CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Rokeby Venus - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b49ded88-7d55-47c8-a973-1cd489cd0775","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rokeby_Venus","wgTitle":"Rokeby Venus","wgCurRevisionId":1253280521,"wgRevisionId":1253280521,"wgArticleId":1622411,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2024","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2017","Use British English from September 2024","Featured articles","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","17th-century paintings","Paintings in the National Gallery, London","Paintings of Venus", "Paintings of Cupid","Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom","Mythological paintings by Diego Velázquez","Erotic art","Nude art","Mirrors in art"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Rokeby_Venus","wgRelevantArticleId":1622411,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q275349","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RokebyVenus.jpg/1200px-RokebyVenus.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="823"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RokebyVenus.jpg/800px-RokebyVenus.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="549"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RokebyVenus.jpg/640px-RokebyVenus.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="439"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rokeby Venus - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokeby_Venus"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokeby_Venus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Rokeby_Venus rootpage-Rokeby_Venus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rokeby+Venus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rokeby+Venus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rokeby+Venus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rokeby+Venus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Painting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Painting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nudes_in_17th-century_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nudes_in_17th-century_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nudes in 17th-century Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nudes_in_17th-century_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Provenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vandalism_in_protest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vandalism_in_protest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vandalism in protest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vandalism_in_protest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Rokeby Venus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9)" title="فينوس أمام المرآة (لوحة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فينوس أمام المرآة (لوحة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Венера з люстэркам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венера з люстэркам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_ha_Kupidon" title="Gwener ha Kupidon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwener ha Kupidon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_del_mirall" title="Venus del mirall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Venus del mirall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu%C5%A1ina_toaleta" title="Venušina toaleta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Venušina toaleta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_yn_y_Drych" title="Gwener yn y Drych – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwener yn y Drych" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_vor_dem_Spiegel" title="Venus vor dem Spiegel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venus vor dem Spiegel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_del_espejo" title="Venus del espejo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venus del espejo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_del_espejo" title="Venus del espejo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Venus del espejo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuso_%C4%89e_sia_spegulo" title="Venuso ĉe sia spegulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venuso ĉe sia spegulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_ispilukoa" title="Venus ispilukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Venus ispilukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آینه ونوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آینه ونوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_%C3%A0_son_miroir" title="Vénus à son miroir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vénus à son miroir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80,_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%BD)" title="Հայելիով Վեներան (նկար, Վելասկես) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայելիով Վեներան (նկար, Վելասկես)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere_Rokeby" title="Venere Rokeby – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venere Rokeby" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94_(%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1)" title="ונוס מול המראה (ולאסקס) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונוס מול המראה (ולאסקס)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روكبى فينوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روكبى فينوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_voor_de_spiegel_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Venus voor de spiegel (Velázquez) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venus voor de spiegel (Velázquez)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E3%81%AE%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9" title="鏡のヴィーナス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鏡のヴィーナス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus_z_lustrem_(obraz_Diega_Vel%C3%A1zqueza)" title="Wenus z lustrem (obraz Diega Velázqueza) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wenus z lustrem (obraz Diega Velázqueza)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AAnus_ao_espelho" title="Vênus ao espelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vênus ao espelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Венера с зеркалом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венера с зеркалом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilette_of_Venus" title="Toilette of Venus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Toilette of Venus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_pred_ogledalom" title="Venera pred ogledalom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Venera pred ogledalom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_med_spegel" title="Venus med spegel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venus med spegel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynadaki_Ven%C3%BCs" title="Aynadaki Venüs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aynadaki Venüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%9C%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF" title="镜前的维纳斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="镜前的维纳斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q275349#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rokeby_Venus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rokeby_Venus" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rokeby_Venus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rokeby_Venus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rokeby_Venus" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rokeby_Venus" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&oldid=1253280521" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Rokeby_Venus&id=1253280521&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRokeby_Venus"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRokeby_Venus"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rokeby_Venus&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Venus_del_espejo_(Velazquez)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q275349" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Painting by Diego Velázquez</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RokebyVenus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RokebyVenus.jpg/330px-RokebyVenus.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RokebyVenus.jpg/495px-RokebyVenus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RokebyVenus.jpg/660px-RokebyVenus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6162" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><i>Rokeby Venus</i>, c. 1647–1651. 122 cm × 177 cm (48 in × 70 in). <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borghese_Hermaphroditus_Louvre_Ma231.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Borghese_Hermaphroditus_Louvre_Ma231.jpg/220px-Borghese_Hermaphroditus_Louvre_Ma231.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Borghese_Hermaphroditus_Louvre_Ma231.jpg/330px-Borghese_Hermaphroditus_Louvre_Ma231.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Borghese_Hermaphroditus_Louvre_Ma231.jpg/440px-Borghese_Hermaphroditus_Louvre_Ma231.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3740" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Borghese_Hermaphrodite" class="mw-redirect" title="Borghese Hermaphrodite">Borghese Hermaphrodite</a></i>, an ancient Roman copy, excavated c. 1608–1620,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> original, now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. When in Rome Velázquez ordered a bronze cast of the work for Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Rokeby Venus</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ROHK</span>-bee</i></a>; also known as <i><b>The Toilet of Venus</b></i>, <i><b>Venus at her Mirror</b></i>, <i><b>Venus and Cupid</b></i>; Whose original title was "The Mirror's Venus" <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es"><b>La Venus del espejo</b></i>) is a painting by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>, the leading artist of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a>. Completed between 1647 and 1651,<sup id="cite_ref-natgall_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgall-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably painted during the artist's visit to Italy, the work depicts the goddess <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> in a sensual pose, lying on a bed with her back facing the viewer, and looking into a mirror held by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a> god of physical love, her son <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a>. The painting is in the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery</a>, London. </p><p>Numerous works, from the ancient to the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a>, have been cited as sources of inspiration for Velázquez. The nude Venuses of the Italian painters, such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Venus_(Giorgione)" title="Sleeping Venus (Giorgione)">Sleeping Venus</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1510</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Urbino" title="Venus of Urbino">Venus of Urbino</a></i> (1538), were the main precedents. In this work, Velázquez combined two established poses for Venus: recumbent on a couch or a bed, and gazing at a mirror. She is often described as looking at herself in the mirror, although this is physically impossible since viewers can see her face reflected in their direction. This phenomenon is known as the <a href="/wiki/Venus_effect" title="Venus effect">Venus effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some ways the painting represents a pictorial departure, through its central use of a mirror, and because it shows the body of Venus turned away from the observer of the painting.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr214_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr214-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Rokeby Venus</i> is the only surviving female <a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_nudity" title="Depictions of nudity">nude</a> by Velázquez. Nudes were extremely rare in seventeenth-century Spanish art,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was policed actively by members of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>. Despite this, nudes by foreign artists were keenly collected by the court circle, and this painting was hung in the houses of Spanish courtiers until 1813, when it was brought to England to hang in <a href="/wiki/Rokeby_Park" title="Rokeby Park">Rokeby Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>. In 1906, the painting was purchased by <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art Fund">National Art Collections Fund</a> for the National Gallery, London. Although it was attacked and badly damaged in 1914 by Canadian <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">suffragette</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson" title="Mary Richardson">Mary Richardson</a>, it soon was fully restored and returned to display. It was attacked again and its protective glass smashed by <a href="/wiki/Just_Stop_Oil" title="Just Stop Oil">Just Stop Oil</a> in 2023. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Venus_effect" title="Venus effect">Venus effect</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg/220px-Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg/330px-Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg/440px-Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>' <i>Venus at the Mirror</i>, c. 1614–15, shows the goddess with her traditionally blond hair.<sup id="cite_ref-Prater40_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater40-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Velázquez's Venus, the goddess's reflected image does not match that portion of her face visible on the canvas. In contrast to Rubens' luscious and 'rounded' ideal form, Velázquez painted a more slender female figure.<sup id="cite_ref-P51_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P51-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Rokeby Venus</i> depicts the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a> goddess of love, beauty and <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> reclining languidly on her bed, her back to the viewer—in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a>, portrayal of Venus from a back view was a common visual and literary erotic motif<sup id="cite_ref-P51_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P51-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and her knees tucked. She is shown without the mythological paraphernalia normally included in depictions of the scene; jewellery, roses, and <a href="/wiki/Myrtus" title="Myrtus">myrtle</a> are all absent. Unlike most earlier portrayals of the goddess, which show her with blonde hair, Velázquez's Venus is a brunette.<sup id="cite_ref-Prater40_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater40-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female figure can be identified as Venus because of the presence of her son, Cupid. </p><p>Venus gazes into a mirror held by Cupid, who is without his usual bow and arrows. When the work was first inventoried, it was described as "a nude woman", probably owing to its controversial nature. Venus looks outward at the viewer of the painting<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through her reflected image in the mirror. However, the image is blurred and reveals only a vague reflection of her facial characteristics; the reflected image of the head is much larger than it would be in reality.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critic Natasha Wallace has suggested that Venus's indistinct face may be the key to the underlying meaning of the painting, in that "it is not intended as a specific female nude, nor even as a portrayal of Venus, but as an image of self-absorbed beauty."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wallace, "There is nothing spiritual about face or picture. The classical setting is an excuse for a very material aesthetic sexuality—not sex, as such, but an appreciation of the beauty that accompanies attraction."<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intertwining pink silk ribbons are draped over the mirror and curl over its frame. The ribbon's function has been the subject of much debate by art historians; suggestions include an allusion to the <a href="/wiki/Fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetters">fetters</a> used by Cupid to bind lovers, that it was used to hang the mirror, and that it was used to blindfold Venus moments before.<sup id="cite_ref-Prater40_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater40-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critic Julián Gallego found Cupid's facial expression to be so melancholy that he interprets the ribbons as fetters binding the god to the image of Beauty, and gave the painting the title "Amor conquered by Beauty".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The folds of the bed sheets echo the goddess's physical form, and are rendered to emphasise the sweeping curves of her body.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr214_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr214-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composition mainly uses shades of red, white, and grey, which are used even in Venus's skin; although the effect of this simple colour scheme has been much praised, recent technical analysis has shown that the grey sheet was originally a "deep mauve", that has now faded.<sup id="cite_ref-C217_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C217-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The luminescent colours used in Venus's skin, applied with "smooth, creamy, blended handling",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contrast with the dark greys and black of the silk she is lying on, and with the brown of the wall behind her face. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg/220px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg/330px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg/440px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>Velázquez's <i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Coronation of the Virgin (Velázquez)">Coronation of the Virgin</a>,</i> c. 1641–42. It has been suggested that the model used here was the same as the one used in the Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac127_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac127-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Rokeby Venus</i> is the only surviving nude by Velázquez, but three others by the artist are recorded in 17th-century Spanish inventories. Two were mentioned in the Royal collection, but may have been lost in the 1734 fire that destroyed the main <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a>. A further one was recorded in the collection of Domingo Guerra Coronel.<sup id="cite_ref-MacLaren,_p._125._17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLaren,_p._125.-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These records mention "a reclining Venus", <i>Venus and Adonis</i>, and a <i>Psyche and Cupid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Portús56_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portús56-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work is widely thought to have been painted from life, but the identity of the model is subject to speculation. In contemporary Spain it was acceptable for artists to employ male nude models for studies, but the use of female nude models was frowned upon.<sup id="cite_ref-Prater5657_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater5657-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting is believed to have been executed during one of Velázquez's visits to Rome, and Prater has observed that in Rome the artist "did indeed lead a life of considerable personal liberty that would have been consistent with the notion of using a live nude female model".<sup id="cite_ref-Prater5657_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater5657-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that the painting depicts a mistress Velázquez is known to have had while in Italy, who is supposed to have borne his child.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have claimed that the model is the same as in <i>Coronation of the Virgin</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Hilanderas_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Hilanderas (Velázquez)">Las Hilanderas</a></i>, both in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, and other works.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac127_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac127-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The figures of both Venus and Cupid were significantly altered during the painting process, the result of the artist's corrections to the contours as initially painted.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pentimento" title="Pentimento">Pentimenti</a> can be seen in Venus's upraised arm, in the position of her left shoulder, and on her head. <a href="/wiki/Infrared#Art_conservation_and_analysis" title="Infrared">Infra-red</a> reveals that she was originally shown more upright with her head turned to the left.<sup id="cite_ref-C217_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C217-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An area on the left of the painting, extending from Venus's left foot to the left leg and foot of Cupid, is apparently unfinished, but this feature is seen in many other works by Velázquez and was probably deliberate.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting was given a major cleaning and restoration in 1965–66, which showed it to be in good condition, and with very little paint added later by other artists, contrary to what some earlier writers had asserted.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgione_-_Sleeping_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Giorgione_-_Sleeping_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/260px-Giorgione_-_Sleeping_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Giorgione_-_Sleeping_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/390px-Giorgione_-_Sleeping_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Giorgione_-_Sleeping_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/520px-Giorgione_-_Sleeping_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6128" data-file-height="3776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Venus_(Giorgione)" title="Sleeping Venus (Giorgione)">Sleeping Venus</a></i>, c. 1510. Giorgione shows Venus sleeping on fine textiles in an outdoor setting against a sumptuous landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-Prater20_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Velázquez's Venus, Giorgione painted the goddess as a brunette, going against tradition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Paintings of nudes and of Venus by Italian, and especially Venetian, artists were influences on Velázquez. His version is, according to the art historian Andreas Prater, "a highly independent visual concept that has many precursors, but no direct model; scholars have sought them in vain".<sup id="cite_ref-Prater20_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forerunners include Titian's various depictions of Venus, such as <i>Venus and Cupid with a Partridge</i>, <i>Venus and Cupid with an Organist</i> and notably the <i>Venus of Urbino</i>; <a href="/wiki/Palma_il_Vecchio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma il Vecchio">Palma il Vecchio</a>'s <i>Reclining Nude</i>; and Giorgione's <i>Sleeping Venus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which show the deity reclining on luxurious textiles, although in landscape settings in the latter two works.<sup id="cite_ref-Prater20_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of a centrally placed mirror was inspired by the painters of the Italian High Renaissance, including Titian, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savoldo" class="mw-redirect" title="Girolamo Savoldo">Girolamo Savoldo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto" title="Lorenzo Lotto">Lorenzo Lotto</a>, who used mirrors as an active protagonist, as opposed to more than merely a prop or accessory in the pictorial space.<sup id="cite_ref-Prater20_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> had already painted Venus looking into a mirror, and as both had had close ties to the Spanish court, their examples would have been familiar to Velázquez. However, "this girl with her small waist and jutting hip, does not resemble the fuller more rounded Italian nudes inspired by ancient sculpture".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Companion_to_Rokeby.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Companion_to_Rokeby.png/260px-Companion_to_Rokeby.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Companion_to_Rokeby.png/390px-Companion_to_Rokeby.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Companion_to_Rokeby.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><i>Reclining Nude in a Landscape</i>. This 16th-century painting of the Venetian school was paired with the <i>Rokeby Venus</i> when in Haro's collection and perhaps before.</figcaption></figure> <p>One innovation of the <i>Rokeby Venus</i>, when compared to other large single nude paintings, lies in the fact that Velázquez depicts a back view of its subject who is turned away from the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-Prater20_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were precedents for this in <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Campagnola" title="Giulio Campagnola">Giulio Campagnola</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Veneziano" title="Agostino Veneziano">Agostino Veneziano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sebald_Beham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Sebald Beham">Hans Sebald Beham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as classical sculptures known to Velázquez, of which casts were made for Madrid. These were the <i>Sleeping Ariadne</i> now in the <a href="/wiki/Pitti_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitti Palace">Pitti Palace</a>, but then in Rome, of which Velázquez ordered a cast for the Royal collection in 1650–51, and the <a href="/wiki/Borghese_Hermaphroditus" class="mw-redirect" title="Borghese Hermaphroditus">Borghese Hermaphroditus</a>, a sleeping <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a> (picture to the right above), now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, of which a cast was sent to Madrid,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which also emphasises the curve from hip to waist. However, the combination of elements in Velázquez's composition was original. </p><p>The <i>Rokeby Venus</i> may have been intended as a pendant to a sixteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> painting of a recumbent Venus (which seems to have begun life as a <a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danaë</a>) in a landscape, in the same pose, but seen from the front. The two were hung together for many years in Spain when in the collection of <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_M%C3%A9ndez_de_Haro,_7th_Marquis_of_Carpio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar Méndez de Haro, 7th Marquis of Carpio">Gaspar Méndez de Haro, 7th Marquis of Carpio</a> (1629–1687); at what point they were initially paired is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nudes_in_17th-century_Spain">Nudes in 17th-century Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nudes in 17th-century Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13246" data-file-height="15890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>'s <i>Venus with a Mirror</i>, c. 1555, is an early example of Venus depicted at her toilet with Cupid. In this painting, Venus sits upright.</figcaption></figure> <p>The portrayal of nudes was officially discouraged in 17th-century Spain. Works could be seized or repainting demanded by the Inquisition, and artists who painted licentious or immoral works were often excommunicated, fined, or banished from Spain for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, within intellectual and aristocratic circles, the aims of art were believed to supersede questions of morality, and there were many, generally mythological, nudes in private collections.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr214_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr214-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Velázquez's patron, the art-loving King Philip IV, held a number of nudes by Titian and Rubens, and Velázquez, as the king's painter, need not have feared painting such a picture.<sup id="cite_ref-C217_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C217-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading collectors, including the King, tended to keep nudes, many mythological, in relatively private rooms;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Phillip's case "the room where His Majesty retires after eating", which contained the Titian <i>poesies</i> he had inherited from <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Phillip II</a>, and the Rubens he had commissioned himself.<sup id="cite_ref-P6263_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P6263-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Venus</i> would be in such a room while in the collections of both Haro and Godoy. The court of Philip IV greatly "appreciated painting in general, and the nude in particular, but ... at the same time, exerted unparalleled pressure on artists to avoid the depiction of the naked human body."<sup id="cite_ref-Portús56_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portús56-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporary Spanish attitude toward paintings of nudes was unique in Europe. Although such works were appreciated by some connoisseurs and intellectuals within Spain, they were generally treated with suspicion. Low necklines were commonly worn by women during the period, but according to the art historian Zahira Veliz, "the codes of pictorial decorum would not easily permit a known lady to be painted in this way".<sup id="cite_ref-Veliz_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veliz-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Spaniards of the 17th century, the issue of the nude in art was tied up with concepts of morality, power, and aesthetics. This attitude is reflected in the literature of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a>, in works such as <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>'s play <i>La quinta de Florencia</i>, which features an aristocrat who commits rape after viewing a scantily clad figure in a mythological painting by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-P6263_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P6263-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElGreco-HortensioParavicino.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ElGreco-HortensioParavicino.jpeg/220px-ElGreco-HortensioParavicino.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ElGreco-HortensioParavicino.jpeg/330px-ElGreco-HortensioParavicino.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ElGreco-HortensioParavicino.jpeg/440px-ElGreco-HortensioParavicino.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>'s 1609 portrait of <a href="/wiki/Hortensio_F%C3%A9lix_Paravicino" title="Hortensio Félix Paravicino">Fray Hortensio Félix Paravicino</a>, who argued for the destruction of all nude paintings<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1632,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a pamphlet was published with the title "A copy of the opinions and censorship by the most revered fathers, masters and senior professors of the distinguished universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">Salamanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alcal%C3%A1" title="University of Alcalá">Alcalá</a>, and other scholars on the abuse of lascivious and indecent figures and paintings, which are <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a> to be painted, carved and displayed where they can be seen". Preceding the opinions of such theologians as <a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Thomas" title="John of St. Thomas">John of St. Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Tapia" title="Pedro Tapia">Pedro Tapia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Hurtado" title="Gaspar Hurtado">Gaspar Hurtado</a> was an anonymous essay, later attributed to the Portuguese Francisco de Braganza.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court was able to exert counter-pressure, and a piece by the famous poet and preacher Fray <a href="/wiki/Hortensio_F%C3%A9lix_Paravicino" title="Hortensio Félix Paravicino">Hortensio Félix Paravicino</a>, which proposed the destruction of all paintings of the nude, and was written to be included in the pamphlet, was never published. Paravicino was a connoisseur of painting, and therefore believed in its power: "the finest paintings are the greatest threat: burn the best of them". As his title shows, Braganza merely argued that such works should be kept from the view of a wider public, as was in fact mostly the practice in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Correggio_Danae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Correggio_Danae.jpg/220px-Correggio_Danae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Correggio_Danae.jpg/330px-Correggio_Danae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Correggio_Danae.jpg/440px-Correggio_Danae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Correggio" title="Antonio da Correggio">Correggio</a>'s <i>Danaё,</i> 1531, is an early example of Cupid depicted attending to a female recumbent on a chamber bed. In this painting however, the female is a mortal, although Correggio still favoured the portrayal of a figure from mythology<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast, <a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">French art</a> of the period often depicted women with low necklines and slender corsets;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the mutilation by the French royal family of the <a href="/wiki/Correggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Correggio">Correggio</a> depiction of <a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan" title="Leda and the Swan">Leda and the Swan</a> and their apparent destruction of the famous <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> paintings of the same subject, show that nudity could be controversial in France also.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northern Europe it was seen as acceptable to portray artfully draped nudes. Examples include Rubens's <i>Minerva Victrix</i>, of 1622–1625, which shows <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> with an uncovered breast, and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>'s 1620 painting, <i>The Duke and Duchess of Buckingham as Venus and Adonis</i>. </p><p>In 17th-century Spanish art, even in the depiction of <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">sibyls</a>, nymphs, and goddesses, the female form was always chastely covered. No painting from the 1630s or 1640s, whether in the <a href="/wiki/Genre_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre works">genre</a>, portrait, or <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history</a> format, shows a Spanish female with her breasts exposed; even uncovered arms were only rarely shown.<sup id="cite_ref-Veliz_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veliz-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, the art historian Peter Cherry suggested that Velázquez sought to overcome the contemporary requirement for modesty by portraying Venus from the back.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in the mid-18th century, an English artist who made a drawing of the Venus when it was in the collection of the Dukes of Alba noted it was "not hung up, owing to the subject".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another attitude to the issue was shown by Morritt, who wrote to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a> of his "fine painting of Venus' backside", which he hung above his main fireplace, so that "the ladies may avert their downcast eyes without difficulty and connoisseurs steal a glance without drawing the said posterior into the company".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provenance">Provenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Provenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goya_Maja_naga2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Goya_Maja_naga2.jpg/260px-Goya_Maja_naga2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Goya_Maja_naga2.jpg/390px-Goya_Maja_naga2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Goya_Maja_naga2.jpg/520px-Goya_Maja_naga2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Goya">Francisco de Goya</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_maja_desnuda" title="La maja desnuda">La maja desnuda</a>,</i> c. 1797–1800. In 1815, Goya was questioned by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> over the work, but retained his title as <a href="/wiki/Court_painter" title="Court painter">court painter</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Rokeby Venus</i> was long held to be one of Velázquez's final works.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, it was found recorded in an inventory of 1 June 1651 from the collection of <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_M%C3%A9ndez_de_Haro,_7th_Marquis_of_Carpio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar Méndez de Haro, 7th Marquis of Carpio">Gaspar Méndez de Haro, 7th Marquis of Carpio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a close associate of <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a>. Haro was the great-nephew of Velázquez's first patron, the <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares" title="Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares">Count-Duke of Olivares</a>, and a notorious <a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">libertine</a>. According to the art historian Dawson Carr, Haro "loved paintings almost as much as he loved women",<sup id="cite_ref-C217_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C217-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "even his panegyrists lamented his excessive taste for lower-class women during his youth". For these reasons it seemed likely that he would have commissioned the painting.<sup id="cite_ref-first_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2001 the art historian Ángel Aterido discovered that the painting had first belonged to the Madrid art dealer and painter Domingo Guerra Coronel, and was sold to Haro in 1652 following Coronel's death the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coronel's ownership of the painting raises the questions of how and when it came into Coronel's possession, and why Velázquez's name was omitted from Coronel's inventory. The art critic Javier Portús has suggested that the omission may have been due to the painting's portrayal of a female nude, "a type of work which was carefully supervised and whose dissemination was considered problematic".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4567" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Godoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Godoy">Manuel de Godoy</a> in 1801, by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>These revelations make the painting difficult to date. Velázquez's painting technique offers no assistance, although its strong emphasis on colour and tone suggest that the work dates from his mature period. The best estimates of its origin put its completion in the late 1640s or early 1650s, either in Spain or during Velázquez's last visit to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-C217_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C217-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is the case, then the breadth of handling and the dissolution of form can be seen to mark the beginning of the artist's final period. The conscientious modelling and strong tonal contrasts of his earlier work are here replaced by a restraint and subtlety which would culminate in his late masterpiece, <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Meninas" title="Las Meninas">Las Meninas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dzon_Bejkon_Sori_Morit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dzon_Bejkon_Sori_Morit.jpg/170px-Dzon_Bejkon_Sori_Morit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dzon_Bejkon_Sori_Morit.jpg/255px-Dzon_Bejkon_Sori_Morit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dzon_Bejkon_Sori_Morit.jpg/340px-Dzon_Bejkon_Sori_Morit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of John Bacon Sawrey Morritt</figcaption></figure> <p>The painting passed from Haro into the collection of his daughter Catalina de Haro y Guzmán, the eighth Marchioness of Carpio, and her husband, Francisco Álvarez de Toledo, the tenth <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dukes_of_Alba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dukes of Alba">Duke of Alba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1802, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a> ordered the family to sell the painting (with other works) to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Godoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Godoy">Manuel de Godoy</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a> and chief minister.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hung it alongside two masterpieces by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a> that he may have commissioned himself, <a href="/wiki/La_maja_desnuda" title="La maja desnuda"><i>The Nude Maja</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/La_maja_vestida" title="La maja vestida"><i>The Clothed Maja</i></a>. These bear obvious compositional similarities with Velázquez's <i>Venus</i>, although unlike Velázquez, Goya clearly painted his nude in a calculated attempt to provoke shame and disgust in the relatively unenlightened climate of 18th-century Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, there was <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art_in_Spain" title="Napoleonic looting of art in Spain">looting of art by the Napoleonic army</a>, and British buyers took advantage to purchase works from Spanish owners eager to sell. The <i>Venus</i> passed through the hands of <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Wallis" title="George Augustus Wallis">George Augustus Wallis</a>, a British painter who worked in Spain as an agent for William Buchanan, a major art dealer.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1813 Buchanan had offered shares in a package of 24 top paintings, including the <i>Venus</i>, from Spanish collections to wealthy English collectors, who would be able to either buy them themselves, or share in the profits from sales to others in London.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement was similar to that by which the cream of the <a href="/wiki/Orleans_Collection" title="Orleans Collection">Orleans Collection</a> <a href="/wiki/Orleans_Collection#Dispersal_in_London" title="Orleans Collection">had been brought to London</a> some years earlier. </p><p>In England it was purchased by <a href="/wiki/John_Morritt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Morritt">John Morritt</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for £500 (£41,000 in 2024), and on the advice of his friend Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>. Morritt hung it in his house at <a href="/wiki/Rokeby_Park" title="Rokeby Park">Rokeby Park</a>, Yorkshire—thus the painting's popular name. In 1906, the painting was acquired for the National Gallery by the newly created <a href="/wiki/National_Art_Collections_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="National Art Collections Fund">National Art Collections Fund</a>, its first campaigning triumph.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII</a> greatly admired the painting, anonymously provided £8,000 (£1,090,000 in 2024) towards its purchase,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became patron of the Fund thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manet,_Edouard_-_Olympia,_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Olympia%2C_1863.jpg/220px-Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Olympia%2C_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Olympia%2C_1863.jpg/330px-Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Olympia%2C_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Olympia%2C_1863.jpg/440px-Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Olympia%2C_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Olympia_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympia (painting)">Olympia</a>,</i> 1863. Manet was enormously influenced by the paintings of Velázquez, and in Olympia a kind of <i>paraphrasing</i> of the eroticism and the boldness of the subject clearly shows the legacy of the <i>Rokeby Venus</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In part because he was overlooked until the mid-19th century, Velázquez found no followers and was not widely imitated. In particular, his visual and structural innovations in this portrayal of Venus were not developed by other artists until recently, largely owing to the censorship of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-P114_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P114-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting remained in a series of private rooms in private collections until it was exhibited in 1857 at the Manchester <a href="/wiki/Art_Treasures_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Treasures Exhibition">Art Treasures Exhibition</a>, along with 25 other paintings at least claimed to be by Velázquez; it was here that it became known as the <i>Rokeby Venus</i>. It does not appear to have been copied by other artists, engraved or otherwise reproduced, until this period. In 1890 it was exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in London, and in 1905 at Messrs. Agnews, the dealers who had bought it from Morritt. From 1906 it was highly visible in the National Gallery and became well-known globally through reproductions. The general influence of the painting was therefore long delayed, although individual artists would have been able to see it on occasion throughout its history.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The painting was not universally accepted as Velázquez's work on its reintroduction to the public. The artist <a href="/wiki/William_Blake_Richmond" title="William Blake Richmond">William Blake Richmond</a>, in a lecture at the Royal Academy in 1910 claimed that "two pigments used in the picture did not exist in the time of Velasquez." The critic, James Grieg hypothesised that it was by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Raphael_Mengs" title="Anton Raphael Mengs">Anton Raphael Mengs</a>—although he found little support for his idea—and there was more serious discussion about the possibility of Velázquez's son-in-law and pupil, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Mart%C3%ADnez_del_Mazo" title="Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo">Juan del Mazo</a> as the artist.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baudry_paul_the_wave_and_the_pearl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Baudry_paul_the_wave_and_the_pearl.jpg/220px-Baudry_paul_the_wave_and_the_pearl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Baudry_paul_the_wave_and_the_pearl.jpg/330px-Baudry_paul_the_wave_and_the_pearl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Baudry_paul_the_wave_and_the_pearl.jpg/440px-Baudry_paul_the_wave_and_the_pearl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul-Jacques-Aim%C3%A9_Baudry" title="Paul-Jacques-Aimé Baudry">Paul-Jacques-Aimé Baudry</a>'s <i>The Wave and the Pearl</i>, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>Velázquez's portrait is a staging of a private moment of intimacy and a dramatic departure from the classical depictions of sleep and intimacy found in works from antiquity and Venetian art that portray Venus. However, the simplicity with which Velázquez displays the female nude—without jewellery or any of the goddess's usual accessories—was echoed in later nude studies by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul-Jacques-Aim%C3%A9_Baudry" title="Paul-Jacques-Aimé Baudry">Baudry</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-P114_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P114-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Velázquez's depiction of Venus as a reclining nude viewed from the rear was a rarity before that time, although the pose has been painted by many later artists.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manet, in his stark female portrayal <i><a href="/wiki/Olympia_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympia (painting)">Olympia</a></i>, paraphrased the <i>Rokeby Venus</i> in pose and by suggesting the persona of a real woman rather than an ethereal goddess. <i>Olympia</i> shocked the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a> art world when it was first exhibited in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vandalism_in_protest">Vandalism in protest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vandalism in protest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richardson-Venus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Richardson-Venus.png/220px-Richardson-Venus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Richardson-Venus.png/330px-Richardson-Venus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Richardson-Venus.png/440px-Richardson-Venus.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Damage sustained in the attack by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson" title="Mary Richardson">Mary Richardson</a> in 1914. The canvas was later restored and the incisions repaired. The breaks visible in this photograph, above her shoulder and horizontally across the upper left of the image, were to the glass only.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 March 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson" title="Mary Richardson">Mary Richardson</a> walked into the National Gallery and attacked Velázquez's canvas with a meat cleaver. Her action was ostensibly provoked by the arrest of fellow suffragette <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> the previous day,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there had been earlier warnings of a planned suffragette attack on the collection. Richardson left seven slashes on the painting, particularly causing damage to the area between the figure's shoulders.<sup id="cite_ref-MacLaren,_p._125._17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLaren,_p._125.-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prater7_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater7-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all were successfully repaired by the National Gallery's chief restorer <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Ruhemann" title="Helmut Ruhemann">Helmut Ruhemann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richardson was sentenced to six months' imprisonment, the maximum allowed for destruction of an artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Nead_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nead-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement to the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> shortly afterwards, Richardson explained, "I have tried to destroy the picture of the most beautiful woman in mythological history as a protest against the Government for destroying Mrs. Pankhurst, who is the most beautiful character in modern history."<sup id="cite_ref-Prater7_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prater7-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gamboni_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamboni-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She added in a 1952 interview that she did not like "the way men visitors gaped at it all day long".<sup id="cite_ref-Withford_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withford-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The feminist writer <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Nead" title="Lynda Nead">Lynda Nead</a> observed, "The incident has come to symbolize a particular perception of feminist attitudes towards the female nude; in a sense, it has come to represent a specific stereotypical image of feminism more generally."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary reports of the incident reveal that the picture was not widely seen as mere artwork. Journalists tended to assess the attack in terms of a murder (Richardson was nicknamed "Slasher Mary"), and used words that conjured wounds inflicted on an actual female body, rather than on a pictorial representation of a female body.<sup id="cite_ref-Nead_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nead-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Times</i> described a "cruel wound in the neck", as well as incisions to the shoulders and back.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The painting was attacked again on 6 November 2023 by two <a href="/wiki/Just_Stop_Oil" title="Just Stop Oil">Just Stop Oil</a> activists who smashed its protective glass with hammers demanding an end to new oil and gas licences in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to two seventeenth-century accounts noted in Haskell and Penny 1981, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Clark, the Rokeby Venus "ultimately derives from the Borghese <i>Hermaphrodite</i>". Clark, p. 373, note to page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgall-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natgall_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=NG2057">The Rokeby Venus</a>". <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery</a>, London. Retrieved on 25 December 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This discrepancy has been termed the "<a href="/wiki/Venus_effect" title="Venus effect">Venus effect</a>" by researchers of the University of Liverpool, who argue that "since the viewer sees her face in the mirror, Venus is actually looking at the reflection of the viewer". Nonetheless, despite that her face is indeed turned as if looking at the viewer's reflection, weak but noticeable corneal reflections painted on her eyes indicate a direction of gaze not towards the viewers but rather away from them. It is as if Venus were gazing in the direction of what would have been her own reflection on the mirror were the discrepancy not to exist (her corneal reflections can be seen with the magnification tool on the right of the painting's image <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=NG2057">here</a>). With her eyes to the right, the scene's illumination, which comes exclusively from the top left, could not produce such reflections on her corneas; it seems parsimonious that Velázquez—a master painter most unlikely to have erred on where to place reflections—created on purpose a scene that could not exist. Given this conflicting duality, it is noteworthy the main webpage of the National Gallery about the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=NG2057">Rokeby Venus</a> describes her as looking "both at herself and at the viewer" (even though she is described as "returning our gaze" in another Gallery webpage, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/focus-painting-february">Focus painting for February 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204020650/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/focus-painting-february">Archived</a> 4 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on 27 September 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr214-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carr214_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carr214_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carr214_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLaren, p. 126. and Carr, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prater40-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prater40_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prater40_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prater40_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prater, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P51-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P51_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P51_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prater, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, p. 214. It does not, however, seem clear to Wallace, quoted below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory, R. L., Mirrors in mind (London: Penguin, 1997, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-017118-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-017118-5">0-14-017118-5</a>). He notes that "the image is with legitimate artistic licence at least twice the size it should be" (p. 21). The enlarged size presumably was the correction for the small image yielded by a mirror behind the subject.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, Natasha. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jssgallery.org/Other_Artists/Velazquez/Velazquez_Venus_at_her_Mirror.htm">Venus at her Mirror</a>". JSS Virtual Gallery, 17 November 2000. Retrieved on 4 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Christie. "Velazquez in London". <i>New Criterion</i>, Volume: 25, Issue: 5, January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallego, Julián. "Vision et symboles dans la peinture espagnole du siecle d'or". Paris: Klincksieck, 1968. p. 59f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C217-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C217_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C217_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C217_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C217_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C217_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith, Larry; in Carr, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mac127-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mac127_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac127_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noting the resemblance of the model in these paintings, López-Rey offered: "Obviously, Velázquez worked in both cases, and, for that matter, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Hilanderas_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Hilanderas (Velázquez)">Fable of Arachne</a></i> and <i>Arachne</i>, from the same model, the same sketch, or just the same idea of a beautiful young woman. Yet, he put on canvas two different images, one of divine and the other of earthly beauty". López-Rey, vol. I, p. 156. However, MacLaren (p. 127) does not endorse these suggestions; they would probably argue that the painting was not produced in Italy. The Prado "Coronation" is dated to 1641–42; the present image is "stretched" vertically compared with the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLaren,_p._125.-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacLaren,_p._125._17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacLaren,_p._125._17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLaren, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portús56-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portús56_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portús56_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Portús, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prater5657-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prater5657_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prater5657_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prater, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">López-Rey believed that an overzealous cleaning in 1965 unevenly exposed some of Velázquez's "tentative contours", resulting in a loss of subtlety and contravening the artist's intent. López-Rey, vol II, p. 260. However, the National Gallery catalogue retaliates by describing López-Rey's description of the painting's condition as "largely misleading". MacLaren, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, p. 217, see also MacLaren, p. 125 for the opposite view.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLaren, p. 125. In particular, it had been claimed that the face in the mirror had been overpainted. See note above for López-Rey's criticism of the cleaning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prater20-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prater20_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prater20_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prater20_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prater20_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prater20_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prater, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The landscape probably done or finished by Titian, after Giorgione's death</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langmuir, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Kunstwerke/B/Campagnola,+Giulio%3A+Liegende+Frau+in+einer+Landschaft">Campagnola, Giulio: Liegende Frau in einer Landschaft</a>. Zeno.org. Retrieved on 14 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portús, p. 67, note: 42; citing Sánchez Cantón.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLaren, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portús, p. 66, illus. fig. 48. According to Portús, what is almost certainly the other painting was lost trace of after a sale in 1925, but "recently rediscovered in a private collection in Europe" according to Langmuir, p. 253, who says the two are recorded in the same room in one of Haro's palaces by 1677. The rediscovery was made, and the painting identified, by Alex Wengraf in 1994 according to Harris and Bull in Harris <i>Estudios completos sobre Velázquez: Complete Studies On Velázquez</i> pp. 287–89. An attribution to <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a> has been suggested.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagen II, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet (room)</a>; such paintings were known as "cabinet pictures".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P6263-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P6263_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P6263_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Portús, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veliz-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veliz_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veliz_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Veliz, Zahira. "Signs of Identity in Lady with a Fan by Diego Velázquez: Costume and Likeness Reconsidered". Art Bulletin, Volume: 86. Issue: 1. 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Javier Portús, p. 63, in: Carr, Dawson W. <i>Velázquez</i>. Ed. Dawson W. Carr; also Xavier Bray, Javier Portús and others. National Gallery London, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85709-303-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85709-303-8">1-85709-303-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvo_Serraller2006" class="citation book cs1">Calvo Serraller, Francisco (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bwb_W8-BLN-270/page/287">"Nudes"</a></span>. In Giménez, Carmen; Calvo Serraller, Francisco (eds.). <i>Spanish Painting from El Greco to Picasso: Time, Truth, and History</i>. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal para la Acción Cultural Exterior (SEACEX) / Guggenheim Museum. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-96008-90-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-96008-90-8"><bdi>84-96008-90-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nudes&rft.btitle=Spanish+Painting+from+El+Greco+to+Picasso%3A+Time%2C+Truth%2C+and+History&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Sociedad+Estatal+para+la+Acci%C3%B3n+Cultural+Exterior+%28SEACEX%29+%2F+Guggenheim+Museum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=84-96008-90-8&rft.aulast=Calvo+Serraller&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbwb_W8-BLN-270%2Fpage%2F287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARokeby+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portús p. 63 claims the year 1673, but this appears to be an error. Calvo Serraller,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who refers to Portús' research and also covers this topic, says 1632, and mentions references to the work by various other writers before 1673, including <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pacheco" title="Francisco Pacheco">Francisco Pacheco</a>, died 1644, in his <i>Arte de Pintura</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Torres1632" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Torres" title="Cristóbal de Torres">de Torres, Christoval</a>, ed. (1632). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000054267"><i>Copia de los pareceres y censuras de los reuerendissimos padres maestros, y señores catredaticos [sic] de las insignes Vniuersidades de Salamanca y Alcala y de otras personas doctas sobre el abuso de las figuras y pinturas lasciuas y deshonestas: en que se muestra que es pecado mortal pintarlas, esculpirlas y tenerlas patentes donde sean vistas</i></a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Alonso Martín de Balboa – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_Digital_Hisp%C3%A1nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca Digital Hispánica (page does not exist)">Biblioteca Digital Hispánica</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Digital_Hisp%C3%A1nica" class="extiw" title="es:Biblioteca Digital Hispánica">es</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copia+de+los+pareceres+y+censuras+de+los+reuerendissimos+padres+maestros%2C+y+se%C3%B1ores+catredaticos+%5Bsic%5D+de+las+insignes+Vniuersidades+de+Salamanca+y+Alcala+y+de+otras+personas+doctas+sobre+el+abuso+de+las+figuras+y+pinturas+lasciuas+y+deshonestas%3A+en+que+se+muestra+que+es+pecado+mortal+pintarlas%2C+esculpirlas+y+tenerlas+patentes+donde+sean+vistas&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Alonso+Mart%C3%ADn+de+Balboa&rft.date=1632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbdh.bne.es%2Fbnesearch%2Fdetalle%2Fbdh0000054267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARokeby+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvo_Serraller1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calvo Serraller, Francisco (1981). <i>La Teoría de la pintura en el Siglo de Oro</i> (in Spanish). Cátedra. pp. 237–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-376-0283-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-376-0283-7"><bdi>978-84-376-0283-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Teor%C3%ADa+de+la+pintura+en+el+Siglo+de+Oro&rft.pages=237-260&rft.pub=C%C3%A1tedra&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-84-376-0283-7&rft.aulast=Calvo+Serraller&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARokeby+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portús, pp. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prater, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The engravings of such artists as <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Callot" title="Jacques Callot">Jacques Callot</a> show, according to Veliz, "an almost documentary interest in the form and detail of European costume in the second quarter of the seventeenth century".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bull, Malcolm. "The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods". Oxford UP, 2005. p. 169. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-521923-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-521923-6">0-19-521923-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cherry, Peter. "Seventeenth-Century Spanish Taste2. <i>Collections of Paintings in Madrid 1601–1755</i>, vol. 2. CA: Paul Getty Information Inst. 1997. p. 73f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLaren, pp. 128–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bray; in Carr, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">López-Rey noted that based on stylistic qualities, Beruete (<a href="/wiki/Aureliano_de_Beruete" title="Aureliano de Beruete">Aureliano de Beruete</a>, <i>Velázquez</i>, Paris, 1898) assigned the painting to the late 1650s. López-Rey, vol. I, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From 1648; before that Marquis of Heliche, by which title he is sometimes referred to. Portús, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-first-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-first_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernandez, Angel Aterido. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/889167">The First Owner of the Rokeby Venus</a>". <i>The Burlington Magazine</i>, Vol. 143, No. 1175, February, 2001. pp. 91–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aterido, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portús, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gudiol, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">López-Rey, vol. II, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLaren, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz, Michael. "The Age of the Rococo". London: Pall Mall Press, 1971. p. 94. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-269-02564-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-269-02564-2">0-269-02564-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1824" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, William (1824). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Memoirs_of_painting_(W._Buchanan)"><i>Memoirs of painting</i></a>. Strand, London: R. Ackermann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+painting&rft.place=Strand%2C+London&rft.pub=R.+Ackermann&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AMemoirs_of_painting_%28W._Buchanan%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARokeby+Venus" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bray, in Carr, p. 99; MacLaren, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glendinning, 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bray, in Carr, p. 99; MacLaren, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Covered in detail by: Pezzini, Barbara, “Days with Velázquez: When Charles Lewis Hind Bought the ‘Rokeby Venus’ for Lockett Agnew”, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine" title="The Burlington Magazine">The Burlington Magazine</a></i> 158, no. 1358 (2016), pp 358–67, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43858765">JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bray; in Carr, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Charles Saumarez. "The Battle for Venus: In 1906, the King Intervened to Save a Velazquez Masterpiece for the Nation. If Only Buckingham Palace, or Indeed Downing Street, Would Now Do the Same for Raphael's Madonna of the Pinks". <i>New Statesman</i>, Volume 132, Issue 4663, 10 November 2003. p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P114-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P114_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P114_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prater, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, p. 103, and MacLaren, p. 127, the latter of whom would mention copies and early prints if there were any.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLaren p. 76 dismisses both claims: "The supposed signatures of Juan Bautista Mazo and Anton Raphael Mengs in the bottom left corner are purely accidental marks."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The more frequent appearance of the motif in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is probably owing to the prestige of the antique figure of <i>Hermaphrodite</i>....In Renaissance art the earliest example of a nude woman lying with her back to the spectator is the <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Campagnola" title="Giulio Campagnola">Giulio Campagnola</a> engraving, which probably represents a design by Giorgione"....Clark, 391, note to page 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"And when Manet painted his Olympia in 1863, and changed the course of modern art by provoking the mother of all art scandals with her, to whom was he paying homage? Manet’s Olympia is the Rokeby Venus brought up to date — a whore descended from a goddess." Waldemar Januszczak, Times Online (8 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517084822/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article661869.ece">Still sexy after all these years.</a> Retrieved on 14 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potterton, Homan. <i>The National Gallery</i>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1977. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Christie. "Velazquez in London". <i>New Criterion</i>. Volume: 25. Issue: 5, January 2007. p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prater7-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prater7_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prater7_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prater, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nead-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nead_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nead_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nead, Lynda. "The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity, and Sexuality". New York: : Routledge, 1992. p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamboni-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gamboni_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gamboni, p. 94-95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Withford-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Withford_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitford, Frank. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517084822/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article661869.ece">Still sexy after all these years</a>". <i>The Sunday Times</i>, 8 October 2006. Retrieved on 12 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nead, Lynda, <i>The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity, and Sexuality</i>, p. 35, 1992, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02678-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02678-4">0-415-02678-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heretical.com/suffrage/1914tms2.html">National Gallery Outrage. Suffragist Prisoner in Court. Extent of the Damage</a>". <i>The Times</i>, 11 March 1914. Retrieved on 13 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoll-Allen2023" class="citation news cs1">Holl-Allen, Genevieve (6 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/11/06/just-stop-oil-protest-national-gallery-painting/">"Just Stop Oil protesters smash National Gallery painting"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Just+Stop+Oil+protesters+smash+National+Gallery+painting&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Holl-Allen&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F06%2Fjust-stop-oil-protest-national-gallery-painting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARokeby+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/just-stop-oil-national-gallery-painting-b2442404.html">"Just Stop Oil protesters smash National Gallery painting"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 6 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Just+Stop+Oil+protesters+smash+National+Gallery+painting&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fart%2Fnews%2Fjust-stop-oil-national-gallery-painting-b2442404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARokeby+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bull, Duncan and Harris, Enriqueta. "The companion of Velázquez's <i>Rokeby Venus</i> and a source for Goya's <i>Naked Maja</i>". <i>The Burlington Magazine</i>, Volume CXXVIII, No. 1002, September 1986. (A version is reprinted in Harris, 2006 below)</li> <li>Carr, Dawson W. <i>Velázquez</i>. Ed. Dawson W. Carr; also Xavier Bray, Javier Portús and others. National Gallery London, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85709-303-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85709-303-8">1-85709-303-8</a></li> <li>Clark, Kenneth. <i>The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form</i>. Princeton University Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01788-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01788-3">0-691-01788-3</a></li> <li>Gamboni, Dario. <i>The Destruction of Art: Iconoclasm and Vandalism since the French Revolution</i>. Reaktion Books, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-316-1">978-1-86189-316-1</a></li> <li>Glendinning, Nigel, in <i>Spanish Art in Britain and Ireland, 1750-1920: Studies in Reception in Memory of Enriqueta Harris Frankfort</i>, 2010, Tamesis, Editors: Enriqueta Harris, Hilary Macartney, Nigel Glendinning, ISBN 9781855662230, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ESnyIZWulF0C&pg=PA67">google books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gudiol_Ricart" class="mw-redirect" title="José Gudiol Ricart">Gudiol, José</a>. <i>The Complete Paintings of Velázquez</i>. Greenwich House, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-40500-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-40500-8">0-517-40500-8</a></li> <li>Hagen, Rose-Marie and Rainer. <i>What Great Paintings Say</i>, 2 vols. Taschen, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-4790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-4790-9">978-3-8228-4790-9</a></li> <li>Harris, Enriqueta. <i>Estudios completos sobre Velázquez: Complete Studies On Velázquez</i>, CEEH, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-934643-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-934643-2-5">84-934643-2-5</a></li> <li>Haskell, Francis and Penny, Nicholas. <i>Taste and the Antique: The Lure of Classical Sculpture, 1600–1900</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02913-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02913-6">0-300-02913-6</a></li> <li>Langmuir, Erica. <i>The National Gallery companion guide</i>, revised edition. National Gallery, London, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85709-218-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85709-218-X">1-85709-218-X</a></li> <li>López-Rey, José. <i>Velázquez: Catalogue Raisonné</i>. Taschen, Wildenstein Institute, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-6533-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-8228-6533-8">3-8228-6533-8</a></li> <li>MacLaren, Neil; revised Braham, Allan. <i>The Spanish School, National Gallery Catalogues</i>. National Gallery, London, 1970. pp. 125–9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947645-46-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-947645-46-2">0-947645-46-2</a></li> <li>Portús, Javier. <i>Nudes and Knights: A Context for Venus</i>, in Carr</li> <li>Prater, Andreas. <i>Venus at Her Mirror: Velázquez and the Art of Nude Painting</i>. Prestel, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-2783-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-2783-6">3-7913-2783-6</a></li> <li>White, Jon Manchip. <i>Diego Velázquez: Painter and Courtier</i>. Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1969.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Venus_del_espejo_(Velazquez)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Venus del espejo (Velazquez)">Venus del espejo (Velazquez)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/diego-velazquez-the-toilet-of-venus-the-rokeby-venus">National Gallery: <i>The Rokeby Venus</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050408232640/http://gallery.euroweb.hu/html/v/velazque/1651-60/01venus.html">Info from the Web Gallery of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218221514/http://www.hastingspress.co.uk/history/mary.htm">Biography of Mary Richardson</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/63259">Velázquez</a></i>, exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on <i>Rokeby Venus</i> (see index)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bertamini.org/lab/venus.html">A description of the Venus effect by the researchers who have named it</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diego_Velázquez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE;background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Template:Diego Velázquez"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Template talk:Diego Velázquez"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diego Velázquez"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diego_Velázquez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="List of works by Diego Velázquez">List of works</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lunch_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="The Lunch (Velázquez)">The Lunch</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1617</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Woman_Frying_Eggs" title="Old Woman Frying Eggs">Old Woman Frying Eggs</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1618</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farmers%27_Lunch" title="The Farmers' Lunch">The Farmers' Lunch</a></i> (1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Musicians_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Three Musicians (Velázquez)">Three Musicians</a></i> (1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waterseller_of_Seville" title="The Waterseller of Seville">The Waterseller of Seville</a></i> (1618–1622)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kitchen_Maid" title="The Kitchen Maid">The Kitchen Maid</a></i> (1620–1622)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Needlewoman" title="The Needlewoman">The Needlewoman</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1635–1643</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Bacchus" title="The Triumph of Bacchus">The Triumph of Bacchus</a></i> (1628–1629)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_in_the_Forge_of_Vulcan" title="Apollo in the Forge of Vulcan">Apollo in the Forge of Vulcan</a></i> (1629)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Surrender_of_Breda" title="The Surrender of Breda">The Surrender of Breda</a></i> (1634–1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Resting" title="Mars Resting">Mars Resting</a></i> (1640)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rokeby Venus</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1647–1651</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Female_Figure_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Female Figure (Velázquez)">Female Figure</a></i> (1648)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Las_Hilanderas" title="Las Hilanderas">Las Hilanderas</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1657</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_in_the_House_of_Martha_and_Mary_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Christ in the House of Martha and Mary (Velázquez)">Christ in the House of Martha and Mary</a></i> (1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Saint Paul (Velázquez)">Saint Paul</a></i> (1618–1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Velázquez)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (1619)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tunic" title="Joseph's Tunic">Joseph's Tunic</a></i> (1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_St._Thomas_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Temptation of St. Thomas (Velázquez)">Temptation of St. Thomas</a></i> (1632)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Crucified_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Christ Crucified (Velázquez)">Christ Crucified</a></i> (1632)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Coronation of the Virgin (Velázquez)">Coronation of the Virgin</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1641–1644</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nun_Jer%C3%B3nima_de_la_Fuente" title="The Nun Jerónima de la Fuente">The Nun Jerónima de la Fuente</a></i> (1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Don_Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Portrait of Don Luis de Góngora">Don Luis de Góngora</a></i> (1622)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Philip_IV_in_Armour" title="Portrait of Philip IV in Armour">Philip IV in Armour</a></i> (after 1623)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Count-Duke_of_Olivares_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" title="Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares (São Paulo)">Count-Duke of Olivares</a></i> (1624)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Infante_Don_Carlos" title="Portrait of the Infante Don Carlos">The Infante Don Carlos</a></i> (1626–1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Maria_Anna" title="Portrait of Maria Anna">Maria Anna</a></i> (1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_in_Brown_and_Silver" title="Philip IV in Brown and Silver">Philip IV in Brown and Silver</a></i> (1630s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Portrait of a Man (Velázquez)">Portrait of a Man</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1630</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Balthasar_Charles_with_a_Dwarf" title="Prince Balthasar Charles with a Dwarf">Prince Balthasar Charles with a Dwarf</a></i> (1631)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_Mateos" title="Don Juan Mateos">Don Juan Mateos</a></i> (1632–1633)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Antonia_de_Ipe%C3%B1arrieta_y_Gald%C3%B3s_and_Her_Son_Don_Luis" title="Doña Antonia de Ipeñarrieta y Galdós and Her Son Don Luis">Doña Antonia de Ipeñarrieta y Galdós and Her Son Don Luis</a></i> (1634)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Count-Duke_of_Olivares_(Hermitage)" title="Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares (Hermitage)">Count-Duke of Olivares</a></i> (1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Balthasar_Charles_as_a_Hunter" title="Prince Balthasar Charles as a Hunter">Prince Balthasar Charles as a Hunter</a></i> (1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s" title="Portrait of Juan Martínez Montañés">Juan Martínez Montañés</a></i> (1635–1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Pablo_de_Valladolid" title="Portrait of Pablo de Valladolid">Pablo de Valladolid</a></i> (1636–1637)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_with_a_Fan_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="The Lady with a Fan (Velázquez)">Lady with a Fan</a></i> (1638–1639)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Philip_IV_in_Fraga" title="Portrait of Philip IV in Fraga">Philip IV in Fraga</a></i> (1644)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Francisco_Lezcano" title="Portrait of Francisco Lezcano">Francisco Lezcano</a></i> (1645)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Innocent_X" title="Portrait of Innocent X">Pope Innocent X</a></i> (1650)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Juan_de_Pareja" title="Portrait of Juan de Pareja">Juan de Pareja</a></i> (1650)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Mariana_of_Austria" title="Portrait of Mariana of Austria">Mariana of Austria</a></i> (1652)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Infanta_Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="The Infanta Maria Theresa of Spain">The Infanta Maria Theresa of Spain</a></i> (1652–1653)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Margarita_Teresa_in_a_Peach_Dress" title="Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Peach Dress">Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Peach Dress</a></i> (1653–1654)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Las_Meninas" title="Las Meninas">Las Meninas</a></i> (1656)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Margarita_in_a_White_and_Silver_Dress" title="Infanta Margarita in a White and Silver Dress">Infanta Margarita in a White and Silver Dress</a></i> (1656)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Margarita_Teresa_in_a_Blue_Dress" title="Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Blue Dress">Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Blue Dress</a></i> (1659)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Prospero" title="Prince Philip Prospero">Prince Philip Prospero</a></i> (1659)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Margarita_Teresa_in_a_Pink_Dress" title="Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress">Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress</a></i> (1660)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Equestrian<br />portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_Elisabeth_of_France" title="Equestrian Portrait of Elisabeth of France">Elisabeth of France</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1628–1636</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_the_Count-Duke_of_Olivares" title="Equestrian Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares">Count-Duke of Olivares</a></i> (1634)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_Margarita_of_Austria" title="Equestrian Portrait of Margarita of Austria">Margarita of Austria</a></i> (1634)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_Philip_III" title="Equestrian Portrait of Philip III">Philip III</a></i> (1634–1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_Philip_IV" title="Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV">Philip IV</a></i> (1635–1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_Prince_Balthasar_Charles" title="Equestrian Portrait of Prince Balthasar Charles">Prince Balthasar Charles</a></i> (1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Baltasar_Carlos_in_the_Riding_School" title="Prince Baltasar Carlos in the Riding School">Prince Baltasar Carlos in the Riding School</a></i> (1636)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Jesters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jester_Calabacillas_(Cleveland)" title="The Jester Calabacillas (Cleveland)">Calabacillas</a></i> (1626–1632)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jester_Don_John_of_Austria" title="The Jester Don John of Austria">Don John of Austria</a></i> (1632–1633)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jester_Barbarroja" title="The Jester Barbarroja">Barbarroja</a></i> (1633)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jester_Calabacillas_(Madrid)" title="The Jester Calabacillas (Madrid)">Calabacillas</a></i> (1637–1639)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Morra" title="Portrait of Sebastián de Morra">Sebastián de Morra</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1645</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jester_Don_Diego_de_Acedo" title="The Jester Don Diego de Acedo">Don Diego de Acedo</a></i> (1645)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Landscapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/View_of_the_Garden_of_the_Villa_Medici" title="View of the Garden of the Villa Medici">View of the Garden of the Villa Medici</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1630</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Vel%C3%A1zquez_(Madrid)" title="Statue of Velázquez (Madrid)">Statue of Velázquez</a> (1899, Madrid)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_ministerio_del_tiempo" title="El ministerio del tiempo">El ministerio del tiempo</a></i> (television series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275349#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/images/291210">RKD ID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&oldid=1253280521">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&oldid=1253280521</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_paintings" title="Category:17th-century paintings">17th-century paintings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paintings_in_the_National_Gallery,_London" title="Category:Paintings in the National Gallery, London">Paintings in the National Gallery, London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paintings_of_Venus" title="Category:Paintings of Venus">Paintings of Venus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paintings_of_Cupid" title="Category:Paintings of Cupid">Paintings of Cupid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vandalized_works_of_art_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom">Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mythological_paintings_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Category:Mythological paintings by Diego Velázquez">Mythological paintings by Diego Velázquez</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Erotic_art" title="Category:Erotic art">Erotic art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nude_art" title="Category:Nude art">Nude art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mirrors_in_art" title="Category:Mirrors in art">Mirrors in art</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2017">Use dmy dates from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use British English from September 2024">Use British English from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 05:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rokeby_Venus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-55db797859-c787v","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.727","walltime":"0.947","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10415,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":64770,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5634,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":111196,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 807.072 1 -total"," 26.69% 215.371 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.36% 107.821 1 Template:Langx"," 12.43% 100.342 1 Template:Diego_Velázquez"," 11.88% 95.857 1 Template:Navbox"," 11.55% 93.187 16 Template:ISBN"," 9.34% 75.412 4 Template:Cite_book"," 8.12% 65.555 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.58% 61.183 16 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 5.26% 42.424 34 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.379","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23203940,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7b4fbf584f-mptl7","timestamp":"20241218031153","ttl":1198096,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rokeby Venus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rokeby_Venus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q275349","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q275349","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-03-19T12:29:14Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T05:21:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7c\/RokebyVenus.jpg","headline":"painting by Diego Vel\u00e1zquez"}</script> </body> </html>