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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_as_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_as_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Emergence as entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_as_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vocal technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ventriloquist's_dummy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ventriloquist's_dummy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ventriloquist's dummy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ventriloquist's_dummy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ventriloquist's dummy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ventriloquist's_dummy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phobia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phobia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Phobia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phobia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ventriloquism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="تكلم بطني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكلم بطني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriloquia" title="Ventriloquia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ventriloquia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="মায়াস্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মায়াস্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вентрология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вентрология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventril%C3%B2quia" title="Ventrilòquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ventrilòquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99ichomluvectv%C3%AD" title="Břichomluvectví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Břichomluvectví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafleisiaeth" title="Tafleisiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tafleisiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchredner" title="Bauchredner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bauchredner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Εγγαστρίμυθος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγγαστρίμυθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriloqu%C3%ADa" title="Ventriloquía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ventriloquía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventroparolado" title="Ventroparolado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ventroparolado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentrilokia" title="Bentrilokia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bentrilokia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شکم‌گویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکم‌گویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgchaint" title="Bolgchaint – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bolgchaint" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriloquia" title="Ventriloquia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ventriloquia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EC%88%A0" title="복화술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복화술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Որովայնախոսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Որովայնախոսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलती कठपुतली कला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोलती कठपुतली कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trbuhozborenje" title="Trbuhozborenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trbuhozborenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrilokuisme" title="Ventrilokuisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ventrilokuisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAktal" title="Búktal – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Búktal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פיתומות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיתומות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrologija" title="Ventrologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ventrologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbesz%C3%A9l%C3%A9s" title="Hasbeszélés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hasbeszélés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buikspreken" title="Buikspreken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Buikspreken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%A9%B1%E8%A1%93" title="腹話術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="腹話術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buktaling" title="Buktaling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buktaling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ventriloquism" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzuchom%C3%B3wstwo" title="Brzuchomówstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brzuchomówstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriloquia" title="Ventriloquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ventriloquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Чревовещание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чревовещание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ventriloquism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="نمایشی دەنگی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نمایشی دەنگی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trbuhozborenje" title="Trbuhozborenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trbuhozborenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatsastapuhuminen" title="Vatsastapuhuminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vatsastapuhuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buktaleri" title="Buktaleri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buktaleri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentrilokiya" title="Bentrilokiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bentrilokiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மாயக்குரல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாயக்குரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="వెంట్రిలాక్విజం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెంట్రిలాక్విజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantrilokluk" title="Vantrilokluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vantrilokluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вентрологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вентрологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%81%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="صدا فگنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صدا فگنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3i_ti%E1%BA%BFng_b%E1%BB%A5ng" title="Nói tiếng bụng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nói tiếng bụng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="腹語 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腹語" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ability to throw one's voice</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism_(album)" title="Ventriloquism (album)"><i>Ventriloquism</i> (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ventriloquist" redirects here. For the character, see <a href="/wiki/Ventriloquist_(character)" title="Ventriloquist (character)">Ventriloquist (character)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ventriloquist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ventriloquist (disambiguation)">Ventriloquist (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ventriloquism" title="Special:EditPage/Ventriloquism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ventriloquism%22">"Ventriloquism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ventriloquism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ventriloquism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ventriloquism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ventriloquism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ventriloquism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Gabbo_(1929)_cropped_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Great_Gabbo_%281929%29_cropped_2.jpg/220px-The_Great_Gabbo_%281929%29_cropped_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Great_Gabbo_%281929%29_cropped_2.jpg/330px-The_Great_Gabbo_%281929%29_cropped_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Great_Gabbo_%281929%29_cropped_2.jpg/440px-The_Great_Gabbo_%281929%29_cropped_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Gabbo and his ventriloquist dummy Otto in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gabbo" title="The Great Gabbo">The Great Gabbo</a></i> (1929)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts" title="Category:Performing arts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">Acrobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">Circus skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">Street performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ventriloquism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Performing_arts" title="Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Performing_arts" title="Template talk:Performing arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Performing_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ventriloquism</b> or <b>ventriloquy</b> is an act of <a href="/wiki/Stagecraft" title="Stagecraft">stagecraft</a> in which a person (a <b>ventriloquist</b>) speaks in such a way that it looks like their voice is coming from a different location, usually through a <a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a> known as a "dummy". The act of ventriloquism is <b>ventriloquizing</b>, and in English it is commonly called the ability to "throw" one's voice. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventriloquism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventriloquism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gef_Mongoose_ventriloquism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gef_Mongoose_ventriloquism.jpg/170px-Gef_Mongoose_ventriloquism.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gef_Mongoose_ventriloquism.jpg/255px-Gef_Mongoose_ventriloquism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gef_Mongoose_ventriloquism.jpg/340px-Gef_Mongoose_ventriloquism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper article on <a href="/wiki/Gef" title="Gef">Gef</a>, the talking mongoose, claiming it involved ventriloquism by Voirrey Irving</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, ventriloquism was a religious practice.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name comes from the Latin for 'to speak from the stomach: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Venter</i></span> (belly) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">loqui</i></span> (speak).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks called this engastromythia (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">εγγαστριμυθία</span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The noises produced by the stomach were thought to be the voices of the unliving, who took up residence in the stomach of the ventriloquist. The ventriloquist would then interpret the sounds, as they were thought to be able to speak to the dead, as well as foretell the future. One of the earliest recorded group of <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> to use this technique was the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a>, the priestess at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, who acted as the conduit for the Delphic Oracle. </p><p>One of the most successful early gastromancers was Eurykles, a prophet at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>; gastromancers came to be referred to as <i>Euryklides</i> in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-EB11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other parts of the world also have a tradition of ventriloquism for ritual or religious purposes; historically there have been adepts of this practice among the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-EB11_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_as_entertainment">Emergence as entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventriloquism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence as entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadlers_Wells_Theatre_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sadlers_Wells_Theatre_edited.jpg/220px-Sadlers_Wells_Theatre_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sadlers_Wells_Theatre_edited.jpg/330px-Sadlers_Wells_Theatre_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sadlers_Wells_Theatre_edited.jpg/440px-Sadlers_Wells_Theatre_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells_Theatre" title="Sadler's Wells Theatre">Sadler's Wells Theatre</a> in the early 19th century, at a time when ventriloquist acts were becoming increasingly popular</figcaption></figure> <p>The shift from ventriloquism as manifestation of spiritual forces toward ventriloquism as entertainment happened in the eighteenth century at <a href="/wiki/Travelling_funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelling funfair">travelling funfairs</a> and market towns. An early depiction of a ventriloquist dates to 1754 in England, where <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Parnell,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Parnell, 1st Baronet">Sir John Parnell</a> is depicted in the painting <i><a href="/wiki/Humours_of_an_Election" title="Humours of an Election">An Election Entertainment</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a> as speaking via his hand.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1757, the Austrian Baron de Mengen performed with a small doll.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 18th century, ventriloquist performances were an established form of entertainment in England, although most performers "threw their voice" to make it appear that it emanated from far away (known as <i>distant ventriloquism</i>), rather than the modern method of using a puppet (<i>near ventriloquism</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known ventriloquist of the period, Joseph Askins, who performed at the <a href="/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells_Theatre" title="Sadler's Wells Theatre">Sadler's Wells Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in the 1790s advertised his act as "curious ad libitum Dialogues between himself and his invisible familiar, Little Tommy".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other performers were beginning to incorporate dolls or puppets into their performance, notably the Irishman James Burne who "carries in his pocket, an ill-shaped doll, with a broad face, which he exhibits ... as giving utterance to his own childish jargon," and Thomas Garbutt. </p><p>The entertainment came of age during the era of the <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. George Sutton began to incorporate a puppet act into his routine at <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> in the 1830s, followed by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Neiman" title="Fred Neiman">Fred Neiman</a> later in the century,<sup id="cite_ref-busby_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-busby-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is <a href="/wiki/Fred_Russell_(ventriloquist)" title="Fred Russell (ventriloquist)">Fred Russell</a> who is regarded as the father of modern ventriloquism. In 1886, he was offered a professional engagement at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_London" title="Palace Theatre, London">Palace Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and took up his stage career permanently. His act, based on the cheeky-boy dummy "Coster Joe" that would sit in his lap and 'engage in a dialogue' with him was highly influential for the entertainment format and was adopted by the next generation of performers. A blue plaque has been embedded in a former residence of Russell by the British Heritage Society which reads 'Fred Russell the father of ventriloquism lived here'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_GreatLester_1904_-_Wielki_Lester_1904.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_GreatLester_1904_-_Wielki_Lester_1904.png/220px-The_GreatLester_1904_-_Wielki_Lester_1904.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_GreatLester_1904_-_Wielki_Lester_1904.png/330px-The_GreatLester_1904_-_Wielki_Lester_1904.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/The_GreatLester_1904_-_Wielki_Lester_1904.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ventriloquist <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Lester" title="The Great Lester">The Great Lester</a> with Frank Byron, Jr. on his knee, <abbr>c.</abbr> 1904</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdgarBergenandCharlieMcCarthyStageDoorCanteen1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/EdgarBergenandCharlieMcCarthyStageDoorCanteen1.jpg/220px-EdgarBergenandCharlieMcCarthyStageDoorCanteen1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/EdgarBergenandCharlieMcCarthyStageDoorCanteen1.jpg/330px-EdgarBergenandCharlieMcCarthyStageDoorCanteen1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/EdgarBergenandCharlieMcCarthyStageDoorCanteen1.jpg/440px-EdgarBergenandCharlieMcCarthyStageDoorCanteen1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Ventriloquist <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a> and his best-known sidekick, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_McCarthy" title="Charlie McCarthy">Charlie McCarthy</a>, in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Stage_Door_Canteen_(film)" title="Stage Door Canteen (film)">Stage Door Canteen</a></i> (1943)</figcaption></figure> <p>Fred Russell's successful comedy team format was applied by the next generation of ventriloquists. It was taken forward by the British <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Prince_(ventriloquist)" title="Arthur Prince (ventriloquist)">Arthur Prince</a> with his dummy Sailor Jim, who became one of the highest paid entertainers on the music hall circuit, and by the Americans <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Lester" title="The Great Lester">The Great Lester</a>, Frank Byron Jr., and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a>. Bergen, together with his favorite figure <a href="/wiki/Charlie_McCarthy" title="Charlie McCarthy">Charlie McCarthy</a>, hosted a radio program that was broadcast from 1937 to 1956 and which was #1 on the nights it aired, popularizing the idea of the comedic ventriloquist. Bergen continued performing until his death in 1978, and his popularity inspired many other famous ventriloquists who followed him, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Winchell" title="Paul Winchell">Paul Winchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Nelson_(ventriloquist)" title="Jimmy Nelson (ventriloquist)">Jimmy Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Strassman" title="David Strassman">David Strassman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dunham" title="Jeff Dunham">Jeff Dunham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Fator" title="Terry Fator">Terry Fator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronn_Lucas" title="Ronn Lucas">Ronn Lucas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayland_Flowers" title="Wayland Flowers">Wayland Flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shari_Lewis" title="Shari Lewis">Shari Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Tyler" title="Willie Tyler">Willie Tyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Johnson_(ventriloquist)" title="Jay Johnson (ventriloquist)">Jay Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Conti" title="Nina Conti">Nina Conti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Zerdin" title="Paul Zerdin">Paul Zerdin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darci_Lynne" title="Darci Lynne">Darci Lynne</a>. Another ventriloquist act popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s was <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%B1or_Wences" title="Señor Wences">Señor Wences</a>. </p><p>In south India, the art of ventriloquism was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Y._K._Padhye" title="Y. K. Padhye">Y. K. Padhye</a> and M. M. Roy, who are believed to be the pioneers of this field in India. Y. K. Padhye's son <a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Padhye" title="Ramdas Padhye">Ramdas Padhye</a> borrowed from him and made the art popular amongst the masses through his performance on television. Ramdas Padhye's name is synonymous with puppet characters like Ardhavatrao<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also known as Mr. Crazy),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tatya Vinchu<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bunny the Funny which features in a television advertisement for Lijjat Papad, an Indian snack.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramdas Padhye's son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyajit_Padhye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satyajit Padhye (page does not exist)">Satyajit Padhye</a> is also a ventriloquist. </p><p>The popularity of ventriloquism fluctuates. Comedian <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dunham" title="Jeff Dunham">Jeff Dunham</a> has been credited with reviving the artform and is said to done more promoting it than anyone since Edgar Bergen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK in 2010, there were only 15 full-time professional ventriloquists, down from around 400 in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of modern ventriloquists have developed a following as the public taste for live comedy grows. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Zillah_%26_Totte" title="Zillah & Totte">Zillah & Totte</a> won the first season of <i><a href="/wiki/Talang_(Swedish_TV_series)" title="Talang (Swedish TV series)">Sweden's Got Talent</a></i> and became one of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>'s most popular family/children entertainers. A feature-length documentary about ventriloquism, <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_No_Dummy" title="I'm No Dummy">I'm No Dummy</a></i>, was released in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three ventriloquists have won <i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Got_Talent" title="America's Got Talent">America's Got Talent</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Terry_Fator" title="Terry Fator">Terry Fator</a> in 2007, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Zerdin" title="Paul Zerdin">Paul Zerdin</a> in 2015 and <a href="/wiki/Darci_Lynne" title="Darci Lynne">Darci Lynne</a> in 2017. Two ventriloquists, Damien James<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Christine_Barger" title="Christine Barger">Christine Barger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have appeared on <i><a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller:_Fool_Us" title="Penn & Teller: Fool Us">Penn & Teller: Fool Us</a></i>. Several ventriloquists have grown large followings on popular social media apps, as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocal_technique">Vocal technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventriloquism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocal technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_ventriloquist_act_Zillah_%26_Totte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Swedish_ventriloquist_act_Zillah_%26_Totte.png/220px-Swedish_ventriloquist_act_Zillah_%26_Totte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Swedish_ventriloquist_act_Zillah_%26_Totte.png/330px-Swedish_ventriloquist_act_Zillah_%26_Totte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Swedish_ventriloquist_act_Zillah_%26_Totte.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Swedish ventriloquist act <a href="/wiki/Zillah_%26_Totte" title="Zillah & Totte">Zillah & Totte</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One difficulty ventriloquists face is that all the sounds that they make must be made with lips slightly separated. For the <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> sounds <i>f</i>, <i>v</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>p</i>, and <i>m</i>, the only choice is to replace them with others. A widely parodied example of this difficulty is the "gottle o' gear", from the reputed inability of less-skilled practitioners to pronounce "bottle of beer".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If variations of the sounds <i>th</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>t</i>, and <i>n</i> are spoken quickly, it can be difficult for listeners to notice a difference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ventriloquist's_dummy"><span id="Ventriloquist.27s_dummy"></span>Ventriloquist's dummy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventriloquism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ventriloquist's dummy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ventriloquist_by_David_Shankbone-Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ventriloquist_by_David_Shankbone-Cropped.jpg/220px-Ventriloquist_by_David_Shankbone-Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ventriloquist_by_David_Shankbone-Cropped.jpg/330px-Ventriloquist_by_David_Shankbone-Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ventriloquist_by_David_Shankbone-Cropped.jpg/440px-Ventriloquist_by_David_Shankbone-Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A ventriloquist entertaining children at the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado" title="Pueblo, Colorado">Pueblo, Colorado</a>, Buell Children's Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern ventriloquists use multiple types of puppets in their presentations, ranging from soft cloth or foam puppets (Verna Finly's work is a pioneering example), flexible latex puppets (such as Steve Axtell's creations) and the traditional and familiar hard-headed knee figure (<a href="/wiki/Tim_Selberg" title="Tim Selberg">Tim Selberg</a>'s mechanized carvings). The classic dummies used by ventriloquists (the technical name for which is <b>ventriloquial figure</b>) vary in size anywhere from twelve inches tall to human-size and larger, with the height usually 34–42 in (86–107 cm). Traditionally, this type of puppet has been made from <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a> or wood. In modern times, other materials are often employed, including <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>-reinforced <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">urethanes</a>, filled (rigid) <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the ventriloquist’s dummy is given a flippant personality who unapologetically insults their ventriloquist and often members of the audience as well. </p><p>Great names in the history of dummy making include Jeff Dunham, Frank Marshall (the Chicago creator of Bergen's <a href="/wiki/Charlie_McCarthy" title="Charlie McCarthy">Charlie McCarthy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TalkingComedy_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TalkingComedy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelson's Danny O'Day,<sup id="cite_ref-TalkingComedy_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TalkingComedy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Winchell's Jerry Mahoney), Theo Mack and Son (Mack carved Charlie McCarthy's head), Revello Petee, Kenneth Spencer, Cecil Gough,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Glen & George McElroy. The McElroy brothers' figures are still considered by many ventriloquists as the apex of complex movement mechanics, with as many as fifteen facial and head movements controlled by interior finger keys and switches. Jeff Dunham referred to his McElroy figure Skinny Duggan as "the <a href="/wiki/Stradivarius" title="Stradivarius">Stradivarius</a> of dummies."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Juro_Novelty_Company" title="Juro Novelty Company">Juro Novelty Company</a> also manufactured dummies. Geoffrey Moran of Australia has built foam puppets Koala (Kevin) and Billy Baby. He has also built a wooden Irish Dancing Donut puppet along with Plunger the pull apart puppet, Ernie (from Tasmania) and Siegfried the World's Greatest Marching Band Leader. Other puppets, such as George, Darryl the Dinosaur, Goggles the bird, Barry the Box and Bruce the Robotic Bucket have been made by other associates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phobia">Phobia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventriloquism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phobia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique_male_ventriloquial_figure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Antique_male_ventriloquial_figure.jpg/170px-Antique_male_ventriloquial_figure.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Antique_male_ventriloquial_figure.jpg/255px-Antique_male_ventriloquial_figure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Antique_male_ventriloquial_figure.jpg/340px-Antique_male_ventriloquial_figure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Ventriloquist dummy in the shape of a young boy</figcaption></figure> <p>The plots of some <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">films and television programs</a> are based on "<a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">killer toy</a>" dummies that are alive and horrific. These include "<a href="/wiki/The_Dummy" title="The Dummy">The Dummy</a>", a May 4, 1962 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone" title="The Twilight Zone">The Twilight Zone</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Devil_Doll_(film)" title="Devil Doll (film)">Devil Doll</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Silence" title="Dead Silence">Dead Silence</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Zapatlela" title="Zapatlela">Zapatlela</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)">Buffy The Vampire Slayer</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Goosebumps_(original_series)" title="Goosebumps (original series)">Goosebumps</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Crypt_(TV_series)" title="Tales from the Crypt (TV series)">Tales from the Crypt</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Gotham_(TV_series)" title="Gotham (TV series)">Gotham</a></i> (the episode "<a href="/wiki/Nothing%27s_Shocking_(Gotham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothing's Shocking (Gotham)">Nothing's Shocking</a>"); <i><a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th:_The_Series" title="Friday the 13th: The Series">Friday the 13th: The Series</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story_4" title="Toy Story 4">Toy Story 4</a></i>; and <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i> in different episodes. This genre has also been satirized on television in <i><a href="/wiki/ALF_(TV_series)" title="ALF (TV series)">ALF</a></i> (the episode "I'm Your Puppet"); <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i> (the episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Chicken_Roaster" title="The Chicken Roaster">The Chicken Roaster</a>"); and the <a href="/wiki/Monty_(comic_strip)" title="Monty (comic strip)">comic strip <i>Monty</i></a>. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">psychological horror</a> films and other works feature <a href="/wiki/Psychotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic">psychotic</a> ventriloquists who believe their dummies are alive and use them as surrogates to commit frightening acts including murder. Examples of this include <a href="/wiki/Magic_(1978_film)" title="Magic (1978 film)">the 1978 film <i>Magic</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Dead_of_Night" title="Dead of Night">the 1945 anthology film <i>Dead of Night</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ventriloquist_(character)" title="Ventriloquist (character)">the Ventriloquist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> comics and other Batman media. </p><p>Literary examples of frightening ventriloquist dummies include <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Kersh" title="Gerald Kersh">Gerald Kersh</a>'s <i>The Horrible Dummy</i> and the story "The Glass Eye" by John Keir Cross. In music, <a href="/wiki/NRBQ" title="NRBQ">NRBQ's</a> video for their song "Dummy" (2004) features four ventriloquist dummies modelled after the band members who 'lip-sync' the song while wandering around a dark, abandoned house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventriloquism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lip_reading" title="Lip reading">Lip reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ventriloquists" title="List of ventriloquists">List of ventriloquists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multisensory_integration" title="Multisensory integration">Multisensory integration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shari_Lewis_Show" title="The Shari Lewis Show">The Shari Lewis Show</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_capture" title="Visual capture">Visual capture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventriloquism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a> explains in his book on ventriloquism that the voice is not actually "thrown"; rather, the illusion of distance is created by exerting pressure on the vocal chords.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventriloquism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, Ryan (2013). <i>Punch and Judy in 19th Century America: A History and Biographical Dictionary</i>. McFarland. p. 101. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-7270-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-7270-7">0-7864-7270-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenSykesSykesFowler1984" class="citation book cs1">Allen, R. E.; Sykes, John Bradbury; Sykes, J. B.; Fowler, Henry Watson; Fowler, Francis George (1984). <i>The Concise Oxford English Dictionary</i>. p. 1192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861131-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861131-5"><bdi>0-19-861131-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=1192&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-19-861131-5&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Sykes%2C+John+Bradbury&rft.au=Sykes%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Henry+Watson&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Francis+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB11-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB11_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB11_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a></i>, 1911, <i>Ventriloquism</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldini, Gabriele, and Gabriele Mandel (1967). <i>L'opera completa di Hogarth pittore</i>. Milano: Rizzoli. p. 112. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958953004">958953004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baron-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baron_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennie1825" class="citation book cs1">Rennie, James (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT1aL2-XQBgC"><i>The Art of Improving the Voice and Ear</i></a>. London: Septimus Prowett. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT1aL2-XQBgC&pg=PA40">40</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Improving+the+Voice+and+Ear&rft.place=London&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Septimus+Prowett&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Rennie&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZT1aL2-XQBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hodgson, John A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erudit.org/revue/ron/1999/v/n16/005878ar.html">"An Other Voice: Ventriloquism in the Romantic Period"</a>. <i>Romanticism on the Net</i> (16). Erudit. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F005878ar">10.7202/005878ar</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanticism+on+the+Net&rft.atitle=An+Other+Voice%3A+Ventriloquism+in+the+Romantic+Period&rft.issue=16&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F005878ar&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Frevue%2Fron%2F1999%2Fv%2Fn16%2F005878ar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-busby-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-busby_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusby1976" class="citation book cs1">Busby, Roy (1976). <i>British Music Hall: An Illustrated Who's Who from 1850 to the Present Day</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Ventriloquism+in+Victorian+and+Neo-Victorian+Fiction%3A+Passionate+Puppets&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781137271167&rft.au=Davies%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drk0sX1reV30C%26q%3Dfather%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Bventriloquism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/Ardhavatrao-The-100-year-old-puppet/videoshow/54441643.cms">"Ardhavatrao turns 100 Years Old"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 21 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ardhavatrao+turns+100+Years+Old&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fvideos%2Fnews%2FArdhavatrao-The-100-year-old-puppet%2Fvideoshow%2F54441643.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/Celebrating-the-centenary-of-a-puppet/article14990812.ece">"Celebrating the centenary of a puppet"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i> (November 1, 2016 ed.). 21 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>...Ardhavatrao, also known as Mr. Crazy, made famous all over the world by Mumbai-based ventriloquist Ramdas Padhye and his family - scored a century this year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+centenary+of+a+puppet&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fmumbai%2FCelebrating-the-centenary-of-a-puppet%2Farticle14990812.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwamy2013" class="citation web cs1">Swamy, Rohan (16 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/no-strings-attached/1129554/">"No Strings Attached"</a>. <i>indianexpress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indianexpress.com&rft.atitle=No+Strings+Attached&rft.date=2013-06-16&rft.aulast=Swamy&rft.aufirst=Rohan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fno-strings-attached%2F1129554%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubeyRana2019" class="citation web cs1">Dubey, Nimish; Rana, Akriti (10 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indian-ad-age-lijjat-papad-ad-6112576/">"Indian Ad-Age: How Lijjat Ad-ed value to the perfect Indian snack"</a>. <i>indianexpress.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indianexpress.com&rft.atitle=Indian+Ad-Age%3A+How+Lijjat+Ad-ed+value+to+the+perfect+Indian+snack&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.aulast=Dubey&rft.aufirst=Nimish&rft.au=Rana%2C+Akriti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment-others%2Findian-ad-age-lijjat-papad-ad-6112576%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-nov-04-et-dunham4-story.html">"Jeff Dunham throws his voice into stardom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 4 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Jeff+Dunham+throws+his+voice+into+stardom&rft.date=2009-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-nov-04-et-dunham4-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8702845.stm">"Return of the dummy run"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. BBC News. 25 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Return+of+the+dummy+run&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F8702845.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcinemareport.com/article/hollywood%E2%80%99s-corporate-delusion">"Hollywood's Corporate Delusion"</a>. <i>DigitalCinemaReport.com</i>. 9 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DigitalCinemaReport.com&rft.atitle=Hollywood%27s+Corporate+Delusion&rft.date=2009-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcinemareport.com%2Farticle%2Fhollywood%25E2%2580%2599s-corporate-delusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcptalent.com/talent/damien-james/">"Damien James | Comedian Ventriloquist"</a>. <i>MCP Talent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MCP+Talent&rft.atitle=Damien+James+%7C+Comedian+Ventriloquist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcptalent.com%2Ftalent%2Fdamien-james%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fox59.com/morning-news/indiana-ventriloquist-to-appear-on-penn-and-teller-fool-us/">"Indiana ventriloquist to appear on Penn and Teller: Fool Us"</a>. <i>Fox 59</i>. 22 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+59&rft.atitle=Indiana+ventriloquist+to+appear+on+Penn+and+Teller%3A+Fool+Us&rft.date=2018-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffox59.com%2Fmorning-news%2Findiana-ventriloquist-to-appear-on-penn-and-teller-fool-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2008" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Maxine; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9WDRKhHTOlQJ:www.nrdc.org.uk/download2.asp%3Ff%3D4338%26e%3Dpdf+%22Gottle+O%27+Geer%22+ventriloquist&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj7ipsg2zXjlTRNqkJnjZSbFb4AplwyqsOEVklt04m1xdg3yezFG51x0YN16cPT5QphP3o021u1V2cOkNNdW4JqF-INaHhpWfZ3mQY9YZ2pMc9GT6yXzz1DG7V__R6c6hxRNI5v&sig=AHIEtbR7r3yFGTX4_1eVbKqHl8G4S8Gt5A"><i>Improving Reading – Phonics and Fluency</i></a>. National Research and Development Centre for Adult Literacy and Numeracy, <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906395-07-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906395-07-0"><bdi>978-1-906395-07-0</bdi></a>. <q>Note the lip movement for 'big'. This is, of course, the origin of the ventriloquist's 'gottle o' gear'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improving+Reading+%E2%80%93+Phonics+and+Fluency&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=National+Research+and+Development+Centre+for+Adult+Literacy+and+Numeracy%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-906395-07-0&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3A9WDRKhHTOlQJ%3Awww.nrdc.org.uk%2Fdownload2.asp%253Ff%253D4338%2526e%253Dpdf%2B%2522Gottle%2BO%2527%2BGeer%2522%2Bventriloquist%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Duk%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESj7ipsg2zXjlTRNqkJnjZSbFb4AplwyqsOEVklt04m1xdg3yezFG51x0YN16cPT5QphP3o021u1V2cOkNNdW4JqF-INaHhpWfZ3mQY9YZ2pMc9GT6yXzz1DG7V__R6c6hxRNI5v%26sig%3DAHIEtbR7r3yFGTX4_1eVbKqHl8G4S8Gt5A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yt0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA154">"Look Inside A Dummy's Head."</a> <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, December 1954, pp. 154–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TalkingComedy-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TalkingComedy_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TalkingComedy_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126113434/http://www.talkingcomedy.com/SI-Vent-2005/legends-siVENT05/JN-LGND-siVENT05.html">"Ventriloquism LEGEND Profile: Jimmy Nelson"</a>. <i>TalkingComedy.com</i>. Vol. 4, no. 2. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TalkingComedy.com&rft.atitle=Ventriloquism+LEGEND+Profile%3A+Jimmy+Nelson&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkingcomedy.com%2FSI-Vent-2005%2Flegends-siVENT05%2FJN-LGND-siVENT05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427064550/http://howtodoventriloquism.com/ventriloquists/jeff-dunham-21st-century-ventriloquist/">"Jeff Dunham - 21st Century Ventriloquist"</a>. How To Do Ventriloquism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howtodoventriloquism.com/ventriloquists/jeff-dunham-21st-century-ventriloquist/">the original</a> on 27 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jeff+Dunham+-+21st+Century+Ventriloquist&rft.pub=How+To+Do+Ventriloquism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtodoventriloquism.com%2Fventriloquists%2Fjeff-dunham-21st-century-ventriloquist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunham, Jeff (2010). <i>Jeff Dunham: All By My Selves: Walter, Peanut, Achmed, and Me</i>. New American Library. p. 107. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23469-8">978-0-451-23469-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/archie-andrews-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-ventriloquists-dummy-516992.html">"Archie Andrews: The rise and fall of a ventriloquist's dummy"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. 26 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/archie-andrews-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-ventriloquists-dummy-516992.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Archie+Andrews%3A+The+rise+and+fall+of+a+ventriloquist%27s+dummy&rft.date=2005-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Farchie-andrews-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-ventriloquists-dummy-516992.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, R. G. (2000). <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantastic Film: Ali Baba to Zombies</i>. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 155. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55783-269-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55783-269-2">1-55783-269-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/no-strings-attached/1129554/">"Zapatlela uses possessed doll Tatya Vinchu"</a>. <i>indianexpress.com</i>. 20 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indianexpress.com&rft.atitle=Zapatlela+uses+possessed+doll+Tatya+Vinchu&rft.date=2009-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fno-strings-attached%2F1129554%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentriloquism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Vox, Valentine <i>I Can See Your Lips Moving, the history and art of ventriloquism</i> (1993) 224 pages. (3000 year history of the practice. Plato Publishing/Empire publications <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88734-622-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88734-622-7">0-88734-622-7</a></li> <li>Leigh Eric Schmidt (1998) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.materialreligion.org/journal/magic.html">From Demon Possession to Magic Show: Ventriloquism, Religion, and the Enlightenment</a>". <i>Church History</i>. 67 (2). 274–304.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~jimlee/tp141mabe.html">Ventriloquism, A Dissociated Perspective</a></i> by Angela Mabe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10735a.htm"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s necromancy entry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ventriloquism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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Brain"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nplusonemag.com/issue-49/essays/planet-puppet/">Description of a ventriloquism convention</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/N%2B1" title="N+1">N+1</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_absurd" title="Theatre of the absurd">Theatre of the absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">Novelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> 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