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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sporophyte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sporophyte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sporophyte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sporophyte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gametophyte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gametophyte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Gametophyte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gametophyte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle_and_Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle_and_Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Life cycle and Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle_and_Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molecular_phylogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_phylogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Molecular phylogenetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_phylogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature_and_subdivision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature_and_subdivision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nomenclature and subdivision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature_and_subdivision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_and_biogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_and_biogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Evolution and biogeography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_biogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pteridology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pteridology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pteridology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pteridology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pteridomania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pteridomania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pteridomania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pteridomania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisms_confused_with_ferns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisms_confused_with_ferns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Organisms confused with ferns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisms_confused_with_ferns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisms confused with ferns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisms_confused_with_ferns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Misnomers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misnomers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Misnomers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misnomers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fern-like_flowering_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fern-like_flowering_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Fern-like flowering plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fern-like_flowering_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fern</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%95" title="ፈርን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈርን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3" title="سراخس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سراخس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3" title="ফাৰ্ণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফাৰ্ণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicopsida" title="Filicopsida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filicopsida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chach%C4%A9" title="Chachĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chachĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8" title="ফার্ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফার্ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku" title="Paku – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Paku" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB%E2%81%BF-kh%C3%AD_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Iûⁿ-khí si̍t-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iûⁿ-khí si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujad" title="Bujad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bujad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raden" title="Raden – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Raden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falgueres" title="Falgueres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falgueres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapra%C4%8Forosty" title="Kapraďorosty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kapraďorosty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filetta_cumuna" title="Filetta cumuna – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Filetta cumuna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhedynen" title="Rhedynen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhedynen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%DD%A3" title="أفرسيݣ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أفرسيݣ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1iske%C5%A1attut" title="Gáiskešattut – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gáiskešattut" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farne" title="Farne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Farne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5najalgtaimed" title="Sõnajalgtaimed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõnajalgtaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Φτέρη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φτέρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Верьгизэнь пазава – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Верьгизэнь пазава" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicopsida" title="Filicopsida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filicopsida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiko" title="Filiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iratze" title="Iratze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iratze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3_(%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87)" title="سرخس (گیاه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرخس (گیاه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicophyta" title="Filicophyta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Filicophyta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearplanten" title="Fearplanten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fearplanten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicophyta" title="Filicophyta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Filicophyta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renniagh" title="Renniagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Renniagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fento" title="Fento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%B9%98%EB%A5%98" title="양치류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양치류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="फर्न – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फर्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiko" title="Filiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Filiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan paku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Цил – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цил" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burknar" title="Burknar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Burknar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שרכנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרכנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_pakis" title="Paku pakis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paku pakis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1" title="ಜರೀಗಿಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರೀಗಿಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გვიმრანაირნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გვიმრანაირნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Қырыққұлақтәрізділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қырыққұлақтәрізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redenen" title="Redenen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Redenen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbi_(ngeli_ya_mimea)" title="Jimbi (ngeli ya mimea) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jimbi (ngeli ya mimea)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouj%C3%A8" title="Foujè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Foujè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Папоротник – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Папоротник" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%B9%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%B1%D0%BB%D3%B9%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Кӹртнилӱлӹшвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӹртнилӱлӹшвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filix" title="Filix – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Filix" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papar%C5%BEaugi" title="Paparžaugi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paparžaugi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faren" title="Faren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Faren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papart%C5%ABnai" title="Papartūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Papartūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaarn" title="Vaarn – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vaarn" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misili" title="Misili – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Misili" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filis" title="Filis – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Filis" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harasztok" title="Harasztok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harasztok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Папрат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="പന്നൽച്ചെടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പന്നൽച്ചെടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_pakis" title="Paku pakis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paku pakis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varens" title="Varens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Varens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderblad" title="Adderblad – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Adderblad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82" title="उन्यू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उन्यू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%80%E9%A1%9E" title="シダ類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シダ類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9vece" title="Févece – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Févece" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregner" title="Bregner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bregner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregne" title="Bregne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bregne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falgui%C3%A8ra" title="Falguièra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Falguièra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karroolee" title="Karroolee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Karroolee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88%D1%81%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ошсьӧктан – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ошсьӧктан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprocie" title="Paprocie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paprocie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samambaia" title="Samambaia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samambaia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridofite" title="Pteridofite – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pteridofite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raki-raki" title="Raki-raki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Raki-raki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Папоротники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папоротники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ферн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ферн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern" title="Fern – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fern" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiere" title="Fiere – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fiere" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern" title="Fern – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fern" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برسيان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برسيان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papra%C4%8Forasty_(vr%C3%A1tane_plav%C3%BA%C5%88orastov)" title="Papraďorasty (vrátane plavúňorastov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Papraďorasty (vrátane plavúňorastov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praprotnice" title="Praprotnice – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Praprotnice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Папрати – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папрати" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprati" title="Paprati – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paprati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan_Paku" title="Tutuwuhan Paku – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan Paku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saniaiset" title="Saniaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saniaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormbunksv%C3%A4xter" title="Ormbunksväxter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ormbunksväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பன்னம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Абагасыманнар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Абагасыманнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="เฟิร์น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟิร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of vascular plants </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a group of plants. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fern_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fern (disambiguation)">Fern (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferns_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ferns (disambiguation)">Ferns (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fern" title="Special:EditPage/Fern">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fern%22">"Fern"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fern%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fern%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fern%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fern%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fern%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Ferns<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Middle <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein_et_al2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein_et_al2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:90.470769230769px; width:129.52923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:90.470769230769px; width:129.52923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:91.470769230769px; width:127.52923076923px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equisetopsida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Equisetopsida.jpg/85px-Equisetopsida.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Equisetopsida.jpg/128px-Equisetopsida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Equisetopsida.jpg/170px-Equisetopsida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Equisetales" title="Equisetales">Equisetales</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg/180px-Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg/270px-Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg/360px-Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Marattiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiales">Marattiales</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:76px;max-width:76px"><div style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png/74px-Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png/111px-Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png/148px-Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="2175" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Osmundales" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmundales">Osmundales</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_(Luxemburgexkursion)_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg/119px-WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg/179px-WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg/238px-WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="869" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Hymenophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenophyllales">Hymenophyllales</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_(%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg/135px-Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg/203px-Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg/270px-Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Gleicheniales" title="Gleicheniales">Gleicheniales</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_Fern_(48717210587).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg/181px-Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg/272px-Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg/362px-Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4116" data-file-height="2730" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Cyatheales" title="Cyatheales">Cyatheales</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:75px;max-width:75px"><div style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ferns_of_Great_Britain,_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses,_pepperworts,_and_horsetails_(Pl._2)_(8515393495).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg/73px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg/110px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg/146px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="2465" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Polypodiales" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Polypodiopsida" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polypodiophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polypodiopsida</a><br /><small>Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm.</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subclasses<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>†Stauropterididae</li> <li>†Zygopterididae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equisetidae" title="Equisetidae">Equisetidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marattiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiidae">Marattiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossidae" title="Ophioglossidae">Ophioglossidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiidae (plant)">Polypodiidae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Filicatae <small>Kubitski 1990</small></li> <li>Filices</li> <li>Filicophyta <small>Endlicher 1836</small></li> <li>Monilophyta <small>Cantino & Donoghue 2007</small></li> <li>Pteridopsida <small>Ritgen 1828</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>ferns</b> (<b>Polypodiopsida</b> or <b>Polypodiophyta</b>) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> (plants with <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a>) that reproduce via <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> and have neither <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>. They differ from <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, and in having life cycles in which the branched <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> is the dominant phase.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferns have complex <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> called <a href="/wiki/Megaphyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaphyll">megaphylls</a> that are more complex than the <a href="/wiki/Microphyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphyll">microphylls</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clubmosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Clubmosses">clubmosses</a>. Most ferns are <a href="/wiki/Leptosporangiate_fern" title="Leptosporangiate fern">leptosporangiate ferns</a>. They produce coiled <a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiddlehead fern">fiddleheads</a> that uncoil and expand into <a href="/wiki/Frond" title="Frond">fronds</a>. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the <a href="/wiki/Polypodiopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiopsida">Polypodiopsida</a>, comprising both the leptosporangiate (<a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiidae (plant)">Polypodiidae</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Eusporangiate_fern" title="Eusporangiate fern">eusporangiate ferns</a>, the latter group including <a href="/wiki/Horsetail" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsetail">horsetails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilotaceae" title="Psilotaceae">whisk ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marattioid_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattioid fern">marattioid ferns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ophioglossoid_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophioglossoid fern">ophioglossoid ferns</a>. </p><p>The fern <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a>, consisting of the leptosporangiates and eusporangiates, is estimated to have originated in the late <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> period 423.2 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Polypodiopsida_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polypodiopsida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Polypodiales" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a>, the group that makes up 80% of living fern diversity, did not appear and diversify until the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, contemporaneous with the rise of flowering plants that came to dominate the world's flora. </p><p>Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as <a href="/wiki/Biofertilizer" title="Biofertilizer">biofertilizer</a>, as ornamental plants, and for remediating contaminated soil. They have been the subject of research for their ability to remove some chemical pollutants from the atmosphere. Some fern species, such as bracken (<i><a href="/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum" title="Pteridium aquilinum">Pteridium aquilinum</a></i>) and water fern (<i><a href="/wiki/Azolla_filiculoides" title="Azolla filiculoides">Azolla filiculoides</a></i>), are significant weeds worldwide. Some fern genera, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Azolla" title="Azolla">Azolla</a></i>, can <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fix nitrogen</a> and make a significant input to the nitrogen nutrition of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">rice paddies</a>. They also play certain roles in folklore. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sporophyte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extant ferns are herbaceous <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennials</a> and most lack <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">woody</a> growth.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When woody growth is present, it is found in the stem.<sup id="cite_ref-Levyns-1966_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levyns-1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their foliage may be <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some are semi-evergreen depending on the climate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the sporophytes of seed plants, those of ferns consist of stems, leaves and roots. Ferns differ from <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">spermatophytes</a> in that they reproduce by spores rather than having flowers and producing seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Levyns-1966_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levyns-1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they also differ from spore-producing <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> in that, like seed plants, they are <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">polysporangiophytes</a>, their <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a> branching and producing many sporangia. Also unlike bryophytes, fern sporophytes are free-living and only briefly dependent on the maternal <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> part of the plant is technically a <a href="/wiki/Microphyll#evolution_of_leaves:_microphyll_and_megaphyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphyll">megaphyll</a> and in ferns, it is often called a <i><a href="/wiki/Frond" title="Frond">frond</a></i>. New leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called a crozier or <a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiddlehead fern">fiddlehead</a> into <a href="/wiki/Frond" title="Frond">fronds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCausland2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCausland2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This uncurling of the leaf is termed <a href="/wiki/Circinate_vernation" class="mw-redirect" title="Circinate vernation">circinate vernation</a>. Leaves are divided into two types: sporophylls and tropophylls. <a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophylls</a> produce spores; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropophyll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropophyll (page does not exist)">tropophylls</a> do not. Fern spores are borne in <a href="/wiki/Sporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporangia">sporangia</a> which are usually clustered to form <a href="/wiki/Sorus" title="Sorus">sori</a>. The sporangia may be covered with a protective coating called an <a href="/wiki/Indusium" class="mw-redirect" title="Indusium">indusium</a>. The arrangement of the sporangia is important in classification.<sup id="cite_ref-Levyns-1966_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levyns-1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In monomorphic ferns, the fertile and sterile leaves look morphologically the same, and both are able to photosynthesize. In hemidimorphic ferns, just a portion of the fertile leaf is different from the sterile leaves. In dimorphic (holomorphic) ferns, the two types of leaves are <a href="/wiki/Frond_dimorphism" title="Frond dimorphism">morphologically distinct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fertile leaves are much narrower than the sterile leaves, and may have no green tissue at all, as in the <a href="/wiki/Blechnaceae" title="Blechnaceae">Blechnaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lomariopsidaceae" title="Lomariopsidaceae">Lomariopsidaceae</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croziers,_fronds,_rhizomes_of_bracken_fern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Croziers%2C_fronds%2C_rhizomes_of_bracken_fern.jpg/220px-Croziers%2C_fronds%2C_rhizomes_of_bracken_fern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Croziers%2C_fronds%2C_rhizomes_of_bracken_fern.jpg/330px-Croziers%2C_fronds%2C_rhizomes_of_bracken_fern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Croziers%2C_fronds%2C_rhizomes_of_bracken_fern.jpg/440px-Croziers%2C_fronds%2C_rhizomes_of_bracken_fern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>Croziers, fronds, and <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> of bracken. In this species the stems grow underground, allowing the plant to spread horizontally.</figcaption></figure> <p>The anatomy of fern leaves can be anywhere from simple to highly divided, or even <a href="/wiki/Indeterminate_growth" title="Indeterminate growth">indeterminate</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gleicheniaceae" title="Gleicheniaceae">Gleicheniaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lygodium" title="Lygodium">Lygodiaceae</a>). The divided forms are <a href="/wiki/Pinnation" title="Pinnation">pinnate</a>, where the leaf segments are completely separated from one other, or pinnatifid (partially pinnate), where the leaf segments are still partially connected. When the fronds are branched more than once, it can also be a combination of the pinnatifid are pinnate shapes. If the leaf blades are divided twice, the plant has bipinnate fronds, and tripinnate fronds if they branch three times, and all the way to tetra- and pentapinnate fronds.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tree ferns, the main stalk that connects the leaf to the stem (known as the stipe), often has multiple leaflets. The leafy structures that grow from the stipe are known as pinnae and are often again divided into smaller pinnules.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fern stems are often loosely called <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, even though they grow underground only in some of the species. Epiphytic species and many of the terrestrial ones have above-ground creeping <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">stolons</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Polypodiaceae" title="Polypodiaceae">Polypodiaceae</a>), and many groups have above-ground erect semi-woody trunks (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cyatheaceae" title="Cyatheaceae">Cyatheaceae</a>, the scaly tree ferns). These can reach up to 20 meters (66 ft) tall in a few species (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Cyathea_brownii" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyathea brownii">Cyathea brownii</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cyathea_medullaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyathea medullaris">Cyathea medullaris</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roots are underground non-photosynthetic structures that take up water and nutrients from <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. They are always <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_root_system" title="Fibrous root system">fibrous</a> and are structurally very similar to the roots of seed plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gametophyte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in all <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, the sporophyte is the dominant phase or <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">generation in the life cycle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a> of ferns, however, are very different from those of seed plants. They are free-living and resemble <a href="/wiki/Liverworts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverworts">liverworts</a>, whereas those of seed plants develop within the spore wall and are dependent on the parent sporophyte for their nutrition. A fern gametophyte typically consists of:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prothallus" title="Prothallus">Prothallus</a>: A green, photosynthetic structure that is one cell thick, usually heart or kidney shaped, 3–10 mm long and 2–8 mm broad. The prothallus produces gametes by means of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridia</a>: Small spherical structures that produce <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellate</a> antherozoids.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonia</a>: A flask-shaped structure that produces a single egg at the bottom, reached by the male gametophyte by swimming down the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoids</a>: <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a>-like structures (not true roots) that consist of single greatly elongated cells, that absorb water and mineral <a href="/wiki/Salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Salts">salts</a> over the whole structure. Rhizoids anchor the prothallus to the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle_and_Reproduction">Life cycle and Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life cycle and Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onoclea_sensibilis_4_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Onoclea_sensibilis_4_crop.jpg/220px-Onoclea_sensibilis_4_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Onoclea_sensibilis_4_crop.jpg/330px-Onoclea_sensibilis_4_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Onoclea_sensibilis_4_crop.jpg/440px-Onoclea_sensibilis_4_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>New fern (<a href="/wiki/Onoclea_sensibilis" title="Onoclea sensibilis"><i>onoclea sensibilis</i></a>) emerges from the <a href="/wiki/Prothallus" title="Prothallus">prothallus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lifecycle of a fern involves two stages, as in <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">club mosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>. In stage one, the spores are produced by <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">sporangia</a>, which are clustered together in sori (<i>s.g. sorus</i>), developing on the underside of fertile fronds. In stage two, the spores germinate into a short-lived structure anchored to the ground by rhizoids called <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> which produce gametes. When a mature fertile frond bears sori, and spores are released, the spores will settle on the soil and send out <a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">rhizoids</a>, while it develops into a <a href="/wiki/Prothallus" title="Prothallus">prothallus</a>. The prothallus bears spherical <a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">antheridia</a> (<i>s.g. antheridium</i>) which produce antherozoids (male gametophytes) and <a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">archegonia</a> (<i>s.g. archegonium</i>) which release a single <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">oosphere</a>. The antherozoid swims up the archegonium and fertilize the oosphere, resulting in a zygote, which will grow into a separate sporophyte, while the gametophyte shortly persists as a free-living plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (1753) originally recognized 15 genera of ferns and fern allies, classifying them in class <a href="/wiki/Cryptogamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptogamia">Cryptogamia</a> in two groups, Filices (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Polypodium" title="Polypodium">Polypodium</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Musci" class="mw-redirect" title="Musci">Musci</a> (mosses).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnderwood1903_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderwood1903-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz_et_al2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz_et_al2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1806 this had increased to 38 genera,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz1806_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz1806-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has progressively increased since (<i>see <a href="#CITEREFSchuettpelz_et_al2018">Schuettpelz et al (2018)</a></i>). Ferns were traditionally classified in the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> Filices, and later in a <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Division</a> of the Plant Kingdom named <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a> or Filicophyta. Pteridophyta is no longer recognised as a valid <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> because it is <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>. The ferns are also referred to as Polypodiophyta or, when treated as a subdivision of <a href="/wiki/Tracheophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a> (vascular plants), Polypodiopsida, although this name sometimes only refers to leptosporangiate ferns. Traditionally, all of the spore producing <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> were informally denominated the <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">pteridophytes</a>, rendering the term synonymous with ferns and <a href="/wiki/Fern_allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fern allies">fern allies</a>. This can be confusing because members of the division Pteridophyta were also denominated pteridophytes (<i>sensu stricto</i>). </p><p>Traditionally, three discrete groups have been denominated ferns: two groups of eusporangiate ferns, the families <a href="/wiki/Ophioglossaceae" title="Ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossaceae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ophioglossum" title="Ophioglossum">adder's tongues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moonwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonwort">moonworts</a>, and grape ferns) and <a href="/wiki/Marattiaceae" title="Marattiaceae">Marattiaceae</a>; and the leptosporangiate ferns. The Marattiaceae are a primitive group of tropical ferns with large, fleshy rhizomes and are now thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sibling taxon</a> to the leptosporangiate ferns. Several other groups of species were considered fern allies: the <a href="/wiki/Clubmoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Clubmoss">clubmosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spikemoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Spikemoss">spikemosses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iso%C3%ABtes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoëtes">quillworts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a>; the whisk ferns of <a href="/wiki/Psilotaceae" title="Psilotaceae">Psilotaceae</a>; and the horsetails of <a href="/wiki/Equisetaceae" title="Equisetaceae">Equisetaceae</a>. Since this grouping is <a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">polyphyletic</a>, the term fern allies should be abandoned, except in a historical context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent genetic studies demonstrated that the Lycopodiophyta are more distantly related to other <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, having radiated evolutionarily at the base of the vascular plant <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, while both the whisk ferns and horsetails are as closely related to leptosporangiate ferns as the <a href="/wiki/Ophioglossoid_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophioglossoid fern">ophioglossoid ferns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marattiaceae" title="Marattiaceae">Marattiaceae</a>. In fact, the whisk ferns and ophioglossoid ferns are demonstrably a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Horsetail" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsetail">horsetails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marattiaceae" title="Marattiaceae">Marattiaceae</a> are arguably another clade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Molecular phylogenetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> era, and considered the ferns as monilophytes, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division (botany)">Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Tracheophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a> (tracheophytes) - vascular plants <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivision (botany)">Sub division</a> <a href="/wiki/Euphyllophytina" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphyllophytina">Euphyllophytina</a> (euphyllophytes) <ul><li>Infradivision <a href="/wiki/Moniliformopses" class="mw-redirect" title="Moniliformopses">Moniliformopses</a> (<b>monilophytes</b>)</li> <li>Infradivision <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyta">Spermatophyta</a> - seed plants, ~260,000 species</li></ul></li> <li>Subdivision <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a> (lycophytes) - less than 1% of extant vascular plants</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Molecular data, which remain poorly constrained for many parts of the plants' phylogeny, have been supplemented by morphological observations supporting the inclusion of Equisetaceae in the ferns, notably relating to the construction of their sperm and peculiarities of their roots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leptosporangiate ferns are sometimes called "true ferns".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group includes most plants familiarly known as ferns. Modern research supports older ideas based on morphology that the Osmundaceae diverged early in the evolutionary history of the leptosporangiate ferns; in certain ways this family is intermediate between the eusporangiate ferns and the leptosporangiate ferns. Rai and Graham (2010) broadly supported the primary groups, but queried their relationships, concluding that "at present perhaps the best that can be said about all relationships among the major lineages of monilophytes in current studies is that we do not understand them very well".<sup id="cite_ref-RaiGraham2010_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaiGraham2010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grewe et al. (2013) confirmed the inclusion of horsetails within ferns <i>sensu lato</i>, but also suggested that uncertainties remained in their precise placement.<sup id="cite_ref-Grew13_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grew13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other classifications have raised Ophioglossales to the rank of a fifth class, separating the whisk ferns and ophioglossoid ferns.<sup id="cite_ref-Grew13_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grew13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ferns are related to other groups as shown in the following cladogram:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantino_et_al2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantino_et_al2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="line-height:140%;font-size:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Tracheophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycophytes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021-03_Amsterdam_Island_-_lycopodium_clavatum_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2021-03_Amsterdam_Island_-_lycopodium_clavatum_10.jpg/50px-2021-03_Amsterdam_Island_-_lycopodium_clavatum_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2021-03_Amsterdam_Island_-_lycopodium_clavatum_10.jpg/75px-2021-03_Amsterdam_Island_-_lycopodium_clavatum_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2021-03_Amsterdam_Island_-_lycopodium_clavatum_10.jpg/100px-2021-03_Amsterdam_Island_-_lycopodium_clavatum_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5568" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphyllophyta">Euphyllophyta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Ferns</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg/70px-California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg/105px-California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg/140px-California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="779" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyta">Spermatophyta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flore_des_serres_v15_147a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flore_des_serres_v15_147a.jpg/50px-Flore_des_serres_v15_147a.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flore_des_serres_v15_147a.jpg/75px-Flore_des_serres_v15_147a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flore_des_serres_v15_147a.jpg/100px-Flore_des_serres_v15_147a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3759" data-file-height="4981" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">Angiosperms</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/50px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/75px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/100px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="749" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(seed plants) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(vascular plants) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature_and_subdivision">Nomenclature and subdivision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and subdivision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fern_families" title="List of fern families">List of fern families</a></div> <p>The classification of Smith et al. in 2006 treated ferns as four classes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz2007Table_I_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz2007Table_I-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equisetidae" title="Equisetidae">Equisetopsida</a> (Sphenopsida) 1 order, <a href="/wiki/Equisetales" title="Equisetales">Equisetales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horsetail" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsetail">Horsetails</a>) ~ 15 species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossidae" title="Ophioglossidae">Psilotopsida</a> 2 orders (<a href="/wiki/Psilotaceae" title="Psilotaceae">whisk ferns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ophioglossoid_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophioglossoid fern">ophioglossoid ferns</a>) ~92 species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marattiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiidae">Marattiopsida</a> 1 order, <a href="/wiki/Marattiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiales">Marattiales</a> ~ 150 species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiidae (plant)">Polypodiopsida</a> (Filicopsida) 7 orders (<a href="/wiki/Leptosporangiate_fern" title="Leptosporangiate fern">leptosporangiate ferns</a>) ~ 9,000 species</li></ul> <p>In addition they defined 11 orders and 37 families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That system was a consensus of a number of studies, and was further refined.<sup id="cite_ref-Grew13_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grew13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phylogenetic relationships are shown in the following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> (to the level of orders).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grew13_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grew13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division into four major clades was then confirmed using <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">morphology</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider_et_al2009_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider_et_al2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table border="0" style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0em;font-size:90%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophyta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophytes</a> (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophytina" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphyllophytina">Euphyllophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a> (seed plants) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferns</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Equisetopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Equisetopsida">Equisetopsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #caa;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid #caa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Equisetales" title="Equisetales">Equisetales</a> (horsetails) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equisetopsida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Equisetopsida.jpg/40px-Equisetopsida.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Equisetopsida.jpg/60px-Equisetopsida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Equisetopsida.jpg/80px-Equisetopsida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Psilotopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilotopsida">Psilotopsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #caa;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophioglossales">Ophioglossales</a> (grapeferns etc.) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #caa;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psilotales" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilotales">Psilotales</a> (whisk ferns) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psilotum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Psilotum.jpg/60px-Psilotum.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Psilotum.jpg/90px-Psilotum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Psilotum.jpg/120px-Psilotum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Marattiopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiopsida">Marattiopsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #caa;border-bottom:2px solid #caa;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Marattiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiales">Marattiales</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg/60px-Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg/90px-Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg/120px-Flickr_-_brewbooks_-_Angiopteris_evecta_-_Mule%27s_foot_fern_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Polypodiopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiopsida">Polypodiopsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #aca;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid #aca;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Osmundales" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmundales">Osmundales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png/40px-Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png/60px-Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png/80px-Osmunda_regalis_Moore50.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="2175" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #aca;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hymenophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenophyllales">Hymenophyllales</a> (filmy ferns) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_(Luxemburgexkursion)_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg/60px-WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg/90px-WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg/120px-WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion_nach_Berdorf_%28Luxemburgexkursion%29_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="869" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #aca;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gleicheniales" title="Gleicheniales">Gleicheniales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_(%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg/60px-Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg/90px-Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg/120px-Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_%28%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #aca;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Schizaeales" title="Schizaeales">Schizaeales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #aca;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Salviniales" title="Salviniales">Salviniales</a> (heterosporous) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #aca;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyatheales" title="Cyatheales">Cyatheales</a> (tree ferns) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_Fern_(48717210587).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg/60px-Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg/90px-Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg/120px-Tree_Fern_%2848717210587%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4116" data-file-height="2730" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid #aca;border-bottom:2px solid #aca;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polypodiales" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ferns_of_Great_Britain,_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses,_pepperworts,_and_horsetails_(Pl._2)_(8515393495).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg/40px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg/60px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg/80px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._2%29_%288515393495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="2465" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative;margin-top:0.742em;height:27.56em;width:0em"> <div style="position:absolute;top:-2em;color:#caa;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eusporangiate_fern" title="Eusporangiate fern">Eusporangiate<br />Ferns</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;top:21.32em;color:#aca;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leptosporangiate_ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptosporangiate ferns">Leptosporangiate<br />Ferns</a></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark W. Chase">Chase</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_L._Reveal" title="James L. Reveal">Reveal</a> considered both lycopods and ferns as subclasses of a class Equisetopsida (<a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a>) encompassing all land plants. This is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Equisetopsida_sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Equisetopsida sensu lato">Equisetopsida</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a></i> to distinguish it from the narrower use to refer to horsetails alone, <a href="/wiki/Equisetopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Equisetopsida">Equisetopsida</a> <i>sensu stricto</i>. They placed the lycopods into subclass Lycopodiidae and the ferns, keeping the term monilophytes, into five subclasses, Equisetidae, Ophioglossidae, Psilotidae, Marattiidae and Polypodiidae, by dividing Smith's Psilotopsida into its two orders and elevating them to subclass (Ophioglossidae and Psilotidae).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christenhusz et al.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2011) followed this use of subclasses but recombined Smith's Psilotopsida as Ophioglossidae, giving four subclasses of ferns again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christenhusz" class="mw-redirect" title="Christenhusz">Christenhusz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Chase">Chase</a> (2014) developed a new classification of ferns and lycopods. They used the term Polypodiophyta for the ferns, subdivided like Smith et al. into four groups (shown with equivalents in the Smith system), with 21 families, approximately 212 genera and 10,535 species;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equisetidae" title="Equisetidae">Equisetidae</a> (=Equisetopsida) - <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> (Equisetales, <a href="/wiki/Equisetaceae" title="Equisetaceae">Equisetaceae</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">Equisetum</a></i>) horsetails ~ 20 species)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossidae" title="Ophioglossidae">Ophioglossidae</a> (=Psilotopsida) - 2 monotypic orders ~ 92 species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marattiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiidae">Marattiidae</a> (=Marattiopsida) - 1 monotypic order (Marattiales, <a href="/wiki/Marattiaceae" title="Marattiaceae">Marattiaceae</a>, 2 subfamilies) ~ 130 species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiidae (plant)">Polypodiidae</a> (=Polypodiopsida) - 7 orders</li></ul> <p>This was a considerable reduction in the number of families from the 37 in the system of Smith et al., since the approach was more that of <a href="/wiki/Lumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumping">lumping</a> rather than splitting. For instance a number of families were reduced to subfamilies. Subsequently, a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">consensus</a> group was formed, the <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group" title="Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group">Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group</a> (PPG), analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a>, publishing their first complete classification in November 2016. They recognise ferns as a class, the Polypodiopsida, with four subclasses as described by Christenhusz and Chase, and which are phylogenetically related as in this cladogram: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">Christenhusz and Chase 2014<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="1">Nitta et al. 2022<sup id="cite_ref-Polypodiopsida_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polypodiopsida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fern Tree of life<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Polypodiopsida</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Equisetidae" title="Equisetidae">Equisetidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Equisetales" title="Equisetales">Equisetales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossidae" title="Ophioglossidae">Ophioglossidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophioglossales">Ophioglossales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psilotales" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilotales">Psilotales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Marattiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiidae">Marattiidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Marattiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiales">Marattiales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiidae (plant)">Polypodiidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Osmundales" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmundales">Osmundales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hymenophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenophyllales">Hymenophyllales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gleicheniales" title="Gleicheniales">Gleicheniales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Schizaeales" title="Schizaeales">Schizaeales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Salviniales" title="Salviniales">Salviniales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyatheales" title="Cyatheales">Cyatheales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polypodiales" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Equisetidae" title="Equisetidae">Equisetidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Equisetales" title="Equisetales">Equisetales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossidae" title="Ophioglossidae">Ophioglossidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophioglossales">Ophioglossales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psilotales" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilotales">Psilotales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Marattiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiidae">Marattiidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Marattiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiales">Marattiales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiidae (plant)">Polypodiidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Osmundales" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmundales">Osmundales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hymenophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenophyllales">Hymenophyllales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gleicheniales" title="Gleicheniales">Gleicheniales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Schizaeales" title="Schizaeales">Schizaeales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polypodiales" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyatheales" title="Cyatheales">Cyatheales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Salviniales" title="Salviniales">Salviniales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the Polypodiopsida consist of four subclasses, 11 orders, 48 families, 319 genera, and an estimated 10,578 species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszByng2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszByng2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Polypodiopsida in the broad sense (<i>sensu lato</i>) as used by the PPG (Polypodiopsida <i>sensu</i> PPG I) needs to be distinguished from the narrower usage (<i>sensu stricto</i>) of Smith et al. (Polypodiopsida <i>sensu</i> Smith et al.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classification of ferns remains unresolved and controversial with competing viewpoints (<a href="/wiki/Splitting_vs_lumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Splitting vs lumping">splitting vs lumping</a>) between the systems of the PPG on the one hand and Christenhusz and Chase on the other, respectively. In 2018, Christenhusz and Chase explicitly argued against recognizing as many genera as PPG I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz_et_al2018_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz_et_al2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2018_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2018-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 87%"> <caption>Comparison of fern subdivisions in some classifications </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Smith et al. (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Chase & Reveal (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Christenhusz et al. (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2011_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Christenhusz & Chase (2014, 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhusz_et_al2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>PPG I (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>ferns</b><br />(no rank)</td> <td><b>monilophytes</b><br />(no rank)</td> <td><b>ferns (monilophytes)</b><br />(no rank)</td> <td><b>ferns (Polypodiophyta)</b><br />(no rank)</td> <td> <b>Class Polypodiopsida</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class Equisetopsida</td> <td>  Subclass Equisetidae</td> <td>  Subclass Equisetidae</td> <td>  Subclass Equisetidae</td> <td> Subclass <a href="/wiki/Equisetidae" title="Equisetidae">Equisetidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class Psilotopsida</td> <td>  Subclass Ophioglossidae<br />  Subclass Psilotidae</td> <td>  Subclass Ophioglossidae</td> <td>  Subclass Ophioglossidae</td> <td> Subclass <a href="/wiki/Ophioglossidae" title="Ophioglossidae">Ophioglossidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class Marattiopsida</td> <td>  Subclass Marattiidae</td> <td>  Subclass Marattiidae</td> <td>  Subclass Marattiidae</td> <td> Subclass <a href="/wiki/Marattiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiidae">Marattiidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class Polypodiopsida</td> <td>  Subclass Polypodiidae</td> <td>  Subclass Polypodiidae</td> <td>  Subclass Polypodiidae</td> <td> Subclass <a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiidae (plant)">Polypodiidae</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_and_biogeography">Evolution and biogeography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolution and biogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fern-like taxa (<i><a href="/wiki/Wattieza" title="Wattieza">Wattieza</a></i>) first appear in the fossil record in the middle <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period, ca. 390 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">Mya</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, the first evidence of ferns related to several modern families appeared. The great fern radiation occurred in the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, when many modern families of ferns first appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCMP2019_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCMP2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein_et_al2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein_et_al2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2009_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomfleur_et_al2014_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomfleur_et_al2014-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferns evolved to cope with low-light conditions present under the canopy of angiosperms. </p><p>Remarkably, the <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein" title="Photoreceptor protein">photoreceptor</a> neochrome in the two orders Cyatheales and Polypodiales, integral to their adaptation to low-light conditions, was obtained via <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophyte</a> lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the very large genome seen in most ferns, it was suspected they might have gone through <a href="/wiki/Paleopolyploidy" title="Paleopolyploidy">whole genome duplications</a>, but <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a> has shown that their genome size is caused by the accumulation of mobile DNA like <a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">transposons</a> and other genetic elements that infect genomes and get copied over and over again.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferns appear to have evolved <a href="/wiki/Extrafloral_nectaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrafloral nectaries">extrafloral nectaries</a> 135 million years ago, nearly simultaneously with the trait's evolution in angiosperms. However, nectary-associated diversifications in ferns did not hit their stride until nearly 100 million years later, in the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>. There is weak support for the rise of fern-feeding arthropods driving this diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferns are widespread in their distribution, with the greatest richness in the tropics and least in arctic areas. The greatest diversity occurs in tropical rainforests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEB2019_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB2019-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Zealand, for which the fern is a symbol, has about 230 species, distributed throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESLH2018_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESLH2018-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a common plant in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> forests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fern species live in a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, from remote <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountain</a> elevations, to dry <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> rock faces, bodies of water or open fields. Ferns in general may be thought of as largely being specialists in marginal habitats, often succeeding in places where various environmental factors limit the success of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>. Some ferns are among the world's most serious weed species, including the <a href="/wiki/Bracken" title="Bracken">bracken</a> fern growing in the Scottish highlands, or the mosquito fern (<i><a href="/wiki/Azolla" title="Azolla">Azolla</a></i>) growing in tropical lakes, both species forming large aggressively spreading colonies. There are four particular types of habitats that ferns are found in: moist, shady <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>; crevices in rock faces, especially when sheltered from the full sun; acid wetlands including <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>; and tropical <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, where many species are <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a> (something like a quarter to a third of all fern species).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz2007Part_I_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz2007Part_I-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Especially the epiphytic ferns have turned out to be hosts of a huge diversity of invertebrates. It is assumed that <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s-nest_fern" title="Bird's-nest fern">bird's-nest ferns</a> alone contain up to half the invertebrate biomass within a hectare of <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> canopy.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many ferns depend on associations with <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal">mycorrhizal</a> fungi. Many ferns grow only within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern (<i><a href="/wiki/Lygodium_palmatum" title="Lygodium palmatum">Lygodium palmatum</a></i>) of eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> will grow only in moist, intensely <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> soils, while the bulblet bladder fern (<i><a href="/wiki/Cystopteris_bulbifera" title="Cystopteris bulbifera">Cystopteris bulbifera</a></i>), with an overlapping range, is found only on <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. </p><p>The spores are rich in <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calories" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories">calories</a>, so some vertebrates eat these. The <a href="/wiki/European_woodmouse" class="mw-redirect" title="European woodmouse">European woodmouse</a> (<i>Apodemus sylvaticus</i>) has been found to eat the spores of <i><a href="/wiki/Culcita_macrocarpa" title="Culcita macrocarpa">Culcita macrocarpa</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bullfinch" title="Bullfinch">bullfinch</a> (<i>Pyrrhula murina</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_lesser_short-tailed_bat" title="New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat">New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat</a> (<i>Mystacina tuberculata</i>) also eat fern spores.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CowellFerns.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="In undergrowth below coast redwoods, California"><img alt="In undergrowth below coast redwoods, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CowellFerns.JPG/181px-CowellFerns.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CowellFerns.JPG/271px-CowellFerns.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CowellFerns.JPG/361px-CowellFerns.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In undergrowth below <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">coast redwoods</a>, California</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FernBedInForest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fern bed under a forest canopy, Virginia"><img alt="Fern bed under a forest canopy, Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/FernBedInForest.jpg/160px-FernBedInForest.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/FernBedInForest.jpg/240px-FernBedInForest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/FernBedInForest.jpg/320px-FernBedInForest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fern bed under a forest canopy, Virginia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samambaia_fern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On a wall"><img alt="On a wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Samambaia_fern.jpg/165px-Samambaia_fern.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Samambaia_fern.jpg/248px-Samambaia_fern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Samambaia_fern.jpg/330px-Samambaia_fern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">On a wall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harts_Tongue_Fern_on_the_Great_Orme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_345785.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asplenium hart's tongue fern in a gryke in limestone pavement"><img alt="Asplenium hart's tongue fern in a gryke in limestone pavement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Harts_Tongue_Fern_on_the_Great_Orme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_345785.jpg/90px-Harts_Tongue_Fern_on_the_Great_Orme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_345785.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Harts_Tongue_Fern_on_the_Great_Orme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_345785.jpg/135px-Harts_Tongue_Fern_on_the_Great_Orme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_345785.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Harts_Tongue_Fern_on_the_Great_Orme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_345785.jpg/180px-Harts_Tongue_Fern_on_the_Great_Orme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_345785.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Asplenium" title="Asplenium">Asplenium</a></i> hart's tongue fern in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gryke" class="extiw" title="wikt:gryke">gryke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Limestone_pavement" title="Limestone pavement">limestone pavement</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:..._epiphytic_fern_(49095803342).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Epiphytic ferns in India"><img alt="Epiphytic ferns in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/..._epiphytic_fern_%2849095803342%29.jpg/160px-..._epiphytic_fern_%2849095803342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/..._epiphytic_fern_%2849095803342%29.jpg/240px-..._epiphytic_fern_%2849095803342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/..._epiphytic_fern_%2849095803342%29.jpg/320px-..._epiphytic_fern_%2849095803342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">Epiphytic</a> ferns in India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canning_rv_azolla_10_gnangarra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Azolla duckweed fern covering the Canning River, Western Australia"><img alt="Azolla duckweed fern covering the Canning River, Western Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Canning_rv_azolla_10_gnangarra.jpg/160px-Canning_rv_azolla_10_gnangarra.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Canning_rv_azolla_10_gnangarra.jpg/240px-Canning_rv_azolla_10_gnangarra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Canning_rv_azolla_10_gnangarra.jpg/320px-Canning_rv_azolla_10_gnangarra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Azolla" title="Azolla">Azolla</a></i> duckweed fern covering<br />the <a href="/wiki/Canning_River" title="Canning River">Canning River</a>, Western Australia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferns are <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> differing from <a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">lycophytes</a> by having true <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> (megaphylls), which are often <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a>. They differ from <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">seed plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a>) in reproducing by means of spores and lacking <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. Like all <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">land plants</a>, they have a <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> referred to as <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a>, characterized by alternating <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytic</a> phases. The diploid sporophyte has 2<i>n</i> paired <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>, where <i>n</i> varies from species to species. The haploid gametophyte has <i>n</i> unpaired chromosomes, i.e. half the number of the sporophyte. The gametophyte of ferns is a free-living organism, whereas the gametophyte of the gymnosperms and angiosperms is dependent on the sporophyte. </p><p>The life cycle of a typical fern proceeds as follows: </p> <ol><li>A diploid sporophyte phase produces haploid <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> (a process of cell division which reduces the number of chromosomes by a half).</li> <li>A spore grows into a free-living haploid gametophyte by <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> (a process of cell division which maintains the number of chromosomes). The gametophyte typically consists of a photosynthetic <a href="/wiki/Prothallus" title="Prothallus">prothallus</a>.</li> <li>The gametophyte produces <a href="/wiki/Gametes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gametes">gametes</a> (often both <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">eggs</a> on the same prothallus) by mitosis.</li> <li>A mobile, <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellate</a> sperm fertilizes an egg that remains attached to the prothallus.</li> <li>The fertilized egg is now a diploid <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> and grows by mitosis into a diploid sporophyte (the typical fern plant).</li></ol> <p>Sometimes a gametophyte can give rise to sporophyte traits like roots or sporangia without the rest of the sporophyte.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarch_fern_sori.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sorus of monarch fern, with sporangium"><img alt="Sorus of monarch fern, with sporangium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Monarch_fern_sori.jpeg/160px-Monarch_fern_sori.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Monarch_fern_sori.jpeg/240px-Monarch_fern_sori.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Monarch_fern_sori.jpeg/320px-Monarch_fern_sori.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sorus" title="Sorus">Sorus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monarch_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch fern">monarch fern</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">sporangium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Onoclea_sensibilis_3_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gametophyte (thallus) and sporophyte (ascendant frond) of Onoclea sensibilis"><img alt="Gametophyte (thallus) and sporophyte (ascendant frond) of Onoclea sensibilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Onoclea_sensibilis_3_crop.JPG/133px-Onoclea_sensibilis_3_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Onoclea_sensibilis_3_crop.JPG/200px-Onoclea_sensibilis_3_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Onoclea_sensibilis_3_crop.JPG/266px-Onoclea_sensibilis_3_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="879" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gametophyte (<a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">thallus</a>) and sporophyte (ascendant frond) of <i><a href="/wiki/Onoclea_sensibilis" title="Onoclea sensibilis">Onoclea sensibilis</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferns are not as important economically as seed plants, but have considerable importance in some societies. Some ferns are used for food, including the fiddleheads of <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bracken" title="Bracken">bracken</a>), <i>Matteuccia struthiopteris</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ostrich_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrich fern">ostrich fern</a>), and <i>Osmundastrum cinnamomeum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamon fern">cinnamon fern</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Diplazium_esculentum" title="Diplazium esculentum">Diplazium esculentum</a></i> is also used in the tropics (for example in <i>budu pakis</i>, a traditional dish of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as food. Tubers from the "para", <i><a href="/wiki/Ptisana_salicina" title="Ptisana salicina">Ptisana salicina</a></i> (king fern) are a traditional food in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">South Pacific</a>. Fern tubers were used for food 30,000 years ago in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fern tubers were used by the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Gofio" title="Gofio">gofio</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>. Ferns are generally not known to be poisonous to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-edible_plant_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edible_plant-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Licorice_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice fern">Licorice fern</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> were chewed by the natives of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> for their flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of ferns are <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a>, and the British Royal Horticultural Society has advised not to consume any species for health reasons of both humans and livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferns of the genus <i>Azolla</i>, commonly known as water fern or mosquito ferns are very small, floating plants that do not resemble ferns. The mosquito ferns are used as a biological fertilizer in the rice paddies of southeast Asia, taking advantage of their ability to <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fix nitrogen</a> from the air into compounds that can then be used by other plants. </p><p>Ferns have proved resistant to phytophagous insects. The gene that express the protein Tma12 in an edible fern, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tectaria_macrodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tectaria macrodonta (page does not exist)">Tectaria macrodonta</a></i>, has been transferred to cotton plants, which became resistant to <a href="/wiki/Whitefly" title="Whitefly">whitefly</a> infestations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many ferns are grown in <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> as landscape plants, for <a href="/wiki/Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">cut foliage</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Houseplant" title="Houseplant">houseplants</a>, especially the Boston fern (<i><a href="/wiki/Nephrolepis_exaltata" title="Nephrolepis exaltata">Nephrolepis exaltata</a></i>) and other members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nephrolepis" title="Nephrolepis">Nephrolepis</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Asplenium_nidus" title="Asplenium nidus">bird's nest fern</a> (<i>Asplenium nidus</i>) is also popular, as are the <a href="/wiki/Staghorn_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Staghorn fern">staghorn ferns</a> (genus <i>Platycerium</i>). Perennial (also known as hardy) ferns planted in gardens in the northern hemisphere also have a considerable following.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several ferns, such as bracken<sup id="cite_ref-CABIPteridium_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CABIPteridium-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Azolla</i><sup id="cite_ref-CABIAzolla_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CABIAzolla-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> species are noxious <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. Further examples include Japanese climbing fern (<i><a href="/wiki/Lygodium_japonicum" title="Lygodium japonicum">Lygodium japonicum</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Sensitive_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive fern">sensitive fern</a> (<i>Onoclea sensibilis</i>) and Giant water fern (<i><a href="/wiki/Salvinia_molesta" title="Salvinia molesta">Salvinia molesta</a></i>), one of the world's worst aquatic weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The important fossil fuel <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> consists of the remains of primitive plants, including ferns.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nature_print,_Alois_Auer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg/170px-Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg/255px-Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg/340px-Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Ferns in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>: <i>Blätter des Manns Walfarn</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alois_Auer" title="Alois Auer">Alois Auer</a>, Vienna: Imperial Printing Office, 1853</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pteridology">Pteridology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pteridology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of ferns and other pteridophytes is called <b>pteridology</b>. A <b>pteridologist</b> is a specialist in the study of pteridophytes in a broader sense that includes the more distantly related <a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">lycophytes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pteridomania">Pteridomania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pteridomania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pteridomania" title="Pteridomania">Pteridomania</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> <a href="/wiki/Fads_and_trends" class="mw-redirect" title="Fads and trends">craze</a> which involved fern <a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">collecting</a> and fern motifs in <a href="/wiki/Decorative_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorative art">decorative art</a> including <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printed paper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> "appearing on everything from <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">christening</a> presents to <a href="/wiki/Gravestone" title="Gravestone">gravestones</a> and memorials." The fashion for growing ferns indoors led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Wardian_case" title="Wardian case">Wardian case</a>, a glazed cabinet that would exclude air pollutants and maintain the necessary humidity.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnsley_fern_plotted_with_VisSim.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barnsley_fern_plotted_with_VisSim.PNG/220px-Barnsley_fern_plotted_with_VisSim.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barnsley_fern_plotted_with_VisSim.PNG/330px-Barnsley_fern_plotted_with_VisSim.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barnsley_fern_plotted_with_VisSim.PNG/440px-Barnsley_fern_plotted_with_VisSim.PNG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_fern" title="Barnsley fern">Barnsley fern</a> created using a <a href="/wiki/Chaos_game" title="Chaos game">chaos game</a>, through an <a href="/wiki/Iterated_function_system" title="Iterated function system">Iterated function system</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fractals_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fractals-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Barnsley fern</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> named after the British <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Barnsley" title="Michael Barnsley">Michael Barnsley</a> who first described it in his book <i>Fractals Everywhere</i>. A <a href="/wiki/Self-similarity" title="Self-similarity">self-similar</a> structure is described by a mathematical function, applied repeatedly at different scales to create a frond pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Fractals_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fractals-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dried form of ferns was used in other arts, such as a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ferns_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland">The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland</a></i>, is a notable example of this type of <a href="/wiki/Nature_printing" title="Nature printing">nature printing</a>. The process, patented by the artist and publisher Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. The first publication to demonstrate this was <a href="/wiki/Alois_Auer" title="Alois Auer">Alois Auer</a>'s <i>The Discovery of the Nature Printing-Process</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fern_bar" title="Fern bar">Fern bars</a> were popular in America in the 1970s and 80s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferns figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay1978_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay1978-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Slavic_folklore" title="Slavic folklore">Slavic folklore</a>, ferns are believed to bloom once a year, during the <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kupala_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kupala Day">Ivan Kupala</a> night. Although alleged to be exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who sees a <a href="/wiki/Fern_flower" title="Fern flower">fern flower</a> is thought to be guaranteed to be happy and rich for the rest of their life. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> tradition holds that one who finds the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> of a fern in bloom on <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> night will, by possession of it, be guided and be able to travel invisibly to the locations where eternally blazing <a href="/wiki/Will_o%27_the_wisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Will o' the wisp">Will o' the wisps</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Aarnivalkea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarnivalkea">aarnivalkea</a></i> mark the spot of hidden <a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">treasure</a>. These spots are protected by a spell that prevents anyone but the fern-seed holder from ever knowing their locations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wicca, ferns are thought to have magical properties such as a dried fern can be thrown into hot coals of a fire to exorcise evil spirits, or smoke from a burning fern is thought to drive away snakes and such creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunningham_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferns are the national emblem of New Zealand and feature on its passport and in the design of its national airline, <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a>, and of its rugby team, the <a href="/wiki/All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blacks">All Blacks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisms_confused_with_ferns">Organisms confused with ferns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Organisms confused with ferns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misnomers">Misnomers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Misnomers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several non-fern plants (and even animals) are called ferns and are sometimes confused with ferns. These include: </p> <ul><li>Asparagus fern—This may apply to one of several species of the <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocot</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Asparagus_(genus)" title="Asparagus (genus)">Asparagus</a></i>, which are flowering plants.</li> <li>Sweetfern—A flowering shrub of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Comptonia_(plant)" title="Comptonia (plant)">Comptonia</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_fern" title="Air fern">Air fern</a>—A group of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> called <a href="/wiki/Hydrozoa" title="Hydrozoa">hydrozoans</a> that are distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>. They are harvested, dried, dyed green, and then sold as a plant that can live on air. While it may look like a fern, it is merely the skeleton of this <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonial animal</a>.</li> <li>Fern bush—<i><a href="/wiki/Chamaebatiaria" title="Chamaebatiaria">Chamaebatiaria millefolium</a></i>—a rose family shrub with fern-like leaves.</li> <li>Fern tree—<i><a href="/wiki/Jacaranda_mimosifolia" title="Jacaranda mimosifolia">Jacaranda mimosifolia</a></i>—an <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental tree">ornamental tree</a> of the order <a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a>.</li> <li>Fern leaf tree—<i><a href="/wiki/Filicium_decipiens" title="Filicium decipiens">Filicium decipiens</a></i>—an <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental tree">ornamental tree</a> of the order <a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fern-like_flowering_plants">Fern-like flowering plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fern-like flowering plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palms</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">carrot family</a> have <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a> leaves that somewhat resemble fern fronds. However, these plants have fully developed seeds contained in fruits, rather than the microscopic spores of ferns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Pteridological_Society" title="British Pteridological Society">British Pteridological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirosia_betuleti" title="Chirosia betuleti">Chirosia betuleti</a> - Fern gall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_spike" title="Fern spike">Fern spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_sports" title="Fern sports">Fern sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley (design)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">Pteridophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_fern_flag" title="Silver fern flag">Silver fern flag</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">President, International Association of Pteridologists</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein_et_al2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein_et_al2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein_et_al2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein_et_al2007">Stein et al 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group2016">Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Ultimate Family Visual Dictionary</i>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/DK_Pub." class="mw-redirect" title="DK Pub.">DK Pub.</a> 2012. pp. 118–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1434-1954-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1434-1954-9"><bdi>978-0-1434-1954-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Family+Visual+Dictionary&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=118-121&rft.pub=DK+Pub.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-1434-1954-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polypodiopsida-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polypodiopsida_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polypodiopsida_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNittaSchuettpelzRamírez-BarahonaIwasaki2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9449725">"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science</i>. <b>13</b>: 909768. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2022.909768">10.3389/fpls.2022.909768</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9449725">9449725</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36092417">36092417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=An+Open+and+Continuously+Updated+Fern+Tree+of+Life&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=909768&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9449725%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36092417&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2022.909768&rft.aulast=Nitta&rft.aufirst=Joel+H.&rft.au=Schuettpelz%2C+Eric&rft.au=Ram%C3%ADrez-Barahona%2C+Santiago&rft.au=Iwasaki%2C+Wataru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9449725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauseth2008" class="citation book cs1">Mauseth, James D. (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEsBPPlxP7EC&pg=PA492"><i>Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-4720-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-4720-9"><bdi>978-1-4496-4720-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botany%3A+an+Introduction+to+Plant+Biology&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2008-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-4720-9&rft.aulast=Mauseth&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEsBPPlxP7EC%26pg%3DPA492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levyns-1966-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levyns-1966_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levyns-1966_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levyns-1966_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyns1966" class="citation book cs1">Levyns, M. R. (1966). <i>A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula</i> (2nd Revised ed.). Juta & Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/621340">621340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Flora+of+the+Cape+Peninsula&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Juta+%26+Company&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F621340&rft.aulast=Levyns&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernándezKumarRevilla2010" class="citation book cs1">Fernández, Helena; Kumar, Ashwani; Revilla, Maria Angeles (11 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC&pg=PA175"><i>Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications</i></a>. Springer. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7162-3"><bdi>978-1-4419-7162-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+with+Ferns%3A+Issues+and+Applications&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-7162-3&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Ashwani&rft.au=Revilla%2C+Maria+Angeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmtpBM7UgXEC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2005" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Larry (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HDij6Fmk2MwC&pg=PA329"><i>Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows</i></a>. Rodale. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57954-966-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57954-966-4"><bdi>978-1-57954-966-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+Most+of+Shade%3A+How+to+Plan%2C+Plant%2C+and+Grow+a+Fabulous+Garden+that+Lightens+Up+the+Shadows&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Rodale&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57954-966-4&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHDij6Fmk2MwC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCausland2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCausland2019_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCausland2019">McCausland 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758">Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism - Botany 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml">Fern Structure - Forest Service</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/frond.html">Fern Structure - Forest Service</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003216/http://basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php">"Fern Fronds"</a>. Basic Biology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php">the original</a> on 19 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fern+Fronds&rft.pub=Basic+Biology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basicbiology.net%2Fplants%2Fferns%2Ffronds.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLargeBraggins2004" class="citation book cs1">Large, Mark F.; <a href="/wiki/John_E._Braggins" title="John E. 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Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881926302" title="Special:BookSources/0881926302"><bdi>0881926302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tree+Ferns&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0881926302&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=Mark+F.&rft.au=Braggins%2C+John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreeferns00mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderwood1903-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnderwood1903_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnderwood1903">Underwood 1903</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz_et_al2018-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz_et_al2018_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuettpelz_et_al2018_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuettpelz_et_al2018">Schuettpelz et al 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz1806-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz1806_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwartz1806">Swartz 1806</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszChase2014_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristenhuszChase2014">Christenhusz & Chase 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_et_al.2006_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith_et_al.2006">Smith et al.2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStace2010b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_Stace" class="mw-redirect" title="Clive Stace">Stace, Clive</a> (2010b). <i>New Flora of the British Isles</i> (3rd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plants.ifas.ufl.edu&rft.atitle=%7C+Center+for+Aquatic+and+Invasive+Plants+%7C+University+of+Florida%2C+IFAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.ifas.ufl.edu%2Fplant-directory%2Fsalvinia-molesta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2004" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Robbin (2004). <i>A Natural History of Ferns</i>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88192-667-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88192-667-1"><bdi>0-88192-667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Ferns&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88192-667-1&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Robbin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uky.edu/KGS/fossils/fossil-pennsylvanianPlants.php">"Fossils, Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky"</a>. <i>www.uky.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uky.edu&rft.atitle=Fossils%2C+Kentucky+Geological+Survey%2C+University+of+Kentucky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uky.edu%2FKGS%2Ffossils%2Ffossil-pennsylvanianPlants.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2002" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, Peter D. A. (2 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania.htm">"Pteridomania - the Victorian passion for ferns"</a>. <i>Antique Collecting</i>. Revised: web version. <b>28</b> (6): 9–12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antique+Collecting&rft.atitle=Pteridomania+-+the+Victorian+passion+for+ferns&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=9-12&rft.date=2002-01-02&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterboyd.com%2Fpteridomania.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fractals-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fractals_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fractals_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oh7NoePgmOIC">Fractals Everywhere</a>, Boston, MA: Academic Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-079062-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-079062-9">0-12-079062-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay1978-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay1978_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1978">May 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919201014/http://www.saunalahti.fi/~marian1/gourmet/season5a.htm">"Traditional Finnish Midsummer celebration"</a>. Saunalahti.fi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saunalahti.fi/~marian1/gourmet/season5a.htm">the original</a> on 19 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Finnish+Midsummer+celebration&rft.pub=Saunalahti.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saunalahti.fi%2F~marian1%2Fgourmet%2Fseason5a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunningham-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" title="Scott Cunningham">Cunningham, Scott</a> (1999). <i>Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs</i>. Llewellyn. p. 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cunningham%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Magical+Herbs&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Llewellyn&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristenhusz_et_al2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Christenhusz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarten Christenhusz">Christenhusz, Maarten M. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Francis_Fay" title="Michael Francis Fay">Fay, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_W._Byng" title="James W. Byng">Byng, James W.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DX60DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Global Flora: Special Edition: GLOVAP Nomenclature Part 1</i></a>. Plant Gateway Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9929993-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9929993-6-0"><bdi>978-0-9929993-6-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Flora%3A+Special+Edition%3A+GLOVAP+Nomenclature+Part+1&rft.pub=Plant+Gateway+Ltd.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-9929993-6-0&rft.aulast=Christenhusz&rft.aufirst=Maarten+M.+J.&rft.au=Fay%2C+Michael&rft.au=Byng%2C+James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDX60DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/503/mode/1up">"Cryptogamia: Filices Musci"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary"><i>Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</i></a>. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. pp. 1061–1100, 1100–1130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cryptogamia%3A+Filices+Musci&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum%3A+exhibentes+plantas+rite+cognitas%2C+ad+genera+relatas%2C+cum+differentiis+specificis%2C+nominibus+trivialibus%2C+synonymis+selectis%2C+locis+natalibus%2C+secundum+systema+sexuale+digestas&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=1061-1100%2C+1100-1130&rft.pub=Impensis+Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F13830%23page%2F503%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span>, <i>see also</i> <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></li> <li>Lord, Thomas R. (2006). <i>Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania</i>. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paferns.com/">Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania – Thomas Reeves Lord</a></li> <li>Moran, Robbin C. (2004). <i>A Natural History of Ferns</i>. Portland, OR: Timber Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88192-667-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88192-667-1">0-88192-667-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankerHaufler2008" class="citation book cs1">Ranker, Tom A.; Haufler, Christopher H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=js9JnwEACAAJ"><i>Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87411-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87411-3"><bdi>978-0-521-87411-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+and+Evolution+of+Ferns+and+Lycophytes&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87411-3&rft.aulast=Ranker&rft.aufirst=Tom+A.&rft.au=Haufler%2C+Christopher+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djs9JnwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz1806" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olof_Swartz" title="Olof Swartz">Swartz, Olof</a> (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/81948#/summary"><i>Synopsis filicum: earum genera et species systematice complectens: adjectis lycopodineis, et descriptionibus novarum et rariorum specierum: cum tabulis aeneis quinque</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kiliae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiliae">Kiliae</a>: Impensis Bibliopolii novi academici.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synopsis+filicum%3A+earum+genera+et+species+systematice+complectens%3A+adjectis+lycopodineis%2C+et+descriptionibus+novarum+et+rariorum+specierum%3A+cum+tabulis+aeneis+quinque&rft.place=Kiliae&rft.pub=Impensis+Bibliopolii+novi+academici&rft.date=1806&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Olof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F81948%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2009" class="citation journal cs1">Berry, Chris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=2633&file=1">"The Middle Devonian plant collections of Francois Stockmans reconsidered"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geologica_Belgica" title="Geologica Belgica">Geologica Belgica</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1–2): 25–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geologica+Belgica&rft.atitle=The+Middle+Devonian+plant+collections+of+Francois+Stockmans+reconsidered.&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=25-30&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopups.uliege.be%2F1374-8505%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D2633%26file%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomfleur_et_al2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bomfleur, B.; McLoughlin, S.; Vajda, V. (20 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrm.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:719316/FULLTEXT01">"Fossilized Nuclei and Chromosomes Reveal 180 Million Years of Genomic Stasis in Royal Ferns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>343</b> (6177): 1376–1377. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...343.1376B">2014Sci...343.1376B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1249884">10.1126/science.1249884</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24653037">24653037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38248823">38248823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fossilized+Nuclei+and+Chromosomes+Reveal+180+Million+Years+of+Genomic+Stasis+in+Royal+Ferns&rft.volume=343&rft.issue=6177&rft.pages=1376-1377&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1249884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38248823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24653037&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...343.1376B&rft.aulast=Bomfleur&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=McLoughlin%2C+S.&rft.au=Vajda%2C+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrm.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A719316%2FFULLTEXT01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantino_et_al2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; <a href="/wiki/Walter_S._Judd" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter S. Judd">Judd, Walter S.</a>; Olmstead, Richard G.; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Soltis" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Soltis">Soltis, Douglas E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Soltis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Soltis">Soltis, Pamela S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Donoghue" title="Michael Donoghue">Donoghue, Michael J.</a> (1 August 2007). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+evolution+and+diversification+of+epiphytic+ferns&rft.inst=Duke+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Schuettpelz&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdukespace.lib.duke.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10161%2F181%2F1%2FD_Schuettpelz_Eric_a_052007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuettpelz_et_al2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schuettpelz, Eric; Rouhan, Germinal; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Rothfels, Carl J.; Prado, Jefferson; Sundue, Michael A.; Windham, Michael D.; Moran, Robbin C.; Smith, Alan R. (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12705%2F673.1">"Are there too many fern genera?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>67</b> (3): 473–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12705%2F673.1">10.12705/673.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Are+there+too+many+fern+genera%3F&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=473-480&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12705%2F673.1&rft.aulast=Schuettpelz&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Rouhan%2C+Germinal&rft.au=Pryer%2C+Kathleen+M.&rft.au=Rothfels%2C+Carl+J.&rft.au=Prado%2C+Jefferson&rft.au=Sundue%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Windham%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Moran%2C+Robbin+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12705%252F673.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_et_al.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Alan R.; Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz; Petra Korall; Harald Schneider; Paul G. Wolf (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/9/95/Smith_et_al_2006.pdf">"A classification for extant ferns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>55</b> (3): 705–731. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065646">10.2307/25065646</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065646">25065646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=A+classification+for+extant+ferns&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=705-731&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25065646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25065646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rft.au=Kathleen+M.+Pryer&rft.au=Eric+Schuettpelz&rft.au=Petra+Korall&rft.au=Harald+Schneider&rft.au=Paul+G.+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idigbio.org%2Fwiki%2Fimages%2F9%2F95%2FSmith_et_al_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein_et_al2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, W. E.; Mannolini, F.; Hernick, L. V.; Landling, E.; Berry, C. M. (2007). "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>446</b> (7138): 904–907. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.446..904S">2007Natur.446..904S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05705">10.1038/nature05705</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17443185">17443185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2575688">2575688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Giant+cladoxylopsid+trees+resolve+the+enigma+of+the+Earth%27s+earliest+forest+stumps+at+Gilboa&rft.volume=446&rft.issue=7138&rft.pages=904-907&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2575688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17443185&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.446..904S&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rft.au=Mannolini%2C+F.&rft.au=Hernick%2C+L.+V.&rft.au=Landling%2C+E.&rft.au=Berry%2C+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadoslaw_Janusz_Walkowiak2017" class="citation journal cs1">Radoslaw Janusz Walkowiak (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internationalequisetologicalassociation.yolasite.com/resources/Classification%20of%20Pteridophytes.pdf">"Classification of Pteridophytes - Short classification of the ferns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEA Paper</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.29934.20809">10.13140/RG.2.2.29934.20809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEA+Paper&rft.atitle=Classification+of+Pteridophytes+-+Short+classification+of+the+ferns.&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.29934.20809&rft.au=Radoslaw+Janusz+Walkowiak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternationalequisetologicalassociation.yolasite.com%2Fresources%2FClassification%2520of%2520Pteridophytes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderwood1903" class="citation journal cs1">Underwood, L. M. (1903). "The early writers on ferns and their collections.— I. Linnaeus, 1707-1778". <i><a href="/wiki/Torrey_Botanical_Society" title="Torrey Botanical Society">Torreya</a></i>. <b>3</b> (10): 145–150. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3844">0096-3844</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40594126">40594126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Torreya&rft.atitle=The+early+writers+on+ferns+and+their+collections.%E2%80%94+I.+Linnaeus%2C+1707-1778&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=145-150&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40594126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0096-3844&rft.aulast=Underwood&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCausland2019" class="citation web cs1">McCausland, Jim (22 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030104351/https://www.sunset.com/garden/flowers-plants/rediscover-ferns">"Rediscover ferns"</a>. <i>Garden plants</i>. Sunset Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunset.com/garden/flowers-plants/rediscover-ferns">the original</a> on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Garden+plants&rft.atitle=Rediscover+ferns&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft.aulast=McCausland&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunset.com%2Fgarden%2Fflowers-plants%2Frediscover-ferns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUCMP2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/pterophyta/pteridofr.html">"Pteridopsida: Fossil Record"</a>. <i>Plants: Pteridopsida</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants%3A+Pteridopsida&rft.atitle=Pteridopsida%3A+Fossil+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fplants%2Fpterophyta%2Fpteridofr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSLH2018" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1104-classifying-and-identifying-ferns">"Classifying and identifying ferns"</a>. <i>Science Learning Hub</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Waikato" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Waikato">The University of Waikato</a>. 3 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Learning+Hub&rft.atitle=Classifying+and+identifying+ferns&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencelearn.org.nz%2Fresources%2F1104-classifying-and-identifying-ferns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mickel, John T.; Wagner, Warren H.; Gifford, Ernest M.; et al. (4 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/plant/fern">"Fern"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fern&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft.aulast=Mickel&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Warren+H.&rft.au=Gifford%2C+Ernest+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplant%2Ffern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasslerSchmitt2019" class="citation web cs1">Hassler, Michael; Schmitt, Bernd (2 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/">"Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World"</a>. <i>World Ferns</i>. <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_the_Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical Garden of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology">Botanical Garden of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/">the original</a> on 2 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Ferns&rft.atitle=Checklist+of+Ferns+and+Lycophytes+of+the+World&rft.date=2019-11-02&rft.aulast=Hassler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu%2Fferns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryer_et_al2006" class="citation web cs1">Pryer, Kathleen M.; Smith, Alan R.; Rothfels, Carl (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Polypodiopsida/20615">"Polypodiopsida"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life">Tree of Life</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tree+of+Life&rft.atitle=Polypodiopsida&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Pryer&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alan+R.&rft.au=Rothfels%2C+Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2FPolypodiopsida%2F20615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFern" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060354/http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html"><i>A classification of the ferns and their allies</i>.</a> (Australian National Herbarium)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117055319/http://www.jaknouse.athens.oh.us/ferns/bookfern.html"><i>A fern book bibliography</i>.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509142839/http://www1.akira.ne.jp/~unzen/pteridophyta.html">Register of fossil Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/britfe/">Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). <i>The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183034/http://delta-intkey.com/britfe/">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania2.htm"><i>Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland</i>.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512162340/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/non-seed-plants.htm">Non-seed plant images at <i>bioimages.vanderbilt.edu</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amerfernsoc.org/">American Fern Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eBPS.org.uk/">British Pteridological Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internationalequisetologicalassociation.yolasite.com/">International Equisetological Association</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polypodiopsida" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Polypodiopsida">Polypodiopsida</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classification_of_Archaeplastida_or_Plantae_s.l." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant_classification" title="Template talk:Plant classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plant classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classification_of_Archaeplastida_or_Plantae_s.l." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification of <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu lato; in the broad sense"><i>s.l.</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaeplastida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(red algae)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florideophyceae" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algospongia" title="Algospongia">Algospongia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu stricto; in the strict sense"><i>s.s.</i></span></a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> &<br /> land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prasinodermophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Prasinophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramimonadophyceae" title="Pyramimonadophyceae">Pyramimonadophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephroselmidaceae" title="Nephroselmidaceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocystis" title="Picocystis">Picocystophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropicophyceae">Chloropicophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phragmoplastophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Anydrophyta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div id="Embryophytes_or_Plantae_sensu_strictissimo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="in the strictest sense"><i>sensu strictissimo</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bryophytes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(liverworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplomitriopsida" title="Haplomitriopsida">Haplomitriopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiopsida" title="Marchantiopsida">Marchantiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungermanniopsida" title="Jungermanniopsida">Jungermanniopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(hornworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiosporoceros" title="Leiosporoceros">Leiosporocerotopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(mosses)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryum" title="Andreaeobryum">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeaceae" title="Andreaeaceae">Andreaeopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodium" title="Oedipodium">Oedipodiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraphidaceae" title="Tetraphidaceae">Tetraphidopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -55px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">Polysporangiophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Protracheophytes*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Protracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(vascular plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Paratracheophytes*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Paratracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooksoniopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooksoniopsida (page does not exist)">Cooksoniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhyniophyte" title="Rhyniophyte">Rhyniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaliales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaliales (page does not exist)">Renaliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Eutracheophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lycophytes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Barinophyte" title="Barinophyte">Barinophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">Zosterophyllopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">clubmosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">spikemosses</a> & <a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">quillworts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eophyllophyton" title="Eophyllophyton">Eophyllophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moniliformopses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Moniliformopses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibykales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibykales (page does not exist)">Ibykales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polypodiopsida</a> (ferns and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Lignophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Progymnosperms*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">Progymnosperms</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeggerathiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeggerathiopsida (page does not exist)">Noeggerathiopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aneurophytopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aneurophytopsida (page does not exist)">Aneurophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeopteridopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeopteridopsida (page does not exist)">Archaeopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopityales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protopityales (page does not exist)">Protopityales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(seed plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridosperms</a><span class="nobold">*</span><br /><span class="nobold">(seed ferns)<br />and other extinct<br /> seed plant groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Corystospermaceae" title="Corystospermaceae">Corystospermales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (page does not exist)">Petriellales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Acrogymnospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(living gymnosperms)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida (cycads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales (<i>Ginkgo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida (conifers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(flowering plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Core angiosperms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li>† = <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">List of plant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Current definitions of Plantae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fern_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#90EE90;;background:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fern_classification" title="Template talk:Fern classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fern_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fern classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fern_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fern</a> classification</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#90EE90;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;">Basal clade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Ibyka" title="Ibyka">Ibykales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Ibyka" title="Ibyka">Ibykaceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;">†<a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cladoxylales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cladoxylales (page does not exist)">Cladoxylales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cladoxylaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cladoxylaceae (page does not exist)">Cladoxylaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voelkeliaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voelkeliaceae (page does not exist)">Voelkeliaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyeniales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyeniales (page does not exist)">Hyeniales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyeniaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyeniaceae (page does not exist)">Hyeniaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Iridopteridales" title="Iridopteridales">Iridopteridales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridopteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridopteridaceae (page does not exist)">Iridopteridaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pseudosporochnales" title="Pseudosporochnales">Pseudosporochnales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudosporochnaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudosporochnaceae (page does not exist)">Pseudosporochnaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Steloxylales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steloxylales (page does not exist)">Steloxylales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Steloxylaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steloxylaceae (page does not exist)">Steloxylaceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Polypodiopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiopsida">Polypodiopsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;">†Stauropterididae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Stauropteridaceae" title="Stauropteridaceae">Stauropteridales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Stauropteridaceae" title="Stauropteridaceae">Stauropteridaceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;">†Zygopterididae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhacophytales" title="Rhacophytales">Rhacophytales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhacophytaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhacophytaceae (page does not exist)">Rhacophytaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zygopteridales" title="Zygopteridales">Zygopteridales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Zygopteridaceae" title="Zygopteridaceae">Zygopteridaceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Equisetidae" title="Equisetidae">Equisetidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Pseudoborniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoborniales">Pseudoborniales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Pseudoborniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoborniaceae">Pseudoborniaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Sphenophyllales" title="Sphenophyllales">Sphenophyllales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspidostachyaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspidostachyaceae (page does not exist)">Aspidostachyaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boegendorfiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boegendorfiaceae (page does not exist)">Boegendorfiaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boegendorfiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boegendorfiaceae (page does not exist)">Boegendorfiaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviostachyaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eviostachyaceae (page does not exist)">Eviostachyaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Sphenophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenophyllaceae">Sphenophyllaceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Equisetales" title="Equisetales">Equisetales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asterocalamitaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asterocalamitaceae (page does not exist)">Asterocalamitaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Autophyllitaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autophyllitaceae (page does not exist)">Autophyllitaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honseleriaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honseleriaceae (page does not exist)">Honseleriaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Archaeocalamitaceae" title="Archaeocalamitaceae">Archaeocalamitaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paracalamitaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paracalamitaceae (page does not exist)">Paracalamitaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Calamitaceae" title="Calamitaceae">Calamitaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocalamitaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apocalamitaceae (page does not exist)">Apocalamitaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Konnostachyaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konnostachyaceae (page does not exist)">Konnostachyaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchurostachyaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manchurostachyaceae (page does not exist)">Manchurostachyaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Notocalamitaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notocalamitaceae (page does not exist)">Notocalamitaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizoneuraceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizoneuraceae (page does not exist)">Schizoneuraceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorocaulinaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorocaulinaceae (page does not exist)">Sorocaulinaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Echinostachyaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echinostachyaceae (page does not exist)">Echinostachyaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondwanostachyaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gondwanostachyaceae (page does not exist)">Gondwanostachyaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tchernoviaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tchernoviaceae (page does not exist)">Tchernoviaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equisetaceae" title="Equisetaceae">Equisetaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossidae" title="Ophioglossidae">Ophioglossidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Psilotales" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilotales">Psilotales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilotaceae" title="Psilotaceae">Psilotaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophioglossales">Ophioglossales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossaceae" title="Ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;">Marattiidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Marattiales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Marattiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiales">Marattiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knorripteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knorripteridaceae (page does not exist)">Knorripteridaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecopteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pecopteridaceae (page does not exist)">Pecopteridaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptychocarpaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ptychocarpaceae (page does not exist)">Ptychocarpaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weichseliaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weichseliaceae (page does not exist)">Weichseliaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asterothecaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asterothecaceae (page does not exist)">Asterothecaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Danaeopsidaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danaeopsidaceae (page does not exist)">Danaeopsidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marattiaceae" title="Marattiaceae">Marattiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiidae (plant)">Polypodiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anachoropteridales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anachoropteridales (page does not exist)">Anachoropteridales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anachoropteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anachoropteridaceae (page does not exist)">Anachoropteridaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Psalixochlaenaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psalixochlaenaceae (page does not exist)">Psalixochlaenaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sermayaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sermayaceae (page does not exist)">Sermayaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Botryopteridiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Botryopteridiales (page does not exist)">Botryopteridiales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Botryopteridiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Botryopteridiaceae (page does not exist)">Botryopteridiaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Senftenbergiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senftenbergiales (page does not exist)">Senftenbergiales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Senftenbergiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senftenbergiaceae (page does not exist)">Senftenbergiaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urnatopteridales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urnatopteridales (page does not exist)">Urnatopteridales</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossothecaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crossothecaceae (page does not exist)">Crossothecaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discopteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discopteridaceae (page does not exist)">Discopteridaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urnatopteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urnatopteridaceae (page does not exist)">Urnatopteridaceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Osmundales" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmundales">Osmundales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guaireaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guaireaceae (page does not exist)">Guaireaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmundaceae" title="Osmundaceae">Osmundaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Hymenophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenophyllales">Hymenophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymenophyllaceae" title="Hymenophyllaceae">Hymenophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gleicheniales" title="Gleicheniales">Gleicheniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocarpiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oligocarpiaceae (page does not exist)">Oligocarpiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteridaceae" title="Dipteridaceae">Dipteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleicheniaceae" title="Gleicheniaceae">Gleicheniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matoniaceae" title="Matoniaceae">Matoniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Schizaeales" title="Schizaeales">Schizaeales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acrostichopteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acrostichopteridaceae (page does not exist)">Acrostichopteridaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynepteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynepteridaceae (page does not exist)">Cynepteridaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klukiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klukiaceae (page does not exist)">Klukiaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stachypteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stachypteridaceae (page does not exist)">Stachypteridaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Tempskyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempskyaceae">Tempskyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anemiaceae">Anemiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygodiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygodiaceae">Lygodiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizaeaceae" title="Schizaeaceae">Schizaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Salviniales" title="Salviniales">Salviniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heroleandraceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heroleandraceae (page does not exist)">Heroleandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsileaceae" title="Marsileaceae">Marsileaceae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydropteridiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydropteridiaceae (page does not exist)">Hydropteridiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salviniaceae" title="Salviniaceae">Salviniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cyatheales" title="Cyatheales">Cyatheales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;">Thyrsopteridineae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyrsopteridaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyrsopteridaceae">Thyrsopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxsomataceae" title="Loxsomataceae">Loxsomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiogyriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagiogyriaceae">Plagiogyriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culcitaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Culcitaceae">Culcitaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;">Cyatheineae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanydoraceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanydoraceae (page does not exist)">Tanydoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaxyaceae">Metaxyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibotiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibotiaceae">Cibotiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicksoniaceae" title="Dicksoniaceae">Dicksoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyatheaceae" title="Cyatheaceae">Cyatheaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Polypodiales" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Saccolomatineae" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccolomatineae">Saccolomatineae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saccolomataceae" title="Saccolomataceae">Saccolomataceae</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lindsaeineae" title="Lindsaeineae">Lindsaeineae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystodiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystodiaceae">Cystodiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonchitidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lonchitidaceae">Lonchitidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsaeaceae" title="Lindsaeaceae">Lindsaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pteridineae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridineae">Pteridineae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pteridaceae" title="Pteridaceae">Pteridaceae</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;">Dennstaedtiineae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dennstaedtiaceae" title="Dennstaedtiaceae">Dennstaedtiaceae</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Aspleniineae" title="Aspleniineae">Aspleniineae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystopteridaceae" title="Cystopteridaceae">Cystopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhachidosoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhachidosoraceae">Rhachidosoridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplaziopsidaceae" title="Diplaziopsidaceae">Diplaziopsidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemidictyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemidictyaceae">Hemidictyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmophlebiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmophlebiaceae">Desmophlebiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspleniaceae" title="Aspleniaceae">Aspleniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelypteridaceae" title="Thelypteridaceae">Thelypteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodsiaceae" title="Woodsiaceae">Woodsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onocleaceae" title="Onocleaceae">Onocleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blechnaceae" title="Blechnaceae">Blechnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athyriaceae" title="Athyriaceae">Athyriaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;">Polypodiineae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypodematiaceae" title="Hypodematiaceae">Hypodematiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymochlaenaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Didymochlaenaceae">Didymochlaenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryopteridaceae" title="Dryopteridaceae">Dryopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomariopsidaceae" title="Lomariopsidaceae">Lomariopsidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrolepidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephrolepidaceae">Nephrolepidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectariaceae" title="Tectariaceae">Tectariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleandraceae">Oleandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davalliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Davalliaceae">Davalliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypodiaceae" title="Polypodiaceae">Polypodiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Polypodiophyta</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98522578" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q98522578">Q98522578</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500003">500003</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=263732">263732</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80005#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80005#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80005#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/923012/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4016482-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85047836">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119383812">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119383812">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570885">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kapraďorosty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114870&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529000705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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