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id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Long titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Short titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Style subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Definite article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Comma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ireland</span> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> 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class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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system">Westminster</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> (such as Canada or Australia), as well as the United States and the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Primary_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary legislation">primary legislation</a> has both a <b>short title</b> and a <b>long title</b>. </p><p>The <b>long title</b> (properly, the <b>title</b> in some jurisdictions) is the formal title appearing at the head of a <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> (such as an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">act of Parliament</a> or of <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Congress</a>) or other legislative instrument. The long title is intended to provide a summarised description of the purpose or scope of the instrument. Like other descriptive components of an act (such as the <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a>, section headings, side notes, and short title), the long title seldom affects the operative provisions of an act, except where the operative provisions are unclear or ambiguous and the long title provides a clear statement of the legislature's intention. </p><p>The <b>short title</b> is the formal name by which legislation may by law be <a href="/wiki/Legal_citation" title="Legal citation">cited</a>. It contrasts with the <b>long title</b> which, while usually being more fully descriptive of the legislation's purpose and effects, is generally too unwieldy for most uses. For example, the short title <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a></i> contrasts with the long title <i>An Act to restrict membership of the House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage; to make related provision about disqualifications for voting at elections to, and for membership of, the House of Commons; and for connected purposes</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_titles">Long titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Long titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, the long title is important since, under the procedures of Parliament, a bill cannot be amended to go outside the scope of its long title. For that reason, modern long titles tend to be rather vague, ending with the formulation "and for connected purposes". The long title of an older act is sometimes termed its <a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">rubric</a>, because it was sometimes printed in red.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Short titles for acts of Parliament were not introduced until the mid-19th century, and were not provided for every act passed until late in the century; as such, the long title was used to identify the act. Short titles were subsequently given to many unrepealed acts at later dates; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a>, an act of 1689, was given that short title by the <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1896" title="Short Titles Act 1896">Short Titles Act 1896</a>, having until then been formally referred to only by its long title, <i>An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown</i>. Similarly, in the US, the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a>, which was ruled unconstitutional in part by <i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i> (1803), was called "An Act to establish the Judicial Courts of the United States". </p><p>The long title was traditionally followed by the <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a>, an optional part of an act setting out a number of preliminary statements of facts similar to <a href="/wiki/Recital_(law)" title="Recital (law)">recitals</a>, each starting <i>Whereas...</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_titles">Short titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Short titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the long title, which precedes the <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enacting_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Enacting formula">enacting formula</a>, and thus sits outside the main body of text, the short title for modern legislation is explicitly defined by a specific section, typically at the very end or very beginning of the main text. As with the above example, short titles are generally made up of just a few words that describe in broad terms the area of law being changed or the thing affected, followed by the word "Act" and then the year in which the legislation is formally enacted. Occasionally, the word "Act" may be replaced with another descriptor. Common examples are "Code"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Charter".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable exception is <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, in which this convention is reversed. The short title sits outside the main body of legislation, and the summary description of the law, which is made optional, is defined by a specific section if existing. For example, the Combating Iran's Nuclear Program Act, which under the usual convention would have begun with the long title </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An Act to sanction entities assisting Iran in promoting its nuclear program or obtaining weapons of mass destruction or means of carrying weapons of mass destruction and to limit corporations who have business relations with Iran, for its favor or in its territory, as part of the international struggle against Iran's nuclear program.</p></blockquote> <p>and whose first section might have read </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This Act may be cited as the 'Combating Iran's Nuclear Program Act, 5772-2012'.</p></blockquote> <p>actually begins with the short title </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Combating Iran's Nuclear Program Act, 5772-2012</p></blockquote> <p>and its first section reads </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The purpose of this Act is to sanction entities assisting Iran in promoting its nuclear program or obtaining weapons of mass destruction or means of carrying weapons of mass destruction and to limit corporations who have business relations with Iran, for its favor or in its territory, as part of the international struggle against Iran's nuclear program.</p></blockquote> <p>The Australian state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, since 1986, follows a similar practice, having a title comparable to a short title outside the main body of the legislation and a purpose section establishing the purpose of the legislation. Bills continue to have long titles (in similar terms to the purpose section) so that the scoping rules described in the <a href="#Long_titles">previous section</a> continue to apply, but are removed and noted in the endnotes upon enactment. </p><p>The titles of legislation enacted by the United States Congress, if they include a year, invariably add the preposition "of" between the word "Act" and the year. Compare the Australian <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1992" title="Disability Discrimination Act 1992">Disability Discrimination Act 1992</a> (Cth), <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1995" title="Disability Discrimination Act 1995">Disability Discrimination Act 1995</a> (UK), and <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a> (US). Even if no year was included in the official short title enacted by Congress, it is traditional always to precede the year with an "of" if it needs to be appended in prose after the short title. This convention is followed by most but not all <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a>; for example, the Act of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania legislature</a> that consolidated the governments of the city of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia County</a> is generally (though not formally) called the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Consolidation,_1854" title="Act of Consolidation, 1854">Act of Consolidation, 1854</a>. The vast majority of acts passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> do not include the year of enactment as part of the short title. In acts passed by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a>, titling of legislation primarily follows the U.S. convention, although many acts contain the word "Law" instead of the more conventional "Act" either at the end of the title or before "of [year]" if they are comprehensive. </p><p>Since the early 20th century, it has become popular in the United States to include the names of key legislators in the short titles of the most important acts. This was at first done informally; that is, the names appeared in legal treatises and court opinions but were not part of the statute as enacted. Eventually members of Congress began to formally write their own names into short titles (thereby immortalizing themselves for posterity), as in the <a href="/wiki/Hart%E2%80%93Scott%E2%80%93Rodino_Antitrust_Improvements_Act" title="Hart–Scott–Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act">Hart–Scott–Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>. In some states, like California, some short titles consist <i>only</i> of the names of the key legislators, as in the <a href="/wiki/Lanterman%E2%80%93Petris%E2%80%93Short_Act" title="Lanterman–Petris–Short Act">Lanterman–Petris–Short Act</a>, the statutory basis of the "5150" involuntary psychiatric hold used for temporarily detaining psychiatric patients. </p><p>Draft legislation (<a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bills</a>) also uses short titles, but substitutes the word "Bill" for "Act". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definite_article">Definite article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Guide_to_Legal_Citation" title="Australian Guide to Legal Citation">Australian Guide to Legal Citation</a> recommends that the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> at the beginning of the "statute title" should be omitted when citing a statute of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comma">Comma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally short titles had a comma preceding the year. Whether this is retained or not depends on the country involved: it has been dropped in Ireland and the United Kingdom, but retained in Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In citing an act by its short title, a comma immediately before a reference to a year and a comma immediately after such a reference that is not required for the purpose of punctuation may be omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not necessary to use the comma as it is not part of an act of Parliament; although normal punctuation is now used by draftsmen, and is included in King's Printer's copies of acts of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The comma preceding the calendar year in printed copies of acts is omitted on the authority of a note by Sir Noel Hutton QC, <a href="/wiki/First_Parliamentary_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="First Parliamentary Counsel">First Parliamentary Counsel</a>, as to which see "The Citation of Statutes" 82 <a href="/wiki/Law_Quarterly_Review" title="Law Quarterly Review">LQR</a> 24-24. The validity of this note is questioned by <a href="/wiki/Halsbury%27s_Laws_of_England" title="Halsbury's Laws of England">Halsbury's Laws of England</a>, Fourth Edition, Reissue, Volume 44(1), footnote 10 to paragraph 1268. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glanville_Williams" title="Glanville Williams">Glanville Williams</a> said that it "seems sensible" to omit the comma preceding the calendar year in references to acts passed before 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriations bill (United States)</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">act of Congress</a> that <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">appropriates</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">federal funds</a> to specific federal government departments, agencies and programs has a comma rather than <i>of</i> between "Appropriations Act" and the year of passage, beginning in the 2000s. However, a 1990s example of this titling pattern is the <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Consolidated_and_Emergency_Appropriations_Act,_1999" title="Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Appropriations Act, 1999">Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Appropriations Act, 1999</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Re Boaler</i>, Buckley LJ said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The fact that for the purpose of identification only and not of enactment also authority is given to identify the statute by a particular name in which the word "action" occurs is, I think, immaterial. The words "This Act may be cited as the Vexatious Actions Act 1896," effect nothing by way of enactment. They do no more than create a name, and whether it is as matter of description accurate or not is immaterial. In support of this view I refer to that which Lord Haldane said in <i>Vacher & Sons v. London Society of Compositors</i>(2) as regards the title "Trade Disputes Act, 1906," and that which Lord Moulton said in the same case(3), and to that which the latter said further in <i>National Telephone Co. v. Postmaster-General</i>.(4) </p><dl><dd>(2) [1913] A. C. at p. 114.</dd> <dd>(3) [1913] A. C. at p. 128.</dd> <dd>(4) [1913] A. C. 546, at p. 560.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>In <i>R v Wheatley</i>, Bridge LJ said of the <a href="/wiki/Explosives_Act_1875" title="Explosives Act 1875">Explosives Act 1875</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Explosive_Substances_Act_1883" title="Explosive Substances Act 1883">Explosive Substances Act 1883</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking at the two statutes, at the nature of the provisions which they both contain, and in particular at the short and long titles of both statutes, it appears to this court that they are clearly <a href="/wiki/In_pari_materia" class="mw-redirect" title="In pari materia">in pari materia</a>, ...<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>If much of an older act was repealed by the time a short title was assigned to it, the short title may describe only the parts in force at the time of assignment. For example, the act 59 George III c.84 as enacted regulated publicly funded roadbuilding throughout Ireland, but by <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1873" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1873">1873</a> the only unrepealed section was one making <a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a> a <a href="/wiki/Barony_(Ireland)" title="Barony (Ireland)">barony</a>, so the 1896 short title is "Kinsale Act 1819". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_repeal">Effect of repeal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effect of repeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland_2">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notwithstanding the repeal of an enactment giving a short title to an act, the act may, without prejudice to any other mode of citation, continue to be cited by that short title.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An act may continue to be cited by the short title authorised by any enactment notwithstanding the repeal of that enactment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;"><b>19 Citation of other Acts.</b><br /> <p>[...] <br /> </p> (2) An Act may continue to be cited by the short title authorised by any enactment notwithstanding the repeal of that enactment.<br /><cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act_1978" title="Interpretation Act 1978">Interpretation Act 1978</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the second half of the nineteenth century, short titles have become the usual method of referencing earlier <a href="/wiki/Statute_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute law">statute law</a> within legislation itself. In the UK this replaced the earlier method of citing the long title together with the chapter number and the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a>(s) of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary session">parliamentary session</a> in which it received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>. For example, modern legislation would simply refer to "the Evidence Act 1845", whereas in the past it would have been necessary to use wording such as "the Act passed in the eighth and ninth year of Her Majesty's reign chapter one hundred and thirteen intitled 'An Act to facilitate the Admission in Evidence of certain official and other Documents<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". </p><p>Short titles were introduced because the titles of statutes (now commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Long_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Long title">long titles</a>) had become so long that they were no longer a useful means of citation. For example, the title of <a href="/wiki/19_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="19 Geo. 2">19 Geo. 2</a>. c. 26 (1745) (<a href="/wiki/Attainder_of_Earl_of_Kellie_and_others_Act_1746" class="mw-redirect" title="Attainder of Earl of Kellie and others Act 1746">Attainder of Earl of Kellie and others Act 1746</a>) ran to 65 lines of King's Printer and to over 400 words.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Short titles were first introduced for acts of Parliament in the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amending acts also began to take the opportunity to create short titles for earlier acts as well as for themselves. Eventually the <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1892" title="Short Titles Act 1892">Short Titles Act 1892</a> (<a href="/wiki/55_%26_56_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="55 & 56 Vict.">55 & 56 Vict.</a> c. 10) was passed to create short titles for almost all<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (February 2009)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> remaining legislation. This statute was repealed and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1896" title="Short Titles Act 1896">Short Titles Act 1896</a>, which conferred short titles on about 2,000 acts. The <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1951" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Titles Act (Northern Ireland) 1951">Short Titles Act (Northern Ireland) 1951</a> conferred short titles on 179 acts applying to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_(Scotland)_Act_1964" title="Statute Law Revision (Scotland) Act 1964">Statute Law Revision (Scotland) Act 1964</a> conferred short titles on 164 pre-union acts of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>. Further short titles were given by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1948" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1948">Statute Law Revision Act 1948</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_(Repeals)_Act_1977" title="Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1977">Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1977</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_(Repeals)_Act_1978" title="Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1978">Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1978</a>. </p><p>In Ireland, <i>ex post facto</i> short titles have been conferred by the <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1962" title="Short Titles Act 1962">Short Titles Act 1962</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_2007" title="Statute Law Revision Act 2007">Statute Law Revision Act 2007</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_2009" title="Statute Law Revision Act 2009">Statute Law Revision Act 2009</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_2012" title="Statute Law Revision Act 2012">Statute Law Revision Act 2012</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_changes">Name changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Name changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a few cases, particular acts have had more than one short title given to them, for example because subsequent amendments to their contents have rendered the earlier name inaccurate. For example, when the 1992 version of <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Law: the Government</a> – the so-called "Direct Election law" – made the post of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a> elected, it added provisions regarding the Prime Ministerial election to the <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:חוק הבחירות לכנסת">Knesset Election Law, 1969</a>, and renamed it as "Knesset and Prime Minister Elections Law, 1969". This change was reverted following the abolition of direct Prime Ministerial elections in 2001. </p><p>British (and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">English</a>) legislation that has been "inherited" by the legal systems of other countries has also sometimes ended up with a short title in one jurisdiction that differs from that used in another: for example, the act of Parliament that created <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 1867 is formally known in Canada as the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a>, but is still known as the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act 1867">British North America Act 1867</a> in British law; note also the differing comma convention. Similarly, the Act "21 & 22 George III c.48" of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> is "Yelverton's Act (Ireland) 1781 [I]" in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and "Calendar Act, 1781" in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>; the short titles were assigned respectively by Acts of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-titlesact1962_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titlesact1962-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_use_(by_jurisdiction)"><span id="Examples_of_use_.28by_jurisdiction.29"></span>Examples of use (by jurisdiction)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Examples of use (by jurisdiction)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most short titles include a descriptive phrase followed by the type of legislation and the year of enactment; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> is an act of Parliament relating to human rights that received Royal Assent in 1998. Some exceptions exist, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a>, whose formal short title in the UK (as given by the <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1896" title="Short Titles Act 1896">Short Titles Act 1896</a>) is simply "Bill of Rights", without a year, although it is not a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> but an act. </p><p>More narrowly focused legislation may have a secondary phrase in parentheses, such as the Road Traffic (Vehicle Emissions) Regulations 2002 (a <a href="/wiki/Statutory_instrument" title="Statutory instrument">statutory instrument</a>). </p><p>Laws that relate primarily to other laws, such as amendments, contain the short titles of those laws in their own short titles, for example the Sustainable Communities Act 2007 (Amendment) Act 2010. Subsequent enactments can lead to particularly lengthy short titles; for example, the Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings Act 1868, amended by the Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings Act 1868 (Amendment) Act 1869, and itself amended by the Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings Act 1868 (Amendment) Act 1879 (Amendment) Act 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more recent shorter convention is that an act amending "Foo Act yyy1" will have short title "Foo (Amendment) Act yyy2". </p><p>If a law is passed with the same title as another law passed in the same year, an ordinal number will be added to distinguish it from the others; this is particularly common for <a href="/wiki/Finance_Act" title="Finance Act">Finance Acts</a> (Finance (No. 3) Act 2010) and commencement orders that bring parts of an Act into force (Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No.13) (Scotland) Order 1998). However, for laws that amend other laws, this ordinal numbering does not reset every year (For example, even though only two amendments were made to the Israeli Criminal Procedure Law in 2018, these amendments are numbered No.81 and No.82 in their titles.) </p><p>In Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_(Children)_Act_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-First Amendment of the Constitution (Children) Act 2012">Thirty-First Amendment of the Constitution (Children) Act 2012</a> was enacted in 2015 rather than 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-irl31_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irl31-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was passed by both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> in 2012 but not <a href="/wiki/Signed_into_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed into law">signed into law</a> by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a> until 2015, after an intervening referendum and court challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-irl31_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irl31-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 2(2) of the act, which assigns the short title, could not be amended between the houses' passing the bill and its being enacted (though it could still be amended by a subsequent act of the Oireachtas). This act's short title is longer than its long title, which is "An Act to Amend the Constitution",<sup id="cite_ref-irl31_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irl31-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as required by the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australian long titles are more like American than British ones in that they are short and broad: for example, "A Bill for an Act to provide for the establishment of the Automotive Transformation Scheme, and for related purposes". However, not all states use long titles and an Act may instead have an explicit "Purpose" section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acts in <a href="/wiki/EU_law" class="mw-redirect" title="EU law">EU law</a> are cited by a combination of letters and numbers, e.g. '(EU) 2015/35' as short titles;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but occasionally there are descriptive short titles, e.g. Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 = 'Single CMO Regulation', the <a href="/wiki/REACH_Regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="REACH Regulation">REACH Regulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland_3">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An act may be cited in an <a href="/wiki/Enacting_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Enacting formula">enactment</a> or other document by, amongst other things, the short title of the act.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long and short titles were used in New Zealand up to and including 1999. From 1 January 2000 they were replaced by a single title.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long titles in South Africa omit the initial "An". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_3">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wording after "An Act" varies somewhat between jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom, the long title opens with the words "An Act to ...". For example, the short title of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a> is <i>House of Lords Act 1999</i>, but its long title is <i>An Act to restrict membership of the House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage; to make related provision about disqualifications for voting at elections to, and for membership of, the House of Commons; and for connected purposes</i>. UK bills substitute the words "A Bill" for "An Act". Thus, before it passed, the long title of the House of Lords Bill 1999 was "A Bill to restrict membership...". Because of the way they are used to define the scope of bills, many British long titles are quite long. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the long titles of most acts of the US Congress read, "An Act to...", <a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Appropriations bill">appropriations bills</a> begin, "An Act making appropriations for...". Bills begin "A Bill for an Act..." Legislation in <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> also vary both in the exact wording and the level of detail of long titles. A typical long title in Illinois is, "AN ACT concerning safety", giving only a very broad characterization of the subject matter. On the other hand, a recent New Hampshire law carried the long title, "AN ACT relative to establishing a municipal bond rescission process, authorizing governing bodies to call a special meeting to consider reduction or rescission of appropriations, and clarifying special procedures enabling towns to respond appropriately to the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act" title="Short Titles Act">Short Titles Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_short_titles" title="List of short titles">List of short titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_title" title="Collective title">Collective title</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/index.html">"Criminal Code of Canada"</a>. <i>Justice Laws Website</i>. 2023-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justice+Laws+Website&rft.atitle=Criminal+Code+of+Canada&rft.date=2023-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FC-46%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/03026_00">"Community Charter"</a>. <i>BC Laws</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BC+Laws&rft.atitle=Community+Charter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bclaws.gov.bc.ca%2Fcivix%2Fdocument%2Fid%2Fcomplete%2Fstatreg%2F03026_00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Guide_to_Legal_Citation" title="Australian Guide to Legal Citation">Australian Guide to Legal Citation</a>. Third Edition. 2010. Paragraph 23.2.1 at page 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBook_(eISB)" class="citation web cs1">Book (eISB), electronic Irish Statute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2005/act/23/section/14/enacted/en/html">"electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)"</a>. <i>www.irishstatutebook.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irishstatutebook.ie&rft.atitle=electronic+Irish+Statute+Book+%28eISB%29&rft.aulast=Book+%28eISB%29&rft.aufirst=electronic+Irish+Statute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F2005%2Fact%2F23%2Fsection%2F14%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Duke of Devonshire v. O'Connor</i> (1890) 24 Q.B.D. 468 at p. 478, per <a href="/wiki/William_Brett,_1st_Viscount_Esher" title="William Brett, 1st Viscount Esher">Lord Esher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">M.R.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Glanville_Williams" title="Glanville Williams">Glanville Williams</a>. <a href="/wiki/Learning_the_Law" title="Learning the Law">Learning the Law</a>. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. Page 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Re Boaler [1915] 1 KB 21 at 27, CA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R v Wheatley [1979] 1 <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Law_Reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekly Law Reports">WLR</a> 144 at 147, [1979] 1 <a href="/wiki/All_England_Law_Reports" title="All England Law Reports">All ER</a> 954 at 957, CA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1896" title="Short Titles Act 1896">Short Titles Act 1896</a>, section 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act_1978" title="Interpretation Act 1978">Interpretation Act 1978</a>, section 19(2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)" title="Law Commission (England and Wales)">Law Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Law_Commission" title="Scottish Law Commission">Scottish Law Commission</a>, Statute Law Revision: Fifteenth Report, Draft Statute Law Repeals Bill, Law Com 233, Scot Law Com 150, Part IV, para. 4.2, p. 76, footnote 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/other/EWLC/1995/233.html">BAILII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk/downloads/rep150.pdf">Scottish Law Commission</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)" title="Law Commission (England and Wales)">Law Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Law_Commission" title="Scottish Law Commission">Scottish Law Commission</a>, Statute Law Revision: Fifteenth Report, Draft Statute Law Repeals Bill, Law Com 233, Scot Law Com 150, Part IV, para. 4.2, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212102454/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aip/Geo3/21-22/48">"Yelverton's Act (Ireland) 1781 [I]"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Yelverton%27s+Act+%28Ireland%29+1781+%5BI%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Faip%2FGeo3%2F21-22%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://194.109.159.7/tna/20101221070722/http://legislation.gov.uk/aip/Geo3/21-22/48">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titlesact1962-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-titlesact1962_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1962/en/act/pub/0005/sched1.html">"Short Titles Act, 1962, Schedule 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Short+Titles+Act%2C+1962%2C+Schedule+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F1962%2Fen%2Fact%2Fpub%2F0005%2Fsched1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclaurin1893" class="citation book cs1">Maclaurin, H. N. (11 September 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0A1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA44"><i>Sanitary Legislation and Administration in England</i></a>. Votes & Proceedings. Vol. 2. New South Wales Legislative Council. p. 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanitary+Legislation+and+Administration+in+England&rft.series=Votes+%26+Proceedings&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=New+South+Wales+Legislative+Council&rft.date=1893-09-11&rft.aulast=Maclaurin&rft.aufirst=H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0A1AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irl31-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irl31_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irl31_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irl31_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2012/ca/31/enacted/en/html">"Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution Act, 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Thirty-first+Amendment+of+the+Constitution+Act%2C+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F2012%2Fca%2F31%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=/documents/bills28/bills/2012/7812/document1.htm">"Thirty-First Amendment of the Constitution (Children) Bill 2012"</a>. Oireachtas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thirty-First+Amendment+of+the+Constitution+%28Children%29+Bill+2012&rft.pub=Oireachtas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fviewdoc.asp%3Ffn%3D%2Fdocuments%2Fbills28%2Fbills%2F2012%2F7812%2Fdocument1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/0424/696371-court-to-deliberate-on-2012-childrens-referendum/">"Court rejects appeal on Children's Referendum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89.ie" title="RTÉ.ie">RTÉ.ie</a></i>. 24 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89.ie&rft.atitle=Court+rejects+appeal+on+Children%27s+Referendum&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2015%2F0424%2F696371-court-to-deliberate-on-2012-childrens-referendum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article46_3">"Constitution of Ireland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></i>. Article 46.3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>Every such Bill shall be expressed to be "An Act to amend the Constitution".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Ireland&rft.pages=Article+46.3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2Fcons%2Fen%2Fhtml%23article46_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-130200.htm">"Publications Office – Interinstitutional Style Guide – 3. Rules on drafting documents – 3.2. References to an act – 3.2.1. Forms of title"</a>. <i>publications.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publications.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Publications+Office+%E2%80%93+Interinstitutional+Style+Guide+%E2%80%93+3.+Rules+on+drafting+documents+%E2%80%93+3.2.+References+to+an+act+%E2%80%93+3.2.1.+Forms+of+title&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.europa.eu%2Fcode%2Fen%2Fen-130200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/techleg/EN-legislative-drafting-guide.pdf">Joint Practical Guide</a> at 8.4 et seq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tanner, George (2005). "Imperatives in drafting legislation a brief New Zealand perspective". <i>Commonwealth Law Bulletin</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050718.2005.9986664">10.1080/03050718.2005.9986664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218576641">218576641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+Law+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Imperatives+in+drafting+legislation+a+brief+New+Zealand+perspective&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03050718.2005.9986664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218576641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShort+and+long+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Halsbury%27s_Laws_of_Australia" title="Halsbury's Laws of Australia">Halsbury's Laws</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statutes</a></i>, para. 1264</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halsbury%27s_Laws_of_England" title="Halsbury's Laws of England">Halsbury's Laws of England</a></i>. Fourth Edition. Reissue. 1995. Volume 44(1). <i>Statutes</i> para. 1253, 1268.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Digest" title="The Digest">The Digest: Annotated British, Commonwealth and European Cases</a>. 1997 2nd Reissue. <a href="/wiki/Butterworth_%26_Co_(Publishers)_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd">Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd</a>. London. 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B406%2B02500%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/0+406+02500+2">0 406 02500 2</a> (for the complete set of volumes). Volume 45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B406%2B999%2B023" title="Special:BookSources/0+406+999+023">0 406 999 023</a> (for this volume). Title: "Statutes". Pages 411 to 414.</li> <li>Tobias A Dorsey. Legislative Drafter's Deskbook: A Practical Guide. The Capitol.Net Inc. 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587330155" title="Special:BookSources/9781587330155">9781587330155</a>. Pages 224 to 227. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGoMZstozv0C&pg=PA224">Google Books</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Short_and_long_titles" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Short and long titles">Short and long titles</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050322183935/http://www.parliamentary-counsel.gov.uk/Feb%202002/billpass.htm">Bills and Acts – A Bill's Parliamentary Stages</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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