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<span>Rule</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rule-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rule subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consolidation of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_of_frontiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_of_frontiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Defense of frontiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_of_frontiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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id="toc-Pupienus,_Balbinus,_and_Gordian_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Defeat and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="ماكسيمينوس ثراكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماكسيمينوس ثراكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim%C3%ADn_o_Tracio" title="Maximín o Tracio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Maximín o Tracio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Frakiyal%C4%B1_Maksimin" title="I Frakiyalı Maksimin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Frakiyalı Maksimin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Максімін Фракіец – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Максімін Фракіец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Максимин Трак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Максимин Трак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimin_I_Tra%C4%8Danin" title="Maksimin I Tračanin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maksimin I Tračanin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Ia%C3%B1" title="Maximinus Iañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maximinus Iañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim%C3%AD_el_Traci" title="Maximí el Traci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maximí el Traci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_1._Thrax" title="Maximinus 1. Thrax – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maximinus 1. Thrax" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%98%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BE" title="Μαξιμίνος Θραξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαξιμίνος Θραξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximino_el_Tracio" title="Maximino el Tracio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maximino el Tracio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximino_Trax" title="Maximino Trax – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maximino Trax" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ماکسیمینوس ترکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکسیمینوس ترکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximin_Ier_le_Thrace" title="Maximin Ier le Thrace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maximin Ier le Thrace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksiminus_Traks" title="Maksiminus Traks – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Maksiminus Traks" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximino_Tracio" title="Maximino Tracio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Maximino Tracio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8B%9C%EB%AF%B8%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BD%EC%8A%A4" title="막시미누스 트락스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="막시미누스 트락스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Մաքսիմինոս Թրակիացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքսիմինոս Թրակիացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimin_Tra%C4%8Danin" title="Maksimin Tračanin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maksimin Tračanin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimino_il_Trace" title="Massimino il Trace – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massimino il Trace" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="מקסימינוס תראקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקסימינוס תראקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მაქსიმინუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაქსიმინუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksiminas_Trakas" title="Maksiminas Trakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maksiminas Trakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Maximinus Thrax római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maximinus Thrax római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Максимин Трак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Максимин Трак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="मॅक्झिमिनस थ्राक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॅक्झिमिनस थ्राक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="ماكسيمينوس الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماكسيمينوس الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_I_Thrax" title="Maximinus I Thrax – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maximinus I Thrax" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="マクシミヌス・トラクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マクシミヌス・トラクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximin_I" title="Maximin I – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maximin I" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimin_Gay_Yuliy_Ver" title="Maksimin Gay Yuliy Ver – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maksimin Gay Yuliy Ver" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimin_%C3%ABd_Tracia" title="Massimin ëd Tracia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Massimin ëd Tracia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksymin_Trak" title="Maksymin Trak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maksymin Trak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximino_Tr%C3%A1cio" title="Maximino Trácio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maximino Trácio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximin_Tracul" title="Maximin Tracul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maximin Tracul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_I_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Максимин I Фракиец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Максимин I Фракиец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimin_Tra%C4%8Dan" title="Maksimin Tračan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maksimin Tračan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Максимин Трачанин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Максимин Трачанин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimin_Tra%C4%8Danin" title="Maksimin Tračanin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maksimin Tračanin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรพรรดิมักซิมินุส ทรากส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิมักซิมินุส ทรากส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Maximinus" title="I. Maximinus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Maximinus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%94%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Максимін Фракієць – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Максимін Фракієць" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ماکسیمینوس تھراکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماکسیمینوس تھراکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="马克西米努斯·色雷克斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马克西米努斯·色雷克斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="馬克西米努斯色雷克斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬克西米努斯色雷克斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Maximinus Thrax" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="馬克西米努斯·色雷克斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬克西米努斯·色雷克斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1777#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Maximinus Thrax</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bust of Maximinus Thrax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473.jpg/220px-Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473.jpg/330px-Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473.jpg/440px-Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Bust, <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, Rome</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">March 235 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> June 238<sup id="cite_ref-death_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Rivals</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 173 (?)<br /><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> June 238 (aged ~65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caecilia_Paulina" title="Caecilia Paulina">Caecilia Paulina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Verus_Maximus" title="Gaius Julius Verus Maximus">Gaius Julius Verus Maximus</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus Augustus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown, possibly Micca<sup id="cite_ref-Historia_Augusta,_Life_of_Maximinus,_1:6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historia_Augusta,_Life_of_Maximinus,_1:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown, possibly Ababa<sup id="cite_ref-Historia_Augusta,_Life_of_Maximinus,_1:6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historia_Augusta,_Life_of_Maximinus,_1:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus</b> "<b>Thrax</b>" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 173 – 238</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 235 to 238. Born of <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> origin – given the nickname <i>Thrax</i> ("the Thracian") – he rose up through the military ranks, ultimately holding high command in the army of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a>. After Severus was murdered in 235, he was proclaimed emperor by the army, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, a 50-year period of instability and civil war. He is often remembered for his unusual height, although the veracity of this is disputed. </p><p>His father was an accountant in the governor's office. Maximinus was the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Italica" title="Legio IV Italica">Legio IV <i>Italica</i></a> when <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> was assassinated by his own troops in 235. The Pannonian army then elected Maximinus emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 238 (which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the Six Emperors</a>), a senatorial revolt broke out, leading to the successive proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> as emperors in opposition to Maximinus. Maximinus advanced on Rome to put down the revolt, but was halted at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aquileia" title="Siege of Aquileia">Aquileia</a>, where he was assassinated by disaffected elements of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Parthica" title="Legio II Parthica">Legio II <i>Parthica</i></a>. </p><p>Maximinus is described by several ancient sources, though only <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a>'s <i>Roman History</i> is contemporary. He was a so-called <a href="/wiki/Barracks_emperor" title="Barracks emperor">barracks emperor</a> of the 3rd century;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his rule is often considered to mark the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>. Maximinus was the first emperor who hailed neither from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senatorial class</a> nor from the <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian</a> class. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names "<a href="/wiki/Gaius_(praenomen)" title="Gaius (praenomen)">Gaius</a> <a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julius</a>" suggest that his family acquired <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>, as freedmen and newly integrated Romans always adopted the names of their former masters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His exact birth date is unknown, but the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">epitome</a> of <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a>, both written centuries later, record that he died at the age of 65, implying a birth in 173.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a> writes that Maximinus was of <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the notoriously unreliable <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i>, he was born in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> father and an <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alanic</a> mother;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the supposed parentage is a highly unlikely anachronism, as the Goths are known to have moved to Thrace from a different place of origin much later in history and their residence in the <a href="/wiki/Danubian" class="mw-redirect" title="Danubian">Danubian</a> area is not otherwise attested until after Maximinus' death. British historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Ronald Syme</a>, writing that "the word 'Gothia' should have sufficed for condemnation" of the passage in the <i>Historia Augusta</i>, felt that the burden of evidence from <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">Syncellus</a> and elsewhere pointed to Maximinus having been born in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1971182,_185–186_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1971182,_185–186-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The references to his "Gothic" ancestry might refer to a Thracian <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getic</a> origin (the two populations were often confused by later writers, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a></i>), as suggested by the paragraphs describing how "he was singularly beloved by the Getae, moreover, as if he were one of themselves" and how he spoke "almost pure Thracian".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, Bernard Bachrach suggests that the <i>Historia Augusta</i> use of a term not used in Maximinus time – "Gothia" – is hardly sufficient cause to dismiss its account. After all, the names it gives for Maximinus' parents are legitimate Alan and Gothic appellations. Hence, Bachrach argues, the most straightforward explanation is that the author of the <i>Historia Augusta</i> relied on a legitimate third century source, but substituted its terminology for that concurrent in his own day.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, Maximinus' ancestry remains an open question. </p><p>His background was, in any case, that of a provincial of low birth, and he was seen by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> as a barbarian, not even a true Roman, despite <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>’s edict granting citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200364_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200364-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Augustan History</i>, he was a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">bandit</a> leader before joining the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Roman_army" title="Imperial Roman army">Imperial Roman army</a>, causing historian <a href="/wiki/Brent_Shaw" title="Brent Shaw">Brent Shaw</a> to comment that a man who would have been "in other circumstances a <a href="/wiki/Crime_boss" title="Crime boss">Godfather</a>, [...] became emperor of Rome."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw198436_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw198436-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many ways, Maximinus was similar to the later Thraco-Roman emperors of the 3rd–5th century (<a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aureolus" title="Aureolus">Aureolus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a>, etc.), elevating themselves, via a military career, from the condition of a common <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldier</a> in one of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> to the foremost positions of political power. He joined the army during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004168_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004168-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maximinus was in command of <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Italica" title="Legio IV Italica">Legio IV <i>Italica</i></a>, composed of recruits from <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were angered by Alexander's payments to the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> and his avoidance of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200363_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200363-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troops, who included the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Primigenia" title="Legio XXII Primigenia">Legio XXII <i>Primigenia</i></a>, elected Maximinus, killing Alexander and his mother at <i>Moguntiacum</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004167_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004167-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> acclaimed him emperor, and their choice was grudgingly confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200364_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200364-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were displeased to have a peasant as emperor. His son <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Verus_Maximus" title="Gaius Julius Verus Maximus">Maximus</a> became <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)#Minor_dynastic_title" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200364_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200364-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rule">Rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_power">Consolidation of power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consolidation of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:right; clear:right; margin:0.3em 0 0.3em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:4px; border: 1px #cccccc solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximinus_Thrax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Maximinus_Thrax.jpg/340px-Maximinus_Thrax.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Maximinus_Thrax.jpg/510px-Maximinus_Thrax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Maximinus_Thrax.jpg/680px-Maximinus_Thrax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:170px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">O:</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureate</a> draped and <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirassed</a> bust of Maximinus <p>MAXIMINVS PIVS <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">AVG</a> GERM </p> </td> <td style="width:170px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">R:</a></b> Maximinus holding <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a>; standard on either side <p><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">P M</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">TR P</a> <a href="/wiki/2_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 (number)">II</a> <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">COS</a> <a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">P P</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:344px;font-size: 85%; padding:2px; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> struck in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> from February to December 236 AD; ref.: RIC 4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Maximinus began his rule by eliminating the close advisors of Alexander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His suspicions may have been justified; two plots against Maximinus were foiled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004169_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004169-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first was during a campaign across the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, when a group of officers, supported by influential senators, plotted to destroy a bridge across the river, in order to strand Maximinus in hostile territory.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They planned to elect senator <a href="/wiki/Magnus_(usurper)" title="Magnus (usurper)">Magnus</a> emperor afterwards, but the conspiracy was discovered and the conspirators executed. The second plot involved <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamian</a> archers who were loyal to Alexander. They planned to elevate <a href="/wiki/Quartinus" title="Quartinus">Quartinus</a>, but their leader Macedo changed sides and murdered Quartinus instead, although this was not enough to save his own life.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_of_frontiers">Defense of frontiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Defense of frontiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accession of Maximinus is commonly seen as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> (also known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis"), the commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284 caused by various simultaneous crises. </p><p>Maximinus' first campaign was against the Alemanni, whom he defeated despite heavy Roman casualties in a swamp in the <a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the victory, Maximinus took the title <i>Germanicus Maximus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200364_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200364-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raised his son Maximus to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeps#Roman_Emperor" title="Princeps">princeps iuventutis</a>, and deified his late wife Paulina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximinus may have launched a second campaign deep into Germania, defeating a Germanic tribe beyond the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_the_Harzhorn" title="Battle at the Harzhorn">Battle at the Harzhorn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Securing the German frontier, at least for a while, Maximinus then set up a winter encampment at <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200364_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200364-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from that supply base fought the <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> during the winter of 235–236.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure_work">Infrastructure work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Infrastructure work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019 Israeli researchers translated a milestone found in the Moshav Ramot village in the Golan Heights. They were able to identify the name of Maximinus on the milestone. The roads themselves were much older, suggesting that a renovation project was undertaken during his rule on those roads.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gordian_I_and_Gordian_II">Gordian I and Gordian II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gordian I and Gordian II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman imperial dynasties</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid #b80049"><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the Six Emperors</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> AD 238</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maximinus Thrax</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_of_Six_Emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year of Six Emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early in 238, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, a full-scale revolt broke out. The landowners armed their clients and their agricultural workers and entered Thysdrus (modern <a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>), where they murdered the offending official and his bodyguards<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proclaimed the aged governor of the province, Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus (<a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a>), and his son, <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a>, as co-emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200366_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200366-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate in Rome switched allegiance, gave both Gordian and Gordian II the title of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a>, and set about rousing the provinces in support of the pair.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximinus, wintering at <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>, immediately assembled his army and advanced on Rome, the Pannonian legions leading the way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in Africa, the revolt had not gone as planned. The province of Africa was bordered on the west by the province of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, whose governor, <a href="/wiki/Capelianus" title="Capelianus">Capelianus</a>, nursed a long-standing grudge against the Gordians and controlled the only legionary unit (<a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Augusta" title="Legio III Augusta">III <i>Augusta</i></a>) in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004170_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004170-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordian II was killed in the fighting and, on hearing this, Gordian I hanged himself with his belt.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pupienus,_Balbinus,_and_Gordian_III"><span id="Pupienus.2C_Balbinus.2C_and_Gordian_III"></span>Pupienus, Balbinus, and Gordian III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pupienus, Balbinus, and Gordian III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carska_palata_Sirmijum1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carska_palata_Sirmijum1.JPG/220px-Carska_palata_Sirmijum1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carska_palata_Sirmijum1.JPG/330px-Carska_palata_Sirmijum1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carska_palata_Sirmijum1.JPG/440px-Carska_palata_Sirmijum1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Imperial Palace at <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>, today in <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the African revolt collapsed, the Senate found itself in great jeopardy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200367_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200367-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having shown clear support for the Gordians, they could expect no clemency from Maximinus when he reached Rome. In this predicament, they remained determined to defy Maximinus and elected two of their number, <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a>, as co-emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Roman mob heard that the Senate had selected two men from the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> class, men whom the ordinary people held in no great regard, they protested, showering the imperial cortège with sticks and stones.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A faction in Rome preferred Gordian's grandson (<a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a>), and there was severe street fighting. The co-emperors had no option but to compromise, and, sending for the grandson of the elder Gordian they appointed him <i>caesar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_and_death">Defeat and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defeat and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maximinus marched on Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> closed its gates against him. His troops became disaffected during <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aquileia" title="Siege of Aquileia">the unexpected siege of the city</a>, at which time they suffered from starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In about May or June 238,<sup id="cite_ref-death_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Parthica" title="Legio II Parthica">II <i>Parthica</i></a> in his camp assassinated him, his son, and his chief ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200367_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200367-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pupienus and Balbinus then became undisputed co-emperors. However, they mistrusted each other, and ultimately both were murdered by the Praetorian Guard, making <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> sole surviving emperor. Unable to reach Rome, Thrax never visited the capital city during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maximinus doubled the pay of soldiers;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004168_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004168-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this act, along with virtually continuous warfare, required higher taxes. Tax collectors began to resort to violent methods and illegal confiscations, further alienating the governing class from everyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to early church historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, the Imperial household of Maximinus' predecessor, Alexander, had contained many <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. Eusebius states that, hating his predecessor's household, Maximinus ordered that the leaders of the churches should be put to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Eusebius_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eusebius-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Eusebius, this persecution of 235 sent <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pope Pontian</a> into exile, but other evidence suggests that the persecutions of 235 were local to the provinces where they occurred rather than happening under the direction of the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Historia Augusta</a></i>, which modern scholars however treat with extreme caution: </p> <blockquote> <p>The Romans could bear his barbarities no longer – the way in which he called up informers and incited accusers, invented false offences, killed innocent men, condemned all whoever came to trial, reduced the richest men to utter poverty and never sought money anywhere save in some other's ruin, put many generals and many men of consular rank to death for no offence, carried others about in waggons without food and drink, and kept others in confinement, in short neglected nothing which he thought might prove effectual for cruelty – and, unable to suffer these things longer, they rose against him in revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximinus_Thrax_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN818.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marble Portrait of emperor Maximinus Thrax with minor damage. Shaped for insertion into a statue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maximinus_Thrax_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN818.jpg/220px-Maximinus_Thrax_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN818.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maximinus_Thrax_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN818.jpg/330px-Maximinus_Thrax_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN818.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maximinus_Thrax_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN818.jpg/440px-Maximinus_Thrax_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN818.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait in the <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient sources, ranging from the unreliable <i><a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Historia Augusta</a></i> to accounts of <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a>, speak of Maximinus as a man of significantly greater size than his contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is, moreover, depicted in ancient imagery as a man with a prominent brow, nose, and jaw (symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Acromegaly" title="Acromegaly">acromegaly</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>Historia Augusta</i>, "he was of such size, so Cordus reports, that men said he was eight-feet, one finger (c. 2.4 metres) in height".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is very likely however that this is one of the many exaggerations in the <i>Historia Augusta</i>, and is immediately suspect due to its citation of "Cordus", one of several fictitious authorities the work cites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme19711–16_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme19711–16-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although not going into the supposedly detailed portions of <i>Historia Augusta</i>, the historian Herodian, a contemporary of Maximinus, mentions him as a man of greater size, noting that: "He was in any case a man of such frightening appearance and colossal size that there is no obvious comparison to be drawn with any of the best-trained Greek athletes or warrior elite of the barbarians."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians interpret the stories on Maximinus's unusual height (as well as other information on his appearance, like excessive sweating and superhuman strength) as popular stereotyped attributes which do no more than intentionally turn him into a stylized embodiment of the barbarian bandit<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or emphasize the admiration and aversion that the image of the soldier evoked in the civilian population.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspasius_of_Ravenna" title="Aspasius of Ravenna">Aspasius of Ravenna</a> (his secretary as emperor)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-death-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-death_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-death_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">His death is sometimes dated to 24 June. This is based on the "3 years 4 months 2 days" reign-length given by the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronograph_of_354" title="Chronograph of 354">Chronograph of 354</a></i>. Some interpret this as "3 years 3 months 2 days", which gives 24 June reckoning from 22 March 235, the supposed date of Alaxander's death (the exact date is disputed).<sup id="cite_ref-rea_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rea-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximinus' official <i><a href="/wiki/Dies_imperii" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies imperii">dies imperii</a></i> (day of accession) was almost certainly 23 March, but the figures of the <i>Chronograph</i> can not be trusted as they are often of corrupted, inaccurate or made-up.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyri">Papyri</a> show that the Gordians were recognized in Egypt between 7 April and 13 June. Maximinus is not mentioned again, as he was declared an enemy by the Senate. Peachin argues that he died in early June,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but all we know is that he died during the reign of Pupienus and Balbinus, between May and August according to papyri.<sup id="cite_ref-rea_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rea-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rea-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rea_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rea_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRea1972" class="citation journal cs1">Rea, J. R. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20180380">"O. Leid. 144 and the Chronology of A. D. 238"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>. <b>9</b>: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20180380">20180380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=O.+Leid.+144+and+the+Chronology+of+A.+D.+238&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20180380%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rea&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20180380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2014" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Richard W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.steiner-verlag.de/en/Roman-Imperial-Chronology-and-Early-Fourth-Century-Historiography/9783515107327"><i>Roman imperial chronology and early-fourth-century historiography</i></a>. Historia Einzelschriften. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 67–69, 93–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-10732-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-10732-7"><bdi>978-3-515-10732-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+imperial+chronology+and+early-fourth-century+historiography&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.series=Historia+Einzelschriften&rft.pages=67-69%2C+93-95&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-515-10732-7&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.steiner-verlag.de%2Fen%2FRoman-Imperial-Chronology-and-Early-Fourth-Century-Historiography%2F9783515107327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeachin1990" class="citation book cs1">Peachin, Michael (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ritac235/page/n24/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284</i></a>. Amsterdam: Gieben. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5063-034-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-5063-034-0"><bdi>90-5063-034-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Imperial+Titulature+and+Chronology%2C+A.D.+235%E2%80%93284&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Gieben&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=90-5063-034-0&rft.aulast=Peachin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fritac235%2Fpage%2Fn24%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_E._Cooley" title="Alison E. Cooley">Cooley, Alison E.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlghAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Manual+of+Latin+Epigraphy&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84026-2&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alison+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlghAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historia_Augusta,_Life_of_Maximinus,_1:6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historia_Augusta,_Life_of_Maximinus,_1:6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historia_Augusta,_Life_of_Maximinus,_1:6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Historia Augusta, <i>Maximinus</i>, 1:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Southern2003_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPat_Southern2003" class="citation book cs1">Pat Southern (16 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ySCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55381-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55381-5"><bdi>978-1-134-55381-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+from+Severus+to+Constantine&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-134-55381-5&rft.au=Pat+Southern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ySCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrigan2016" class="citation book cs1">Kerrigan, Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jI1mDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Untold History of the Roman Emperors</i></a>. Cavendish Square. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781502619112" title="Special:BookSources/9781502619112"><bdi>9781502619112</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Untold+History+of+the+Roman+Emperors&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781502619112&rft.aulast=Kerrigan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjI1mDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalway1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benet_Salway" title="Benet Salway">Salway, Benet</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/114213/1/SalwayJRS1994.pdf">"What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Roman_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Roman Studies">Journal of Roman Studies</a></i>. <b>84</b>: 124–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F300873">10.2307/300873</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/300873">300873</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162435434">162435434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+A+Survey+of+Roman+Onomastic+Practice+from+c.+700+B.C.+to+A.D.+700&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=124-145&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162435434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F300873%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F300873&rft.aulast=Salway&rft.aufirst=Benet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F114213%2F1%2FSalwayJRS1994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></i> (7th century), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3AGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA501">Olympiad 253–4</a>. His reign is given to the wrong years, however.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zonaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonaras">Zonaras</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1120) <i><a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">Epitome</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXGCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT41">xvii.16</a>. He also records a reign of six years, a copyist error.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, 7:1:1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historia Augusta, <i>Maximinus</i>, 1:5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1971182,_185–186-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1971182,_185–186_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyme1971">Syme 1971</a>, pp. 182, 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historia Augusta, <i>Maximinus</i>, 2:5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachrach, Bernard S. <i>A History of the Alans in the West: From Their First Appearance in the Sources of Classical Antiquity through the Early Middle Ages</i>. 14: n.28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200364-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200364_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200364_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200364_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200364_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200364_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern2003">Southern 2003</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw198436-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw198436_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw1984">Shaw 1984</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004168-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004168_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004168_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter 2004</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, 8:6:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200363-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200363_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern2003">Southern 2003</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004167-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004167_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter 2004</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeckler2022_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeckler2022">Meckler 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004169-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004169_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter 2004</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, 7:1:5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historia Augusta, <i>Maximinus</i>, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, 7:2:7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historia Augusta, Two Maximini</i>. 12:1–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, 7:2:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Borschel-Dan" class="citation web cs1">Amanda Borschel-Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/cryptic-golan-milestone-found-to-be-monument-to-low-born-roman-emperors-reign/">"Cryptic Golan milestone found to be monument to low-born Roman emperor's reign"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Cryptic+Golan+milestone+found+to+be+monument+to+low-born+Roman+emperor%27s+reign&rft.au=Amanda+Borschel-Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fcryptic-golan-milestone-found-to-be-monument-to-low-born-roman-emperors-reign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, 7:4:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200366-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200366_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern2003">Southern 2003</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zonaras, 12:16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004170-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004170_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter 2004</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historia Augusta, <i>Maximinus</i>, 19:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200367-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200367_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern200367_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern2003">Southern 2003</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, 7:10:5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater2007" class="citation book cs1">Drinkwater, John (2007). "Maximinus to Diocletian and the 'Crisis'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a></i>. Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maximinus+to+Diocletian+and+the+%27Crisis%27&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zosimus, 1:12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, 8:5:4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHekster2008" class="citation book cs1">Hekster, Olivier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COCqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Rome and its Empire, AD 193–284</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748629923" title="Special:BookSources/9780748629923"><bdi>9780748629923</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+its+Empire%2C+AD+193%E2%80%93284&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780748629923&rft.aulast=Hekster&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOCqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eusebius-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eusebius_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation web cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250106.htm">"Church History"</a>. <i>Book 6, Chapter 28</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book+6%2C+Chapter+28&rft.atitle=Church+History&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapandrea2012" class="citation book cs1">Papandrea, James L. (23 January 2012). <i>Reading the Early Church Fathers: From the Didache to Nicaea</i>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809147519" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809147519"><bdi>978-0809147519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Early+Church+Fathers%3A+From+the+Didache+to+Nicaea&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft.isbn=978-0809147519&rft.aulast=Papandrea&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graeme Clark, "Third-Century Christianity", in the <i>Cambridge Ancient History</i> 2nd ed., volume 12: <i>The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337</i>, ed. Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Maximini_duo*.html">"Historia Augusta • The Two Maximini"</a>. <i>Penelope.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Historia+Augusta+%E2%80%A2+The+Two+Maximini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FHistoria_Augusta%2FMaximini_duo%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederik Poulsen, <i>Catalogue of Ancient Sculpture in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</i>, 1951, no.744</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulsen1951" class="citation book cs1">Poulsen, Frederik (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GlyptothequeNyCarlsberg5/page/n259/mode/1up"><i>Catalogue of Ancient Sculpture in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</i></a>. pp. 517-518 (no. 744, I.N. 818).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Ancient+Sculpture+in+the+Ny+Carlsberg+Glyptotek&rft.pages=517-518+%28no.+744%2C+I.N.+818%29&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Poulsen&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGlyptothequeNyCarlsberg5%2Fpage%2Fn259%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historia Augusta, <i>Maximinus</i>, 2:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, 7:1:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Klawans" title="Harold L. Klawans">Klawans, Harold L</a>. <i>The Medicine of History from Paracelsus to Freud</i>, Raven Press, 1982, New York, 3–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historia Augusta</i>, "Life of Maximinus", 6:8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme19711–16-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme19711–16_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyme1971">Syme 1971</a>, pp. 1–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, 7:1:12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Grünewald, transl. by John Drinkwater. <i>Bandits in the Roman Empire:, Myth and Reality</i>, Routledge, 2004, p. 84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32744-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32744-X">0-415-32744-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Michel Carrié in Andrea Giardina (ed.), transl. by Lydia G. Cochrane. <i>The Romans</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1993, pp. 116–117. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-29050-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-29050-6">0-226-29050-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Ancient sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 230), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/herodian-s-roman-history/"><i>Roman History, Book 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 240), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Maximini_duo*.html"><i>Life of Maximinus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm"><i>Epitome de Caesaribus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus01_book1.htm"><i>Historia Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1120), <i>Compendium of History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521191250/http://www.ancientsites.com/aw/Post/1049415">extract: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Modern sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Shaw" title="Brent Shaw">Shaw, Brent D.</a> (November 1984). "Bandits in the Roman Empire". <i><a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past & Present</a></i> (105). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 3–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F105.1.3">10.1093/past/105.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650544">650544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Bandits+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.issue=105&rft.pages=3-52&rft.date=1984-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F105.1.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650544%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Brent+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Southern" title="Pat Southern">Southern, Pat</a> (2003). <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i>. Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55380-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55380-8"><bdi>978-1-134-55380-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+from+Severus+to+Constantine&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+UK&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-55380-8&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a> (1971). <i>Emperors and biography: studies in the 'Historia Augusta'<span></span></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814357-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814357-4"><bdi>978-0-19-814357-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+and+biography%3A+studies+in+the+%27Historia+Augusta%27&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814357-4&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stone_Potter" title="David Stone Potter">Potter, David Stone</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDVXRO1CFXAC"><i>The Roman Empire at Bay: Ad 180–395</i></a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10057-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10057-1"><bdi>978-0-415-10057-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+at+Bay%3A+Ad+180%E2%80%93395&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10057-1&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDVXRO1CFXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeckler2022" class="citation cs2">Meckler, Michael L. (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060101025356/http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxthrax.htm">"Maximinus Thrax (235-238 A.D.)"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i>, archived from the original on 1 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.atitle=Maximinus+Thrax+%28235-238+A.D.%29&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Meckler&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fmaxthrax.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A. Bellezza: <i>Massimino il Trace</i>, Geneva 1964.</li> <li>Henning Börm: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1012252/Die_Herrschaft_des_Kaisers_Maximinus_Thrax_und_das_Sechskaiserjahr_238_Der_Beginn_der_Reichskrise_in_Gymnasium_115_2008_pp._69ff">Die Herrschaft des Kaisers Maximinus Thrax und das Sechskaiserjahr 238. Der Beginn der Reichskrise?</a></i>, in: <i>Gymnasium</i> 115, 2008.</li> <li>Jan Burian: <i>Maximinus Thrax. Sein Bild bei Herodian und in der Historia Augusta</i>, in: <i>Philologus</i> 132, 1988.</li> <li>Lukas de Blois: <i>The onset of crisis in the first half of the third century A.D.</i>, in: K.-P. Johne et al. (eds.), <i>Deleto paene imperio Romano</i>, Stuttgart 2006.</li> <li>Karlheinz Dietz: <i>Senatus contra principem. Untersuchungen zur senatorischen Opposition gegen Kaiser Maximinus Thrax</i>, Munich 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kolb" title="Frank Kolb">Frank Kolb</a>: <i>Der Aufstand der Provinz Africa Proconsularis im Jahr 238 n. Chr.: die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Hintergründe</i>, in: <i>Historia</i> 26, 1977.</li> <li>Adolf Lippold: <i>Kommentar zur Vita Maximini Dua der Historia Augusta</i>, Bonn 1991.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoriot1975" class="citation book cs1">Loriot, Xavier (1975). <i>Les premières années de la grand crise du IIIe siècle: De l'avènement de Maximin de Thrace (235) à la mort de Gordien III (244)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Aufstieg_und_Niedergang_der_r%C3%B6mischen_Welt" title="Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt">Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</a>. Vol. II.2. B.: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 657–787.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+premi%C3%A8res+ann%C3%A9es+de+la+grand+crise+du+IIIe+si%C3%A8cle%3A+De+l%27av%C3%A8nement+de+Maximin+de+Thrace+%28235%29+%C3%A0+la+mort+de+Gordien+III+%28244%29&rft.place=B.&rft.series=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt&rft.pages=657-787&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Loriot&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximinus_Thrax&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maximinus_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maximinus I">Maximinus Thrax</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/maximinus_I/t.html">Maximinus coinage</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Caius Julius Verus Maximinus Thrax"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Caius_Julius_Verus_Maximinus_Thrax">"Caius Julius Verus Maximinus Thrax" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caius+Julius+Verus+Maximinus+Thrax&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Maximin"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Maximin">"Maximin" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maximin&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaximinus+Thrax" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />235–238 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a> (all 238) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnaeus_Claudius_Severus_(consul_235)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnaeus Claudius Severus (consul 235) (page does not exist)">Gnaeus Claudius Severus</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Titus_Claudius_Quintianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Titus Claudius Quintianus (page does not exist)">Lucius Titus Claudius Quintianus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />236<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Pupienus_Africanus_Maximus" title="Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus">Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Marius_Perpetuus" title="Lucius Marius Perpetuus">Lucius Marius Perpetuus</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Mummius_Felix_Cornelianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Mummius Felix Cornelianus (page does not exist)">Lucius Mummius Felix Cornelianus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman 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title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-3150 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081529563">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/81149366313085602230">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2393155953620242630000">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/280713492">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/459159234105503370820">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1833685/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxrTD8gF39WtjmcT67pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118579452">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80150062">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12405455q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12405455q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0235968&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX827023">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070660417">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90311729">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664082005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/16553">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299919205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118579452.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118579452">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033159572">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68694">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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