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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fixing+Sex%3A+Intersex%2C+Medical+Authority%2C+and+Lived+Experience&rft.author=%5B%5BKatrina+Karkazis%5D%5D&rft.date=November+14%2C+2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BDuke+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=384"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fixing_Sex,_Karkazis_(cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/44/Fixing_Sex%2C_Karkazis_%28cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="304" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katrina_Karkazis" title="Katrina Karkazis">Katrina Karkazis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">Medicine and health sciences</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 14, 2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardback" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardback">Hardback</a>) and <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">E-book</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">384</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822343189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822343189">978-0822343189</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience</b></i>, a book by Stanford <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioethicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethicist">bioethicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Katrina_Karkazis" title="Katrina Karkazis">Katrina Karkazis</a>, was published in 2008. Described as "thoughtful", "meticulous", and an "authoritative treatise on intersex",<sup id="cite_ref-scbe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scbe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the book examines the perspectives of <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> people, their families, and clinicians to offer compassionate look at the treatment of people born with atypical sex characteristics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fixing_Sex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a scholarly work, Karkazis draws heavily on interviews with intersex adults, parents, and physicians to explore how intersex is understood and treated. In part 1, she reviews the history of treatment for intersex traits, highlighting the work of <a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">John Money</a> and the introduction of the, then new, terms "gender", "gender role" and "gender identity". She explores the events following publication of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Diamond" title="Milton Diamond">Milton Diamond</a>'s study of the <a href="/wiki/David_Reimer" title="David Reimer">David Reimer</a> or "John/Joan" case, and the ways in which public opinion impacted on medical treatment. In part 2, Karkazis presents an analysis of current medical approaches to intersex, and the risks involved, in the wake of a 2006 "consensus statement on the management of intersex disorders".<sup id="cite_ref-nejm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nejm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also reviews the methods utilised to assign a sex of rearing to intersex infants, such as genitals and penis size, chromosomes, fertility, "sexing of the brain", and parental wishes; these impact upon determination whether or not to proceed with early genital surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-mijeon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mijeon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part 3 interviews parents of children with <a href="/wiki/Complete_androgen_insensitivity_syndrome" title="Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome">complete androgen insensitivity syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia" title="Congenital adrenal hyperplasia">congenital adrenal hyperplasia</a>, and adults with intersex experiences. Part 3 also looks at activism by intersex <a href="/wiki/List_of_intersex_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of intersex organizations">organizations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fixing_Sex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book has been well received by both clinicians and intersex groups. Gary Berkovitz, writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Journal of Medicine">New England Journal of Medicine</a></i> states that Karkazis's analysis is fair, compelling, and eloquent; "Current consensus guidelines recommend early separation of the vagina and urethra for female subjects with abnormalities in the formation of the sex organs... Karkazis presents a compelling argument for the deferment of subsequent surgery until the patient is able to decide."<sup id="cite_ref-nejm_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nejm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth Reis, reviewing the book in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Bioethics" title="American Journal of Bioethics">American Journal of Bioethics</a></i>, states that the book identifies risk of incontinence, fistulas, scarring and lack of physical sensation arising from surgical intervention, and the psychological harm caused by the knowledge that "one's genitals are 'wrong,' requiring constant medical scrutiny and 'fixing'. It "masterfully examines the concerns and fears of all those with a stake in the intersex debate: physicians, parents, intersex adults, and activists. ... Karkazis’s honest, multi-pronged approach poses critical questions."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mijeon in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="American Journal of Human Genetics">American Journal of Human Genetics</a></i> writes that the "conclusion is quite fitting", "the history of thinking about the body ... can be highly politicized and controversial".<sup id="cite_ref-mijeon_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mijeon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenneth Copeland, former president of the <a href="/wiki/Pediatric_endocrinology" title="Pediatric endocrinology">Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society</a>, describes the book as "Masterfully balancing all aspects of one of the most polarizing, contentious topics in medicine... the most recent authoritative treatise on intersex."<sup id="cite_ref-scbe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scbe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a> describes the book as "meticulous, sensitive, and brilliantly executed".<sup id="cite_ref-scbe_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scbe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arlene Baratz (<a href="/wiki/Accord_Alliance" title="Accord Alliance">Accord Alliance</a>) describes the book as "a velvet-gloved punch to the gut", "astonishing, a tale told straight from the mouths of affected adults, parents, and physicians in tender and lyrical prose."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intersex community organization <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Intersex_International_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Intersex International Australia">Organisation Intersex International Australia</a> regards the book as "approachable," "compelling and recommended reading".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book was referenced by <i>Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia,</i> a 2013 report of a committee of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Australia">Senate of Australia</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-SenateOnSterilisation_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenateOnSterilisation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fixing_Sex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead_Award" title="Margaret Mead Award">Margaret Mead Award</a>, 2010, and a finalist for the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda Literary Award">Lambda Literary Award</a>, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-scbe_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scbe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fixing_Sex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-scbe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scbe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scbe_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scbe_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scbe_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioethics.stanford.edu/people/resumes/karkazispubs.html">Katrina Karkazis, PhD, MPH</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226191601/http://bioethics.stanford.edu/people/resumes/karkazispubs.html">Archived</a> 2013-12-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Stanford University School of Medicine">Stanford University School of Medicine</a> Center for Biomedical Ethics, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nejm-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nejm_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nejm_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMbkrev0805101">Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience</a>, New England Journal of Medicine, April 16, 2009. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMbkrev0805101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mijeon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mijeon_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mijeon_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694968/">Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Migeon" title="Claude Migeon">Claude Migeon</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="American Journal of Human Genetics">American Journal of Human Genetics</a></i>, June 12, 2009; 84(6): 718-727. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.04.022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15265160902790617#.UruFq3lw1cc">Review of Katrina Karkazis, Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience</a>, Elizabeth Reis in <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Bioethics" title="American Journal of Bioethics">American Journal of Bioethics</a>, Volume 9, issue 6, 2009. DOI:10.1080/15265160902790617</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalahari.com/Books/Fixing-Sex_p_32893085;jsessionid=DC14247A5DEDB631E99E1210FBB6BFE4">Fixing Sex</a>, Kalahari.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oii.org.au/5849/fixing-sex-karkazis/">Katrina Karkazis, "Fixing Sex" (recommended reading)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Intersex_International_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Intersex International Australia">Organisation Intersex International Australia</a>, 26 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SenateOnSterilisation-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SenateOnSterilisation_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index">Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia</a>, Community Affairs Committee, <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Australia">Senate of Australia</a>, October 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fixing_Sex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131222044504/http://www.katrinakarkazis.com/writing.html">Official site</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fixing_Sex&oldid=1259767140">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fixing_Sex&oldid=1259767140</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bioethics" title="Category:Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intersex_non-fiction" title="Category:Intersex non-fiction">Intersex non-fiction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_anthropology" title="Category:Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_books" title="Category:Medical books">Medical books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_ethics" title="Category:Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_controversies" title="Category:Medical controversies">Medical controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_sexuality" title="Category:Philosophy of sexuality">Philosophy of sexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intersex_and_medicine" title="Category:Intersex and medicine">Intersex and medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Intersex rights in the United States">Intersex rights in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 23:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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