CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Australasian Antarctic Expedition - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"119a9e39-6f16-4591-a028-22e3d0e8d092","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition","wgTitle":"Australasian Antarctic Expedition","wgCurRevisionId":1260880342,"wgRevisionId":1260880342,"wgArticleId":3433767,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from November 2017","Use Australian English from March 2018","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Open Library links","Featured articles","Australasian Antarctic Expedition","1911 in Antarctica","1912 in Antarctica","1913 in Antarctica","1914 in Antarctica","Antarctic expeditions" ,"Expeditions from New Zealand","Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration","New Zealand and the Antarctic","History of the Ross Dependency","Australasia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition","wgRelevantArticleId":3433767,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q781233","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mawson_main_base.jpg/1200px-Mawson_main_base.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="846"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mawson_main_base.jpg/800px-Mawson_main_base.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="564"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mawson_main_base.jpg/640px-Mawson_main_base.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="451"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Australasian Antarctic Expedition - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition rootpage-Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Australasian+Antarctic+Expedition" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Australasian+Antarctic+Expedition" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Australasian+Antarctic+Expedition" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Australasian+Antarctic+Expedition" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Preparations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Preparations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Aims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ship_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ship and equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ship_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Expedition history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expedition_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Expedition history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Expedition_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voyage_south" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyage_south"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Voyage south </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyage_south-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_Denison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Denison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cape Denison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Denison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_season:_winter_1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_season:_winter_1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 First season: winter 1912 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_season:_winter_1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sledging,_1912–1913" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sledging,_1912–1913"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Sledging, 1912–1913 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sledging,_1912–1913-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.1 General plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Far_Eastern_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Far_Eastern_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.2 Far Eastern Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Far_Eastern_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sledging_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sledging_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.3 Other sledging parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sledging_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_second_season,_1913–1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_second_season,_1913–1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 The second season, 1913–1914 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_second_season,_1913–1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Western base </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macquarie_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macquarie_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Macquarie Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macquarie_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanographic_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanographic_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Oceanographic work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanographic_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appraisal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appraisal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Appraisal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appraisal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals_and_magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals_and_magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Journals and magazines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals_and_magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="البعثة الأسترالية للقارة القطبية الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البعثة الأسترالية للقارة القطبية الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Аўстралійская антарктычная экспедыцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўстралійская антарктычная экспедыцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_australasiatiske_antarktisekspedition" title="Den australasiatiske antarktisekspedition – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den australasiatiske antarktisekspedition" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasiatische_Antarktisexpedition" title="Australasiatische Antarktisexpedition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Australasiatische Antarktisexpedition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Australasiana" title="Expedición Antártica Australasiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expedición Antártica Australasiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="گروه اکتشافی جنوبگان استرالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه اکتشافی جنوبگان استرالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_antarctique_australasienne" title="Expédition antarctique australasienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expédition antarctique australasienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedizione_Aurora" title="Spedizione Aurora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spedizione Aurora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="משלחת אוסטרלאסיה לאנטארקטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משלחת אוסטרלאסיה לאנטארקטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Австралазиска антарктичка експедиција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Австралазиска антарктичка експедиција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australazische_Antarctische_expeditie" title="Australazische Antarctische expeditie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Australazische Antarctische expeditie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_australasiatiske_antarktisekspedisjonen" title="Den australasiatiske antarktisekspedisjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den australasiatiske antarktisekspedisjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_australasiatiske_antarktisekspedisjonen" title="Den australasiatiske antarktisekspedisjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den australasiatiske antarktisekspedisjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Australasi%C3%A1tica" title="Expedição Antártica Australasiática – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expedição Antártica Australasiática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралийская антарктическая экспедиция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австралийская антарктическая экспедиция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawsonin_etel%C3%A4naparetki_1912" title="Mawsonin etelänaparetki 1912 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mawsonin etelänaparetki 1912" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Австралійська антарктична експедиція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Австралійська антарктична експедиція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q781233#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&oldid=1260880342" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&id=1260880342&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAustralasian_Antarctic_Expedition">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAustralasian_Antarctic_Expedition">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q781233" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Expedition to Antarctica led by Douglas Mawson, 1911–1914</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mawson_main_base.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mawson_main_base.jpg/290px-Mawson_main_base.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mawson_main_base.jpg/435px-Mawson_main_base.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mawson_main_base.jpg/580px-Mawson_main_base.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mawson%27s_Huts" title="Mawson's Huts">main hut</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Denison" title="Cape Denison">Cape Denison</a></figcaption></figure> The Australasian Antarctic Expedition was a 1911–1914 expedition headed by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a> that explored the largely uncharted <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic</a> coast due south of <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a>. Mawson had been inspired to lead his own venture by his experiences on <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimrod expedition">Nimrod expedition</a> in 1907–1909. During its time in Antarctica, the expedition's sledging parties covered around 4,180 kilometres (2,600 mi) of unexplored territory, while its ship, <a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a>, navigated 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) of unmapped coastline. Scientific activities included <a href="/wiki/Meteorological" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> measurements, magnetic observations, an expansive <a href="/wiki/Oceanographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographic">oceanographic</a> program, and the collection of many biological and geological samples, including the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Adelie_Land_meteorite" title="Adelie Land meteorite">first meteorite found in Antarctica</a>. The expedition was the first to establish and maintain <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> contact between Antarctica and Australia. Another planned innovation – the use of an aircraft – was thwarted by an accident before the expedition sailed. The plane's fuselage was adapted to form a motorised sledge or "air-tractor", but it proved to be of very limited usefulness. The expedition was organised into three bases: one on the sub-Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a> and two on the Antarctic mainland. The <a href="/wiki/Mawson%27s_Huts" title="Mawson's Huts">main base</a>, under Mawson's command, was set up at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Denison" title="Cape Denison">Cape Denison</a>, about 500 kilometres (300 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Adare" title="Cape Adare">Cape Adare</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Western_Base_party" title="Western Base party">western base</a> under <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a> was established on the <a href="/wiki/Shackleton_Ice_Shelf" title="Shackleton Ice Shelf">Shackleton Ice Shelf</a>, more than 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) west of Cape Denison. Activities at both mainland bases were hampered by extreme winds, which often made outside work impossible. The expedition was marred by the deaths of two members during an attempt to reach <a href="/wiki/Oates_Land" title="Oates Land">Oates Land</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belgrave_Edward_Ninnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrave Edward Ninnis">Belgrave Edward Ninnis</a>, who fell into a <a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">crevasse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Mertz" title="Xavier Mertz">Xavier Mertz</a>, who died on the harrowing return journey. Mawson, their sledging partner, was then forced to make an arduous solo trek back to base; he missed the ship, and had to spend an extra year at Cape Denison, along with a relief party of six. This sojourn was made difficult by the mental breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Jeffryes" title="Sidney Jeffryes">Sidney Jeffryes</a>, the wireless operator. When Mawson returned from Antarctica, he was given a hero's welcome and received many honours, including a knighthood. The scientific studies provided copious, detailed data – which took thirty years to completely publish – and the expedition's broad exploration program laid the groundwork for Australia's later territorial claims in Antarctica. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg/170px-Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg/255px-Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg/340px-Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a> (1914)</figcaption></figure> In January 1909, a three-man party from <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimrod expedition">Nimrod expedition</a> calculated that they had reached the <a href="/wiki/South_Magnetic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="South Magnetic Pole">South Magnetic Pole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2005231,_244-1">[1]</a> The party included a young Australian geologist, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a>, who, inspired by his experiences, came home with thoughts of organising his own expedition. His particular interest lay not in the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, but in investigating the Antarctic lands west of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Adare" title="Cape Adare">Cape Adare</a>, immediately to the south of Australia. That coast had been indeterminately explored in the 1840s by the French under <a href="/wiki/Jules-S%C3%A9bastien-C%C3%A9sar_Dumont_D%27Urville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules-Sébastien-César Dumont D'Urville">Dumont D'Urville</a> and by the American <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Charles Wilkes</a>, but had not been visited since.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200935–36-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012213-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011264–265-4">[4]</a> In January 1910, in London, Mawson met <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>, who was then preparing his <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Nova expedition">Terra Nova expedition</a>. Mawson proposed that he should join this expedition as the head of an independent team, based at Cape Adare. Although Scott was interested, they were unable to agree on the scope of Mawson's responsibilities. Shackleton, who was in London investigating the possibility of organising and financing an expedition of his own, suggested to Mawson that he could act as its chief scientist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200938-5">[5]</a> While Shackleton raised funds by lecturing in America, Mawson was dispatched to investigate the possibility of purchasing and developing a goldmine in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014238-6">[6]</a> As the proposition looked doubtful, Mawson hurried across the Atlantic to brief Shackleton and to check that he was still committed to the expedition. On 16 May, Shackleton issued a statement confirming Mawson's position as chief scientist, adding that, should he (Shackleton) be unable to accompany the expedition, "D. Mawson will be in charge, and I shall still use my influence ... in regard to raising the necessary funds". With this assurance, Mawson returned to Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012214-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200938–39-8">[8]</a> Mawson's feelings of uncertainty were renewed as months of silence followed; Shackleton was still trying to float the gold mining venture and struggling to raise funds for the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014239-9">[9]</a> Finally, on 1 December, Shackleton confirmed that he would not be going but would, as promised, give Mawson his full support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012214-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200939–40-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a map showing Australia and the area of Antarctica due south of it. The labelled places outside Antarctica are Sydney, Wellington, Hobart, and Macquarie Island; and from east to west in Antarctica, Cape Adare, main base, western base, Gaussberg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition_English.png/220px-Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition_English.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition_English.png/330px-Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition_English.png/440px-Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition_English.png 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Some of the locations important for the expedition</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aims">Aims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aims">edit</a>]</div> In January 1911, Mawson revealed his plans at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science">Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (AAAS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200940-11">[11]</a> He intended to operate in the Antarctic coastal arc between Cape Adare in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Gaussberg" title="Gaussberg">Gaussberg</a> in the west. Within these bounds, Mawson said, lay territory "of whose outline and glacial features [only] the barest evidence has been furnished".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008xi-12">[12]</a> A full scientific and geographical investigation of these lands would be accompanied by a ship-based oceanographic program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200940–41-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19193–4-14">[14]</a> The AAAS responded enthusiastically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012214-7">[7]</a> A committee was formed under the chairmanship of Professor <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a> (who had stood with Mawson at the South Magnetic Pole),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200941-15">[15]</a> and Mawson soon acquired the backing of the scientific and political communities, as well as pledges of financial support from leading industrialists. Assured that his expedition was now safely launched, Mawson travelled to London to begin practical arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200941-15">[15]</a> Mawson's original intention had been to set up his main shore base at Cape Adare and establish others further west. He felt it necessary to modify this arrangement when, in March 1911, he learned that Scott's expedition was sending a northern party to the Cape Adare region. As a consequence, he decided to place his main base well to the west of the cape, in uncharted territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012219-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[n 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ship_and_equipment">Ship and equipment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ship and equipment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora_anchored_to_floe-ice_off_the_West_Base.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aurora_anchored_to_floe-ice_off_the_West_Base.jpg/220px-Aurora_anchored_to_floe-ice_off_the_West_Base.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aurora_anchored_to_floe-ice_off_the_West_Base.jpg/330px-Aurora_anchored_to_floe-ice_off_the_West_Base.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aurora_anchored_to_floe-ice_off_the_West_Base.jpg/440px-Aurora_anchored_to_floe-ice_off_the_West_Base.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7699" data-file-height="5421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a> anchored to floe-ice off the western base during the expedition</figcaption></figure> In London, in search of a suitable ship, Mawson sought the help of <a href="/wiki/John_King_Davis" title="John King Davis">John King Davis</a>, to whom he offered the post of ship's master and second-in-command of the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200941–42-19">[18]</a> Davis had served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_named_Nimrod" title="List of ships named Nimrod">Nimrod</a>'s chief officer during Shackleton's recent expedition and had acted as its captain on the voyage back to England. He accepted Mawson's offer without hesitation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200942-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBéchervaise1981-21">[20]</a> Mawson hoped to secure one of the new Antarctic expedition ships – Scott's <a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a>, Nimrod, or <a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">William Speirs Bruce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a> – but none of these was available. He finally settled on <a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">Aurora</a>, an old Dundee <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whaler</a>, built in 1876 to work in northern waters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200944-22">[21]</a> In 1884, she had participated in the rescue efforts for American Arctic explorer <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Adolphus Greely</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19195–8-23">[22]</a> The ship cost <a href="/wiki/Pounds_sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds sterling">£</a>6,000, which Mawson considered a bargain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200944-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011266–267-24">[23]</a> Davis supervised an extensive refit, which included alterations to her rigging and much internal reorganisation to provide appropriate accommodation, laboratories and extra storage space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011267-25">[24]</a> The specialist equipment required for the oceanographic program included two <a href="/wiki/Depth_sounding#Mechanisation" title="Depth sounding">sounding machines</a>: a No. 1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Edward_Lucas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Edward Lucas (page does not exist)">Lucas</a> sounder for work in depths up to 10,970 metres (6,000 fathoms), lent to the expedition by Bruce, and a lighter Kelvin machine for use in shallower depths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011267-25">[24]</a> Mawson also acquired a small monoplane from <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a>, for both its potential utility and its considerable publicity value.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200945-26">[25]</a> The plane was shipped to Australia, where it was badly damaged during a demonstration flight, whereupon Mawson abandoned the idea of an aircraft, removing the wings and adapting the fuselage body and engine to create a motor-sledge, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Air-tractor_sledge" title="Air-tractor sledge">air-tractor</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200949–50-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012324–325-28">[27]</a> Mawson's technological interests extended to the new field of wireless telegraphy. After discussions with the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau</a>, he decided to set up an extra base on <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a>, at the midpoint between <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and Antarctica, to act as a relay station for wireless messages between Antarctica and Australia. Establishing a base at Macquarie would have the additional benefit of allowing the first proper survey and scientific study of the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200950-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012224-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel">Personnel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Australasian_Antarctic_expedition" title="List of members of the Australasian Antarctic expedition">List of members of the Australasian Antarctic expedition</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dogs_of_the_Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Dogs of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Dogs of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></div> Before returning to Australia, Mawson recruited "the oldest resident of Antarctica",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson200813-31">[30]</a> the polar veteran <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a>, as leader of one of the proposed mainland bases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012283-32">[31]</a> Wild had turned down an invitation to join Scott's expedition; he disliked Scott's rigidity, considering him "too much the navy man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007126-33">[32]</a> Mawson also took on <a href="/wiki/Belgrave_Edward_Ninnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrave Edward Ninnis">Belgrave Edward Ninnis</a>, a 23-year-old lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a> whose father, also called <a href="/wiki/Belgrave_Ninnis" title="Belgrave Ninnis">Belgrave Ninnis</a>, had accompanied the <a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> of 1875–1876.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200942-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2007201-34">[33]</a> Ninnis was to take charge of the expedition's fifty <a href="/wiki/Greenland_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland dog">sledge dogs</a> once they arrived from <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaneTiffin2012186-35">[34]</a> even though he had no previous experience with dogs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012282–283-36">[35]</a> He was to be assisted by another novice dog handler, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Guillaume_Mertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Xavier Guillaume Mertz">Xavier Guillaume Mertz</a>, a Swiss ski-jumping champion and mountaineer, whose skiing expertise Mawson thought would be an important asset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012283-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200945–46-37">[36]</a> To preserve the expedition's predominantly Australasian character, Mawson recruited his science staff from the universities of Australia and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson200813-31">[30]</a> In key positions were <a href="/wiki/Eric_Webb" title="Eric Webb">Eric Webb</a>, a 22-year-old New Zealander who became chief magnetician,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200951-38">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Madigan" title="Cecil Madigan">Cecil Madigan</a>, also 22, who was appointed as the main base's meteorologist. Madigan deferred a <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a> at Oxford University for a year to join the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200951-38">[37]</a> The decision to establish a wireless relay and scientific station on Macquarie Island meant the recruitment of a further five-man team. To command the station, Mawson appointed <a href="/wiki/George_Ainsworth" title="George Ainsworth">George Ainsworth</a> from the Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau, along with two wireless technicians, a geologist and a biologist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200950-29">[28]</a> As the expedition's photographer, Mawson was eventually persuaded to engage <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a> who had offered his services for free as soon as he had heard Mawson was recruiting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200978-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finance">edit</a>]</div> In accordance with his undertaking to support the expedition, Shackleton persuaded the press baron <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Northcliffe" title="Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe">Lord Northcliffe</a> to publish an appeal for funds in the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>. The appeal resulted in an immediate influx of money; more than £6,000 in two days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012297–299-40">[39]</a> The British government gave £2,000,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012293-41">[40]</a> and, after a successful presentation by Mawson, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> contributed £500.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012221-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200943–44-43">[42]</a> All told, following the appeal, British sources provided an amount close to £10,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012216-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[n 2]</a> In Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">federal government</a> gave £5,000, and the state governments together provided £18,500.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200948–49-47">[45]</a> With private donations and the British money, the expedition's total funds rose to around £38,000, still some way short of its spending commitments, but enough to send it on its way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012221-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[n 3]</a> Fundraising efforts continued while the expedition was in the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012253-50">[47]</a> When the expedition was over and the ship and other assets had been sold off, the overall deficit, according to Mawson's accounting, was £4,462; this, he hoped, would be made up by royalties on the sale of the expedition book and from lecture fees. He estimated that a further £8,000 would be required to publish the scientific findings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008544–545-51">[48]</a> The problems of meeting these financial obligations would preoccupy Mawson for many years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012256–257-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[n 4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition_history">Expedition history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expedition history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voyage_south">Voyage south</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Voyage south">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unloading_supplies_at_Cape_Denison,_1911-1914_(6438929857).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Unloading_supplies_at_Cape_Denison%2C_1911-1914_%286438929857%29.jpg/220px-Unloading_supplies_at_Cape_Denison%2C_1911-1914_%286438929857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Unloading_supplies_at_Cape_Denison%2C_1911-1914_%286438929857%29.jpg/330px-Unloading_supplies_at_Cape_Denison%2C_1911-1914_%286438929857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Unloading_supplies_at_Cape_Denison%2C_1911-1914_%286438929857%29.jpg/440px-Unloading_supplies_at_Cape_Denison%2C_1911-1914_%286438929857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Unloading at Cape Denison, January 1912</figcaption></figure> On 28 July 1911, Aurora – her deck teeming with the 48 dogs that had survived the trip from Greenland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaneTiffin2012185-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[n 5]</a> laden with sledges and with more than 3,000 cases of stores on board – left London for <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, where she loaded 500 tons of coal briquettes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011269-58">[53]</a> She left Cardiff on 4 August, and arrived at Queens Wharf, <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, on 4 November, after a three-month voyage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis191911–15-59">[54]</a> In a flurry of activity, additional fuel, stores and equipment were taken aboard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200951–56-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012347–348-61">[56]</a> Mawson chartered a steamer, SS Toroa, to carry part of the burden as far as Macquarie Island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200955-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012339-63">[58]</a> After a series of farewell ceremonies and functions, Aurora was given a tumultuous dockside send-off from Hobart on 2 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012354–356-64">[59]</a> The passage to Macquarie Island was rough: waves repeatedly overwhelmed the ship, half-drowning the dogs and soaking the men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012358–60-65">[60]</a> Part of Aurora's bridge was washed away, and the cargo stored above deck suffered damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007135-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200956–57-67">[62]</a> The bad weather finally abated, and they reached Macquarie Island on 13 December, where they were joined by Toroa soon afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200957-68">[63]</a> When Ainsworth's party and its equipment were established on land, Toroa returned to Hobart, and on 24 December, after carrying out survey work, Aurora sailed on south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis191920–22-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007136–137-70">[65]</a> Mawson's hopes of finding a suitable coastline to the west of Cape Adare were soon dashed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson200849-71">[66]</a> The coast remained hidden behind impenetrable ice, and the land reported by Wilkes in 1840 appeared to be non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012227-72">[67]</a> As the ship sailed further west, Mawson decided to reduce his land bases from three to two, by consolidating the proposed central base with the main base and placing Wild in charge of a single <a href="/wiki/Western_Base_party" title="Western Base party">western base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200961–62-73">[68]</a> On 8 January 1912, rounding a large glacier, they sailed into a gulf which Mawson later named <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bay" title="Commonwealth Bay">Commonwealth Bay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200962–63-74">[69]</a> and on further exploration they discovered a long sheltered inlet which they dubbed Boat Harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyres200363-75">[70]</a> Here, a reconnaissance party found a rocky spot at a location which they named <a href="/wiki/Cape_Denison" title="Cape Denison">Cape Denison</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Denison" title="Hugh Denison">Hugh Denison</a>, one of the expedition's early sponsors, and Mawson decided to establish the main base there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012228-76">[71]</a> The work of unloading the ship, frequently interrupted by storms and winds, continued until 18 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200964-77">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012402–404-78">[73]</a> The next day, with time running short before the onset of winter, Aurora sailed away to find a suitable site for Wild's western base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012229-79">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_Denison">Cape Denison</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cape Denison">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_season:_winter_1912">First season: winter 1912</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First season: winter 1912">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_wind_Mawson_Hurley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a man in polar gear leans into the face of high winds while attempting to swing an ice axe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Antarctica_wind_Mawson_Hurley.jpg/220px-Antarctica_wind_Mawson_Hurley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Antarctica_wind_Mawson_Hurley.jpg/330px-Antarctica_wind_Mawson_Hurley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Antarctica_wind_Mawson_Hurley.jpg/440px-Antarctica_wind_Mawson_Hurley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6246" data-file-height="4741" /></a><figcaption>Exceptionally high winds hampered work outside</figcaption></figure> The main base quarters provided a spacious living space, 7.3 by 7.3 metres (24 by 24 ft), with an attached workshop and a wide verandah for storage and housing the dogs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200965–66-80">[75]</a> Away from the main huts were smaller structures, used for magnetic observations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200969-81">[76]</a> The party quickly discovered that their chosen location was an exceptionally windy spot; powerful <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">katabatic winds</a> swept down to the bay from the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">ice sheet</a>, storms frequently pummelled the coast, and intense localised <a href="/wiki/Whirlwind" title="Whirlwind">whirlwinds</a> battered the men and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson200888–90-82">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Carsten Borchgrevink</a>, wintering at Cape Adare in 1899–1900, had reported frequent wind speeds in excess of 64 kilometres per hour (40 mph), and in one 12-hour period winds averaged above 130 kilometres per hour (80 mph), with gusts estimated to exceed 164 kilometres per hour (102 mph).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchgrevink2014306–307-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[n 6]</a> They had unknowingly settled in one of the windiest sites in Antarctica; Mawson frequently recorded gusts between 240 kilometres per hour (150 mph) and 290 kilometres per hour (180 mph) at Cape Denison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012236–237-85">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011270-86">[80]</a> Mawson had planned, before winter closed in, to carry out some experimental sledging work, and on 1 March, he, Madigan and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Robert_Bage" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Frederick Robert Bage">Bob Bage</a> managed a journey of 8 kilometres (5 mi), before depositing a sledge and stores and returning to the hut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012451–452-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200972–73-88">[82]</a> For the next five months, life was largely concentrated in the hut and centred on various scientific activities. Some outside work was unavoidable; the meteorologists and the magneticians made their daily readings regardless of conditions. In rare lulls, efforts were made to erect the wireless masts and establish contact with Macquarie Island, but after repeated failures, these attempts were temporarily abandoned at the end of April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008120-89">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilisk_%26_Ginger_at_Main_Base_photograph_by_Xavier_Mertz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two large dogs with dark, heavy fur stand on snow and rock. They are chained to a crate and face the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Basilisk_%26_Ginger_at_Main_Base_photograph_by_Xavier_Mertz.jpg/220px-Basilisk_%26_Ginger_at_Main_Base_photograph_by_Xavier_Mertz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Basilisk_%26_Ginger_at_Main_Base_photograph_by_Xavier_Mertz.jpg/330px-Basilisk_%26_Ginger_at_Main_Base_photograph_by_Xavier_Mertz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Basilisk_%26_Ginger_at_Main_Base_photograph_by_Xavier_Mertz.jpg/440px-Basilisk_%26_Ginger_at_Main_Base_photograph_by_Xavier_Mertz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Basilisk and Ginger, two of the <a href="/wiki/Sledge_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sledge dog">sledge dogs</a>, at Cape Denison</figcaption></figure> The general routine of hut life was enlivened by elaborate celebrations of birthdays, often concluding with improvised concerts. When there was a shortage of birthdays, other occasions were eulogised; Mawson records that even the anniversary of the "First Lighting of London by Gas" was observed "with extraordinary éclat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008116-90">[84]</a> Much use was made of the expedition's library, especially the books that brought, as Mawson put it, "the sudden breath of a world of warmth and colour, richness and vivacity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008117–118-91">[85]</a> On 9 August, Ninnis and Mertz ventured out, to carry stores up to the five-mile depot established in March. They named this spot "Aladdin's Cave".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200990-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008158-93">[87]</a> The beginning of September saw a break in the weather, which allowed work on the wireless masts to be completed. They began transmitting to Macquarie Island but received nothing back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012507-94">[88]</a> Several sledging journeys were possible in September before the weather closed in again;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200994–95-95">[89]</a> on 9 October a particularly violent wind brought the recently erected wireless masts crashing down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008120-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012512-96">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sledging,_1912–1913">Sledging, 1912–1913</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sledging, 1912–1913">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="General_plan">General plan</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General plan">edit</a>]</div> On 27 October 1912, Mawson announced his plans for the sledging season ahead. A Southern Party led by Bage would head south, towards the Magnetic Pole, making magnetic observations along the way. An Eastern Coastal Party, under Madigan, would explore and map the coastline to the east of Cape Denison. At the same time, a Western Party under <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bickerton" title="Frank Bickerton">Frank Bickerton</a> would take the motorised sledge to explore the plateau to the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008175–176-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200998–100-98">[92]</a> The longest journey would be undertaken by a Far Eastern Party, consisting of Mertz, Ninnis and Mawson, which would take the dogs and attempt to reach <a href="/wiki/Oates_Land" title="Oates Land">Oates Land</a>, some 560 kilometres (350 mi) distant in the vicinity of Cape Adare. Other groups would form support parties for the main journeys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200998–100-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008176-99">[93]</a> All parties would be required to return to base by 15 January 1913, when Aurora was expected to retrieve them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel200081-100">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Far_Eastern_Party">Far Eastern Party</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Far Eastern Party">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mertz_and_Ninnis_arrive_at_Aladdin%27s_Cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men in polar gear drive a sledge dog team pulling a heavily laden sledge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mertz_and_Ninnis_arrive_at_Aladdin%27s_Cave.jpg/220px-Mertz_and_Ninnis_arrive_at_Aladdin%27s_Cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mertz_and_Ninnis_arrive_at_Aladdin%27s_Cave.jpg/330px-Mertz_and_Ninnis_arrive_at_Aladdin%27s_Cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mertz_and_Ninnis_arrive_at_Aladdin%27s_Cave.jpg/440px-Mertz_and_Ninnis_arrive_at_Aladdin%27s_Cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3041" data-file-height="2303" /></a><figcaption>Mertz and Ninnis at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a> expedition, 1912</figcaption></figure> Mawson's Far Eastern Party left on 10 November and made good distances when the weather allowed. By 14 December, they had travelled more than 480 kilometres (300 mi) towards Oates Land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009110–113-101">[95]</a> Shortly after noon, as Mawson paused to calculate latitude, he saw that Mertz had stopped and was looking behind him. There was no sign of Ninnis. Mawson and Mertz retraced their steps and found a <a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">crevasse</a> about 3.4 metres (11 ft) across; tracks on the far side made it clear that Ninnis, with his sledge and dogs, had fallen into the depths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009115-102">[96]</a> Far below on a ledge, they could see the bodies of two dogs, and debris from the sledge, but no sign of Ninnis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012241–242-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel2000119-104">[98]</a> Their remaining ropes were far too short of reaching even the first ledge which they measured to be at a depth of 46 metres (150 ft), so they had no option except to hope that Ninnis would answer their shouts. They spent several hours calling but – having received no response – they were forced to give him up for dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009115–117-105">[99]</a> Shocked at the sudden loss of their companion, Mawson and Mertz now had to consider their own prospects. Ninnis's sledge had been carrying most of their provisions and equipment, and all of the dog food, leaving them with about 11 or 12 days' rations. To reach base, they would have to augment these meagre supplies by shooting and eating the surviving dogs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012540–541-106">[100]</a> They travelled steadily over the next days, despite Mawson suffering from <a href="/wiki/Snow-blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow-blindness">snow-blindness</a>; by 25 December, they calculated that they were 254 kilometres (158 mi) from Cape Denison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009126-107">[101]</a> On 29 December, they killed the last of the dogs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012242-108">[102]</a> Both men had been feeling unwell, but from New Year's Day 1913 there was a sudden and rapid deterioration in Mertz's health; he had frostbite and became delirious and agitated.<a href="#cite_note-112">[n 7]</a> After a weather delay, they resumed their journey on the evening of 3 January, but they did not get far before the weather and Mertz's frostbite forced them to stop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008211–213-113">[106]</a> They laid up until 3 January when Mertz agreed to push on, but his condition continued to worsen, and though Mawson managed to drag him on the sledge they could not cover much ground. Mertz died early on 8 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009126–130-114">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012556–559-115">[108]</a> Mawson was around 160 kilometres (100 mi) from the base, which was, he observed, a relatively short distance for a healthy man, but a long way for one weak and famished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012558-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[n 8]</a> After burying Mertz and marking his grave, Mawson prepared for the journey ahead. To lighten his burden, he used a small pocket tool to cut his sledge in half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009130–134-119">[111]</a> On 11 January, the weather cleared, and he set out. His extreme weakness and, in particular, the condition of his feet, meant he could not travel great distances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012564–566-120">[112]</a> On 17 January, he fell into a crevasse and hung there by a rope from the sledge, which fortunately did not fall. It took him more than four hours to extricate himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012244-121">[113]</a> As he drew nearer to the base, he was frustratingly delayed by more bad weather. On 29 January he discovered a cairn, left by a search party, with food and a message telling him he was 37 kilometres (23 mi) from Aladdin's Cave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012245-122">[114]</a> Three days later, Mawson reached the cave, where he discovered more provisions, but something that was missing from the cave was extra pairs of crampons which he would need to make the final descent to the base. He had thrown his last pair of crampons away after clearing the final glacier a few days earlier knowing that there would be another pair at Aladdin's Cave. Bad weather meant he could not set out again until 8 February, but during this time he managed to make a pair of homemade crampons out of the wood from packing crates and loose nails which he then used for the final leg of his journey. As he descended the final slope towards the base, he thought he saw smoke on the horizon, which he took to be coming from the departing ship. When he arrived at the base, he found that the ship had indeed sailed, earlier that day, leaving a group of five – Bickerton, Bage, Madigan, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hodgeman" title="Alfred Hodgeman">Alfred Hodgeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Lang_McLean" title="Archibald Lang McLean">Archibald McLean</a> – and a new wireless technician, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Jeffryes" title="Sidney Jeffryes">Sidney Jeffryes</a>, as a rescue party for the missing men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009144–146-123">[115]</a> Mawson radioed the ship, asking Davis to return and pick up the party; Davis attempted to comply, and brought the ship back to Commonwealth Bay, but a severe gale prevented the ship from anchoring or launching a boat. After sitting offshore for a day and worried that with further delays, Aurora would not reach Wild's western base before being blocked by winter ice, Davis gave up and headed west,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009151–153-124">[116]</a> leaving the Cape Denison group to spend another year at the base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012146–147-125">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_sledging_parties">Other sledging parties</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other sledging parties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air-tractor1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Air-tractor1.jpg/220px-Air-tractor1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Air-tractor1.jpg/330px-Air-tractor1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Air-tractor1.jpg/440px-Air-tractor1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7587" data-file-height="4918" /></a><figcaption>The motorised sledge or "air-tractor" created from a damaged <a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane</a> did not prove a success.</figcaption></figure> The Eastern Coastal Party under Madigan left the base on 8 November, following the coast eastwards. They continued, mapping as they went and collecting geological and biological samples, to just beyond the 150° E mark, about 430 kilometres (270 mi) from the base. Near that point, they discovered a rocky headland, more than 300 metres (1,000 ft) high, with a magnificent columnar structure resembling organ pipes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009158-126">[118]</a> Madigan described this as a "cathedral of nature";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadigan2008276-127">[119]</a> it was later named <a href="/wiki/Horn_Bluff" title="Horn Bluff">Horn Bluff</a>, after <a href="/wiki/William_Horn" title="William Horn">William Horn</a>, one of the expedition's sponsors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS_Antarctica_ID_6994-128">[120]</a> On their return journey, they celebrated Christmas Day as they camped on a <a href="/wiki/Ice_tongue" title="Ice tongue">glacier tongue</a>, unaware that Mawson and Mertz were camped in the upper reaches of the same glacier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012552-129">[121]</a> After completing a full coastal survey, Madigan's party returned to the base on 16 January 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012570-130">[122]</a> Bage's Southern Party left Cape Denison on 10 November,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBage2008226-131">[123]</a> and marched south in the direction of the Magnetic Pole as Webb made daily magnetic observations. They soon found that magnetic disturbances played havoc with the compass readings, and they steered by the sun, "a more than efficient substitute", Bage noted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBage2008236-132">[124]</a> On 21 December, they were 484 kilometres (301 mi) from the base. However, their magnetic readings indicated that they were still some distance from the Magnetic Pole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009157-133">[125]</a> To avoid the risk of missing the ship, they turned for home. The latter part of this journey was gruelling, as they missed their final food depot, and had to make a rapid 100-kilometre (60 mi) dash to reach the base by 11 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012563–564-134">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBage2008253-135">[127]</a> The Western Party delayed its departure until 3 December, hoping that better weather would aid the running of the motor-sledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008294–295-136">[128]</a> The machine had performed satisfactorily in trials, and it ran well initially, but 16 kilometres (10 mi) out from the base, one of its cylinders began misfiring. The trouble worsened; the engine stalled suddenly, and the propeller was wrecked. The motor-sledge was abandoned, and the party continued its journey by man-hauling,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008295–296-137">[129]</a> travelling 254 kilometres (158 mi) west across the plateau before turning for home. Their most important geological find was a meteorite, the first discovered in Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012248-138">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008297-139">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_second_season,_1913–1914">The second season, 1913–1914</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The second season, 1913–1914">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Return_of_the_Night-watchman._Hodgeman_pushing_his_way_through_the_snow_into_the_Hut_after_a_visit_to_the_Meteorological_screen_Aae_36697h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man crawls through a passageway filled with snow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Return_of_the_Night-watchman._Hodgeman_pushing_his_way_through_the_snow_into_the_Hut_after_a_visit_to_the_Meteorological_screen_Aae_36697h.jpg/170px-Return_of_the_Night-watchman._Hodgeman_pushing_his_way_through_the_snow_into_the_Hut_after_a_visit_to_the_Meteorological_screen_Aae_36697h.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Return_of_the_Night-watchman._Hodgeman_pushing_his_way_through_the_snow_into_the_Hut_after_a_visit_to_the_Meteorological_screen_Aae_36697h.jpg/255px-Return_of_the_Night-watchman._Hodgeman_pushing_his_way_through_the_snow_into_the_Hut_after_a_visit_to_the_Meteorological_screen_Aae_36697h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Return_of_the_Night-watchman._Hodgeman_pushing_his_way_through_the_snow_into_the_Hut_after_a_visit_to_the_Meteorological_screen_Aae_36697h.jpg/340px-Return_of_the_Night-watchman._Hodgeman_pushing_his_way_through_the_snow_into_the_Hut_after_a_visit_to_the_Meteorological_screen_Aae_36697h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Hodgeman returning to the hut after taking meteorological readings</figcaption></figure> For the group left at Cape Denison, winter came early, confining them mostly to the hut for many months. The previous year's program of magnetic and meteorological observations was resumed, as were the routines of daily life at the base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009156–157-140">[132]</a> Many of the group found they had time on their hands, and McLean, in the tradition of earlier expeditions, took advantage of this to edit and produce a magazine, the Adelie Blizzard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012628–630-141">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008401–403-142">[134]</a> One major improvement on the previous year was that, from 20 February, regular wireless contact with Macquarie Island was established, which allowed the group to stay in touch with the outside world until 8 June, when strong winds once again brought down the wireless masts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008398–400-143">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009160-144">[136]</a> The wireless operator, Jeffryes, was initially a conscientious and respected member of the group,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009159-145">[137]</a> but from mid-June, his behaviour began to deteriorate. He became moody and aggressive, challenging his hut mates to fights, mumbling to himself, developing a persecution mentality and neglecting his hygiene. This was alarming enough for the rest of the group, but when the wireless masts were re-erected early in August, Jeffryes began sending out wild messages, claiming that all the others apart from Mawson had gone insane and were trying to murder him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012250–251-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009161–167-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECansdale2018-148">[140]</a> Bickerton began practising operating the wireless, and Mawson sent a message to Ainsworth at the Macquarie Island wireless station to censor all communications received from Jeffryes. Finally, in a period of semi-lucidity, Jeffryes asked to be relieved from his duties, and Bickerton permanently took over the wireless operator's role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009168-149">[141]</a> As the weather was improving, Mawson decided that he would take out a final sledging party with Madigan and Hodgeman, primarily to recover equipment that had been dumped or cached during the journeys of the previous year. In this, they were largely unsuccessful. They returned to base on 12 December, and Aurora arrived the next day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009169–171-150">[142]</a> They finally left Cape Denison on 24 December 1913. As they sailed away, they could see the cross, erected on high ground by Bickerton and McLean, commemorating their lost comrades, Ninnis and Mertz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009173-151">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012651-152">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_base">Western base</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Western base">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_and_Watson_in_sleeping_bag_tent_on_sledge_journey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wild_and_Watson_in_sleeping_bag_tent_on_sledge_journey.jpg/220px-Wild_and_Watson_in_sleeping_bag_tent_on_sledge_journey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wild_and_Watson_in_sleeping_bag_tent_on_sledge_journey.jpg/330px-Wild_and_Watson_in_sleeping_bag_tent_on_sledge_journey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wild_and_Watson_in_sleeping_bag_tent_on_sledge_journey.jpg/440px-Wild_and_Watson_in_sleeping_bag_tent_on_sledge_journey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a> (left), leader of the Far Western Party, with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Douglas_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Douglas Watson">Andrew Watson</a> during the sledging expedition</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Antarctic_Expedition_Hoadley_SLNSW_FL20824513.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Australian_Antarctic_Expedition_Hoadley_SLNSW_FL20824513.jpg/220px-Australian_Antarctic_Expedition_Hoadley_SLNSW_FL20824513.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Australian_Antarctic_Expedition_Hoadley_SLNSW_FL20824513.jpg/330px-Australian_Antarctic_Expedition_Hoadley_SLNSW_FL20824513.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Australian_Antarctic_Expedition_Hoadley_SLNSW_FL20824513.jpg/440px-Australian_Antarctic_Expedition_Hoadley_SLNSW_FL20824513.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7224" data-file-height="5575" /></a><figcaption>Eastern sledging party setting out from the Grottos, Shackleton Ice Shelf, 1912</figcaption></figure> Mawson had hoped to place the <a href="/wiki/Western_Base_party" title="Western Base party">western base</a> around 800 kilometres (500 mi) (and no more than 970 kilometres (600 mi)) west of Cape Denison, to make inter-base wireless communication possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007139-153">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012431-154">[146]</a> After landing the Cape Denison party in January 1912, Aurora sailed west, well beyond the 800-kilometre (500 mi) mark, without finding any suitable landing spot. On 15 February, they were 2,410 kilometres (1,500 mi) from Cape Denison, and in danger of being frozen in for the winter when they found a large ice shelf at 66° 21′ S, 94° 51′ E. Lacking other options, Wild investigated it as a site for the base and, despite the possibility of the ice breaking up, he decided to risk it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012431–432-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007139–140-156">[148]</a> The base was established by 21 February, when Aurora sailed for Hobart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012436–438-157">[149]</a> Wild named the ice shelf after Shackleton, whose birthday fell on 15 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007140-158">[150]</a> Attempts to establish wireless contact with Cape Denison failed; they were unable to erect a suitable mast and discovered that vital parts of the transmitting equipment were missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007143-159">[151]</a> Over the course of the next year, the party at the western base completed a busy program of work. This included two major sledging journeys east and west of the base, mapping a total of over 560 kilometres (350 mi). They also completed several depot-laying trips and an exploration of the inland plateau. They made regular meteorological, geological, magnetic and other scientific observations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007142-160">[152]</a> Wild took a sledging party 237 kilometres (147 mi) east before being halted by impassable ice.<a href="#cite_note-163">[n 9]</a> A party led by Sydney Evan Jones travelled 377 kilometres (234 mi) west to reach <a href="/wiki/Gaussberg" title="Gaussberg">Gaussberg</a>, the extinct volcano discovered by <a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Drygalski's expedition</a> in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS_Antarctica_ID_5529-164">[155]</a> In February 1913, the party waited anxiously for Aurora's return. Lacking provisions for another year at the base, they prepared for the possibility that the ship would not arrive by building up stocks of seal and penguin meat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012617-165">[156]</a> but to their great relief, Aurora appeared on 23 February; by that same evening the men, their equipment and their personal possessions were aboard, and the ship was on its way to <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007191-166">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macquarie_Island">Macquarie Island</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Macquarie Island">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wireless_Hill,_Macquarie_Island,_Australia_-_1911-1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wireless_Hill%2C_Macquarie_Island%2C_Australia_-_1911-1914.jpg/220px-Wireless_Hill%2C_Macquarie_Island%2C_Australia_-_1911-1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wireless_Hill%2C_Macquarie_Island%2C_Australia_-_1911-1914.jpg/330px-Wireless_Hill%2C_Macquarie_Island%2C_Australia_-_1911-1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wireless_Hill%2C_Macquarie_Island%2C_Australia_-_1911-1914.jpg/440px-Wireless_Hill%2C_Macquarie_Island%2C_Australia_-_1911-1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4485" data-file-height="3349" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Hill" title="Wireless Hill">Wireless Hill</a>, Macquarie Island</figcaption></figure> Ainsworth's party began daily meteorological observations from 1 January 1912, and the wireless station was erected on a high promontory christened <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Hill" title="Wireless Hill">Wireless Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008426–428-167">[158]</a> By mid-February, the station had made contact with <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008439-168">[159]</a> and by 12 May, was transmitting daily weather reports to <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008453-169">[160]</a> Signals from Cape Denison were heard for the first time on 25 September. Still, the cape was unable to receive messages from Macquarie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008469-170">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200992–93-171">[162]</a> On 20 February 1913, two-way communication with Cape Denison was finally established, and after that messages were regularly exchanged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009158–159-172">[163]</a> The Macquarie party, who had been expecting to be relieved, heard in March that Cape Denison would be operational for a second season, and that the Macquarie station would therefore need to remain open until November. Mawson radioed that the supply ship could pick up any of the party who wished to leave in May, but all elected to stay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008485-173">[164]</a> As it turned out, severe winter weather prevented supply vessels from reaching them until 20 August, by which time provisions and fuel supplies were close to exhaustion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008485–491-174">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Sawyer">Arthur Sawyer</a>, who had fallen ill, was taken off the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008492-175">[166]</a> Aurora arrived on 29 November, when the rest of the Macquarie party was picked up, replaced by members of the Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1919109-176">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanographic_work">Oceanographic work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Oceanographic work">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_hand-netting_from_Aurora_-_by_Frank_Hurley_(2868984645).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hamilton_hand-netting_from_Aurora_-_by_Frank_Hurley_%282868984645%29.jpg/220px-Hamilton_hand-netting_from_Aurora_-_by_Frank_Hurley_%282868984645%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hamilton_hand-netting_from_Aurora_-_by_Frank_Hurley_%282868984645%29.jpg/330px-Hamilton_hand-netting_from_Aurora_-_by_Frank_Hurley_%282868984645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hamilton_hand-netting_from_Aurora_-_by_Frank_Hurley_%282868984645%29.jpg/440px-Hamilton_hand-netting_from_Aurora_-_by_Frank_Hurley_%282868984645%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Australasian_Antarctic_expedition" title="List of members of the Australasian Antarctic expedition">Harold Hamilton</a> hand-netting from Aurora</figcaption></figure> The expedition's main oceanographic work was carried out during two cruises in 1912, and in a coastal journey in 1914, after the final relief of Cape Denison. The first cruise, May to July 1912, included investigation, southwest of Tasmania, of the supposed location of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Company%27s_Islands" title="Royal Company's Islands">Royal Company's Islands</a> which had been searched for without success on numerous occasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWharton190432-177">[168]</a> Aurora found no trace of them either, nor of any shelving of the seabed that might suggest sunken islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012235-178">[169]</a> The main sphere of oceanographic research was the sea around Macquarie Island and further northeast towards the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis191963–73-179">[170]</a> The second cruise, in November 1912, returned to these waters. Three days out from Hobart, the depth to the seabed suddenly decreased, from the 3,550 metres (1,940 fathoms) measured on the previous day to 1,448 metres (792 fathoms). A repeat sounding, taken in case of error, produced 1,452 metres (794 fathoms). Davis took this as evidence of a submerged ridge that might have been part of a land bridge connecting Australia with the Antarctic in prehistoric time. Subsequent soundings failed to substantiate this theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012235–236-180">[171]</a> After the remaining members of the Cape Denison party had been picked up in December 1913, Mawson decided that, before returning home, they would conduct a coastal and seabed survey to the west, as far as the <a href="/wiki/Shackleton_Ice_Shelf" title="Shackleton Ice Shelf">Shackleton Ice Shelf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012653–654-181">[172]</a> This task proved taxing and led to dissension between Mawson and Davis, who was by this time sleep-deprived and exhausted. Mawson noted as much in his diary: "I hope the strain won't tell any more on him".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009174–175-182">[173]</a> The work began on 1 January 1914, and was mostly complete by 2 February. After an arduous period in the ice, during which Davis rarely left the bridge, Aurora began the journey home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009175–176-183">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_cross_for_Mertz_and_Ninnis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Memorial_cross_for_Mertz_and_Ninnis.jpg/170px-Memorial_cross_for_Mertz_and_Ninnis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Memorial_cross_for_Mertz_and_Ninnis.jpg/255px-Memorial_cross_for_Mertz_and_Ninnis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Memorial_cross_for_Mertz_and_Ninnis.jpg/340px-Memorial_cross_for_Mertz_and_Ninnis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Before they departed, the Denison party erected a cross in memory of Ninnis and Mertz.</figcaption></figure> On 26 February 1914, Aurora reached Adelaide to an enthusiastic welcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012654–656-184">[175]</a> For the next month, Mawson was engaged in a busy round of receptions and scientific meetings, before sailing for London on 1 April, accompanied by his bride, Paquita Delprat, whom he had married the previous day. In London, he lectured to the Royal Geographical Society, visited the parents of Ninnis, and was received at <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra, the Queen Mother</a>, and her sister, the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Dowager Empress of Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009178–181-185">[176]</a> On 29 June, before his return to Australia, he was knighted at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a> and was later the recipient of many further honours,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012664-186">[177]</a> including the Royal Geographical Society's <a href="/wiki/Founder%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Founder's Medal">Founder's Medal</a> in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacka1986-111">[105]</a> In Australia, Mawson faced the reality of the expedition's debts. He proposed that the Australian government should purchase Aurora and the other artefacts and equipment from the expedition for £15,000 – an amount, he reckoned, that would not only meet all outstanding debts but would finance the production of the scientific reports. The government turned him down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012659-187">[178]</a> Instead he sold Aurora to Shackleton for a mere £3,200, for use in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> (ITAE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012659-187">[178]</a> and hoped to settle the balance of the debt through the sales of his chronicle of the expedition, <a href="/wiki/The_Home_of_the_Blizzard" class="mw-redirect" title="The Home of the Blizzard">The Home of the Blizzard</a>, and with the profits from Hurley's film and photographs. The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">war</a> later in 1914 delayed the book's publication, while the distribution of the film was hampered by contractual problems and by a shift of public attention towards the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009181–182-188">[179]</a> As a result, the scientific reports were produced piecemeal over the next 30 years, the last appearing in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012673-189">[180]</a> Many of the expedition's personnel enlisted in the armed forces when war broke out; Bage – already an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Engineers" title="Royal Australian Engineers">Royal Australian Engineers</a> – was killed during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a> in 1915,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009184-190">[181]</a> and Leslie Blake, the cartographer and geologist of the Macquarie Island party, died after being badly wounded by a shell in France in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1919170-191">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2005-192">[183]</a> Several would return to the Antarctic: Mawson as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition</a> (BANZARE) in 1929–1931;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009200–204-193">[184]</a> Davis, as captain of Aurora for the relief voyage for the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> in Shackleton's expedition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009185-194">[185]</a> and as captain of <a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a> during the first stage of BANZARE;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009200–204-193">[184]</a> Hurley joined the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007195-195">[186]</a> and also signed on to BANZARE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012285-196">[187]</a> Wild joined ITAE as well, and in 1921 he accompanied Shackleton on his <a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Shackleton–Rowett expedition">final expedition</a>, taking over as leader following Shackleton's sudden death in January 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007286–297-197">[188]</a> Charles Harrisson, who had been a member of the Far Western Party, visited Macquarie Island in 1914, but his ship disappeared without a trace on its return voyage to Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1919170-191">[182]</a> Two days after arriving in Adelaide, Jeffryes took a train heading to his home in <a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a>, but he never arrived; a month later he was found near <a href="/wiki/Stawell,_Victoria" title="Stawell, Victoria">Stawell, Victoria</a>, wandering in the bush. He spent the next year in asylums, but after an assault on a member of staff, he was committed to a criminal asylum in <a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Victoria" title="Ararat, Victoria">Ararat</a>, where he died in 1942. His family were highly critical of Mawson's lack of care and sympathy; they wrote him numerous letters apparently without response. In 2018, Jeffryes was finally honoured by the erection of a plaque in the Ararat Cemetery, near the site of his unmarked grave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECansdale2018-148">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appraisal">Appraisal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Appraisal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macquarie_Island_Map_Mawson.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Macquarie_Island_Map_Mawson.png/170px-Macquarie_Island_Map_Mawson.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Macquarie_Island_Map_Mawson.png/255px-Macquarie_Island_Map_Mawson.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Macquarie_Island_Map_Mawson.png/340px-Macquarie_Island_Map_Mawson.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>The expedition produced the first map of <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> The scientific work of the expedition covered the fields of geology, biology, meteorology, terrestrial magnetism and oceanography;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillick2012-198">[189]</a> the vast amounts of data filled multiple reports published over a period of 30 years. These reports provided an extensive description of Antarctica's extreme weather and of its animal and plant life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012257-199">[190]</a> This was the first expedition to successfully establish wireless contact between the Antarctic continent and the Australian mainland, through the relay station on Macquarie Island;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillick2012-198">[189]</a> it also provided the first studies and mapping of the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBull._Am._Geogr._Soc.191544-200">[191]</a> Its eight major sledging parties travelled for a total of 4,180 kilometres (2,600 mi), while Aurora sailed along 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) of uncharted coastline,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillick2012-198">[189]</a> mapping the continental shelf through 55° of longitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBull._Am._Geogr._Soc.191544-200">[191]</a> Hurley's photographs and film provided a comprehensive pictorial record.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillick2012-198">[189]</a> Many Antarctic features bear names paying tribute to expedition members, including <a href="/wiki/Cape_Mawson" title="Cape Mawson">Cape Mawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Coast" title="Mawson Coast">Mawson Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Peninsula" title="Mawson Peninsula">Mawson Peninsula</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981540-201">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madigan_Nunatak" title="Madigan Nunatak">Madigan Nunatak</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981522-202">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mertz_Glacier" title="Mertz Glacier">Mertz Glacier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninnis_Glacier" title="Ninnis Glacier">Ninnis Glacier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981558-203">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981604–605-204">[195]</a> The expedition was the first step towards Australia's later <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">territorial claims</a> on the Antarctic continent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillick2012-198">[189]</a> and was on a greater scale than any of its predecessors in the field. Frank Hurley summed up the character of the expedition: "Shackleton grafted science on to exploration – Mawson added exploring to science".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012258-205">[196]</a> According to the historian Gordon Hayes, "Mawson's expedition, judged by the magnitude both of its scale and of its achievements, was the greatest and most consummate expedition that ever sailed to Antarctica."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012257–258-206">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Scott's late decision to send a party to Cape Adare came when he discovered that his main polar rival, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>, had established his base camp at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Whales" title="Bay of Whales">Bay of Whales</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Land" title="King Edward VII Land">King Edward VII Land</a> which Scott had originally planned to explore with a secondary party. It was thought inappropriate that rival teams should work in essentially the same area. Scott did not consider it necessary to inform Mawson of his change of plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200947-17">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Early in 1910, Mawson and Shackleton had secured a promise of £10,000 from Gerald Lysaght, a wealthy donor who had helped finance the British Antarctic Expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200938-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford1985335-45">[44]</a> When Mawson sought this money, he was shocked to discover that Lysaght had donated it to Shackleton personally, and that Shackleton had applied it to other, undisclosed purposes. This deception, as Mawson saw it, permanently soured relations between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200942-20">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Apart from financial contributions, the expedition received many donations in kind. In London, Northcliffe's appeal brought gifts of equipment and supplies, including whisky and tobacco;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012216-44">[43]</a> in Australia, Aurora received free harbour and docking facilities from the state governments of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008545-48">[46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Mawson published, in Home of the Blizzard, a very precise account of moneys received. In total, from all sources, £52,270 (equivalent to about £5.2 million in 2018) was raised, against total expenditure of £56,732 (£5.7m). The deficit of £4,462 equates to just under £500,000 in 2018 terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008543–544-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth-54">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Fifty dogs were ordered; one which went missing in Greenland was replaced, but during the trip from Greenland another was lost overboard and a third was attacked and killed by the other dogs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaneTiffin2012186-35">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Borchgrevink recorded that the wear and tear caused by the frequent gales must have had "a very material influence" on the accuracy of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Romney_Robinson" title="Thomas Romney Robinson">Robinson</a> cup <a href="/wiki/Anemometer" title="Anemometer">anemometers</a> that his expedition used. At speeds of more 140 kilometres per hour (90 mph) they tended to be demolished or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchgrevink2014306–307-83">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> A medical report published in 1969 concluded that the most likely cause of Mertz's swift decline and death was <a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A" title="Hypervitaminosis A">vitamin A poisoning</a>, from eating the dogs' livers which are rich in the vitamin to a level that can be toxic to humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009136–137-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012243-110">[104]</a> The poisoning process was likely hastened by Mertz's weak physical condition and near-starvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacka1986-111">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> After the expedition, rumours circulated that Mawson had assisted his survival by resorting to cannibalism. According to a report published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Globe" title="The New York Globe">The New York Globe</a>, Mawson had considered this but decided "it would always leave a bad taste in my mouth", and decided not to. Mawson described the report as an outrageous invention. All his associates declared the idea preposterous, given Mawson's strict conservative morals. No evidence has ever been produced to validate the rumour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009131–133-117">[110]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Wild named the land he had reached after King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, but did so without royal consent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012553,_706-161">[153]</a> The name <a href="/wiki/George_V_Land" title="George V Land">George V Land</a> was subsequently given, with permission, to lands explored by Mawson's Far Eastern Party, from the Cape Denison base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009158-126">[118]</a> Wild also named the plateau south of his base <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land" title="Queen Mary Land">Queen Mary Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012500-162">[154]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2005231,_244-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2005231,_244_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2005">Riffenburgh 2005</a>, pp. 231, 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200935–36-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200935–36_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012213-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012213_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011264–265-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryan2011264–265_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryan2011">Bryan 2011</a>, pp. 264–265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200938-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200938_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200938_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014238-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2014238_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012214-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012214_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012214_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012214_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200938–39-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200938–39_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014239-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2014239_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200939–40-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200939–40_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200940-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200940_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008xi-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008xi_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200940–41-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200940–41_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19193–4-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19193–4_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1919">Davis 1919</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200941-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200941_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200941_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012219-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012219_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200947-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200947_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200941–42-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200941–42_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200942-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200942_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200942_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200942_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBéchervaise1981-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBéchervaise1981_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBéchervaise1981">Béchervaise 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200944-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200944_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200944_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19195–8-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19195–8_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1919">Davis 1919</a>, pp. 5–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011266–267-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryan2011266–267_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryan2011">Bryan 2011</a>, pp. 266–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011267-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryan2011267_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryan2011267_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryan2011">Bryan 2011</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200945-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200945_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200949–50-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200949–50_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012324–325-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012324–325_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 324–325. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200950-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200950_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200950_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012224-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012224_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson200813-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson200813_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson200813_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012283-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012283_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012283_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007126-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007126_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2007201-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2007201_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColeman2007">Coleman 2007</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaneTiffin2012186-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaneTiffin2012186_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaneTiffin2012186_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeaneTiffin2012">Leane & Tiffin 2012</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012282–283-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012282–283_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 282–283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200945–46-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200945–46_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200951-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200951_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200951_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200978-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200978_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012297–299-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012297–299_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 297–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012293-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012293_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012221-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012221_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012221_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200943–44-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200943–44_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012216-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012216_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012216_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford1985335-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford1985335_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford1985">Huntford 1985</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200948–49-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200948–49_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008545-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008545_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, p. 545. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012253-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012253_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008544–545-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008544–545_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, pp. 544–545. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012256–257-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012256–257_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008543–544-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008543–544_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, pp. 543–544. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaneTiffin2012185-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaneTiffin2012185_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeaneTiffin2012">Leane & Tiffin 2012</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011269-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryan2011269_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryan2011">Bryan 2011</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis191911–15-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis191911–15_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1919">Davis 1919</a>, pp. 11–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200951–56-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200951–56_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 51–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012347–348-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012347–348_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 347–348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200955-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200955_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012339-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012339_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012354–356-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012354–356_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 354–356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012358–60-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012358–60_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 358–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007135-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007135_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200956–57-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200956–57_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200957-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200957_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis191920–22-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis191920–22_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1919">Davis 1919</a>, pp. 20–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007136–137-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007136–137_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, pp. 136–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson200849-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson200849_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012227-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012227_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200961–62-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200961–62_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200962–63-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200962–63_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyres200363-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyres200363_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyres2003">Ayres 2003</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012228-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012228_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200964-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200964_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012402–404-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012402–404_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 402–404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012229-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012229_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200965–66-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200965–66_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200969-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200969_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson200888–90-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson200888–90_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, pp. 88–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchgrevink2014306–307-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchgrevink2014306–307_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchgrevink2014306–307_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorchgrevink2014">Borchgrevink 2014</a>, pp. 306–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012236–237-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012236–237_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, pp. 236–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan2011270-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryan2011270_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryan2011">Bryan 2011</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012451–452-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012451–452_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 451–452. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200972–73-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200972–73_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008120-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008120_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008120_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008116-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008116_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008117–118-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008117–118_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200990-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200990_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008158-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008158_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012507-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012507_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 507. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200994–95-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200994–95_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012512-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012512_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008175–176-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008175–176_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, pp. 175–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200998–100-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200998–100_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200998–100_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 98–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008176-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008176_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel200081-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel200081_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBickel2000">Bickel 2000</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009110–113-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009110–113_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 110–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009115-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009115_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012241–242-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012241–242_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel2000119-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2000119_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBickel2000">Bickel 2000</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009115–117-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009115–117_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 115–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012540–541-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012540–541_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 540–541. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009126-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009126_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012242-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012242_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009136–137-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009136–137_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 136–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012243-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012243_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacka1986-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacka1986_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacka1986_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacka1986">Jacka 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008211–213-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008211–213_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, pp. 211–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009126–130-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009126–130_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 126–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012556–559-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012556–559_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 556–559. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012558-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012558_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 558. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009131–133-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009131–133_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 131–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009130–134-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009130–134_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 130–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012564–566-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012564–566_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 564–566. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012244-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012244_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012245-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012245_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009144–146-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009144–146_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 144–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009151–153-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009151–153_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 151–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012146–147-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012146–147_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009158-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009158_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009158_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadigan2008276-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadigan2008276_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadigan2008">Madigan 2008</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS_Antarctica_ID_6994-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS_Antarctica_ID_6994_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUSGS_Antarctica_ID_6994">USGS Antarctica ID 6994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012552-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012552_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 552. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012570-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012570_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 570. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBage2008226-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBage2008226_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBage2008">Bage 2008</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBage2008236-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBage2008236_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBage2008">Bage 2008</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009157-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009157_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012563–564-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012563–564_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 563–564. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBage2008253-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBage2008253_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBage2008">Bage 2008</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008294–295-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008294–295_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, pp. 294–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008295–296-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008295–296_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, pp. 295–296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012248-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012248_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008297-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008297_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009156–157-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009156–157_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012628–630-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012628–630_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 628–630. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008401–403-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008401–403_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, pp. 401–403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawson2008398–400-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawson2008398–400_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMawson2008">Mawson 2008</a>, pp. 398–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009160-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009160_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009159-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009159_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012250–251-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012250–251_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, pp. 250–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009161–167-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009161–167_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 161–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECansdale2018-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECansdale2018_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECansdale2018_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCansdale2018">Cansdale 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009168-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009168_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009169–171-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009169–171_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 169–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009173-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009173_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012651-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012651_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 651. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007139-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007139_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012431-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012431_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012431–432-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012431–432_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 431–432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007139–140-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007139–140_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012436–438-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012436–438_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 436–438. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007140-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007140_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007143-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007143_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007142-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007142_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012553,_706-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012553,_706_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 553, 706. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012500-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012500_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSGS_Antarctica_ID_5529-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSGS_Antarctica_ID_5529_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUSGS_Antarctica_ID_5529">USGS Antarctica ID 5529</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012617-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012617_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 617. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007191-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007191_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008426–428-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008426–428_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth2008">Ainsworth 2008</a>, pp. 426–428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008439-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008439_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth2008">Ainsworth 2008</a>, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008453-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008453_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth2008">Ainsworth 2008</a>, p. 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008469-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008469_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth2008">Ainsworth 2008</a>, p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200992–93-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200992–93_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009158–159-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009158–159_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 158–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008485-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008485_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth2008">Ainsworth 2008</a>, p. 485. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008485–491-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008485–491_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth2008">Ainsworth 2008</a>, pp. 485–491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008492-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth2008492_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth2008">Ainsworth 2008</a>, p. 492. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1919109-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1919109_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1919">Davis 1919</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWharton190432-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWharton190432_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWharton1904">Wharton 1904</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012235-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012235_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis191963–73-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis191963–73_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1919">Davis 1919</a>, pp. 63–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012235–236-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012235–236_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012653–654-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012653–654_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 653–654. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009174–175-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009174–175_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009175–176-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009175–176_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 175–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012654–656-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012654–656_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, pp. 654–656. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009178–181-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009178–181_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 178–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012664-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012664_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 664. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012659-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012659_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012659_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 659. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009181–182-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009181–182_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012673-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons2012673_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2012">FitzSimons 2012</a>, p. 673. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009184-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009184_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1919170-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1919170_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1919170_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1919">Davis 1919</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2005-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2005_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorman2005">Gorman 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009200–204-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009200–204_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009200–204_193-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, pp. 200–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009185-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2009185_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2009">Riffenburgh 2009</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007195-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007195_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012285-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012285_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2007286–297-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2007286–297_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2007">Mills 2007</a>, pp. 286–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillick2012-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillick2012_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillick2012_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillick2012_198-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillick2012_198-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillick2012_198-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillick2012">Killick 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012257-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012257_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBull._Am._Geogr._Soc.191544-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBull._Am._Geogr._Soc.191544_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBull._Am._Geogr._Soc.191544_200-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBull._Am._Geogr._Soc.1915">Bull. Am. Geogr. Soc. 1915</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981540-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981540_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlberts1981">Alberts 1981</a>, p. 540. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981522-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981522_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlberts1981">Alberts 1981</a>, p. 522. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981558-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981558_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlberts1981">Alberts 1981</a>, p. 558. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981604–605-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1981604–605_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlberts1981">Alberts 1981</a>, pp. 604–605. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012258-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012258_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney2012257–258-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney2012257–258_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurney2012">Turney 2012</a>, pp. 257–258. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlberts1981" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, F. G., ed. (1981). Geographic Names of the Antarctic. Washington: National Science Foundation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/497666264">497666264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+of+the+Antarctic&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F497666264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres2003" class="citation book cs1">Ayres, P. (2003) [1999]. Mawson: A Life. Victoria, Australia: Melbourne Univ. Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-85078-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-85078-2"><bdi>0-522-85078-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mawson%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Melbourne+Univ.+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-522-85078-2&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéchervaise1981" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Béchervaise, J. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/davis-john-king-5914">"Davis, John King (1884–1967)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>. Vol. 8. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a>. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Davis%2C+John+King+%281884%E2%80%931967%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9chervaise&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fdavis-john-king-5914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickel2000" class="citation book cs1">Bickel, L. (2000). Mawson's Will: The Greatest Polar Survival Story Ever Written. Lebanon: Steerforth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58642-000-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58642-000-0"><bdi>978-1-58642-000-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mawson%27s+Will%3A+The+Greatest+Polar+Survival+Story+Ever+Written&rft.place=Lebanon&rft.pub=Steerforth+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58642-000-0&rft.aulast=Bickel&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorchgrevink2014" class="citation book cs1">Borchgrevink, C. E. (2014) [1901]. First on the Antarctic Continent: Being an Account of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-07188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-07188-8"><bdi>978-1-108-07188-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+on+the+Antarctic+Continent%3A+Being+an+Account+of+the+British+Antarctic+Expedition%2C+1898%E2%80%931900&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-108-07188-8&rft.aulast=Borchgrevink&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2011" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, R. (2011). Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic. Dobbs Ferry: Sheridan House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-312-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-312-4"><bdi>978-1-57409-312-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordeal+by+Ice%3A+Ships+of+the+Antarctic&rft.place=Dobbs+Ferry&rft.pub=Sheridan+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-57409-312-4&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2007" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, E. C. (2007). The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration: from Franklin to Scott. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4207-5"><bdi>978-0-7524-4207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+in+Polar+Exploration%3A+from+Franklin+to+Scott&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4207-5&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_King_Davis" title="John King Davis">Davis, J. K.</a> (1919). <a href="//archive.org/details/withaurorainanta00davi" class="extiw" title="iarchive:withaurorainanta00davi">With the Aurora in the Antarctic, 1911–1914</a>. London: Andrew Melrose. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058427147">1058427147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+the+Aurora+in+the+Antarctic%2C+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andrew+Melrose&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058427147&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzSimons2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_FitzSimons" title="Peter FitzSimons">FitzSimons, P.</a> (2012). Mawson and the Ice Men of the Heroic Age. Sydney: William Henemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74275-279-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74275-279-2"><bdi>978-1-74275-279-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mawson+and+the+Ice+Men+of+the+Heroic+Age&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=William+Henemann&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-74275-279-2&rft.aulast=FitzSimons&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntford1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Huntford" title="Roland Huntford">Huntford, R.</a> (1985). Shackleton. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-25007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-25007-5"><bdi>978-0-340-25007-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-340-25007-5&rft.aulast=Huntford&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacka1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacka, F. J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mawson-sir-douglas-7531">"Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>. Vol. 10. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a>. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mawson%2C+Sir+Douglas+%281882%E2%80%931958%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Jacka&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fmawson-sir-douglas-7531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson, D.</a> (2008) [1914]. The Home of the Blizzard. Oxford: Benediction Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84902-172-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84902-172-2"><bdi>978-1-84902-172-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Home+of+the+Blizzard&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Benediction+Classics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84902-172-2&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ainsworth" title="George Ainsworth">Ainsworth, G.</a> (2008). "XXV–XXVII". The Home of the Blizzard. Oxford: Benediction Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84902-172-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84902-172-2"><bdi>978-1-84902-172-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXV%E2%80%93XXVII&rft.btitle=The+Home+of+the+Blizzard&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Benediction+Classics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84902-172-2&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBage2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Robert_Bage" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Frederick Robert Bage">Bage, B.</a> (2008). "XIV". The Home of the Blizzard. Oxford: Benediction Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84902-172-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84902-172-2"><bdi>978-1-84902-172-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIV&rft.btitle=The+Home+of+the+Blizzard&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Benediction+Classics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84902-172-2&rft.aulast=Bage&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadigan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Madigan" title="Cecil Madigan">Madigan, C.</a> (2008). "XV". The Home of the Blizzard. Oxford: Benediction Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84902-172-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84902-172-2"><bdi>978-1-84902-172-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XV&rft.btitle=The+Home+of+the+Blizzard&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Benediction+Classics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84902-172-2&rft.aulast=Madigan&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2007" class="citation book cs1">Mills, L. (2007). Frank Wild. Whitby: Caedmon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905355-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905355-48-1"><bdi>978-0-905355-48-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Wild&rft.place=Whitby&rft.pub=Caedmon&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-905355-48-1&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiffenburgh2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beau_Riffenburgh" title="Beau Riffenburgh">Riffenburgh, B.</a> (2005). Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7253-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7253-4"><bdi>978-0-7475-7253-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nimrod%3A+Ernest+Shackleton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-7253-4&rft.aulast=Riffenburgh&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiffenburgh2009" class="citation book cs1">Riffenburgh, B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racingwithdeathd0000riff">Racing with Death: Douglas Mawson, Antarctic Explorer</a>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9671-4"><bdi>978-0-7475-9671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racing+with+Death%3A+Douglas+Mawson%2C+Antarctic+Explorer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-9671-4&rft.aulast=Riffenburgh&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracingwithdeathd0000riff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M. (2014). Shackleton: By Endurance We Conquer. North America, Great Britain & Australia: OneWorld Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-572-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-572-5"><bdi>978-1-78074-572-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton%3A+By+Endurance+We+Conquer&rft.place=North+America%2C+Great+Britain+%26+Australia&rft.pub=OneWorld+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-572-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurney2012" class="citation book cs1">Turney, C. (2012). 1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica. London: The Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-174-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-174-1"><bdi>978-1-84792-174-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1912%3A+The+Year+the+World+Discovered+Antarctica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84792-174-1&rft.aulast=Turney&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals_and_magazines">Journals and magazines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Journals and magazines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBull._Am._Geogr._Soc.1915" class="citation journal cs1">"The Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–1914". <a href="/wiki/Bull._Am._Geogr._Soc." class="mw-redirect" title="Bull. Am. Geogr. Soc.">Bull. Am. Geogr. Soc.</a> 47 (1): 37–44. 1915. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F201117">10.2307/201117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/201117">201117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Am.+Geogr.+Soc.&rft.atitle=The+Australasian+Antarctic+Expedition+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-44&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F201117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F201117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Gorman, M. L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982205005567">"Captain Leslie Russell Blake and Aberdeen University's penguin egg"</a>. Current Biology. Vol. 15, no. 11. pp. R402–R405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.05.041">10.1016/j.cub.2005.05.041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Captain+Leslie+Russell+Blake+and+Aberdeen+University%27s+penguin+egg&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=R402-R405&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.05.041&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0960982205005567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillick2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Killick, D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/magazine/2011-2015/issue-22-2012/exploration/life-and-death-in-the-home-of-the-blizzard">"Life and death in the Home of the Blizzard"</a>. Australian Antarctic Magazine. No. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Life+and+death+in+the+Home+of+the+Blizzard&rft.issue=22&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Killick&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fmagazine%2F2011-2015%2Fissue-22-2012%2Fexploration%2Flife-and-death-in-the-home-of-the-blizzard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaneTiffin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Leane, E.; Tiffin, H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p161261/pdf/dog-meat.pdf">"Dogs, Meat and Douglas Mawson"</a> (PDF). Australian Humanities Review (52): 185–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FAHR.52.2012">10.22459/AHR.52.2012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Humanities+Review&rft.atitle=Dogs%2C+Meat+and+Douglas+Mawson&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=185-199&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FAHR.52.2012&rft.aulast=Leane&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Tiffin%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp161261%2Fpdf%2Fdog-meat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton1904" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wharton_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Wharton (Royal Navy officer)">Wharton, W. J. L.</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/MU/pdf/MU904032a">"Expunged Islands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emu_%E2%80%93_Austral_Ornithology" class="mw-redirect" title="Emu – Austral Ornithology">Emu – Austral Ornithology</a>. 4 (1): 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emu+%E2%80%93+Austral+Ornithology&rft.atitle=Expunged+Islands&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=W.+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publish.csiro.au%2FMU%2Fpdf%2FMU904032a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Websites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCansdale2018" class="citation news cs1">Cansdale, D. (19 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-18/the-schizophrenic-explorer-of-mawsons-antarctic-expedition/10368712/">"Douglas Mawson's colleague with schizophrenia remembered"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a>. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Douglas+Mawson%27s+colleague+with+schizophrenia+remembered&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft.aulast=Cansdale&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-10-18%2Fthe-schizophrenic-explorer-of-mawsons-antarctic-expedition%2F10368712%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeasuringWorth" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/">"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present"</a>. MeasuringWorth. 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+UK+Pound+Amount%2C+1270+to+Present&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fcalculators%2Fukcompare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSGS_Antarctica_ID_5529" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205013903/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=GNISPQ:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:5529">"Antarctica detail: Gaussberg"</a>. USGS. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:5529">the original</a> on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS&rft.atitle=Antarctica+detail%3A+Gaussberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A5529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSGS_Antarctica_ID_6994" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:0::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:6994">"Antarctica detail: Horn Bluff"</a>. USGS. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS&rft.atitle=Antarctica+detail%3A+Horn+Bluff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A6994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDartnall2013" class="citation book cs1">Dartnall, H. J. G. (2013). Lost in the Mists: Leslie Russell Blake. Victoria: Arcadia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925003-18-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925003-18-5"><bdi>978-1-925003-18-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+in+the+Mists%3A+Leslie+Russell+Blake&rft.place=Victoria&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-925003-18-5&rft.aulast=Dartnall&rft.aufirst=H.+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2000" class="citation book cs1">Hall, L. (2000). Douglas Mawson: The Life of an Explorer. Sydney: Reed Natural History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86436-670-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86436-670-9"><bdi>978-1-86436-670-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Douglas+Mawson%3A+The+Life+of+an+Explorer&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Reed+Natural+History&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86436-670-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackaJacka1988" class="citation book cs1">Jacka, F.; Jacka, E., eds. (1988). Mawson's Antarctic Diaries. London: Unwin Hyman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-320209-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-320209-8"><bdi>0-04-320209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mawson%27s+Antarctic+Diaries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-04-320209-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwin2007" class="citation book cs1">McEwin, E. (2007). An Antarctic Affair. Bowden: East Street Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921037-30-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921037-30-6"><bdi>978-1-921037-30-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Antarctic+Affair&rft.place=Bowden&rft.pub=East+Street+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-921037-30-6&rft.aulast=McEwin&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2014" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, D. (2014). Alone on the Ice. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34778-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34778-4"><bdi>978-0-393-34778-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alone+on+the+Ice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-393-34778-4&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralasian+Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic expedition</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia">History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/William_Tamillas_Stephen_Crawford" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/William Tamillas Stephen Crawford">William Tamillas Stephen Crawford</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/subjects/australasian_antarctic_expedition_(1911–1914)">Works about the Australasian Antarctic expedition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitised-collections.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/91351/b2087010-00007-part00008.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Letter written by Bob Bage while preparing for the relief party</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition">Polaris expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)">Nautilus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)">Georgiy Sedov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS Griper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS Hecla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS Fury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS Blossom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS Investigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)">Isabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)">St. Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition">Vega Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Jeannette expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Yermak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)">Zarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)">Taymyr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)">Vaygach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)">Sadko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)">A. Sibiryakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker">Arktika-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)">San Telmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)">Pourquoi-Pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Template:Australasian Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Template talk:Australasian Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australasian Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Base party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Robert_Bage" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Frederick Robert Bage">Bob Bage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bickerton" title="Frank Bickerton">Frank Bickerton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Close_(explorer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Close (explorer) (page does not exist)">John Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Correll" title="Percy Correll">Percy Correll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hannam" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Hannam">Walter Hannam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hodgeman" title="Alfred Hodgeman">Alfred Hodgeman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_George_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John George Hunter (page does not exist)">John Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Jeffryes" title="Sidney Jeffryes">Sidney Jeffryes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Laseron" title="Charles Francis Laseron">Charles Laseron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Madigan" title="Cecil Madigan">Cecil Madigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Lang_McLean" title="Archibald Lang McLean">Archibald McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Mertz" title="Xavier Mertz">Xavier Mertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Murphy" title="Herbert Murphy">Herbert Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrave_Edward_Ninnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrave Edward Ninnis">Belgrave Ninnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie_Stillwell" title="Frank Leslie Stillwell">Frank Stillwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Webb" title="Eric Webb">Eric Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Whetter" title="Leslie Whetter">Leslie Whetter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Base party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Dovers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Dovers (page does not exist)">Charles Dovers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Harrisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Harrisson (page does not exist)">Charles Harrisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hoadley" title="Charles Hoadley">Charles Hoadley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Evan_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydney Evan Jones (page does not exist)">Sydney Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Lorimer_Kennedy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Lorimer Kennedy (page does not exist)">Alexander Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Moyes" title="Morton Moyes">Morton Moyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Douglas_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Douglas Watson">Andrew Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macquarie Island party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Ainsworth" title="George Ainsworth">George Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Blake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leslie Blake (page does not exist)">Leslie Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Hamilton_(biologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Hamilton (biologist) (page does not exist)">Harold Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sandell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Sandell (page does not exist)">Charles Sandell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Sawyer">Arthur Sawyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SY Aurora officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Blair" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Blair">John H. Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King_Davis" title="John King Davis">John King Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Fletcher" title="Frank D. Fletcher">Frank D. Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Gillies" title="F. J. Gillies">F. J. Gillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Gray" title="Percival Gray">Percival Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Petersen_de_la_Motte" title="Clarence Petersen de la Motte">Clarence Petersen de la Motte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Toutcher" title="Norman Toutcher">Norman Toutcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Evelyn_Watkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Evelyn Watkins (page does not exist)">Hugh Evelyn Watkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties and vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Base_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Base Party">Western Base Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Denison" title="Cape Denison">Cape Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bay" title="Commonwealth Bay">Commonwealth Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_V_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V Land">King George V Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mertz_Glacier" title="Mertz Glacier">Mertz Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninnis_Glacier" title="Ninnis Glacier">Ninnis Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land" title="Queen Mary Land">Queen Mary Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton_Ice_Shelf" title="Shackleton Ice Shelf">Shackleton Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Hill" title="Wireless Hill">Wireless Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land_meteorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adélie Land meteorite">Adélie Land meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-tractor_sledge" title="Air-tractor sledge">Air-tractor sledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_of_the_Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Dogs of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson%27s_Huts" title="Mawson's Huts">Mawson's Huts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Category:Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781233#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153579016">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1405273/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1105416127">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50073914">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb160159048">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb160159048">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36422054">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1498562807241">Norway</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15586148?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/061186600">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60k6fzw">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/18093">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&oldid=1260880342">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&oldid=1260880342</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Category:Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1911_in_Antarctica" title="Category:1911 in Antarctica">1911 in Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1912_in_Antarctica" title="Category:1912 in Antarctica">1912 in Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1913_in_Antarctica" title="Category:1913 in Antarctica">1913 in Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_in_Antarctica" title="Category:1914 in Antarctica">1914 in Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctic_expeditions" title="Category:Antarctic expeditions">Antarctic expeditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Expeditions_from_New_Zealand" title="Category:Expeditions from New Zealand">Expeditions from New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Category:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:New Zealand and the Antarctic">New Zealand and the Antarctic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Ross_Dependency" title="Category:History of the Ross Dependency">History of the Ross Dependency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australasia" title="Category:Australasia">Australasia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2017">Use dmy dates from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_March_2018" title="Category:Use Australian English from March 2018">Use Australian English from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Open_Library_links" title="Category:Articles with Open Library links">Articles with Open Library links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 December 2024, at 02:20 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57d866b47c-pn59x","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.360","walltime":"1.699","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19008,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":277926,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":31549,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":212831,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1445.838 1 -total"," 33.48% 484.035 226 Template:Sfn"," 22.60% 326.708 1 Template:Polar_exploration"," 22.40% 323.875 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 17.88% 258.533 4 Template:Navbox"," 10.04% 145.168 23 Template:Cite_book"," 10.00% 144.550 33 Template:Ship"," 5.73% 82.878 266 Template:Main_other"," 5.18% 74.904 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.97% 57.400 22 Template:HMS"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.810","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11369245,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAinsworth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlberts1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyres2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBage2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBickel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorchgrevink2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBull._Am._Geogr._Soc.1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBéchervaise1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCansdale2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDartnall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzSimons2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntford1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacka1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackaJacka1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillick2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeaneTiffin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadigan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMawson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEwin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeasuringWorth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiffenburgh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiffenburgh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurney2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSGS_Antarctica_ID_5529\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSGS_Antarctica_ID_6994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWharton1904\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"Australasian Antarctic Expedition\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 38,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"OL subject\"] = 1,\n [\"Polar exploration\"] = 1,\n [\"RRS\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 9,\n [\"SY\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 226,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 4,\n [\"Ship\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Australian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7bbfc6c4f5-6ghk9","timestamp":"20241211122916","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Australasian Antarctic Expedition","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q781233","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q781233","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-12-15T22:12:57Z","dateModified":"2024-12-03T02:20:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/24\/Mawson_main_base.jpg","headline":"research expedition (1911-1914)"}</script> </body> </html>