">Twink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Haul_lesbian" title="U-Haul lesbian">U-Haul lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn_hunting" title="Unicorn hunting">Unicorn hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn-born_womyn" title="Womyn-born womyn">Womyn-born womyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-486j8","wgBackendResponseTime":228,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.088","walltime":"1.295","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6507,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":219425,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4150,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":323831,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1108.362 1 -total"," 40.94% 453.734 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.67% 251.312 36 Template:Cite_book"," 10.38% 115.074 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.76% 108.166 27 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.47% 105.011 1 Template:LGBTQ_sidebar"," 8.96% 99.308 7 Template:Lang"," 6.74% 74.689 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.04% 55.828 2 Template:Sfn"," 4.42% 48.995 1 Template:Globalize"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.703","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18367618,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAshley1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkins1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrett1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrett1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarron-Lutzross2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBucholtz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBucholtzHall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBucholtzLiangSutton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameronKulick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarewDacakisOates2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoatesJordan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConrod2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCromwell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEckertMcConnell-Ginet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldBuadesGonzález2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrafLippa1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGratton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallO\u0026#039;Donovan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoans1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnisely2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonnelly2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulick2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakoff1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeap1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegman1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivia1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiviaHall1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLumby1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManalansan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoonwomon1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoonwomon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorganWood1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrishSaunton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunsonBabel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunsonMcDonaldDeBoeWhite2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Center_for_Lesbian_Rights2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPascoe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodesva2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodesva2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodesvaRobertsCampbell-Kibler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQueen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaab2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRechsteinerSneller2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudnerButowsky1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpears2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwannDeumertLillisMesthrie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_BorselDe_BruynLefebvreSokoloff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_BorselVandaeleCorthals2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmanHall2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmanHayworth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZottola2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZwicky1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Lavender Linguistics\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Globalize\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"LGBT slang\"] = 1,\n [\"LGBTQ sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Linguistics\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Sc2\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Verification needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xl5gk","timestamp":"20241124055748","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"LGBTQ linguistics","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LGBTQ_linguistics","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6502543","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6502543","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-04-20T23:35:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T09:49:47Z","headline":"study of language used by LGBTQ"}</script> </body> </html>