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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">===Permafrost=== [[Palsas]] are a typical permafrost feature in northern Finland.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ruuhijärvi|first1=Rauno|date=1960|title= Über die regionale Einteilung der nordfinnischen Moore|journal= Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae 'Vanamo'|language=german|volume=31|issue=1|pages=360 pp}}</ref> Permafrost formation in palsas is dictated by the properties of [[peat]]. Dry peat is a good insulator during the summer [[heat]], but frozen peat in winter conducts heat outwards, and the winter frost can penetrate deep into the peat layers. Due to these physical properties, palsas may be formed and preserved even in a climate where the mean annual air temperature is just at the [[freezing point]]. Permafrost has been found in many palsa mires in the [[Kevo]] and Utsjoki regions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Seppälä |first1=Matti| date=1979|title= Recent palsa studies in Finland |journal= Acta Universitatis Ouluensis |language=en|volume=Ser. A|issue=82|pages=81–87}}</ref> After detailed studies on palsas, researchers were convinced until 1982 that "so far, permafrost has been found, and probably exists only, in mires in the cores of palsas". The permafrost core in palsas is easy to detect by digging or sounding with a steel rod, and the frozen ground necessitates modern [[geophysics|geophysical techniques]] for geoelectrical soundings. They allow measurement of the thickness of frozen bedrock due to its higher [[specific electrical resistance]]. [[Matti Seppälä]] (1941-2020) was undoubtedly the foremost expert on palsas. Based on existing innovative research in Scandinavia<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=King|first1=Lorenz|date=1983|title=High Mountain Permafrost in Scandinavia|journal= Permafrost: Fourth International Conference, Proceedings|language=en|volume= |issue= |pages=612–617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=King|first1=Lorenz| date=1982|title= Qualitative und quantitative Erfassung von Permafrost in Tarfala (Schwedisch-Lappland) und Jotunheimen (Norwegen) mit Hilfe geoelektrischer Sondierungen|journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|language=german|volume=Suppl.-Band|issue=43|pages=139–160}}</ref> he suggested to look for the general permafrost distribution in the mountains also in northernmost Finland. The field campaign in summer 1985 in Utsjoki was supported by the [[Academy of Finland]], the [[University of Helsinki]] and the [[German Research Foundation]]. The results were quite surprising for most scientists in Finland. Above the timber Iine a minimum permafrost thickness of ten to fifty meters was recorded with geoelectrical soundings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=King|first1=Lorenz|last2=Seppälä|first2=Matti|date=1987|title=Permafrost thickness and distribution in Finnish Lapland - Results of geoelectrical soundings |journal= Polarforschung |language=en|volume=57|issue=3|pages=127–147|url=https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/28214/1/Polarforsch1987_3_2.pdf |access-date=2021-02-25}}</ref> It seems obvious that permafrost is widespread on fjell summits of northern Finland. The Puollamoaivi mountain (432 m high) is located some 13&nbsp;km NE of the Kevo Subarctic Research Station. Close to the Skallovarri palsa mire about 290 m a. s. I., an estimated permafrost thickness of over 100 meters may be expected at an altitude of 360 m, just 30–70 m higher than the surface of the palsa mire. It is concluded therefore that all sites on the crest of Skallovarri (Puollamoaivi) show the existence of permafrost, but its thickness seems to be different. These findings were confirmed with similar results in the adjacent Peldojoki, Hietatievat, Peera sites, where permafrost exists in debris as well as in bedrock. This is also of importance in the construction business, e.g. for deep foundations for telecommunication masts. {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Utsjoki Kevo (1991&ndash;2020 normals, records 1962&ndash;present) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 6.2 |Feb record high C = 6.3 |Mar record high C = 9.2 |Apr record high C = 15.7 |May record high C = 30.5 |Jun record high C = 32.5 |Jul record high C = 33.6 |Aug record high C = 31.5 |Sep record high C = 24.3 |Oct record high C = 13.7 |Nov record high C = 11.1 |Dec record high C = 7.1 |Jan avg record high C = 2.1 |Feb avg record high C = 2.2 |Mar avg record high C = 4.3 |Apr avg record high C = 9.5 |May avg record high C = 18.4 |Jun avg record high C = 24.6 |Jul avg record high C = 27.4 |Aug avg record high C = 24.5 |Sep avg record high C = 17.9 |Oct avg record high C = 9.7 |Nov avg record high C = 3.4 |Dec avg record high C = 2.9 |year avg record high C = 28.3 |Jan high C = -8.6 |Feb high C = -8.0 |Mar high C = -2.8 |Apr high C = 2.8 |May high C = 8.5 |Jun high C = 14.7 |Jul high C = 18.7 |Aug high C = 16.0 |Sep high C = 10.4 |Oct high C = 2.4 |Nov high C = -3.7 |Dec high C = -6.1 |year high C= |Jan mean C = -13.3 |Feb mean C = -12.6 |Mar mean C = -7.8 |Apr mean C = -1.9 |May mean C = 4.2 |Jun mean C = 9.8 |Jul mean C = 13.4 |Aug mean C = 11.1 |Sep mean C = 6.4 |Oct mean C = -0.4 |Nov mean C = -7.2 |Dec mean C = -10.6 |year mean C = |Jan low C = -18.3 |Feb low C = -17.6 |Mar low C = -13.3 |Apr low C = -6.9 |May low C = -0.1 |Jun low C = 5.3 |Jul low C = 8.7 |Aug low C = 6.9 |Sep low C = 2.9 |Oct low C = -3.2 |Nov low C = -11.2 |Dec low C = -15.3 |year low C= |Jan avg record low C = -35.1 |Feb avg record low C = -34.3 |Mar avg record low C = -28.0 |Apr avg record low C = -21.8 |May avg record low C = -7.6 |Jun avg record low C = 0.2 |Jul avg record low C = 3.4 |Aug avg record low C = 0.2 |Sep avg record low C = -3.9 |Oct avg record low C = -15.5 |Nov avg record low C = -24.8 |Dec avg record low C = -30.7 |year avg record low C = -37.4 |Jan record low C = -48.2 |Feb record low C = -47.9 |Mar record low C = -39.1 |Apr record low C = -31.9 |May record low C = -20.9 |Jun record low C = -3.4 |Jul record low C = -0.1 |Aug record low C = -3.9 |Sep record low C = -11.9 |Oct record low C = -28.9 |Nov record low C = -36.1 |Dec record low C = -41.4 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 26 |Feb precipitation mm = 25 |Mar precipitation mm = 21 |Apr precipitation mm = 22 |May precipitation mm = 30 |Jun precipitation mm = 56 |Jul precipitation mm = 73 |Aug precipitation mm = 59 |Sep precipitation mm = 38 |Oct precipitation mm = 38 |Nov precipitation mm = 27 |Dec precipitation mm = 28 |unit precipitation days= 0.1&nbsp;mm |Jan precipitation days = 21 |Feb precipitation days = 18 |Mar precipitation days = 17 |Apr precipitation days = 15 |May precipitation days = 16 |Jun precipitation days = 17 |Jul precipitation days = 18 |Aug precipitation days = 18 |Sep precipitation days = 18 |Oct precipitation days = 20 |Nov precipitation days = 20 |Dec precipitation days = 21 |year precipitation days= | Jan sun = 4 | Feb sun = 47 | Mar sun = 130 | Apr sun = 181 | May sun = 193 | Jun sun = 216 | Jul sun = 209 | Aug sun = 127 | Sep sun = 88 | Oct sun = 51 | Nov sun = 9 | Dec sun = 0 | year sun = |Jan humidity= 84 |Feb humidity= 83 |Mar humidity= 79 |Apr humidity= 76 |May humidity= 71 |Jun humidity= 69 |Jul humidity= 74 |Aug humidity= 81 |Sep humidity= 85 |Oct humidity= 89 |Nov humidity= 89 |Dec humidity= 87 |year humidity= |source 1 = FMI climatological normals for Finland 1991&ndash;2020<ref name="FMI">{{cite web |title=FMI normals 1991-2020 |url=https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi |access-date=11 April 2023|publisher=fmi.fi|language=fi}}</ref> |source 2 = record highs and lows<ref name="FMI open data">{{cite web | url = https://kilotavu.com/asema-taulukko.php?asema=102035 | title = FMI open data | publisher = FMI | access-date = 26 April 2016}}</ref>}} {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Utsjoki Outakoski, 1981&ndash;2010 normals |metric first = Y |single line = Y |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 22 |Feb precipitation mm = 20 |Mar precipitation mm = 16 |Apr precipitation mm = 19 |May precipitation mm = 17 |Jun precipitation mm = 38 |Jul precipitation mm = 61 |Aug precipitation mm = 54 |Sep precipitation mm = 35 |Oct precipitation mm = 38 |Nov precipitation mm = 29 |Dec precipitation mm = 22 |source 1 = FMI open data, 1981&ndash;2010<ref name="FMI statistics 1981−2010">{{cite web | url = https://kilotavu.com/asema-taulukko.php?asema=102023 | title = FMI open data | publisher = FMI | access-date = 21 March 2020}}</ref> |date=March 2020 }} </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Utsjoki" title="Utsjoki">Utsjoki</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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