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id="toc-Entity_Data_Model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Entities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schema_definition_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schema_definition_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Schema definition language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schema_definition_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Querying_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Querying_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Querying data</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Querying_data-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Querying data subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Querying_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entity_SQL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entity_SQL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Entity SQL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entity_SQL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entity_SQL_canonical_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entity_SQL_canonical_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Entity SQL canonical functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entity_SQL_canonical_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LINQ_to_Entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LINQ_to_Entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>LINQ to Entities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LINQ_to_Entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_SQL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_SQL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Native SQL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_SQL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visualizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visualizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Visualizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visualizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_Profiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_Profiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Performance Profiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_Profiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools_and_Extensions_-_Entity_Framework_Core" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools_and_Extensions_-_Entity_Framework_Core"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tools and Extensions - Entity Framework Core</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools_and_Extensions_-_Entity_Framework_Core-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools_and_extensions_-_Entity_Framework_EF6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools_and_extensions_-_Entity_Framework_EF6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tools and extensions - Entity Framework EF6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools_and_extensions_-_Entity_Framework_EF6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Entity Framework</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Entity Framework" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Entity Framework" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADO.NET_Entity_Framework" title="ADO.NET Entity Framework – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ADO.NET Entity Framework" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="انتیتی فریم ورک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتیتی فریم ورک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Entity Framework" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%8B%B0%ED%8B%B0_%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%9E%84%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC" title="엔티티 프레임워크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엔티티 프레임워크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Entity Framework" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Entity Framework" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Entity Framework" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Entity Framework" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Entity Framework" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Entity Framework" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Open source object-relational mapping framework</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Entity Framework</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">August 11, 2008<span class="noprint">; 16 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2008-08-11</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">Entity Framework 6: v6.4.4<hr />Entity Framework Core: v8.0.0 / Entity Framework Core: November 14, 2023<span class="noprint">; 12 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-11-14</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-CoreVer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoreVer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dotnet/ef6">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/dotnet<wbr />/ef6</a></span><hr /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dotnet/efcore">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/dotnet<wbr />/efcore</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/.NET_Core" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET Core">.NET Core</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_mapping" title="Object–relational mapping">Object–relational mapping</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/ef/">docs<wbr />.microsoft<wbr />.com<wbr />/en-us<wbr />/ef<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Entity Framework</b> (<b>EF</b>) is an open source<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_mapping" title="Object–relational mapping">object–relational mapping</a> (ORM) framework for <a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a>. It was originally shipped as an integral part of <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>, however starting with Entity Framework version 6.0 it has been delivered separately from the .NET Framework. </p><p>Entity Framework 6.4 was the latest release of the classic framework. Although Entity Framework 6 is still supported, it is no longer being developed and will only receive fixes for security issues.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new framework known as Entity Framework Core (EF Core) was introduced in 2016 with similar but not complete feature parity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Version numbering of this framework restarted from 1.0 and the latest version of EF Core is 8.0.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Entity Framework is a set of technologies in <a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a> that supports the development of data-oriented software applications. Architects and developers of data-oriented applications have typically struggled with the need to achieve two very different objectives. They must model the entities, relationships, and logic of the business problems they are solving, and they must also work with the data engines used to store and retrieve the data. The data can span multiple storage systems, each with its own protocols; even applications that work with a single storage system must balance the requirements of the storage system against the requirements of writing efficient and maintainable application code. This problem is generally referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_impedance_mismatch" title="Object–relational impedance mismatch">object–relational impedance mismatch</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_mapping" title="Object–relational mapping">object–relational mapping</a> (ORM) tools (aka "object–relational managers") have been developed to enable developers to work with data in the form of domain-specific objects and properties, such as customers and customer addresses, without having to concern themselves with the underlying database tables and columns where this data is stored. With an ORM, developers can work at a higher level of abstraction when they deal with data, and can create and maintain data-oriented applications with less code than in traditional applications. Entity Framework is the ORM solution currently promoted for use within the Microsoft development stack.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first version of Entity Framework (EFv1) was included with .NET Framework 3.5 Service Pack 1 and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio 2008</a> Service Pack 1, released on 11 August 2008<span class="noprint"> (16 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2008-08-11</span>)</span>. This version was widely criticized, even attracting a 'vote of no confidence' signed by at least one thousand developers.<sup id="cite_ref-vonc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second version of Entity Framework, named Entity Framework 4.0 (EFv4), was released as part of .NET 4.0 on 12 April 2010 and addressed many of the criticisms made of version 1.<sup id="cite_ref-verfour_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verfour-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third version of Entity Framework, version 4.1, was released on April 12, 2011, with Code First support. </p><p>A refresh of version 4.1, named Entity Framework 4.1 Update 1, was released on July 25, 2011. It includes bug fixes and new supported types. </p><p>The version 4.3.1 was released on February 29, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-verfourthreeone_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verfourthreeone-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a few updates, like support for migration. </p><p>Version 5.0.0 was released on August 11, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-verfive_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verfive-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is targeted at .NET framework 4.5. Also, this version is available for .Net framework 4, but without any runtime advantages over version 4. </p><p>Version 6.0 was released on October 17, 2013<sup id="cite_ref-versionsix_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionsix-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is now an open source project licensed under <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> v2. Like <a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">ASP.NET MVC</a>, its source code is hosted at <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> using Git.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version has a number of improvements for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_First&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code First (page does not exist)">code-first</a> support.<sup id="cite_ref-versiximprovements_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versiximprovements-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft then decided to modernize, componentize and bring .NET cross-platform to Linux, OSX and elsewhere, meaning the next version of Entity Framework would be a complete rewrite.<sup id="cite_ref-versionseven_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionseven-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 June 2016 this was released as Entity Framework Core 1.0, alongside ASP.NET Core 1.0 and .NET Core 1.0.<sup id="cite_ref-efcore-10-available_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efcore-10-available-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally named Entity Framework 7, but was renamed to highlight that it was a complete rewrite rather than an incremental upgrade and it doesn't replace EF6.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entity Framework Core 1.0 is licensed under <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> v2, and was built entirely in the open on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/aspnet/EntityFramework">GitHub</a>. While Entity Framework Core 1.0 shares some conceptual similarities with prior versions of Entity Framework, it was a completely new codebase designed to be more efficient, powerful, flexible, and extensible, running on Windows, Linux and OSX, and supporting a new range of relational and <a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> data stores.<sup id="cite_ref-versionseven_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionseven-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entity Framework Core 2.0 was released on 14 August 2017<span class="noprint"> (7 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2017-08-14</span>)</span> along with Visual Studio 2017 15.3 and ASP.NET Core 2.0 <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entity Framework Core 3.0 was released on 23 September 2019<span class="noprint"> (5 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2019-09-23</span>)</span> along with Visual Studio 2019 16.3 and ASP.NET Core 3.0,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entity Framework Core 3.1 (EF Core 3.1) was formally released for production use on 3 December 2019<span class="noprint"> (4 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2019-12-03</span>)</span> and will be the preferred long-term supported version until at least 3 December 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-EF_Core_releases_and_planning_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EF_Core_releases_and_planning-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nuget.org_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuget.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entity Framework Core 5.0 (EF Core 5) was released for production use on 9 November 2020<span class="noprint"> (4 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2020-11-09</span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-EF_Core_releases_and_planning_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EF_Core_releases_and_planning-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nuget.org_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuget.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was retired and out of support 1.5 years later on May 10, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entity Framework Core 6.0 (EF Core 6) was released on 10 November 2021<span class="noprint"> (3 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2021-11-10</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will be the preferred long-term supported version until at least 12 November 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entity Framework Core 7.0 (EF Core 7) was released on 8 November 2022<span class="noprint"> (2 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2022-11-08</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adding features such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/ef/core/what-is-new/ef-core-7.0/whatsnew#json-columns">JSON columns</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/ef/core/what-is-new/ef-core-7.0/whatsnew#executeupdate-and-executedelete-bulk-updates">bulk updates</a>. </p><p>Entity Framework Core 8.0 (EF Core 8) was released on 14 November 2023<span class="noprint"> (12 months ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-11-14</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adding features such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/ef/core/what-is-new/ef-core-8.0/whatsnew#value-objects-using-complex-types">Value objects using Complex Types</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/ef/core/what-is-new/ef-core-8.0/whatsnew#primitive-collections">Primitive collections</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADO.NET_Entity_Framework_stack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ADO.NET_Entity_Framework_stack.png/220px-ADO.NET_Entity_Framework_stack.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ADO.NET_Entity_Framework_stack.png/330px-ADO.NET_Entity_Framework_stack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/ADO.NET_Entity_Framework_stack.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>ADO.NET Entity Framework stack.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The architecture of the ADO.NET Entity Framework, from the bottom up, consists of the following:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Data source specific providers</b>, which abstract the ADO.NET interfaces to connect to the database when programming against the conceptual schema.</li> <li><b>Map provider</b>, a database-specific provider that translates the Entity SQL command tree into a query in the native SQL flavor of the database. It includes the <b>Store-specific bridge</b>, which is the component responsible for translating the generic command tree into a store-specific command tree.</li> <li><b><a href="#Entity_Data_Model">EDM</a> parser and view mapping</b>, which takes the SDL specification of the data model and how it maps onto the underlying relational model and enables programming against the conceptual model. From the relational schema, it creates views of the data corresponding to the conceptual model. It aggregates information from multiple tables in order to aggregate them into an entity, and splits an update to an entity into multiple updates to whichever table(s) contributed to that entity.</li> <li><b>Query and update pipeline</b>, processes queries, filters and updates requests to convert them into canonical command trees which are then converted into store-specific queries by the map provider.</li> <li><b>Metadata services</b>, which handle all metadata related to entities, relationships and mappings.</li> <li><b>Transactions</b>, to integrate with transactional capabilities of the underlying store. If the underlying store does not support transactions, support for it needs to be implemented at this layer.</li> <li><b>Conceptual layer API</b>, the runtime that exposes the programming model for coding against the conceptual schema. It follows the ADO.NET pattern of using Connection objects to refer to the map provider, using Command objects to send the query, and returning EntityResultSets or EntitySets containing the result.</li> <li><b>Disconnected components</b>, which locally cache datasets and entity sets for using the ADO.NET Entity Framework in an occasionally connected environment.</li> <li><b>Embedded database</b>: ADO.NET Entity Framework includes a lightweight embedded database for client-side caching and querying of relational data.</li> <li><b>Design tools</b>, such as Mapping Designer, are also included with ADO.NET Entity Framework, which simplifies the job of mapping a conceptual schema to the relational schema and specifying which properties of an entity type correspond to which table in the database.</li> <li><b>Programming layer</b>, which exposes the EDM as programming constructs which can be consumed by programming languages. <ul><li><b>Object services</b>, automatically generate code for CLR classes that expose the same properties as an entity, thus enabling instantiation of entities as .NET objects.</li> <li><b>Web services</b>, which expose entities as web services.</li></ul></li> <li><b>High-level services</b>, such as reporting services which work on entities rather than relational data.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entity_Data_Model">Entity Data Model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entity Data Model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Entity Data Model</b> (<b>EDM</b>) specifies the conceptual model (CSDL) of the data, using a modelling technique that is itself called Entity Data Model, an extended version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">entity–relationship model</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-entitydatamodel_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entitydatamodel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data model primarily describes the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/entity" class="extiw" title="wikt:entity">Entities</a></i> and the <i>Associations</i> they participate in. The EDM schema is expressed in the <i>Schema Definition Language</i> (SDL), which is an application of XML (Extended markup language). In addition, the mapping (MSL) of the elements of the conceptual schema (CSDL) to the storage schema (SSDL) must also be specified. The mapping specification is also expressed in XML.<sup id="cite_ref-CsdlMslSsdl_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CsdlMslSsdl-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Entity_Model_created_using_Entity_Framework_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/An_Entity_Model_created_using_Entity_Framework_6.png/220px-An_Entity_Model_created_using_Entity_Framework_6.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/An_Entity_Model_created_using_Entity_Framework_6.png/330px-An_Entity_Model_created_using_Entity_Framework_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/An_Entity_Model_created_using_Entity_Framework_6.png/440px-An_Entity_Model_created_using_Entity_Framework_6.png 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>An Entity Model created using Entity Framework 6 which represents Customer, Order and Product tables</figcaption></figure> <p>Visual Studio also provides the <i>Entity Designer</i> for visual creation of the EDM and the mapping specification. This approach is named as "Model First" approach, as alternatives to "Code First" and "Database First" approaches. The output of the tool is the XML file (*.edmx) specifying the schema and the mapping. Edmx file contains EF metadata artifacts (CSDL/MSL/SSDL content). These three files (csdl, msl, ssdl) can also be created or edited by hand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The "Model First" approach is not going to be supported in EF Core version. <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping">Mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entity Data Model Wizard<sup id="cite_ref-EdmWizard_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdmWizard-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Visual Studio initially generates a one-to-one (1:1) mapping between the database schema and the conceptual schema in most of the cases. In the relational schema, the elements are composed of the tables, with the primary and foreign keys gluing the related tables together. In contrast, the <i>Entity Types</i> define the conceptual schema of the data.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The entity types are an aggregation of multiple typed fields – each field maps to a certain column in the database – and can contain information from multiple physical tables. The entity types can be related to each other, independent of the relationships in the physical schema. Related entities are also exposed similarly – via a field whose name denotes the relation they are participating in and accessing which, instead of retrieving the value from some column in the database, traverses the relationship and returns the entity (or a collection of entities) with which it is related.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about Where is the example description?.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Entity_Framework" title="Talk:Entity Framework">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Entity Types form the class of objects entities conform to, with the Entities being instances of the entity types. Entities represent individual objects that form a part of the problem being solved by the application and are indexed by a key. For example, converting the physical schema described above, we will have two entity types: </p> <ul><li><i>CustomerEntity</i>, which contains the customer's name from the <i>Customers</i> table, and the customer's address from the <i>Contacts</i> table.</li> <li><i>OrderEntity</i>, which encapsulates the orders of a certain customer, retrieving it from the <i>Orders</i> table.</li></ul> <p>The logical schema and its mapping with the physical schema is represented as an <b>Entity Data Model</b> (EDM), specified as an XML file. ADO.NET Entity Framework uses the EDM to actually perform the mapping letting the application work with the entities, while internally abstracting the use of ADO.NET constructs like <i>DataSet</i> and <i>RecordSet</i>. ADO.NET Entity Framework performs the <i><a href="/wiki/SQL_join" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL join">joins</a></i> necessary to have entity reference information from multiple tables, or when a relationship is traversed. When an entity is updated, it traces back which table the information came from and issues SQL update statements to update the tables in which some data has been updated. ADO.NET Entity Framework uses eSQL, a derivative of SQL, to perform queries, set-theoretic operations, and updates on entities and their relationships. Queries in eSQL, if required, are then translated to the native SQL flavor of the underlying database.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Entity types and entity sets just form the logical EDM schema, and can be exposed as anything. ADO.NET Entity Framework includes <i>Object Service</i> that presents these entities as <i><a href="/wiki/Object_oriented_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Object oriented programming">Objects</a></i> with the elements and relationships exposed as properties. Thus Entity objects are just front-end to the instances of the EDM entity types, which lets Object Oriented languages access and use them. Similarly, other front-ends can be created, which expose the entities via web services (e.g., <a href="/wiki/WCF_Data_Services" title="WCF Data Services">WCF Data Services</a>) or XML that is used when entities are serialized for persistence storage or over-the-wire transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entities">Entities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entities** are instances of <i>EntityType</i>s; they represent the individual instances of the objects (such as <i>customer</i>, <i>orders</i>) to which the information pertains. The identity of an entity is defined by the entity type it is an instance of; in that sense an entity type defines the class an entity belongs to and also defines what <i>properties</i> an entity will have. Properties describe some aspect of the entity by giving it a name and a type. The properties of an entity type in ADO.NET Entity Framework are fully typed, and are fully compatible with the type system used in a DBMS system, as well as the Common Type System of the .NET Framework. A property can be <i>SimpleType</i>, or <i>ComplexType</i>, and can be multi-valued as well. All <i>EntityType</i>s belong to some namespace, and have an <i>EntityKey</i> property that uniquely identifies each instance of the entity type. The different property types are distinguished as follows:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><b>SimpleType</b>, corresponds to primitive data types such as <i>Integer</i>, <i>Characters</i> and <i>Floating Point</i> numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-SimpleTypes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpleTypes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>ComplexType</b>, is an aggregate of multiple properties of type <i>SimpleType</i>, or <i>ComplexType</i>. Unlike <i>EntityType</i>s, however, <i>ComplexTypes</i> cannot have an <i>EntityKey</i>. In Entity Framework v1 <i>ComplexTypes</i> cannot be inherited.<sup id="cite_ref-ComplexTypes_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComplexTypes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>All entity instances are housed in EntityContainers, which are per-project containers for entities. Each project has one or more named EntityContainers, which can reference entities across multiple namespaces and entity types. Multiple instances of one entity type can be stored in collections called EntitySets. One entity type can have multiple EntitySets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>EDM primitive types (simple types):<sup id="cite_ref-SimpleTypes_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpleTypes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ConceptualModelTypes_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConceptualModelTypes-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>EDM type </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">CLR</a> type mapping </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Edm.Binary</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Byte[]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.Boolean</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Boolean</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.Byte</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Byte</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.DateTime</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">DateTime</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.DateTimeOffset</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">DateTimeOffset</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.Decimal</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Decimal</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.Double</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Double</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.Guid</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Guid</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.Int16</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Int16</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.Int32</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Int32</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.Int64</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Int64</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.SByte</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">SByte</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.Single</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Single</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.String</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">String</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Edm.Time</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">TimeSpan</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships">Relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any two entity types can be related, by either an <i>Association</i> relation or a <i>Containment</i> relation. For example, a shipment <i>is billed</i> to a customer is an association whereas an order <i>contains</i> order details is a containment relation. A containment relation can also be used to model inheritance between entities. The relation between two entity types is specified by a <i>Relationship Type</i>, instances of which, called <i>Relationships</i>, relate entity instances. In future releases, other kinds of relationship types such as <i>Composition</i>, or <i>Identification</i>, may be introduced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Relationship types are characterized by their degree (arity) or the count of entity types they relate and their multiplicity. However, in the initial release of ADO.NET Entity Framework, relationships are limited to a binary (of degree two) bi-directional relationship. Multiplicity defines how many entity instances can be related together. Based on multiplicity, relationships can be either one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. Relationships between entities are named; the name is called a Role. It defines the purpose of the relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A relationship type can also have an <i>Operation</i> or <i>Action</i> associated with it, which allows some action to be performed on an entity in the event of an action being performed on a related entity. A relationship can be specified to take an <i>Action</i> when some <i>Operation</i> is done on a related entity. For example, on deleting an entity that forms the part of a relation (the <i>OnDelete</i> operation) the actions that can be taken are:<sup id="cite_ref-OnDelete_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnDelete-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Cascade</b>, which instructs to delete the relationship instance and all associated entity instances.</li> <li><b>None</b>.</li></ul> <p>For association relationships, which can have different semantics at either ends, different actions can be specified for either end.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schema_definition_language">Schema definition language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schema definition language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ADO.NET Entity Framework uses an XML based Data Definition Language called <i>Schema Definition Language</i> (SDL) to define the EDM Schema. The SDL defines the SimpleTypes similar to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Type_System" title="Common Type System">CTS</a> primitive types, including <i>String</i>, <i>Int32</i>, <i>Double</i>, <i>Decimal</i>, <i>Guid</i>, and <i>DateTime</i>, among others. An <i>Enumeration</i>, which defines a map of primitive values and names, is also considered a simple type. Enumerations are supported from framework version 5.0 onwards only. ComplexTypes are created from an aggregation of other types. A collection of properties of these types define an Entity Type. This definition can be written in EBNF grammar as:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ebnf mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">EntityType </span><span class="err">::</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">ENTITYTYPE entityTypeName </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">BASE entityTypeName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">ABSTRACT true</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="k">false</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">KEY propertyName </span><span class="p">[,</span> <span class="k">propertyName</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="err">*</span> <span class="p">{(</span><span class="k">propertyName PropertyType </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">PropertyFacet</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="err">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="err">+</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">PropertyType </span><span class="err">::=</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">PrimitiveType </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">PrimitiveTypeFacets</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="err">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">complexTypeName</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">RowType</span> <span class="k">PropertyFacet </span><span class="err">::=</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">NULLABLE true </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">false</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">DEFAULT defaultVal</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">MULTIPLICITY </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="err">1</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="err">*</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">PropertyTypeFacet </span><span class="err">::=</span> <span class="k">MAXLENGTH </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">PRECISION </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">SCALE </span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">UNICODE </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">FIXEDLENGTH </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">COLLATION</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">DATETIMEKIND </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">PRESERVESECONDS</span> <span class="k">PrimitiveType </span><span class="err">::=</span> <span class="k">BINARY </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">STRING </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">BOOLEAN</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">SINGLE </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">DOUBLE </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">DECIMAL </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">GUID</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">BYTE </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">SBYTE </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">INT16 </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">INT32 </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">INT64</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">DATETIME </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">DATETIMEOFFSET </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="k">TIME</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> <p><i>Facets</i> are used to describe metadata of a property, such as whether it is nullable or has a default value, as also the cardinality of the property, i.e., whether the property is single valued or multi valued. A multiplicity of “1” denotes a single valued property; a “*” means it is a multi-valued property. As an example, an entity can be denoted in SDL as:<sup id="cite_ref-Facets_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facets-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><ComplexType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"Addr"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"Street"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Type=</span><span class="s">"String"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Nullable=</span><span class="s">"false"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"City"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Type=</span><span class="s">"String"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Nullable=</span><span class="s">"false"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"Country"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Type=</span><span class="s">"String"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Nullable=</span><span class="s">"false"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"PostalCode"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Type=</span><span class="s">"Int32"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="nt"></ComplexType></span> <span class="nt"><EntityType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"Customer"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Key></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><PropertyRef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"Email"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></Key></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"Name"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Type=</span><span class="s">"String"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"Email"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Type=</span><span class="s">"String"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Nullable=</span><span class="s">"false"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"Address"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Type=</span><span class="s">"Addr"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="nt"></EntityType></span> </pre></div> <p>A relationship type is defined as specifying the end points and their multiplicities. For example, a one-to-many relationship between <i>Customer</i> and <i>Orders</i> can be defined as </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><Association</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Name=</span><span class="s">"CustomerAndOrders"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><End</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Type=</span><span class="s">"Customer"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Multiplicity=</span><span class="s">"1"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><End</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Type=</span><span class="s">"Orders"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Multiplicity=</span><span class="s">"*"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><OnDelete</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Action=</span><span class="s">"Cascade"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></End></span> <span class="nt"></Association></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Querying_data">Querying data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Querying data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entity_SQL">Entity SQL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Entity SQL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ADO.NET Entity Framework uses a variant of the <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">Structured Query Language</a>, named <i>Entity SQL</i>, which is aimed at writing declarative queries and updates over entities and entity relationships – at the conceptual level. It differs from SQL in that it does not have explicit constructs for <i>joins</i> because the EDM is designed to abstract partitioning data across tables.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Querying against the conceptual model is facilitated by <i>EntityClient</i> classes, which accepts an Entity SQL query. The query pipeline parses the Entity SQL query into a command tree, segregating the query across multiple tables, which is handed over to the EntityClient provider. Like ADO.NET data providers, an EntityClient provider is also initialized using a <i>Connection</i> object, which in addition to the usual parameters of data store and authentication info, requires the SDL schema and the mapping information. The EntityClient provider in turn then turns the Entity SQL command tree into an SQL query in the native flavor of the database. The execution of the query then returns an Entity SQL ResultSet, which is not limited to a tabular structure, unlike ADO.NET ResultSets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Entity SQL enhances SQL by adding intrinsic support for:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Types</b>, as ADO.NET entities are fully typed.</li> <li><b>EntitySets</b>, which are treated as collections of entities.</li> <li><b>Composability</b>, which removes restrictions on where subqueries can be used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entity_SQL_canonical_functions">Entity SQL canonical functions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Entity SQL canonical functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canonical functions are supported by all Entity Framework compliant data providers. They can be used in an Entity SQL query. Also, most of the extension methods in LINQ to Entities are translated to canonical functions. They are independent of any specific database. When ADO.NET data provider receives a function, it translates it to the desired SQL statement.<sup id="cite_ref-MsdnCanonicalFunctions_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MsdnCanonicalFunctions-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But not all DBMSs have equivalent functionality and a set of standard embedded functions. There are also differences in the accuracy of calculations. Therefore, not all canonical functions are supported for all databases, and not all canonical functions return the same results.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group </th> <th>Canonical functions<sup id="cite_ref-MsdnCanonicalFunctions_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MsdnCanonicalFunctions-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td width="15%">Aggregate functions </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Avg, BigCount, Count, Max, Min, StDev, StDevP, Sum, Var, VarP</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Math functions </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Abs, Ceiling, Floor, Power, Round, Truncate</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>String functions </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Concat, Contains, EndsWith, IndexOf, Left, Length, LTrim, Replace, Reverse, Right, RTrim, Substring, StartsWith, ToLower, ToUpper, Trim</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Date and Time functions </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">AddMicroseconds, AddMilliseconds, AddSeconds, AddMinutes, AddHours, AddNanoseconds, AddDays, AddYears, CreateDateTime, AddMonths, CreateDateTimeOffset, CreateTime, CurrentDateTime, CurrentDateTimeOffset, CurrentUtcDateTime, Day, DayOfYear, DiffNanoseconds, DiffMilliseconds, DiffMicroseconds, DiffSeconds, DiffMinutes, DiffHours, DiffDays, DiffMonths, DiffYears, GetTotalOffsetMinutes, Hour, Millisecond, Minute, Month, Second, TruncateTime, Year</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bitwise functions </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">BitWiseAnd, BitWiseNot, BitWiseOr, BitWiseXor</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other functions </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">NewGuid</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LINQ_to_Entities">LINQ to Entities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: LINQ to Entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The LINQ to Entities provider allows <a href="/wiki/LINQ" class="mw-redirect" title="LINQ">LINQ</a> to be used to query various <a href="/wiki/RDBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="RDBMS">RDBMS</a> data sources. Several database server specific providers with Entity Framework support are available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_SQL">Native SQL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Native SQL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Entity Framework v4 new methods <i>ExecuteStoreQuery()</i> and <i>ExecuteStoreCommand()</i> were added to the class ObjectContext.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visualizers">Visualizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Visualizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Visual Studio has a feature called Visualizer. A LINQ query written in Visual Studio can be viewed as Native SQL using a Visualizer during debug session. A Visualizer for LINQ to Entities (Object Query) targeting all RDBMS is available in the Visual Studio Marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_Profiling">Performance Profiling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Performance Profiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various profilers are commercially available to troubleshoot performance issues using Entity Framework, both for EF and EF Core variants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools_and_Extensions_-_Entity_Framework_Core">Tools and Extensions - Entity Framework Core</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tools and Extensions - Entity Framework Core"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entity Framework Core Tools and Extensions are available to enhance the performance of Entity Framework Core.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools_and_extensions_-_Entity_Framework_EF6">Tools and extensions - Entity Framework EF6</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tools and extensions - Entity Framework EF6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entity Framework Tools and Extensions are available to enhance the performance of Entity Framework.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_object%E2%80%93relational_mapping_software" title="List of object–relational mapping software">List of object–relational mapping software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LINQ_to_SQL" class="mw-redirect" title="LINQ to SQL">LINQ to SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Persistence_API" title=".NET Persistence API">.NET Persistence API (NPA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llblgen.com/">LLBLGEN Pro</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entity_Framework&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CoreVer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoreVer_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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id="CITEREFLerman2010" class="citation cs2">Lerman, Julia (August 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596807252/"><i>Programming Entity Framework</i></a> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>, p. 912, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-80726-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-80726-9"><bdi>978-0-596-80726-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+Entity+Framework&rft.pages=912&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2010-08&rft.isbn=978-0-596-80726-9&rft.aulast=Lerman&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foreilly.com%2Fcatalog%2F9780596807252%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntity+Framework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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#aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/.NET_Development_Foundation" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:.NET Development Foundation">.NET Development Foundation</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/data/ef.aspx">The ADO.NET Entity Framework (at Data Developer Center)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/aspnet/EntityFramework">EntityFramework</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Graphics and UI</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct2D" title="Direct2D">Direct2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D3DX" title="D3DX">D3D (extensions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">GDI / GDI+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">WPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">WinUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Color_System" title="Windows Color System">Windows Color System</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">BHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Gadgets" title="Microsoft Gadgets">SideBar Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Data access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Data_Access_Components" title="Microsoft Data Access Components">Data Access Components (MDAC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX_Data_Objects" title="ActiveX Data Objects">ADO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_DB" title="OLE DB">OLE DB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Entity Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Sync_Framework" title="Microsoft Sync Framework">Sync Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Database_Engine" title="Access Database Engine">Access Database Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Packaging_Conventions" title="Open Packaging Conventions">OPC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winsock" title="Winsock">Winsock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Layered_Service_Provider" title="Layered Service Provider">LSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#Winsock_Kernel" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">Winsock Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Filtering_Platform" title="Windows Filtering Platform">Filtering Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">NDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Rally" title="Windows Rally">Windows Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">BITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#Peer-to-peer_communication" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">P2P API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messaging_Passing_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Messaging Passing Interface">MS MPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectPlay" title="DirectPlay">DirectPlay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAPI" title="MAPI">Messaging API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephony_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Telephony Application Programming Interface">Telephony API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Administration and<br />management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Win32_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32 console">Win32 console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI (extensions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_I/O_technologies#Offline_Files" title="Windows Vista I/O technologies">Offline Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer#Windows_Event_Log" title="Event Viewer">Event Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">Common Log File System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model#COM+" title="Component Object Model">COM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">Distributed Component Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Class_Library" title="Framework Class Library">Framework Class Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Foundation_Class_Library" title="Microsoft Foundation Class Library">Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Template_Library" title="Active Template Library">Active Template Library (ATL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library (WTL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Model" title="Windows Driver Model">WDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Frameworks" title="Windows Driver Frameworks">WDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="Kernel-Mode Driver Framework">KMDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="User-Mode Driver Framework">UMDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Display_Driver_Model" title="Windows Display Driver Model">WDDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">NDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Audio_Architecture" title="Universal Audio Architecture">UAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Driver_Architecture" title="Broadcast Driver Architecture">BDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VxD" title="VxD">VxD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_CryptoAPI" title="Microsoft CryptoAPI">Crypto API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAPICOM" title="CAPICOM">CAPICOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">Windows CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_API" title="Data Protection API">Data Protection API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Parallel_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Parallel Library">TPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">WCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">WPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Workflow_Foundation" title="Windows Workflow Foundation">WF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Software_Factory_(Microsoft_.NET)" class="mw-redirect" title="Software Factory (Microsoft .NET)">Software factories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Enterprise Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_UI_Application_Block" title="Composite UI Application Block">Composite UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Customer_Care_Framework" title="Microsoft Customer Care Framework">CCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Connected_Services_Framework" title="Microsoft Connected Services Framework">CSF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_RPC" title="Microsoft RPC">MSRPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchange" title="Dynamic Data Exchange">Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Accessibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">Active Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_UI_Automation" title="Microsoft UI Automation">UI Automation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Text and multilingual<br />support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectWrite" title="DirectWrite">DirectWrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Services_Framework" title="Text Services Framework">Text Services Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Object_Model" title="Text Object Model">Text Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input_method" title="Input method">Input method editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Interface_Pack" title="Language Interface Pack">Language Interface Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniscribe" title="Uniscribe">Uniscribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Template:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Template talk:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software (FOSS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Microsoft and open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Movie_Maker" title="3D Movie Maker">3D Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_XP" title="Conference XP">Conference XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family.Show" title="Family.Show">Family.Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="File Manager (Windows)">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Live_Writer" title="Open Live Writer">Open Live Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Windows Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Windows Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWide_Telescope" title="WorldWide Telescope">WorldWide Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Notepad" title="XML Notepad">XML Notepad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_(video_game)" title="Allegiance (video game)">Allegiance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(proof_assistant)" title="Lean (proof assistant)">Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(programming_language)" title="P (programming language)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks,<br />development tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">.NET Gadgeteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_MAUI" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET MAUI">.NET MAUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirSim" title="AirSim">AirSim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_AJAX" title="ASP.NET AJAX">ASP.NET AJAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Core" title="ASP.NET Core">ASP.NET Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">ASP.NET MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">ASP.NET Razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">ASP.NET Web Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia_(software_framework)" title="Avalonia (software framework)">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon.js" title="Babylon.js">Babylon.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitFunnel" title="BitFunnel">BitFunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazor" title="Blazor">Blazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidential_Consortium_Framework" title="Confidential Consortium Framework">CCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JavaScript engine)">ChakraCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapr" title="Dapr">Dapr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSpeed" title="DeepSpeed">DeepSpeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskSpd" title="DiskSpd">DiskSpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Language_Runtime" title="Dynamic Language Runtime">Dynamic Language Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBPF_on_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPF on Windows">eBPF on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_(software_framework)" title="Electron (software framework)">Electron</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Entity Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluent_Design_System" title="Fluent Design System">Fluent Design System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_Framework" title="Fluid Framework">Fluid Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infer.NET" title="Infer.NET">Infer.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LightGBM" title="LightGBM">LightGBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensibility_Framework" title="Managed Extensibility Framework">Managed Extensibility Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Automatic_Graph_Layout" title="Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout">Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft C++ Standard Library">Microsoft C++ Standard Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Microsoft Design Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Detours" title="Microsoft Detours">Microsoft Detours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Microsoft Enterprise Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SEAL" title="Microsoft SEAL">Microsoft SEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimalloc" title="Mimalloc">mimalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Reality_Toolkit" title="Mixed Reality Toolkit">Mixed Reality Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML.NET" title="ML.NET">ML.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MsQuic" title="MsQuic">MsQuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Network_Intelligence" title="Neural Network Intelligence">Neural Network Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFuzz" title="OneFuzz">OneFuzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Management_Infrastructure" title="Open Management Infrastructure">Open Management Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Neural_Network_Exchange" title="Open Neural Network Exchange">Open Neural Network Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Service_Mesh" title="Open Service Mesh">Open Service Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_SDK" class="mw-redirect" title="Open XML SDK">Open XML SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_(software_framework)" title="Orleans (software framework)">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playwright_(software)" title="Playwright (software)">Playwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProcDump" title="ProcDump">ProcDump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Monitor" title="Process Monitor">ProcMon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="Python Tools for Visual Studio">Python Tools for Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="R Tools for Visual Studio">R Tools for Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RecursiveExtractor" class="mw-redirect" title="RecursiveExtractor">RecursiveExtractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandcastle_(software)" title="Sandcastle (software)">Sandcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignalR" title="SignalR">SignalR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StyleCop" title="StyleCop">StyleCop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVNBridge" title="SVNBridge">SVNBridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_Temporal_Prover" title="T2 Temporal Prover">T2 Temporal Prover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Template_Transformation_Toolkit" title="Text Template Transformation Toolkit">Text Template Transformation Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLA%2B_Toolbox" class="mw-redirect" title="TLA+ Toolbox">TLA+ Toolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Prove" title="U-Prove">U-Prove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vcpkg" title="Vcpkg">vcpkg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_File_System_for_Git" title="Virtual File System for Git">Virtual File System for Git</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voldemort_(distributed_data_store)" title="Voldemort (distributed data store)">Voldemort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoTT" 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