CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="yue" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>犒賞系統 - 維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zh_yuewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "yue","wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"1f78aae2-e19b-4fb4-a8c2-af5b2d6c1c88","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"犒賞系統","wgTitle":"犒賞系統","wgCurRevisionId":2188542,"wgRevisionId":2188542,"wgArticleId":267128,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive模wayback連結","正文","有英文嘅文章","Pages using div col with small parameter","神經科學"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"yue","wgPageContentLanguage":"yue","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"犒賞系統","wgRelevantArticleId":267128,"wgTempUserName":null,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"yue","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"yue"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q670713","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.HanTS-conv","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg/1200px-ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1555"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg/800px-ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1036"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg/640px-ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="829"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="犒賞系統 - 維基百科，自由嘅百科全書"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh-yue.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="編輯" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="維基百科 (yue)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh-yue"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="維基百科嘅Atom Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-犒賞系統 rootpage-犒賞系統 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳去內容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站點"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主目錄" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主目錄</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主目錄</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 導覽 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" title="睇頭版[z]" accesskey="z"><span>頭版</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84"><span>目錄</span></a></li><li id="n-featuredcontent" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%A3%E5%98%A2"><span>正嘢</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%99%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BA%8B" title="提供而家發生嘅事嘅背景資料"><span>時人時事</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%98%AF%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88" title="是但載入一版[x]" accesskey="x"><span>是但一版</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC"><span>關於維基百科</span></a></li><li id="n-聯絡處" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%A1%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B"><span>聯絡處</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 交流 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-說明書" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents"><span>說明書</span></a></li><li id="n-城市論壇" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87"><span>城市論壇</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%82" title="關於呢個計劃，你可以做乜，應該要點做"><span>社區大堂</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9" title="列出呢個 wiki 中嘅最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近修改</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="維基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh_yue.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh_yue.svg" width="120" height="16" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搵維基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>查嘢</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搵維基百科" aria-label="搵維基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搵維基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搵嘢</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="個人架生"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="閱讀設定" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">閱讀設定</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_zh-yue.wikipedia.org&uselang=yue" class=""><span>捐畀維基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E9%96%8B%E6%88%B6&returnto=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="建議你開返個戶口簽到，不過唔做都無所謂。" class=""><span>開戶口</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%B0%BD%E5%88%B0&returnto=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="唔係是必要簽到，但建議你噉做。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>簽到</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="多啲選項" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="個人架生" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">個人架生</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用戶選單" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_zh-yue.wikipedia.org&uselang=yue"><span>捐畀維基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E9%96%8B%E6%88%B6&returnto=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="建議你開返個戶口簽到，不過唔做都無所謂。"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>開戶口</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%B0%BD%E5%88%B0&returnto=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="唔係是必要簽到，但建議你噉做。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>簽到</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站點"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目錄" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-基礎概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基礎概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>基礎概念</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-基礎概念-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去基礎概念細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-基礎概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-犒賞概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#犒賞概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>犒賞概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-犒賞概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進化思考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進化思考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>進化思考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-進化思考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-涉及結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#涉及結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>涉及結構</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-涉及結構-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去涉及結構細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-涉及結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-重要通道" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重要通道"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>重要通道</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重要通道-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-底層結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#底層結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>底層結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-底層結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-線條體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#線條體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>線條體</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-線條體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-前額皮層" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#前額皮層"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>前額皮層</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-前額皮層-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-快感中心" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#快感中心"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>快感中心</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-快感中心-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-個體差異" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#個體差異"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>個體差異</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-個體差異-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-比較研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#比較研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>比較研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-比較研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-價值量化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#價值量化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>價值量化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-價值量化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-精神醫學研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#精神醫學研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>精神醫學研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-精神醫學研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-遊戲設計研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遊戲設計研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>遊戲設計研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遊戲設計研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>英詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">犒賞系統</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有23種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A3%D8%A9" title="نظام المكافأة – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام المكافأة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A3%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="نظام المكافأه فى الدماغ – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نظام المكافأه فى الدماغ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCkafat_sistemi" title="Mükafat sistemi – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mükafat sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Σύστημα επιβράβευσης – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύστημα επιβράβευσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Reward system" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_recompensa" title="Sistema de recompensa – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de recompensa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2" title="سامانه پاداش مغز – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه پاداش مغز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_r%C3%A9compense" title="Système de récompense – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système de récompense" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A7" title="מערכת החיזוק – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת החיזוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="पुरस्कार प्रणाली – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुरस्कार प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_di_ricompensa" title="Sistema di ricompensa – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema di ricompensa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E9%85%AC%E7%B3%BB" title="報酬系 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="報酬系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%83%81%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="보상시스템 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보상시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloningssysteem" title="Beloningssysteem – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beloningssysteem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_nagrody" title="Układ nagrody – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ nagrody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_recompensa" title="Sistema de recompensa – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de recompensa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Система вознаграждения – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система вознаграждения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%B6ningssystem" title="Belöningssystem – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belöningssystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="ระบบรางวัล – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบรางวัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%BCl_sistemi" title="Ödül sistemi – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ödül sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Система винагород – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система винагород" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_ph%E1%BA%A7n_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Hệ thống phần thưởng – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống phần thưởng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B5%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="犒赏系统 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犒赏系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q670713#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&oldid=2188542" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&id=2188542&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%258A%2592%25E8%25B3%259E%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%258A%2592%25E8%25B3%259E%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reward_system" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q670713" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87" title="呢篇係一篇正文。撳呢度睇吓更多嘅資料。"><img alt="呢篇係一篇正文。撳呢度睇吓更多嘅資料。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg/152px-ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg/228px-ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg/304px-ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Woman_drinking_water.jpg/132px-Woman_drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Woman_drinking_water.jpg/198px-Woman_drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Woman_drinking_water.jpg/264px-Woman_drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannah_%26_Addaline_Clara_Romaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hannah_%26_Addaline_Clara_Romaine.jpg/126px-Hannah_%26_Addaline_Clara_Romaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hannah_%26_Addaline_Clara_Romaine.jpg/189px-Hannah_%26_Addaline_Clara_Romaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hannah_%26_Addaline_Clara_Romaine.jpg/252px-Hannah_%26_Addaline_Clara_Romaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romancelove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Romancelove.jpg/158px-Romancelove.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Romancelove.jpg/237px-Romancelove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Romancelove.jpg/316px-Romancelove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">會令犒賞系統有反應嘅嘢－<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="嘢食">嘢食</a>（左上）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>（右上）同埋人與人之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%AA%E5%AF%86" title="情感親密">情感聯繫</a>（下）。</div></div></div></div> <p><b>犒賞系統</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/犒賞系統/#yue"><span>hou<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> soeng<span class="Jpingtone">2</span> hai<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> tung<span class="Jpingtone">2</span></span></a></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en">reward system</span>），又或者叫<b>報償系統</b>，係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>上嘅一個概念。犒賞系統包括咗一拃緊密相連嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>結構，呢啲結構一齊負責控制一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>）追求令佢哋<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%84%9F" title="快感">愉悅</a>嘅嘢。「令隻動物愉悅嘅嘢」包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="嘢食">嘢食</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>呢啲生存必需要嘅物品、人與人之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%AA%E5%AF%86" title="情感親密">情感聯繫</a>、以至<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="打機">打機</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82" title="娛樂">娛樂</a>活動呀噉－而呢啲嘢就係神經科學上所講嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="心理犒賞">犒賞</a><sup id="cite_ref-schultz2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schultz2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berridge2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berridge2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由日常用活嘅觀察經已可知，好味嘅嘢食同水、人之間情感上嘅親密、以及打機等嘅娛樂活動都有一個共同點－呢啲嘢都能夠令人得到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%84%9F" title="快感">快感</a>。响廿世紀，神經科學同心理學等領域嘅研究者用咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a>（指一啲能夠整<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="影像">影像</a>嚟描繪<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>嘅狀態嘅技術）觀察人同第啲動物嘅腦喺面對呢啲事物嗰陣會起乜嘢變化，發現呢啲嘢會引起嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="腦活動">腦活動</a>規律有好多相似之處－有幾個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>硬係會對呢啲嘢有反應；於是學界就有咗「犒賞系統」嘅諗頭，主張犒賞系統包括嘅神經系統結構會負責控制一個人面對犒賞嗰陣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>變化<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>對犒賞系統嘅研究好有實用價值：喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a>上已經知道，有唔少<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="心理病">心理病</a>查實都係同犒賞系統失靈有啦掕，例如一個人對<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99%E8%8D%89" title="煙草">煙</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒">酒</a>等嘅物質<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="上癮">上癮</a>，好多時都涉及佢個犒賞系統對搞到佢上癮嗰種物質有異常咁勁嘅反應，令到佢有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a>要係噉走去吸嗰樣物質<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；另一方面，<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="遊戲設計">遊戲設計</a>同相關嘅領域嘅研究者又有興趣了解人嘅犒賞系統係點運作嘅，諗住靠呢啲知識嚟<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="設計">設計</a>出令<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A9%E5%AE%B6" title="玩家">玩家</a>想一玩再玩嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="遊戲">遊戲</a><sup id="cite_ref-hoden2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoden2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基礎概念"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E7.A4.8E.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>基礎概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 基礎概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_Dim_Sum_Lunch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Example_of_Dim_Sum_Lunch.jpg/270px-Example_of_Dim_Sum_Lunch.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Example_of_Dim_Sum_Lunch.jpg/405px-Example_of_Dim_Sum_Lunch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Example_of_Dim_Sum_Lunch.jpg/540px-Example_of_Dim_Sum_Lunch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2779" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">一班人喺度<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E8%8C%B6" title="飲茶">飲晏晝茶</a>；張檯上面一籠籠<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%9E%E5%BF%83" title="點心">點心</a>望落聞落好好味噉，會啟動茶客嘅犒賞系統。</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auderghem_-_Region_Bruxelloise_-_Rouge-Clo%C3%AEtre_-_Asiatisches_Streifenh%C3%B6rnchen_-_P1010723_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Auderghem_-_Region_Bruxelloise_-_Rouge-Clo%C3%AEtre_-_Asiatisches_Streifenh%C3%B6rnchen_-_P1010723_%282%29.jpg/270px-Auderghem_-_Region_Bruxelloise_-_Rouge-Clo%C3%AEtre_-_Asiatisches_Streifenh%C3%B6rnchen_-_P1010723_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Auderghem_-_Region_Bruxelloise_-_Rouge-Clo%C3%AEtre_-_Asiatisches_Streifenh%C3%B6rnchen_-_P1010723_%282%29.jpg/405px-Auderghem_-_Region_Bruxelloise_-_Rouge-Clo%C3%AEtre_-_Asiatisches_Streifenh%C3%B6rnchen_-_P1010723_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Auderghem_-_Region_Bruxelloise_-_Rouge-Clo%C3%AEtre_-_Asiatisches_Streifenh%C3%B6rnchen_-_P1010723_%282%29.jpg/540px-Auderghem_-_Region_Bruxelloise_-_Rouge-Clo%C3%AEtre_-_Asiatisches_Streifenh%C3%B6rnchen_-_P1010723_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">動物唔使學都會識得做出「行埋嘢食度，再食咗嚿嘢食佢」噉嘅行為。</div></div></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a></div> <p><span id="犒賞概念"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="犒賞概念"><span id=".E7.8A.92.E8.B3.9E.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>犒賞概念</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 犒賞概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="心理犒賞">心理犒賞</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96" title="行為強化">行為強化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%84%9F" title="快感">快感</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%98%A2" title="食嘢">食嘢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E5%98%A2" title="飲嘢">飲嘢</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82" title="娛樂">娛樂</a></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上，犒賞系統係一柞<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>結構，共通點係會對犒賞一齊有反應。因為噉，要研究犒賞系統，首先就要解答 </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">乜嘢係</a>犒賞？</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>呢條問題。喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">動物行為學</a>同相關嘅領域上，一件<b>犒賞</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R 可以想像成具有以下呢幾種特性嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94" title="物體">物體</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="事件">事件</a><sup id="cite_ref-aharon2001_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aharon2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blood2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blood2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96" title="行為強化">行為強化</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：如果某樣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>能夠幫隻動物得到 R 嘅話，隻動物會做嗰樣行為嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a>或者強度會提升（用行話講，即係正行為強化引起<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>）－例：將一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="大鼠">大鼠</a>擺喺個<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91%E7%B4%8D%E7%AE%B1" title="斯金納箱">斯金納箱</a>入面，箱入面有一個隻大鼠掂得到嘅掣，每次隻大鼠撳嗰個掣嗰陣，研究員都俾<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="嘢食">嘢食</a>（R）佢；實證研究表明，噉樣做會令隻大鼠變成係噉勁撳個掣<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，即係會提升佢做「撳個掣」呢樣行為嘅機率<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>兩大行為模式： <ul><li><b>趨近行為</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span id="趨近行為"></span>：R 傾向一出現就會吸引隻動物行埋去佢嗰度－例：一般人喺準備<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%98%A2" title="食嘢">食嘢</a>（R：令佢開胃嘅嘢食）或者見到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8B%E5%8F%8B" title="朋友">朋友</a>（R：朋友）嗰陣都會傾向主動行埋去嗰樣嘢度，而呢樣嘢就係所謂嘅趨近行為。一般嚟講，緊隨喺趨近行為之後嘅會係消費行為（睇下面）。</li> <li><b>消費行為</b><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：指享用 R 需要做嘅嘢，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%98%A2" title="食嘢">食嘢</a>會涉及「攞起嚿嘢食」同「一啖咬落去嚿嘢度」等嘅動作<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同趨近行為比起嚟，消費行為一般都會多樣化啲，例：如果 R 係嘢食，R 對應嘅消費行為係<b>將 R 食落肚</b>，但如果 R 係朋友或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E4%BC%B4%E4%BE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="性伴侶">性伴侶</a>，噉<b>將 R 食落肚</b>唔會係適當嘅消費行為－每種 R 都有佢獨有嘅消費行為；相比之下，無論 R 係乜都好，趨近行為基本上就係<b>行埋去</b>咁簡單<sup id="cite_ref-wise2002_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wise2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%84%9F" title="快感">快感</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：得到 R 會令隻動物覺得享受；「快感」嘅概念原先俾人詬病話唔<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>，因為「快感呢家嘢要點樣<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>」係一個大問題－本來快感淨係有得靠人嘅口頭報告嚟得知，但打後<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>研究發現，响一個人話自己覺得有快感嗰陣，佢個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">腦</a>某啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%83%E5%BA%A6" title="濃度">濃度</a>會起變化（例子可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E9%85%9A" title="安多酚">安多酚</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="神經傳遞素">神經傳遞素</a>），而第啲動物嘅腦都會例如喺搵到嘢食嗰時出現啲噉嘅變化<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="進化思考"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E5.8C.96.E6.80.9D.E8.80.83"></span>進化思考</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 進化思考"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a></div> <p>犒賞系統嘅起源可以由<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a>嘅角度嚟思考：喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>嘅過程裏面，一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>實要能夠幫到隻動物生存同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>先可以傳到去<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E4%BB%A3" title="後代">後代</a>嗰度；一隻動物要維持自己存在，首先要有嘢食同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>，好似人呢啲有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%80%A7" title="社會性">社會性</a>嘅動物仲需要同自己同伴維持一定嘅關係（可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%AA%E5%AF%86" title="情感親密">情感親密</a>），而且無論係咪有社會性都好，一隻動物要能夠繁殖先可以將基因傳俾下一代，而繁殖嘅過程梗會涉及<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="性愛">性愛</a>；而家想像有兩隻個體 A 同 B， </p> <ul><li>A 嘅腦有犒賞系統，會主動行埋去呢啲對佢生存繁殖有利嘅嘢嗰度（趨近行為），仲會係噉勁做幫佢攞到呢啲嘢嘅行為（行為強化），</li> <li>而 B 唔曉做呢啲嘢，</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>上一般認為，A 成功噉生存同繁殖嘅機率會高過 B－即係 A 比較大機會能夠將「令佢個腦有犒賞系統」嘅基因傳俾下一代<sup id="cite_ref-blood2001_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blood2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；於是現存嘅動物<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>基本上冚唪唥都<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>到會具有某啲形式嘅犒賞系統，曉追求嘢食同性愛呢啲喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="進化史">進化史</a>上有助佢哋祖先生存同繁殖嘅嘢<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>有返咁上下高嘅動物（例如係人）當中，犒賞仲可以包埋隻動物嘅祖先喺進化史上冇接觸過嘅嘢：例如係<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2" title="錢">錢</a>噉，史前嘅人類祖先並唔知乜嘢係錢，噉樣因為錢係一樣由<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>發明用嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="貿易">貿易</a>嘅媒介；但到咗廿一世紀初，一般正常嘅人都能夠清楚噉知道錢嘅功能，明白攞到錢就可以用啲錢嚟換取令佢哋有快感嘅嘢，令到現代人會將錢同嘢食呢啲原始嘅犒賞<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="聯想性學習">聯想埋一齊</a>，於是錢呢樣嘢就變成咗犒賞嘅一種<sup id="cite_ref-wise2002_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wise2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pearce1980_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearce1980-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="涉及結構"><span id=".E6.B6.89.E5.8F.8A.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>涉及結構</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 涉及結構"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>犒賞系統嘅概念源於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅技術。神經造影泛指「用<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>方法產生<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="圖像">圖像</a>嚟描述一個受試者嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>嘅狀態」嘅技術，例子有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="磁力共振造影">磁力共振造影</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖">腦電圖</a>呀噉。响廿世紀初開始，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>等領域嘅研究者就有喺度運用神經造影，探討人同第啲動物喺面對犒賞嗰陣腦部會有乜嘢變化。犒賞系統嘅諗頭始源自 1954 年：當時有神經科學研究者將<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5" title="電極">電極</a>植入去大鼠嘅腦，諗住用啲電極嚟刺激啲大鼠嘅腦嘅某啲特定位置，呢啲電極駁住受試大鼠掂得到嘅掣；結果發現，啲大鼠話咁快就會學識係噉撳嗰啲掣，令啲電極刺激自己嘅腦；打後佢哋又有喺人類身上做同樣嘅實驗，搵到一樣嘅結果。於是當時嘅神經科學家就有咗個諗法：呢啲實驗搵到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>一受刺激就令隻動物覺得好有快感，所以令啲動物想呢啲腦區係噉受到刺激，而事實係打後嘅研究表明，嗰啲腦區又會喺隻動物追求或者攞到犒賞嗰陣有強烈嘅活動－帶起咗「犒賞系統」嘅諗法<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重要通道"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E9.80.9A.E9.81.93"></span>重要通道</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 重要通道"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6%E9%82%8A%E7%B7%A3%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="中腦邊緣通道">中腦邊緣通道</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="中腦皮層通道">中腦皮層通道</a></div> <p>根據廿一世紀初嘅理論模型，人類犒賞系統涉及嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="神經通道">神經通道</a>掂到嘅腦區主要係包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%81%B4%E8%A2%AB%E8%93%8B%E5%8D%80" title="腹側被蓋區">腹側被蓋區</a>（VTA）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a>（AMY）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a>（HIPP）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%A2%9D%E9%AB%94" title="線條體">線條體</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層">前額皮層</a>（PFC）。下圖係一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>由左面睇嘅切面圖，幅圖標示咗犒賞系統涉及嘅腦區同埋神經通道，每條神經通道嘅色水表示條通道由邊種<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="神經傳遞素">神經傳遞素</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>釋放嚟傳達訊號嘅特殊<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>）主導－ </p> <ul><li>GABA：<a href="/wiki/%CE%93-%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B8" title="Γ-氨基丁酸">γ-氨基丁酸</a></li> <li>Glutamine：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="穀氨酰胺">穀氨酰胺</a></li> <li>Dopamine：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA" title="多巴胺">多巴胺</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesocorticolimbic_Circuit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mesocorticolimbic_Circuit.png/450px-Mesocorticolimbic_Circuit.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mesocorticolimbic_Circuit.png/675px-Mesocorticolimbic_Circuit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Mesocorticolimbic_Circuit.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="底層結構"><span id=".E5.BA.95.E5.B1.A4.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>底層結構</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 底層結構"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%81%B4%E8%A2%AB%E8%93%8B%E5%8D%80" title="腹側被蓋區">腹側被蓋區</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%81%B4%E8%A2%AB%E8%93%8B%E5%8D%80" title="腹側被蓋區">腹側被蓋區</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：腹側被蓋區係位於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="中腦">中腦</a>最底嘅一個腦區；腹側被蓋區有份對「顯示有犒賞存在」嘅外界刺激（例如係「見到朋友」或者「聞到嘢食好香」噉）俾反應－VTA 有神經通道連去<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%9A%94%E6%A0%B8" title="伏隔核">伏隔核</a>—即係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6%E9%82%8A%E7%B7%A3%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="中腦邊緣通道">中腦邊緣通道</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—嗰一帶，又有通道連去<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層">前額皮層</a>—即係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="中腦皮層通道">中腦皮層通道</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—當一隻動物<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>到犒賞出現，伏隔核同前額皮層嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA" title="多巴胺">多巴胺</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%83%E5%BA%A6" title="濃度">濃度</a>會突然勁升，而呢啲多巴胺訊號係源自 VTA 嘅<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，話俾伏隔核同前額皮層知「有犒賞出現」<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berridge2008review_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berridge2008review-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。簡單噉講，伏隔核嗰頭啲腦區－例如係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a>－跟住會負責令隻動物出現<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>上起變化，準備好要採取行動嚟攞想要嘅犒賞，而前額皮層就負責比較「高層」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知功能">認知功能</a>，例如係「有<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>噉衡量件犒賞嘅價值」呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：杏仁核會由 VTA 嗰度收訊號，仲會射訊號去<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%9A%94%E6%A0%B8" title="伏隔核">伏隔核</a>。杏仁核掌控<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>，例如實驗性嘅研究就發現，用微弱<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="電流">電流</a>等嘅方法刺激杏仁核嘅某幾忽會搞到隻動物突然變得有<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E6%80%A7" title="攻擊性">攻擊性</a>，而刺激杏仁核嘅另外幾忽又會令隻動物突然間馴嗮<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。杏仁核主宰咗犒賞系統當中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="動機強度">動機強度</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：動機強度係指一個個體嘅行為有幾趨近一件物體或者事件，包括咗（例如）擺幾多<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>落去件物體事件嗰度呀噉，大致上反映隻動物「有幾想要嗰件犒賞」；而杏仁核引起嘅情緒變化會強烈噉影響隻動物對一件物體事件嘅動機強度，例如一件犒賞引起嘅情緒反應愈勁，隻動物就愈會想要件犒賞，就愈會（例如）<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="集中注意力">集中注意力</a>落去件犒賞身上<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/480px--Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="480" height="272" data-durationhint="77" data-mwtitle="Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-(Canis-Lupus)-pone.0016888.s002.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-(Canis-Lupus)-pone.0016888.s002.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="424" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>一隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼">狼</a>用對<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼">眼</a>𥄫實件物體（嘢食）；<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>集中點係<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>處理能力嘅集中之處，一隻動物用<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼">眼</a>－收集<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>資訊嘅器官－望實件物體通常表示，佢將自己嘅注意力集中咗喺嗰件物體上，覺得嗰件物體對佢嚟講重要。</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：海馬體係一個有好多功能嘅腦區，就連<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>（尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲起記憶</a>）都有佢份；而<b>海馬體前部</b><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅一個重要功能係幫犒賞系統處理<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%A8%E8%BF%91%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%A0%E9%9B%A2%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="趨近定遠離衝突">趨近定遠離衝突</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－趨近定遠離衝突係一種情況，指隻動物<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>到一個刺激，個刺激可以係犒賞、但又有可能係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%87%B2%E7%BD%B0" title="行為懲罰">會令佢覺得痛或者唔舒服嘅嘢</a>，例如佢離遠見到隻動物，隻動物有可能係同伴（犒賞）又有可能係<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="獵食者">獵食者</a>（行為懲罰），搞到隻動物想趨近隻動物但同時又想遠離佢<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；如果海馬體前部受到啟動，隻動物一般會進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%8E%E9%87%8D%E8%B6%A8%E8%BF%91" class="mw-redirect" title="慎重趨近">慎重趨近</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>狀態，即係話佢會作出趨近，但同時將<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>變成集中於留意周圍有冇危險，以便一旦真係有危險就可以即刻發覺同進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E9%AC%A5%E5%AE%9A%E9%80%83%E8%B5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="戰鬥定逃走">戰鬥定逃走</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>狀態<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="焦慮">焦慮</a>。</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242160">.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod{background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-title{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box{float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box .thumb{border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text .core{display:block;font-size:small;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-text .caption{line-height:1.25em;padding:6px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0;border:none;border-width:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-footer{text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}</style><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><th class="gallery-mod-title">人類犒賞系統嘅各區域（撳幅圖可以放大）</th></tr><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amygdala.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="紅色嗰嚿係杏仁核。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amygdala.gif/180px-Amygdala.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amygdala.gif/270px-Amygdala.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amygdala.gif/360px-Amygdala.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><center>紅色嗰嚿係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a>。</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>紅色嗰嚿係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a>。</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippocampus.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="紅色嗰嚿係海馬體。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hippocampus.gif/180px-Hippocampus.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hippocampus.gif/270px-Hippocampus.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hippocampus.gif/360px-Hippocampus.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><center>紅色嗰嚿係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a>。</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>紅色嗰嚿係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a>。</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Striatum.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="紅色嗰嚿係線條體。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Striatum.gif/180px-Striatum.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Striatum.gif/270px-Striatum.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Striatum.gif/360px-Striatum.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><center>紅色嗰嚿係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%A2%9D%E9%AB%94" title="線條體">線條體</a>。</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>紅色嗰嚿係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%A2%9D%E9%AB%94" title="線條體">線條體</a>。</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="線條體"><span id=".E7.B7.9A.E6.A2.9D.E9.AB.94"></span>線條體</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 線條體"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%A2%9D%E9%AB%94" title="線條體">線條體</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%A2%9D%E9%AB%94" title="線條體">線條體</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：線條體嘅功能大致上係由 VTA 嗰度接收「有犒賞出現」嘅訊號，然後再根據呢啲訊號引導隻動物做出<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學</a>返嚟嘅行為。按功能嚟分嘅話，線條體可以分做<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D" title="人體解剖學方位">腹側同背側</a>兩大區<sup id="cite_ref-stoof1984_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoof1984-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%81%B4%E7%B7%9A%E6%A2%9D%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="腹側線條體">腹側線條體</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%9A%94%E6%A0%B8" title="伏隔核">伏隔核</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：NAc 由 VTA 收訊號嗰陣會幫手學習新嘅行為，而由<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層">前額皮層</a>收訊號嗰陣會幫手引起行為。NAc 喺隻動物做緊有犒賞性嘅行為嗰時會啟動，而且 NAc 零舍會對自然犒賞－指嘢食同性愛等唔使學隻動物都知係犒賞嘅嘢－有強烈嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA" title="多巴胺">多巴胺</a>反應；NAc 同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="上癮">上癮</a>嘅現象好有啦掕－喺正常情況下，NAc 嘅多巴胺反應會隨住隻動物一再噉攞到件犒賞而減弱<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但多種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a>都能夠阻止呢種反應減弱，即係個人就算一再噉吸毒品，NAc 嘅多巴胺反應都唔減弱，而呢點俾人話係「對毒品上癮嘅人想係噉一再吸毒」嘅主因之一<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salgado2015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salgado2015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8C%E5%81%B4%E7%B7%9A%E6%A2%9D%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="背側線條體">背側線條體</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：背側線條體同「學識對件犒賞有反應」零舍有啦掕；當一隻動物持續噉接觸到一件犒賞，NAc 同 DS 之間會產生一個訊號迴圈，令到 NAc 能夠喺件犒賞唔實際存在嘅情境下啟動 DS 嘅反應，簡單講即係話 DS 令個人能夠喺接觸過件犒賞幾次之後，就開始能夠靠喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="腦海">腦海</a>入面憑空<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a>件犒賞嚟引起身體嘅「搵犒賞」反應，即係例如一個人，佢食過一味佢好鍾意嘅餸（犒賞）食過幾次，跟住佢變到一諗起嗰味餸就開胃，並且因此而會主動噉去搵嗰味餸嚟食。因為呢個緣故，DS 俾人指同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B4%E6%B1%82" title="渴求">渴求</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>好有關係，會搞到一個毒品上癮嘅人因為「係噉喺腦海入面想像件毒品曾經令自己幾咁興奮」而主動想要去搵件毒品<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="前額皮層"><span id=".E5.89.8D.E9.A1.8D.E7.9A.AE.E5.B1.A4"></span>前額皮層</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 前額皮層"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocolate_buttermilk_pound_cake,_January_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chocolate_buttermilk_pound_cake%2C_January_2011.jpg/270px-Chocolate_buttermilk_pound_cake%2C_January_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chocolate_buttermilk_pound_cake%2C_January_2011.jpg/405px-Chocolate_buttermilk_pound_cake%2C_January_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chocolate_buttermilk_pound_cake%2C_January_2011.jpg/540px-Chocolate_buttermilk_pound_cake%2C_January_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>家陣俾一個人喺「即刻攞到一件蛋糕」同「一個禮拜後攞到嗮成個蛋糕」當中二揀一，佢會點樣揀呢？</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層">前額皮層</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A3%E5%B8%B6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="扣帶皮層">扣帶皮層</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2%E6%8A%98%E6%89%A3" title="延遲折扣">延遲折扣</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層">前額皮層</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳類</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6" title="大腦">大腦</a>最外面嗰浸<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="神經組織">神經組織</a>）最近<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E9%A0%AD" title="額頭">額頭</a>嗰一橛，出嗮名專門幫手做一啲所謂嘅「高層」<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知功能">認知功能</a>，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>呀噉；前額皮層會由 VTA 嗰度接收多巴胺訊號，又能夠向伏隔核等嘅多個腦區傳<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="穀氨酰胺">穀氨酰胺</a>訊號－「能夠向伏隔核傳訊號」就表示，前額皮層有可能對伏隔核等嘅線條體結構作出一定程度嘅管控，而廿一世紀初嘅研究的確顯示，前額皮層會扮演啲噉嘅功能<sup id="cite_ref-koob2016_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koob2016-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frost2017_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost2017-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。前額皮層對犒賞系統嘅管控功能係<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%8E%A7" title="自控">自控</a>嘅重要一環： </p> <ul><li>首先想像<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2%E6%8A%98%E6%89%A3" title="延遲折扣">延遲折扣</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅概念：想像家陣擺隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="大鼠">大鼠</a>喺個籠入面，籠入面有兩個掣，撳 A 掣會即刻得到一粒嘢食，而撳 B 掣會喺 5 分鐘之後得到一粒一樣嘅嘢食，兩個掣喺撳咗一嘢之後 5 分鐘之內唔會有反應，結果通常係，隻大鼠肚餓嗰陣會走去撳 A 掣，但會對 B 掣不聞不問；另一方面，如果更改兩個掣嘅結構，變成撳 B 掣會喺 5 分鐘之後得到一嚿大嚿啲嘅嘢食嘅話，隻大鼠就比較有可能會對 B 掣有興趣－於是學界有咗個諗法，主張喺隻大鼠心目中，一嚿嘢食嘅主觀價值會隨住「得到佢要等嘅時間」而下降，而一樣事物隨住「得到樣嘢要等嘅時間」嘅主觀價值下降就係所謂嘅延遲折扣—由<b>延遲</b>造成嘅<b>折扣</b>。延遲折扣呢種現象喺人等嘅動物身上都可以觀察得到<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>根據廿一世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A%E6%8A%98%E6%89%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="雙曲線折扣">雙曲線折扣</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>模型，一件事物嘅主觀價值會跟從以下呢條式： <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(d)={\frac {1}{1+kd}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(d)={\frac {1}{1+kd}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458438d2677c61e1c31dc32b70e534536379f874" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:14.893ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(d)={\frac {1}{1+kd}}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li>當中 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(d)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(d)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/efbdcc6231e6d7bf0f57d2fbcad29c23fe012468" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.141ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(d)}"></span> 係<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E6%89%A3%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="折扣因素">折扣因素</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（指折扣之後淨低原本數值嘅幾多<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="百分比">百分比</a>，呢個數值愈細反映件嘢嘅主觀價值跌得愈勁），<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span> 係延遲（要等幾耐先可以得到件事物），而 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> 呢個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E6%95%B8" title="參數">參數</a>就主宰咗個個體嘅折扣程度，呢個參數大致反映咗個個體耐性有幾好<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li>延遲折扣係自控能力嘅重要一環：想像有個人，佢有個朋友喺度嘗試說服佢吸毒；佢有足夠嘅認知能力，知道啲毒品吸咗之後會喺短時間之內好興奮好過癮，但佢亦都知道，吸毒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="上癮">上癮</a>長遠嚟講係有好負面嘅後果嘅（長期會令自己得到嘅快感總量大跌）－即係話佢要喺「短期嘅細嚿利益」同「長期嘅大嚿利益」兩個選擇當中二揀一，就好似延遲折扣實驗嘅情境噉。事實係實證嘅心理學研究表明，人同人之間喺延遲折扣上有差異－有啲人會比較唔睇重長遠嘅利益（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> 數值比較大），令到佢哋主觀噉覺得長遠嘅大嚿利益冇咁有價值，即係比較傾向會為咗短期嘅快感而犧牲長期嘅利益<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>廿一世紀初嘅研究指，前額皮層响延遲折扣當中扮演咗重要嘅角色：有研究者試過一路用神經造影技術監察受試者嘅腦活動，一路要佢哋做延遲折扣決策（由一嚿細嘅短期利益同埋一嚿大嘅長期利益之間二揀一），發覺前額皮層某幾橛嘅活動同個體嘅 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> 有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E9%A1%AF%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="統計顯著性">顯著</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">相關</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－簡化噉講，前額皮層嘅神經細胞會<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="運算">運算</a>每個選項嘅價值（睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="效益">效益</a>），然後按每個選項嘅主觀價值嚟傳訊號去犒賞系統嘅其餘部份，調控嗰啲部份嘅活動，例如家陣前額皮層決定咗「短期快感嗰個選項冇長期利益嗰個咁好」，佢就會傳訊號阻止杏仁核產生「會引導個人去追求短期快感」嘅情緒變化。因為噉，前額皮層嘅功能對一個人嘅自控能力有深遠嘅影響<sup id="cite_ref-frost2017_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost2017-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="快感中心"><span id=".E5.BF.AB.E6.84.9F.E4.B8.AD.E5.BF.83"></span>快感中心</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 快感中心"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%84%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="快感中心">快感中心</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">操作制約</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%84%9F" title="快感">快感</a>係犒賞嘅重要一環：當一個人攞到同享用犒賞（佢會主動行埋去同埋嘗試攞嘅嘢）嗰陣，佢嘅腦活動會產生一啲特定嘅變化，而人類响經歷呢種變化嗰時，通常會話自己感受到愉悅嘅感覺；而雖然人以外嘅動物唔曉將自己嘅感受講俾研究者聽，但神經造影研究顯示，人以外嘅動物喺攞到同享用犒賞嗰時，佢哋嘅腦都會出現好似人類得到快感嗰時噉嘅活動。由進化論嘅角度嚟睇，快感可以定義成一種腦狀態，而呢種狀態起到<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>嘅作用，用嚟話俾個腦嘅其餘部份知「我哋攞到犒賞喇」，等後者知道要郁手做攞到犒賞嗰時應該要做嘅嘢－例如喺快感出現嗰陣，有份做<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>功能嘅腦區要郁手改變個腦啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E6%95%B8" title="參數">參數</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96" title="行為強化">強化</a>令自己攞到件犒賞嗰樣行為（提升自己下次做嗰樣行為嘅機率）<sup id="cite_ref-berridge2003_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berridge2003-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%84%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="快感中心">快感中心</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指犒賞系統當中負責引起快感嘅一柞腦區。截至 2020 年為止，神經科學研究經已發現咗多個快感中心－包括係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%9A%94%E6%A0%B8" title="伏隔核">伏隔核</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%B6%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA" title="眶額皮質">眶額皮質</a>（前額皮層嘅一部份）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%B8" title="基底核">基底核</a>以至<a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E8%91%89" title="島葉">島葉</a>等嘅多個腦區都俾人發現同快感有關，都會喺攞到犒賞－無論件犒賞係嘢食、朋友定性愛都好－嗰陣啟動<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；呢啲腦區之間有緊密嘅連繫，佢哋是但一個啟動都會令到其餘嗰啲或多或少噉跟住齊齊啟動，快感呢樣嘢需要快感中心嘅唔同部份一齊同時啟動先至可以產生<sup id="cite_ref-kringel2012_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kringel2012-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而廿一世紀初<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科">神經內科</a>（研究神經系統疾病嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>領域）上已知，呢啲腦區因為<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="病變">病變</a>等嘅原因而受損會搞到一個人出現「難以再得到快感」（睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A8%82" title="失樂">失樂</a>）嘅情況，呢樣嘢往往會搞到患者冇嗮生活嘅樂趣<sup id="cite_ref-berridgekringel2015_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berridgekringel2015-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="個體差異"><span id=".E5.80.8B.E9.AB.94.E5.B7.AE.E7.95.B0"></span>個體差異</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 個體差異"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morialta_Toproping.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Morialta_Toproping.JPG/270px-Morialta_Toproping.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Morialta_Toproping.JPG/405px-Morialta_Toproping.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Morialta_Toproping.JPG/540px-Morialta_Toproping.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>一個人喺度玩<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%80%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="攀岩">攀岩</a>；好似攀岩呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="極限運動">極限運動</a>有人覺得過癮、有人唔覺得過癮－同一樣嘢，唔同人嘅犒賞系統可以有唔同反應。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E6%95%8F%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="強化敏感度理論">強化敏感度理論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%BE%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="脾性">脾性</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="外向">外向</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E5%8B%95_(%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC)" title="衝動 (性格)">衝動 (性格)</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E8%BF%BD%E6%B1%82" title="感覺追求">感覺追求</a></div> <p>理論上，同一個物種嘅唔同個體可以喺犒賞系統嘅多種物理特性上有差異：舉個簡單嘅例子說明，用肉眼觀察做嘅解剖研究清楚噉表明咗，人同人之間可以係喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層">前額皮層</a>嘅大細上有差異<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，一個腦區嘅大細會左右嗰個腦區嘅神經細胞數量，而淨係神經細胞總數量就經已有可能影響一個腦區嘅運算能力<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E6%95%8F%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="強化敏感度理論">強化敏感度理論</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>主張，唔同個體喺犒賞系統嘅各種物理特性上可以有差異，呢啲差異會令佢哋嘅犒賞系統嘅<b>敏感度</b>有差異，而呢種差異係人同人之間有<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">性格</a>上嘅差異主因之一<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如： </p> <ul><li>普遍嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%90%91%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="外向度">外向度</a>：有啲人嘅犒賞系統敏感度高，所以容易對犒賞有強烈嘅反應，而喺行為上，呢啲人會比較傾向（例如）一見到新朋友（犒賞）就即刻主動行埋去（趨近行為）同新朋友傾偈（消費行為），或者係喺受<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE" title="酒精">酒精</a>刺激（犒賞）嗰陣展示出強烈嘅正面情緒反應（快感）<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，用日常用語講即係呢啲人比較<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="外向">外向</a>－事實係，<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="性格心理學">性格心理學</a>研究試過用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a>嘅方法，發現「<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="性格測驗">一個人對自己嘅外向度嘅描述</a>」同用神經造影觀察到嘅「佢個犒賞系統嘅敏感度」有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E9%A1%AF%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="統計顯著性">顯著</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">相關</a>，即係例如話自己係外向或者俾朋友屋企人話佢哋外向嘅人，傾向比較易喺遇到犒賞嗰陣犒賞系統各腦區出現強烈嘅活動<sup id="cite_ref-corr2008_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corr2008-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E5%8B%95_(%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC)" title="衝動 (性格)">衝動</a>：就算一個人嘅犒賞系統敏感度高，都唔表示佢實會一見到犒賞就出現趨近行為同消費行為：前額皮層有能力做出<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%8E%A7" title="自控">自控</a>嘅功能－如果前額皮層覺得「即刻攞件犒賞對自己長遠嚟講不利」（例：有人叫自己試毒品，但自己心知吸毒追求短期快感對自己長遠有害），佢就會傳訊號阻止犒賞系統其餘部份做嘢；如果有個人嘅犒賞系統敏感度高得嚟又前額皮層功能唔夠強，就可能會搞到呢種功能失靈－個人會唔夠自控能力，明知追一件短期犒賞對自己長遠嚟講不利，都照樣去追（例：明知啲毒品對自己長遠有害，都照樣走去吸），而呢種現象就係現代心理學所講嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E5%8B%95_(%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC)" title="衝動 (性格)">衝動</a>性格<sup id="cite_ref-maxwell2020_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxwell2020-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E8%BF%BD%E6%B1%82" title="感覺追求">感覺追求</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：犒賞有分好多種，而唔同人可能會偏好唔同嘅犒賞，有啲人可能覺得一啲低<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA" title="風險">風險</a>低刺激性嘅活動（例：坐喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="電視">電視</a>前面一路食<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E7%B3%95" title="雪糕">雪糕</a>一路睇合家歡嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="電影">戲</a>）夠嗮犒賞性，但又有一啲人硬係比較鍾意高風險高刺激性嘅活動（例：<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%80%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="攀岩">攀岩</a>）；如果話一個人有感覺追求嘅傾向，意思係話佢鍾意係噉接觸新同刺激嘅事物，可以想像成佢個犒賞系統「零舍傾向對新同刺激嘅事物有反應」，而呢樣嘢嘅體現又可以視乎佢嘅第啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="性格特質">性格特質</a>而有異－舉兩個例說明，如果個人有感覺追求傾向得嚟又衝動，佢就好有可能會為咗貪新鮮而吸毒，但如果佢有感覺追求傾向得嚟又有返咁上下自控能力，就可能會比較傾向用「去玩<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="極限運動">極限運動</a>」等冇咁有害嘅方法嚟展現佢嘅感覺追求傾向<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="比較研究"><span id=".E6.AF.94.E8.BC.83.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>比較研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 比較研究"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>唔同動物<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>嘅犒賞系統有異有同。有好多<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="比較神經心理學">比較神經心理學</a>相關領域嘅研究者都有興趣諗「唔同動物之間喺犒賞系統特性上有乜異同？」呢一條問題<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>首先，淨係考慮<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類動物">哺乳類動物</a>之間嘅差異。唔同哺乳類物種喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96" class="mw-redirect" title="解剖">解剖</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="生理">生理</a>結構上可以有好大差異，而呢點表示，唔同物種感受得到嘅嘢都唔同：例如人、多種<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="大鼠">大鼠</a>都會對<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9C%E5%91%B3" title="甜味">甜味</a>起犒賞反應，而相比之下，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93" title="貓">貓</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B7" title="脷">脷</a>缺乏感受<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9C%E5%91%B3" title="甜味">甜味</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%97%E5%99%A8" title="味覺感受器">味覺感受器</a>，所以如果有兩嚿嘢食，一嚿充滿<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E4%BB%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="糖份">糖份</a>（帶有甜味）而另外嗰嚿冇糖份（假設兩嚿嘢响第啲因素上完全一個板），對一隻貓嚟講，兩嚿嘢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="味道">味道</a>冇乜分別；<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC" title="公">公</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="老鼠">老鼠</a>會對啲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B8" title="乸">乸</a>用類似<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%B1%E6%AD%8C" title="唱歌">唱歌</a>噉嘅方式發<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E5%81%B6" title="求偶">求偶</a>，啲老鼠乸可能覺得好享受呢啲「情歌」（犒賞），但呢啲聲係<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" title="超聲波">超聲波</a>，人類連聽到聽唔到<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢啲事實清楚噉表明，有好多嘢都係淨係得某啲物種先有能力對佢哋起反應嘅－第啲物種連「<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>到呢啲嘢嘅存在」都未必做得到<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><br /> 不過，有返咁上下複雜嘅動物物種都有某啲型式嘅犒賞系統：由對第啲動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>可以輕易噉發現，人以外嘅動物－由<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="魚類">魚類</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E9%B3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="雀鳥">雀鳥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%9F%B2%E9%A1%9E" title="爬蟲類">爬蟲類</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%A3%B2%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="兩棲類">兩棲類</a>以至<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2" title="昆蟲">昆蟲</a>呀噉－都會有「追求犒賞」嘅行為，會（例如）主動行埋去嘢食或者同伴嗰度，又會<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96" title="行為強化">係噉勁做</a>啲幫到佢哋攞嘢食嘅行為<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而且神經科學家亦都試過解剖第啲動物嘅腦，發覺腹側被蓋區、杏仁核、海馬體、線條體同埋前額皮層等嘅結構係所有哺乳類動物都有嘅咁滯<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且就算係冇呢啲腦區（但有腦）嘅動物，往往都起碼會有功能上類似呢啲腦區嘅結構<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例：雀鳥同爬蟲類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%A5%97%E5%B1%A4" title="外套層">外套層</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺好多方面都相當於哺乳類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>「攞到犒賞」引起嘅快感會造成某啲特定嘅生理同行為變化，而好多呢啲噉嘅生理變化似乎都係哺乳類動物早期進化史嘅結果：舉個例說明，由對人同第啲哺乳類動物嘅觀察經已可知，佢哋攞到犒賞嗰陣往往會<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E9%83%A8%E8%A1%A8%E6%83%85" title="面部表情">面部表情</a>起變化－人類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%8A%E5%AD%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="臊孲子">臊孲子</a>、人以外嘅靈長目同大鼠喺食到甜味嘅嘢（攞到犒賞）嗰時，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E9%83%A8%E8%A1%A8%E6%83%85" title="面部表情">面部表情</a>都會「用條<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B7" title="脷">脷</a>舐自己嘅嘴唇」等嘅變化，而喺食到<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E5%91%B3" title="苦味">苦味</a>嘅嘢（對多數動物嚟講係一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%87%B2%E7%BD%B0" title="行為懲罰">行為懲罰</a>）嗰陣又會出現<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%98%94" class="mw-disambig" title="作嘔">作嘔</a>等嘅變化；原則上，呢啲變化可以用<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>嚟理解－一嚿嘢食甜正路表示嚿嘢食有豐富嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E4%BB%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="糖份">糖份</a>（一種對生存好有用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">碳水化合物</a>），所以「將甜味嘢食視為犒賞」有助引導個物種去食多啲噉嘅嘢，提高佢哋生存嘅能力，而且「食到甜嘢嗰陣用脷舐自己嘅嘴唇」仲有助隻動物食乾淨嗮留低喺嘴唇上面嘅糖，所以呢種對甜味嘢食嘅行為反應會經過到物競天擇嘅考驗進化出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-berridge2008review_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berridge2008review-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="價值量化"><span id=".E5.83.B9.E5.80.BC.E9.87.8F.E5.8C.96"></span>價值量化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 價值量化"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYSE_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_(17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYSE_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2817%29.jpg/270px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYSE_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2817%29.jpg/405px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYSE_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2817%29.jpg/540px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3413" /></a><figcaption>2009 年<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E8%AD%89%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="紐約證券交易所">紐約證券交易所</a>一景；啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87%E8%80%85" title="投資者">投資者</a>需要諗「邊隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A1%E7%A5%A8" title="股票">股票</a>對自己最有價值」等嘅問題。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="效益">效益</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E6%9C%9F%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="預期效益">預期效益</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="行為經濟學">行為經濟學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="神經經濟學">神經經濟學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a></div> <p>對犒賞嘅研究又同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>有好大啦掕：由觀察同實驗可知，動物能夠對犒賞<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">作出決擇</a>，例如係正話提到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2%E6%8A%98%E6%89%A3" title="延遲折扣">延遲折扣</a>實驗噉；噉就帶出咗一條問題－到底一個腦係點樣決定「應該揀邊件犒賞好」嘅呢？廿世紀至廿一世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E8%AB%96" title="決策論">決策論</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>上一般認為，噉係因為一個決策者嘅腦內部有某啲方式<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">計算同記住</a>每個選擇嘅<b>價值</b>，即係話個決策者會每一個選擇都同佢俾個數值，個數值大致上係「有幾鍾意呢個選擇」<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－「選擇 A 值 10 分、選擇 B 值 8 分，所以我揀選擇 A」... 呀噉；呢啲研究亦都令<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="經濟學家">經濟學家</a>有興趣留意犒賞系統相關嘅問題－經濟學研究嘅正正就係「人點樣做決策」以及「呢啲決策點樣影響<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="資源分配">資源分配</a>」，而呢啲過程必然會涉及對唔同選擇嘅價值嘅衡量<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>依家考慮<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="效益">效益</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅概念。喺最基本上，想像家陣個人有若干個選擇，是但攞其中一個選擇嚟睇，個選擇有 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> 咁多個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="不確定">可能結果</a>，噉呢個選擇嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E6%9C%9F%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="預期效益">預期效益</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{U}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>U</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{U}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28472d74cae0b65c32ae1f582bda4d89bade153b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{U}}}"></span> 可以用以下呢條式表達<sup id="cite_ref-morgenstern1953_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morgenstern1953-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{U}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}u(x_{i})p_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>U</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{U}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}u(x_{i})p_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b93788f29847b6386df9a9c07765b4b2148a7ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:15.821ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{U}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}u(x_{i})p_{i}}"></span>，當中</dd></dl> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(x_{i})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(x_{i})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02787051f6e54b420929aa56b25c9d990b4d97f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.268ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(x_{i})}"></span> 係指第 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span> 個可能結果嘅效益，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(x_{i})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(x_{i})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02787051f6e54b420929aa56b25c9d990b4d97f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.268ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(x_{i})}"></span> 係 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}"></span>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span> 帶嚟嘅價值）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="函數">函數</a>，而 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5bab39399bf5424f25d957cdc57c84a0622626d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.059ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}}"></span> 係第 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span> 個可能結果發生嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">機會率</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。用日常用語講，即係話個選擇嘅 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{U}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>U</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{U}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28472d74cae0b65c32ae1f582bda4d89bade153b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{U}}}"></span> 等如「將每個可能結果發生嘅機會率乘嗰個結果嘅效益，再將呢啲乘出嚟嘅數冚唪唥加埋嗮一齊」<sup id="cite_ref-morgenstern1953_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morgenstern1953-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>廿一世紀初嘅犒賞系統研究其中一個最廣受關注嘅課題就係有關<b>效益編碼</b><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅問題：廿世紀起嘅神經科學假設咗，任何心理現象都喺腦裏面有個對應嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%87%8F" title="物理量">物理量</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">心腦同一論</a>）；噉講即係話，腦入面理應會有某啲神經細胞係負責將一個選擇嘅預期效益做<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BC" title="神經編碼">編碼</a>嘅－即係用柞細胞嘅某啲物理量（例如係活躍程度呀噉）嚟代表個選擇嘅預期效益。喺最基本上，負責代表效益數值嘅神經細胞嘅活躍程度應該最少會同一個選擇嘅預期效益有正嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">統計相關</a>，即係話神經科學家要係噉做實驗，要受試者（例如）評估每個選擇嘅效益，再一路用神經造影方法監察住受試者嘅腦活動，睇吓邊啲神經細胞嘅活躍程度同預期效益有相關<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。截至 2020 年為止，學界對於「腦嘅邊一忽係負責做效益編碼嘅？」呢條問題仲未有定論，不過一般都經已將目標鎖定咗喺前額皮層－尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%B6%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA" title="眶額皮質">眶額皮質</a>（OFC）－嗰度<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="精神醫學研究"><span id=".E7.B2.BE.E7.A5.9E.E9.86.AB.E5.AD.B8.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>精神醫學研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 精神醫學研究"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toxicoman_-_Substance_abuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Toxicoman_-_Substance_abuse.jpg/270px-Toxicoman_-_Substance_abuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Toxicoman_-_Substance_abuse.jpg/405px-Toxicoman_-_Substance_abuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Toxicoman_-_Substance_abuse.jpg/540px-Toxicoman_-_Substance_abuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>一個人喺度吸毒；吸毒嘅人好多時都會覺得毒品令佢哋好有快感－精神醫學嘅研究者就自然懷疑呢種行為同犒賞系統有關。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="上癮">上癮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E9%AC%B1%E7%97%87" title="抑鬱症">抑鬱症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="精神分裂">精神分裂</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80" title="腦深層刺激">腦深層刺激</a></div> <p>有好多<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a>相關領域嘅工作者都有興趣研究犒賞系統，噉係因為有好多種心理病都同犒賞系統有關係<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="上癮">上癮</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：上癮係指一個人重複係噉吸食某啲物質（例：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99%E8%8D%89" title="煙草">煙草</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒">酒</a>呀噉）或者做某樣行為（例：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AD%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="賭錢">賭錢</a>或者打機），而佢嘅呢種傾向對佢或者第啲人造成損害－例如吸毒吸到傷咗身或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%9B%E8%B3%AD" title="爛賭">爛賭</a>賭到屋企<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E7%94%A2" title="破產">破產</a>呀噉。有多個犒賞系統嘅腦區都俾人指同上癮有關係<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%81%B4%E8%A2%AB%E8%93%8B%E5%8D%80" title="腹側被蓋區">腹側被蓋區</a>（VTA）：VTA 負責透過<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6%E9%82%8A%E7%B7%A3%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="中腦邊緣通道">中腦邊緣通道</a>等嘅管道射多巴胺訊號，話俾犒賞系統嘅其餘部份知「有犒賞出現」，而常見嘅毒品差唔多冚唪唥都會一吸就提升中腦邊緣通道嘅多巴胺濃度（令到毒品有可能帶嚟快感）<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%9A%94%E6%A0%B8" title="伏隔核">伏隔核</a>（NAc）：NAc 會由 VTA 嗰度收輸入，而 NAc 會幫手習得行為同埋引起學咗嘅行為，而研究發現，隨住一個人吸毒吸到愈嚟愈上癮，佢嘅 NAc 會對佢吸嗰隻毒品愈嚟愈敏感，對嗰隻毒品有愈嚟愈勁嘅反應（可能搞到個人吓吓都一見到隻毒品就做「去吸」呢樣通過<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">操作制約</a>學返嚟嘅行為）<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層">前額皮層</a>，包括埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A3%E5%B8%B6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="扣帶皮層">扣帶皮層</a>前部同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%B6%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA" title="眶額皮質">眶額皮質</a>：呢啲腦區都識得由中腦邊緣通道嗰度接收訊號；除咗掌管（會幫個人抵抗毒品嘅誘惑嘅）<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%8E%A7%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="自控能力">自控能力</a>之外，前額皮層嘅結構仲會幫手產生<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA" title="感官提示">環境提示</a><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同吸毒行為之間嘅連繫<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－例如家陣個人有好幾次都係一去到<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E5%90%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="酒吧">酒吧</a>就吸毒，前額皮層會幫手令佢將<b>酒吧嘅環境</b>（環境提示）同<b>又夠鐘吸毒</b>（行為）<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="聯想性學習">聯想埋一齊</a>，搞到佢次次一去到酒吧就有股癮想去吸毒，而研究指呢種環境提示同行為之間嘅連繫係吸毒上癮嘅主因之一，仲可以搞到一個人喺戒咗毒好耐之後先至嚟毒癮返發，例：明明戒咗毒成幾年咁耐，但一返去第一次接觸毒品嗰間酒吧就毒癮返發<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E9%AC%B1%E7%97%87" title="抑鬱症">抑鬱症</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：抑鬱症係一種心理病，病人會持續（超過最少兩個禮拜）覺得<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%82%92" title="心悒">情緒低落</a>同埋覺得<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A8%82" title="失樂">冇嗮人生嘅樂趣</a>呀噉，嚴重起上嚟仲可以出現<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="自殺">自殺</a>嘅傾向<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。精神醫學上有深入噉研究「抑鬱症要點樣應付」呢條問題，而廿一世紀初開始興起咗用犒賞系統刺激嚟治療抑鬱症：神經科學界喺 1950 年代開始有方法將<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5" title="電極">電極</a>安全噉植入去人嘅腦嗰度，並且透過呢啲電極嚟刺激個人嘅特定腦區（<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80" title="腦深層刺激">腦深層刺激</a>）；有研究抑鬱症嘅科學家就開始對呢種技術有興趣－抑鬱症嘅其中一個病徵係<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A8%82" title="失樂">失樂</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，指病人對原本有興趣嘅活動（例如係不嬲玩開嘅嗜好）失去興趣，而神經科學研究表明，抑鬱症往往涉及多個犒賞系統腦區－包括前額皮層同 NAc <sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－嘅活動弱得滯，所以呢啲科學家就喺度諗緊試吓用腦深層刺激嘅技術，用電極刺激抑鬱症病人嘅 NAc，諗住噉做可以人工噉令病人感受到多啲快感，而廿一世紀初嘅研究發現，呢種做法的確有助舒緩抑鬱症嘅失樂症狀<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="遊戲設計研究"><span id=".E9.81.8A.E6.88.B2.E8.A8.AD.E8.A8.88.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>遊戲設計研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 遊戲設計研究"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="強迫循環">強迫循環</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="遊戲設計">遊戲設計</a>係研究點樣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="設計">設計</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="遊戲">遊戲</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%83%8F%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="視像遊戲">視像遊戲</a>）嘅領域<sup id="cite_ref-salen2004_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salen2004-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而原則上，遊戲設計嘅工作者會想將自己嘅遊戲設計到能夠令<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A9%E5%AE%B6" title="玩家">玩家</a>覺得開心過癮（即係將隻遊戲提供嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97" title="體驗">體驗</a>視為犒賞），吸引佢哋一玩再玩－遊戲設計領域嘅工作者就自然有興趣了解人嘅犒賞系統係點樣運作嘅<sup id="cite_ref-hoden2018_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoden2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="強迫循環">強迫循環</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係遊戲設計理論上基於犒賞系統嘅一個概念。一個強迫循環係一連串由<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="遊戲設計師">遊戲設計師</a>設低嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="事件">事件</a>，如果隻遊戲設計得好，玩家會自動自覺噉做所需嘅行動，經歷呢串事件，而呢串事件會「令玩家得到神經化學獎勵」（指個腦嘅犒賞系統出現快感涉及嗰啲化學變化），呢串事件帶嚟嘅快感就會通過操作制約嘅方式，誘使玩家繼續玩落去<sup id="cite_ref-kimgama_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimgama-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。舉返幾個例子說明<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>喺一隻 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%E6%89%AE%E6%BC%94%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="電子角色扮演遊戲">RPG</a> 入面，玩家打低怪獸（事件）就會得到<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E5%80%BC" title="經驗值">經驗值</a>（犒賞），每當一個遊戲角色得到足夠經驗值（事件），佢就會<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%91%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="升呢">升呢</a>（犒賞），升呢嗰時個<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="遊戲程式">遊戲程式</a>會播段開心正面嘅音樂（一個話佢聽有犒賞嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>），升咗呢個角色會變得更加好打，而且仲會學到新嘅異能，即係話對於玩家嚟講，「打怪獸」會得到「聽到人讚自己」、「個角色變得更加好打」同「學到新奇好玩嘅異能」等嘅犒賞，令佢有意慾重複呢個過程；</li> <li>喺一隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E4%B8%8A%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="網上遊戲">網上</a> <a href="/wiki/PvP" class="mw-redirect" title="PvP">PvP</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%84%E6%93%8A%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="射擊遊戲">射擊遊戲</a>裏面，玩家可以透過完成挑戰嚟賺虛擬金幣，挑戰包括咗「喺一場對局之內殺 10 個敵人」、「用某枝槍造成 2,000 點傷害」、同「喺一場對局內維持至少 5 分鐘唔俾敵人殺死」等等，對玩家嚟講，「完成挑戰」（事件）會得到<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E9%8C%A2" title="虛擬錢">虛擬金幣</a>呢個犒賞，除咗閃炩炩好好睇之外，虛擬金幣可以攞嚟買<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%8A%BD%E7%8D%8E%E7%9B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="虛擬抽獎盒">虛擬抽獎盒</a>等嘅物品，而要完成挑戰，佢就一定要去玩隻遊戲，參加對局<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>想像一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%9C%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%E6%89%AE%E6%BC%94%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="動作角色扮演遊戲">動作角色扮演遊戲</a>，喺呢隻遊戲入面，玩家可以喺一個<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="開放世界">開放世界</a>入面冒險，打怪獸或者做<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%8B%99_(%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2)" title="任務 (電子遊戲)">任務</a>（事件）等可以得到唔同嘅道具（犒賞），跟手仲有得用道具打造更強嘅武器，然後去打更勁嘅怪獸，打低嘅怪獸愈勁，玩家就會有愈高嘅成功感（成功感係犒賞），鼓勵玩家係噉喺個世界入面持續冒險<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。遊戲設計上嘅研究甚至仲可以用神經造影方法，一路叫<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="遊戲測試">測試</a>隻遊戲嘅人玩一路睇住佢哋嘅犒賞系統活動，靠噉嚟剖析「玩嗰陣嘅犒賞系統活動規律」同「玩家鍾意隻遊戲嘅程度」有乜嘢相關<sup id="cite_ref-hoden2018_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoden2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiangqi_by_Houston_Street_Playground_(00903).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Xiangqi_by_Houston_Street_Playground_%2800903%29.jpg/400px-Xiangqi_by_Houston_Street_Playground_%2800903%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Xiangqi_by_Houston_Street_Playground_%2800903%29.jpg/600px-Xiangqi_by_Houston_Street_Playground_%2800903%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Xiangqi_by_Houston_Street_Playground_%2800903%29.jpg/800px-Xiangqi_by_Houston_Street_Playground_%2800903%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption>一班阿伯喺度<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8" title="專注">聚精會神</a>捉<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E6%A3%8B" title="象棋">象棋</a>；佢哋似乎相當享受隻遊戲－即係將隻遊戲視為一種犒賞。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA" title="多巴胺">多巴胺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E9%85%9A" title="安多酚">安多酚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB" title="消費">消費</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="性愛">性愛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="快樂">快樂</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E5%9C%88" title="英文圈">英文圈</a>嘅研究文獻： </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:1"> <ul><li>Adam, T. C., & Epel, E. S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0031938407001278?token=3331BFF4750BBC93A49708E6AAE720BCAB4D97AADED3014856BB2B51C7CD43633E1E87F13DF7A463C4CA75E4936A0678&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210518085850">Stress, eating and the reward system</a> (PDF). <i>Physiology & behavior</i>, 91(4), 449-458.</li> <li>Bellisle, F., Drewnowski, A., Anderson, G. H., Westerterp-Plantenga, M., & Martin, C. K. (2012). Sweetness, satiation, and satiety. <i>The Journal of nutrition</i>, 142(6), 1149S-1154S，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9C%E5%91%B3" title="甜味">甜味</a>能夠引起快感。</li> <li>Blechert, J., Klackl, J., Miedl, S. F., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S019566631630006X?token=CBB1C0D42CC8AF3F15802DDF49481D553274BBBA4025C7CB66C8EFDA2B7DA5D7B13C10C95CD1BC27E9EC27E135BC6634&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210512030313">To eat or not to eat: Effects of food availability on reward system activity during food picture viewing</a> (PDF). <i>Appetite</i>, 99, 254-261.</li> <li>Brosch, T., Coppin, G., Scherer, K. R., Schwartz, S., & Sander, D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17470919.2010.506754">Generating value (s): Psychological value hierarchies reflect context-dependent sensitivity of the reward system</a> (PDF). <i>Social Neuroscience</i>, 6(2), 198-208.</li> <li>Camara, E., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Ye, Z., & Münte, T. F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796919/pdf/fnins-03-350.pdf">Reward networks in the brain as captured by connectivity measures</a> (PDF). <i>Frontiers in neuroscience</i>, 3, 34.</li> <li>Corr, P. J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S014976340400034X?token=1DE97F751082E6A0328359DC67B90232206202D82F8C52A9107D1D8AFF67008F46EEE6E6C9EF956576508907F3AE26B7&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210515141525">Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality</a> (PDF). <i>Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews</i>, 28(3), 317-332.</li> <li>Hodent, C. (2018). <i>The gamer's brain: How neuroscience and UX can impact video game design</i>. Crc Press.</li> <li>Savic, M., Room, R., Mugavin, J., Pennay, A., & Livingston, M. (2016). Defining "drinking culture": A critical review of its meaning and connotation in social research on alcohol problems. <i>Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy</i>, 23(4), 270-282，亦有講到<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E9%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="飲酒">飲酒</a>能夠引起快感。</li> <li>Wise, R. A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0896627302009650?token=CC7C255ED3F814A8DC31CE75985FB38D5F7757B659BF7D0E68A298D4CEC83DEE69F0128766C781E6415A2CD8A79FDEB0&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210510065627">Brain reward circuitry: insights from unsensed incentives</a> (PDF). <i>Neuron</i>, 36(2), 229-240.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">而<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="對照組">對照組</a>（撳咗桿唔會有嘢食）嘅大鼠唔會噉做。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">有研究者甚至仲主張，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="心理犒賞">犒賞</a>可以索性<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>做「喺一個物種嘅進化史上傾向有助佢哋祖先生存同繁殖嘅嘢」。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">不過喺多數情況下，多巴胺本身唔會引起快感。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">除此之外，「神經細胞之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8" title="突觸">突觸</a>嘅數量」同「唔同種類嘅神經細胞之間嘅數量比例」等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>都可以造成影響。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">即係令唔同嘅選擇可以用一樣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="計量單位">計量單位</a>嚟<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∑</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f1d4e06539576633987e902f402ed46728d573b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:3.355ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum }"></span> 係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%B8%BD" title="加總">加總</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">以下嘅內容主要用吸毒上癮做例子，不過其他型式嘅上癮都可以用同樣嘅道理想像。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="英詞"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E8.A9.9E"></span>英詞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 英詞"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">reward</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">behavioral reinforcemnet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">approach behavior</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">consummatory behavior</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">pleasure</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">neuroimaging</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ventral tegmental area，VTA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">mesolimbic pathway</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">mesocortical pathway</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">amygdala，AMY</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">motivational salience</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">hippocampus，HIPP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">anterior hippocampus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">approach-avoidance conflict</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">cautious approach</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">fight-or-flight</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">striatum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ventral striatum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">nucleus accumbens，NAc</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">dorsal striatum，DS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">craving</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">prefrontal cortex，PFC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">delay discounting</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">hyperbolic discounting</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">discount factor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">pleasure center</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">reinforcement sensitivity theory，RST</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">sensation seeking</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">pallium</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">decision theory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">utility</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">expected utility</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">utility encoding</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">addiction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">environment cue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">major depression</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">anhedonia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">compulsion loop</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 引用"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-schultz2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-schultz2015_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schultz, W. (July 2015). "Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data". <i>Physiological Reviews</i>. 95 (3): 853–951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berridge2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-berridge2015_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berridge K.C., Kringelbach M.L. (May 2015). "Pleasure systems in the brain". <i>Neuron</i>. 86 (3): 646–664.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2001). <i>An Introduction to Brain and Behavior</i> (1st ed.). New York: Worth. pp. 438-441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duarte, Isabel C.; Afonso, Sónia; Jorge, Helena; Cayolla, Ricardo; Ferreira, Carlos; Castelo-Branco, Miguel (1 May 2017). "Tribal love: the neural correlates of passionate engagement in football fans". <i>Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience</i>. 12 (5): 718-728.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Malenka R.C., Nestler E.J., Hyman S.E. (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A., Brown R.Y. (eds.). <i>Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience</i> (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Volkow N.D., Koob G.F., McLellan A.T. (January 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. 374 (4): 363–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoden2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hoden2018_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hoden2018_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hoden2018_7-2">7.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodent, C. (2018). <i>The gamer's brain: How neuroscience and UX can impact video game design</i>. Crc Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aharon2001-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aharon2001_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aharon, I., Etcoff, N., Ariely, D., Chabris, C. F., O'connor, E., & Breiter, H. C. (2001). Beautiful faces have variable reward value: fMRI and behavioral evidence. <i>Neuron</i>, 32(3), 537-551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blood2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-blood2001_10-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-blood2001_10-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/98/20/11818.full.pdf?sid__=">Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510053345/https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/98/20/11818.full.pdf?sid__=">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2021年5月10號，. (PDF). <i>Proceedings of the national academy of sciences</i>, 98(20), 11818-11823.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glickman, S. E., & Schiff, B. B. (1967). A biological theory of reinforcement. <i>Psychological review</i>, 74(2), 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickinson, A., & Balleine, B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03199951.pdf">Motivational control of goal-directed action</a> (PDF). <i>Animal Learning & Behavior</i>, 22(1), 1-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blechert, J., Klackl, J., Miedl, S. F., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S019566631630006X?token=CBB1C0D42CC8AF3F15802DDF49481D553274BBBA4025C7CB66C8EFDA2B7DA5D7B13C10C95CD1BC27E9EC27E135BC6634&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210512030313">To eat or not to eat: Effects of food availability on reward system activity during food picture viewing</a> (PDF). <i>Appetite</i>, 99, 254-261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wise2002-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wise2002_18-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wise2002_18-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise, R. A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0896627302009650?token=CC7C255ED3F814A8DC31CE75985FB38D5F7757B659BF7D0E68A298D4CEC83DEE69F0128766C781E6415A2CD8A79FDEB0&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210510065627">Brain reward circuitry: insights from unsensed incentives</a> (PDF). <i>Neuron</i>, 36(2), 229-240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkes, C. H. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC489033/pdf/jnnpsyc00489-0001.pdf">Endorphins: the basis of pleasure?</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry</i>, 55(4), 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanuza, E., Novejarque, A., Martínez-Ricós, J., Martínez-Hernández, J., Agustín-Pavón, C., & Martínez-García, F. (2008). Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala. <i>Brain research bulletin</i>, 75(2-4), 460-466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pearce1980-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pearce1980_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearce, J. M., & Hall, G. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.334.4309&rep=rep1&type=pdf">A model for Pavlovian learning: variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli</a> (PDF). <i>Psychological review</i>, 87(6), 532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise R.A. (1996). "Addictive drugs and brain stimulation reward". <i>Annu. Rev. Neurosci</i>. 19: 319–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Olds J., & Milner P. (1954). "Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of the septal area and other regions of rat brain". <i>Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology</i>, 47(6): 419–427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalivas, P. (1993). Neurotransmitter regulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. <i>Brain Research Reviews</i>, 18 (1), 75-113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berridge2008review-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-berridge2008review_32-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-berridge2008review_32-1">20.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004012/pdf/nihms257672.pdf">Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals</a> (PDF). <i>Psychopharmacology</i>, 199(3), 457-480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goupil L., Aucouturier J.J. (February 2019). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6397567/pdf/pnas.201900369.pdf">Musical pleasure and musical emotions</a>" (PDF). <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 116 (9): 3364-3366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kokane, S. S., & Perrotti, L. I. (2020). Sex differences and the role of estradiol in mesolimbic reward circuits and vulnerability to cocaine and opiate addiction. <i>Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience</i>, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Becker, J. B., & Chartoff, E. (2019). Sex differences in neural mechanisms mediating reward and addiction. <i>Neuropsychopharmacology</i>, 44(1), 166-183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/learning-and-memory/2018/motivation-why-you-do-the-things-you-do-082818#:~:text=Reward%20learning%20and%20motivation%20are,to%20impact%20motivation%20and%20reward.">Motivation: Why You Do the Things You Do</a>. <i>BrainFacts.org</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Puglisi-Allegra, S., & Ventura, R. (2012). Prefrontal/accumbal catecholamine system processes high motivational salience. <i>Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience</i>, 6, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neil, E. B., Newsome, R. N., Li, I. H., Thavabalasingam, S., Ito, R., & Lee, A. C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/35/45/15039.full.pdf">Examining the role of the human hippocampus in approach-avoidance decision making using a novel conflict paradigm and multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, 35(45), 15039-15049.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, D. (1982). The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampel System. By Jeffrey A. Gray Oxford University Press. 1982. Pp 548.£ 27.50. <i>The British Journal of Psychiatry</i>, 141(6), 634-634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J. (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philipcorr.net/uploads/downloads/40.pdf">The neuropsychology of fear and anxiety: A foundation for Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory</a></i> (PDF).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stoof1984-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stoof1984_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoof, J. C., & Kebabian, J. W. (1984). Two dopamine receptors: biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology. <i>Life sciences</i>, 35(23), 2281-2296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robison A.J., Nestler E.J. (October 2011). "Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction". <i>Nature Reviews. Neuroscience</i>. 12 (11): 623–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rada, P., Avena, N. M., & Hoebel, B. G. (2005). Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. <i>Neuroscience</i>, 134(3), 737-744.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pothos, E., Rada, P., Mark, G. P., & Hoebel, B. G. (1991). Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment. <i>Brain research</i>, 566(1-2), 348-350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salgado2015-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-salgado2015_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salgado, S., & Kaplitt, M. G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/368279">The nucleus accumbens: a comprehensive review</a> (PDF). <i>Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery</i>, 93(2), 75-93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yin, H. H., Knowlton, B. J., & Balleine, B. W. (2005). Blockade of NMDA receptors in the dorsomedial striatum prevents action–outcome learning in instrumental conditioning. <i>European Journal of Neuroscience</i>, 22(2), 505-512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nummenmaa, L., Hirvonen, J., Hannukainen, J. C., Immonen, H., Lindroos, M. M., Salminen, P., & Nuutila, P. (2012). Dorsal striatum and its limbic connectivity mediate abnormal anticipatory reward processing in obesity. <i>PloS one</i>, 7(2), e31089.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koob2016-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-koob2016_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016). Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. <i>The Lancet Psychiatry</i>, 3(8), 760-773.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost2017-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-frost2017_62-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-frost2017_62-1">37.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Frost, R., & McNaughton, N. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0149763417301367?token=29B8936EC88F3B2716AE6F87A852206B3B974452F44E65E7ED9F84CEF248D9E00400900B57AA5A8F81FD46081A6EB511&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210514104523">The neural basis of delay discounting: A review and preliminary model</a> (PDF). <i>Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews</i>, 79, 48-65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rung, J. M., & Madden, G. J. (2018). Experimental reductions of delay discounting and impulsive choice: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Journal of experimental psychology: general</i>, 147(9), 1349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayden, B. Y. (2016). Time discounting and time preference in animals: a critical review. <i>Psychonomic bulletin & review</i>, 23(1), 39-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ainslie, G. (2015). "The Cardinal Anomalies that Led to Behavioral Economics: Cognitive or Motivational?". <i>Managerial and Decision Economics</i>. 37 (4–5): 261–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., & Cross, D. (1991). Subjective probability and delay. <i>Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior</i>, 55(2), 233-244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shamosh, N. A., DeYoung, C. G., Green, A. E., Reis, D. L., Johnson, M. R., Conway, A. R., ... & Gray, J. R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02175.x">Individual differences in delay discounting: relation to intelligence, working memory, and anterior prefrontal cortex</a> (PDF). <i>Psychological science</i>, 19(9), 904-911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, J., & Büchel, C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0896627310001972?token=F7FC9FB47104385E6E6C99DF52735334F759BE435FC5D973254B49F6517B63E4C4BA3C5AB2649C159D074D8351586E73&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210514075408">Episodic future thinking reduces reward delay discounting through an enhancement of prefrontal-mediotemporal interactions</a> (PDF). <i>Neuron</i>, 66(1), 138-148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, P., & Wang, X. J. (2006). Inhibitory control by an integral feedback signal in prefrontal cortex: a model of discrimination between sequential stimuli. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, 103(1), 201-206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berridge2003-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-berridge2003_73-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2003). Parsing reward. <i>Trends in neurosciences</i>, 26(9), 507-513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard, J. M., Castro, D. C., DiFeliceantonio, A. G., Robinson, M. J., & Berridge, K. C. (2013). Mapping brain circuits of reward and motivation: in the footsteps of Ann Kelley. <i>Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews</i>, 37(9), 1919-1931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Castro, D. C., & Berridge, K. C. (2017). Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, 114(43), E9125-E9134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kringel2012-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kringel2012_77-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20&%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf">The joyful mind</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617052111/https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research/">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年6月17號，. (PDF). <i>Scientific American</i>, 307(2), 40-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berridgekringel2015-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-berridgekringel2015_78-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425246/pdf/nihms664561.pdf">Pleasure systems in the brain</a> (PDF). <i>Neuron</i>, 86(3), 646-664.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Courchesne, E., Mouton, P. R., Calhoun, M. E., Semendeferi, K., Ahrens-Barbeau, C., Hallet, M. J., ... & Pierce, K. (2011). Neuron number and size in prefrontal cortex of children with autism. <i>Jama</i>, 306(18), 2001-2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kotsovsky, V., Batyuk, A., & Mykoriak, I. (2020, September). The computation power and capacity of bithreshold neurons. In <i>2020 IEEE 15th International Conference on Computer Sciences and Information Technologies (CSIT)</i> (Vol. 1, pp. 28-31). IEEE.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Corr, P. J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0191886915006182?token=6A947DF0CBEB6C31F880A4A14A54BA61E0A7AB433EFECCD7826AAB3460BBF240B96FD91F2AF781FD3E17DB9CFBA318B9&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210516042855">Reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaires: Structural survey with recommendations</a> (PDF). <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>, 89, 60-64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbairn, C. E., Sayette, M. A., Wright, A. G., Levine, J. M., Cohn, J. F., & Creswell, K. G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4595151/pdf/nihms656120.pdf">Extraversion and the rewarding effects of alcohol in a social context</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Abnormal Psychology</i>, 124(3), 660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corr2008-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-corr2008_85-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Corr, Phillip (2008). <i>The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality</i>. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxwell2020-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-maxwell2020_86-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maxwell, A. L., Gardiner, E., & Loxton, N. J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/erv.2732">Investigating the relationship between reward sensitivity, impulsivity, and food addiction: A systematic review</a> (PDF). <i>European Eating Disorders Review</i>, 28(4), 368-384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harden, K. P., Mann, F. D., Grotzinger, A. D., Patterson, M. W., Steinberg, L., Tackett, J. L., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5932293/pdf/nihms904582.pdf">Developmental differences in reward sensitivity and sensation seeking in adolescence: Testing sex-specific associations with gonadal hormones and pubertal development</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of personality and social psychology</i>, 115(1), 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulman, E. P., Harden, K. P., Chein, J. M., & Steinberg, L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labs.la.utexas.edu/harden/files/2013/05/Shulman-2014-JOYO.pdf">Sex differences in the developmental trajectories of impulse control and sensation-seeking from early adolescence to early adulthood</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of youth and adolescence</i>, 44(1), 1-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kringelbach, M. L. (2010). <i>The hedonic brain: A functional neuroanatomy of human pleasure</i>. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/18178-house-mice-courtship-songs.html">House Mice Serenade Mates with 'Bird' Song</a>. <i>Live Science</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, K. K., Shepherd, S. V., & Platt, M. L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/28646634/watsonetal2009.pdf?1348952960=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DNeuroethology_of_pleasure.pdf&Expires=1621247437&Signature=Sn6TlpAQpUhZKm5yfGNZKqX3SP-XpfWvzYAjEJfsubVF6nO~1-5gzvMb0XtbLwtk5CrotgZAZLpls1z-83MOGF5ad8I6tayGwTwEr6dwxMRGx1WGVDd6z9FvkHaW5IRBL7Fs-eQprYr65xFUwXslsAZjF1Q37ryVOTFBbofusHF2HntRzGMVFNKwPQhZvmcVAyMrhpItw23RSnJS41vtANjKkIU9rsktK9phQIiJTRkj5zAodHFncAwqpP5thKkDtq4QMYhF38BFF39J9xJwdqdqgFlfRhdOMdtig0L~IhFslhUqCtXckucuC~PIMrqMkDMkirYPrO3i3fKoGve3QQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">Neuroethology of pleasure</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517094840/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/28646634/watsonetal2009.pdf?1348952960=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DNeuroethology_of_pleasure.pdf&Expires=1621247437&Signature=Sn6TlpAQpUhZKm5yfGNZKqX3SP-XpfWvzYAjEJfsubVF6nO~1-5gzvMb0XtbLwtk5CrotgZAZLpls1z-83MOGF5ad8I6tayGwTwEr6dwxMRGx1WGVDd6z9FvkHaW5IRBL7Fs-eQprYr65xFUwXslsAZjF1Q37ryVOTFBbofusHF2HntRzGMVFNKwPQhZvmcVAyMrhpItw23RSnJS41vtANjKkIU9rsktK9phQIiJTRkj5zAodHFncAwqpP5thKkDtq4QMYhF38BFF39J9xJwdqdqgFlfRhdOMdtig0L~IhFslhUqCtXckucuC~PIMrqMkDMkirYPrO3i3fKoGve3QQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2021年5月17號，. (PDF). <i>Pleasures of the Brain</i>, 85-95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wunsch, S. (2017). Phylogenesis of mammal sexuality. Analysis of the evolution of proximal factors. <i>Sexologies</i>, 26(1), e1-e10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolb, B. (2007). Do all mammals have a prefrontal cortex. <i>Evolution of Nervous Systems: A Comprehensive Reference</i>, 3, 443-450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Striedter, G. F. (2016). Evolution of the hippocampus in reptiles and birds. <i>Journal of Comparative Neurology</i>, 524(3), 496-517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Güntürkün, O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0959438805001534?token=58226254B8B5E9E4F3F224C9D6C8104B1A8FD320BB856E3C91F2F305EE76FF1D6E2C368AA2CB444E24D39C9CCB029406&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210516142142">The avian 'prefrontal cortex' and cognition</a> (PDF). <i>Current opinion in neurobiology</i>, 15(6), 686-693.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, J. E., Glaser, D., Hawilo, M. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2001). Comparative expression of hedonic impact: affective reactions to taste by human infants and other primates. <i>Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews</i>, 25(1), 53-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4129306.pdf">Neuroeconomics: How neuroscience can inform economics</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, 43(1), 9-64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morgenstern1953-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-morgenstern1953_104-0">67.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-morgenstern1953_104-1">67.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgenstern, O., & Von Neumann, J. (1953). <i>Theory of games and economic behavior</i>. Princeton university press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tobler, P. N., Christopoulos, G. I., O'Doherty, J. P., Dolan, R. J., & Schultz, W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/106/17/7185.full.pdf">Risk-dependent reward value signal in human prefrontal cortex</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517131413/https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/106/17/7185.full.pdf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2021年5月17號，. (PDF). <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, 106(17), 7185-7190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sescousse, G., Redouté, J., & Dreher, J. C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/30/39/13095.full.pdf">The architecture of reward value coding in the human orbitofrontal cortex</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, 30(39), 13095-13104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chau, D. T., Roth, R. M., & Green, A. I. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Chau2/publication/8357782_Chau_DT_Roth_RM_Green_AI_The_neural_circuitry_of_reward_and_its_relevance_to_psychiatric_disorders_Curr_Psychiatry_Rep_6_391-399/links/0fcfd5033f3b65af6f000000/Chau-DT-Roth-RM-Green-AI-The-neural-circuitry-of-reward-and-its-relevance-to-psychiatric-disorders-Curr-Psychiatry-Rep-6-391-399.pdf">The neural circuitry of reward and its relevance to psychiatric disorders</a> (PDF). <i>Current psychiatry reports</i>, 6(5), 391-399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rang H.P. (2003). <i>Pharmacology</i>. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kourrich S., Rothwell P.E., Klug J.R., Thomas M.J. (2007). "Cocaine experience controls bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens". <i>J. Neurosci</i>. 27 (30): 7921-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgos-Robles, A., Kimchi, E. Y., Izadmehr, E. M., Porzenheim, M. J., Ramos-Guasp, W. A., Nieh, E. H., ... & Tye, K. M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5448704/pdf/nihms863887.pdf">Amygdala inputs to prefrontal cortex guide behavior amid conflicting cues of reward and punishment</a> (PDF). <i>Nature neuroscience</i>, 20(6), 824-835.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, C. J., Zbukvic, I., Kim, J. H., & Lawrence, A. J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209936/pdf/bph0171-4636.pdf">Role of cues and contexts on drug‐seeking behaviour</a> (PDF). <i>British journal of pharmacology</i>, 171(20), 4636-4672.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp. 160-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bewernick, B. H., Kayser, S., Sturm, V., & Schlaepfer, T. E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/npp201244.pdf">Long-term effects of nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: evidence for sustained efficacy</a> (PDF). <i>Neuropsychopharmacology</i>, 37(9), 1975-1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlaepfer, T. E., Cohen, M. X., Frick, C., Kosel, M., Brodesser, D., Axmacher, N., ... & Sturm, V. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/1301408.pdf">Deep brain stimulation to reward circuitry alleviates anhedonia in refractory major depression</a> (PDF). <i>Neuropsychopharmacology</i>, 33(2), 368-377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlaepfer, T. E., Bewernick, B. H., Kayser, S., Hurlemann, R., & Coenen, V. A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/npp201428.pdf">Deep brain stimulation of the human reward system for major depression - rationale, outcomes and outlook</a> (PDF). <i>Neuropsychopharmacology</i>, 39(6), 1303-1314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salen2004-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-salen2004_123-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salen, K., Tekinbaş, K. S., & Zimmerman, E. (2004). <i>Rules of play: Game design fundamentals</i>. MIT press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathiak, K. A., Klasen, M., Weber, R., Ackermann, H., Shergill, S. S., & Mathiak, K. (2011). Reward system and temporal pole contributions to affective evaluation during a first person shooter video game. <i>BMC neuroscience</i>, 12(1), 1-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimgama-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kimgama_126-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Kim: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/JosephKim/20140323/213728/The_Compulsion_Loop_Explained.php">The Compulsion Loop Explained</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116025703/https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/JosephKim/20140323/213728/The_Compulsion_Loop_Explained.php">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2020年1月16號，., <i>Gamasutra</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brock, D. (2016-11-23). <i>Transforming Gaming and Computer Simulation Technologies across Industries</i>. IGI Global.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiltshire, Alex (September 28, 2017). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamer.com/behind-the-addictive-psychology-and-seductive-art-of-loot-boxes/">Behind the addictive psychology and seductive art of loot boxes</a>". <i>PC Gamer</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Busby, James (December 2, 2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kotaku.co.uk/2016/12/02/the-first-monster-hunters">The First Monster Hunters</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116075040/https://www.kotaku.co.uk/2016/12/02/the-first-monster-hunters">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2020年1月16號，.". <i>Kotaku UK</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reward_system" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reward system"><span style="">犒賞系統</span></a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neuroscience.mssm.edu/nestler/brainRewardpathways.html">個腦嘅犒賞迴路</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Reward">犒賞</a>，<a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">學者百科</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Reward_Signals">犒賞訊號</a>，<a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">學者百科</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="學習" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Template:學習"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:學習 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="學習" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="孔子話齋：「學而時習之，不亦悅乎？」"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>話齋：「學而時習之，不亦悅乎？」</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">基本<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>學習</b>可以泛指一個個體（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>或者第啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>都得）吸收<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD" title="技能">技能</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>嘅過程</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">行為學習</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="聯想式學習">聯想式</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="古典制約">古典制約</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">操作制約</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96" title="行為強化">強化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%87%B2%E7%BD%B0" title="行為懲罰">懲罰</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%98%E5%8D%B0" title="銘印">銘印</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="觀察學習">觀察學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97%E5%9E%8B%E5%A4%B1%E5%8A%A9" title="習得型失助">習得型失助</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">行為概念</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="非聯想性學習">非聯想式</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3%E5%8C%96" title="習慣化">習慣化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%8F%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="敏化作用">敏化作用</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3" title="習慣">習慣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A9" title="玩">玩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">理論模型</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="學習曲線">學習曲線</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="遺忘曲線">遺忘曲線</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="海伯理論">海伯理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%85%A6%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="貝葉斯腦假說">貝葉斯腦假說</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E8%AB%96" title="運算學習論">運算學習論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%94%B9%E8%AE%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行為改變理論">行為改變理論</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">模型</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98" title="遺忘">遺忘</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E9%81%B7%E7%A7%BB" title="學習遷移">遷移</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%98%85%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="記憶嘅神經底質">記憶嘅神經底質</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1" title="記憶痕跡">記憶痕跡</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91" title="神經可塑">神經可塑</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層">前額皮層</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">犒賞系統</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育學">教育</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="主動學習">主動學習</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="被動學習">被動學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="混合式學習">混合式學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%AB%E9%B4%A8%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="填鴨式教育">填鴨式教育</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E8%BA%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="終身學習">終身學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%8A%E9%9B%A3%E5%BA%A6" title="有益難度">有益難度</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="管理學">管理</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="組織學習">組織學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E" title="知識傳遞">知識傳遞</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="知識管理">知識管理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="吸收能力">吸收能力</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">應用技術</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A8%93%E7%B7%B4" title="動物訓練">動物訓練</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="應用行為分析">應用行為分析</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">語言習得</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">SLA</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="強迫循環">強迫循環</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%9B%9E%E8%BC%B8" title="神經回輸">神經回輸</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">機械學習</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="強化學習">RL</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="認知科學" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="行為主義">行為主義</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育學">教育學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="教育心理學">教育心理學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="知識管理">知識管理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演繹推理">演繹推理</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96" title="貝葉斯推論">貝葉斯推論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="先天知識">先天知識</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E5%A5%87" title="好奇">好奇</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97" title="心流體驗">心流</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="適應系統">適應系統</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Category:學習">學習類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">由「<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=犒賞系統&oldid=2188542">https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=犒賞系統&oldid=2188542</a>」收</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="Special:分類">屬於2類</a>：<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Pages_using_div_col_with_small_parameter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Pages using div col with small parameter (無呢版)">Pages using div col with small parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:神經科學">神經科學</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">屬於3隱類：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1wayback%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90" title="Category:Webarchive模wayback連結">Webarchive模wayback連結</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87" title="Category:正文">正文</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E5%98%85%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0" title="Category:有英文嘅文章">有英文嘅文章</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 呢版上次改係2024年9月30號 (禮拜一) 16:59 嘅事。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">呢度嘅所有文字係根據<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 牌照 4.0</a>嘅條款發佈；可能會有附加嘅條款。利用呢個網站，你同意<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">利用條款</a>同埋<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">私隱政策</a>。Wikipedia® 係<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a> 嘅註冊商標，一個非牟利機構。</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">私隱政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC">關於維基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%85%8D%E8%B2%AC%E8%81%B2%E6%98%8E">免責聲明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行為準則</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">開發人員</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh-yue.wikipedia.org">統計</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie聲明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh-yue.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手提版</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d64f599dc-t44sq","wgBackendResponseTime":1003,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.512","walltime":"0.824","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3866,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":62254,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2348,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":72383,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 463.363 1 -total"," 21.34% 98.867 1 Template:Lang-en"," 13.48% 62.454 3 Template:Reflist"," 9.34% 43.262 1 Template:正文"," 8.94% 41.412 1 Template:學習"," 8.83% 40.892 3 Template:Navbox"," 8.77% 40.628 1 Template:Top_icon"," 8.17% 37.860 1 Template:Commonscat"," 7.41% 34.325 1 Template:Sister_project"," 7.07% 32.750 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.154","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18268144,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d64f599dc-t44sq","timestamp":"20241202114802","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u7292\u8cde\u7cfb\u7d71","url":"https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q670713","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q670713","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2021-05-09T15:42:42Z","dateModified":"2024-09-30T16:59:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4a\/ARS_-_Foods_high_in_zinc.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>