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id="toc-Key_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wikipedia_articles_must_be_based_on_reliable_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia_articles_must_be_based_on_reliable_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Wikipedia articles must be based on reliable sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia_articles_must_be_based_on_reliable_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikipedia_does_not_publish_original_research_or_original_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia_does_not_publish_original_research_or_original_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wikipedia does not publish original research or original thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia_does_not_publish_original_research_or_original_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliable_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliable_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reliable sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reliable_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reliable sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reliable_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Primary and secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_questionable_or_self-published_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_questionable_or_self-published_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Using questionable or self-published sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_questionable_or_self-published_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Exceptional claims require exceptional sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citing_yourself" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citing_yourself"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Citing yourself</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citing_yourself-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_original_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_original_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>No original research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-No_original_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle No original research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-No_original_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-What_is_original_research?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_is_original_research?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>What is original research?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_is_original_research?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unpublished_synthesis_of_published_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpublished_synthesis_of_published_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Unpublished synthesis of published material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unpublished_synthesis_of_published_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_is_not_original_research?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_is_not_original_research?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>What is not original research?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_is_not_original_research?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Original images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Living persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_cite_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_cite_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>How to cite sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_cite_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Attribution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%88" title="ويكيبيديا:عزو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:عزو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B9%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ویکی‌پدیا:ارجاع‌پذیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:ارجاع‌پذیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projet:Sources/Wikipedia:Attribution" title="Projet:Sources/Wikipedia:Attribution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Projet:Sources/Wikipedia:Attribution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution" title="Wikipedia:Attribution – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Wikipedia:Attribution" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ויקיפדיה:אמינות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה:אמינות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution" title="Wikipedia:Attribution – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:Attribution" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%C5%B9r%C3%B3d%C5%82a" title="Wikipedia:Źródła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikipedia:Źródła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Atribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Wikipédia:Atribuição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Atribuição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Atribuire" title="Wikipedia:Atribuire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia:Atribuire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%B0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D6%BC%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2:%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="װיקיפּעדיע:קראנטשאפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="װיקיפּעדיע:קראנטשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%AD%B8%E5%B1%AC" title="Wikipedia:歸屬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Wikipedia:歸屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%AD%B8%E5%B1%AC" title="Wikipedia:歸屬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:歸屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4973396#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ATT&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ATT">Wikipedia:ATT</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:A" and "WP:ATT" redirect here. For Administrators, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Wikipedia:Administrators</a>. For Arbitration, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration">Wikipedia:Arbitration</a>. For criteria for A-class articles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment/A-Class_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Content assessment/A-Class criteria">Wikipedia:Content assessment/A-Class criteria</a>. For attack pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Wikipedia:Attack page</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This page is about how to attribute to a source. For guidance on providing attribution as required by various licensing schemes, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism#Copying_material_from_free_sources" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism § Copying material from free sources</a>. For attributing in the text of an article, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#In-text_attribution" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § In-text attribution</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Information icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Info_icon.svg/30px-Info_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Info_icon.svg/45px-Info_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Info_icon.svg/60px-Info_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This page was proposed as a merger of several core Wikipedia policy pages, but a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution/Poll" title="Wikipedia:Attribution/Poll">community poll</a> resulted in no consensus to adopt it. Please defer to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research</a> when actually applying the two to article content.</td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:A"></span><span id="WP:ATT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:A&redirect=no">WP:A</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ATT&redirect=no">WP:ATT</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> All material on Wikipedia must be <b>attributable</b> to a reliable, published source.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> is an encyclopedia—that is, a comprehensive compendium of knowledge. The threshold for inclusion on Wikipedia is whether material is <b>attributable to a reliable published source</b>, not whether it is true. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia is not</a> the place to publish your opinions, experiences, or arguments. </p><p>Although everything on Wikipedia must be attributable, in practice, not all material <i>is</i> attributed. Editors should provide attribution for quotations and for any material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, or it may be removed. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BURDEN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BURDEN">burden of evidence</a> lies with the editor wishing to add or retain the material. If an article topic has no <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>, Wikipedia should not have an article on it. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Core_content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Core content policies">Wikipedia's core content policies</a> are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a>. These policies determine the type and quality of material that is acceptable in articles. Because the policies are complementary, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Key_principles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Key_principles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Key_principles"></span>Key principles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Key_principles"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia_articles_must_be_based_on_reliable_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wikipedia_articles_must_be_based_on_reliable_sources-Key_principles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wikipedia_articles_must_be_based_on_reliable_sources-Key_principles"></span>Wikipedia articles must be based on reliable sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wikipedia_articles_must_be_based_on_reliable_sources-Key_principles"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wikipedia articles must be based on reliable sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reliable sources are credible published materials with a reliable publication process; their authors are generally regarded as trustworthy or authoritative <i>in relation to the subject at hand</i>. How reliable a source is depends on context. In general, the most reliable sources are books and journals published by universities; mainstream newspapers; and university level textbooks, magazines and journals that are published by known publishing houses. What these have in common is the process and approval between document creation and publication. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Material that is self-published is generally not regarded as reliable, but see below for exceptions. Any unsourced material may be removed, and in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">biographies of living persons</a> contentious material that is unsourced or poorly sourced should be removed immediately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia_does_not_publish_original_research_or_original_thought" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wikipedia_does_not_publish_original_research_or_original_thought-Key_principles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wikipedia_does_not_publish_original_research_or_original_thought-Key_principles"></span>Wikipedia does not publish original research or original thought<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wikipedia_does_not_publish_original_research_or_original_thought-Key_principles"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wikipedia does not publish original research or original thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Original research refers to material that is not <i>attributable</i> to a reliable, published source. This includes unpublished facts, arguments, ideas, statements, and neologisms; and any unpublished analysis or synthesis of published material that appears to advance a position. Material added to articles must be <i>directly</i> and <i>explicitly</i> supported by the cited sources. </p><p>Note the difference between unsourced material and original research: </p> <ul><li><b>Unsourced material</b> is material <i>not yet</i> attributed to a reliable source. It is <b>unattributed</b> but may be <b>attributable</b>.</li> <li><b>Original research</b> is material that <i>cannot be</i> attributed to a reliable source. It is <b>unattributable</b>.</li></ul> <p>The only way to demonstrate that material is not original research is to cite reliable sources that provide information directly related to the topic of the article, and to adhere to what those sources say. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Reliable_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reliable_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reliable_sources"></span>Reliable sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reliable_sources"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reliable sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Primary_and_secondary_sources-Reliable_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Primary_and_secondary_sources-Reliable_sources"></span>Primary and secondary sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Primary_and_secondary_sources-Reliable_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR#Using_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOR">WP:NOR § Using sources</a></div> <dl><dt>Edits that rely on primary sources should only make descriptive claims that can be checked by anyone without specialist knowledge.</dt> <dd><b>Primary sources</b> are documents or people close to the situation you are writing about. An eyewitness account of a traffic accident and the White House's official text of a president's speech are primary sources. Primary source material that has been published by a reliable source may be used for the purposes of attribution on Wikipedia, but only with care, because it's easy to misuse primary sources. The Bible cannot be used as a source for the claim that Jesus advocated eye removal (Matthew <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#Chapter_18" class="extiw" title="wikisource:en:Bible (King James)/Matthew">18:9</a>, Mark <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Bible_(King_James)/Mark#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="wikisource:en:Bible (King James)/Mark">9:47</a>) for his followers, because theologians differ as to how these passages should be interpreted. Edits that rely on primary sources should only make descriptive claims that can be checked by anyone without specialist knowledge.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Wikipedia articles should rely on reliable, published secondary sources wherever possible.</dt> <dd><b>Secondary sources</b> are documents or people that summarize, analyze and/or interpret other material, usually primary source material. These are academics, journalists, and other researchers, and the papers and books they produce. A journalist's description of a traffic accident he did not witness, or the analysis and commentary of a president's speech, are secondary sources. Wikipedia articles should rely on reliable, published secondary sources wherever possible. This means that we only publish the opinions of reliable authors, and not the opinions of Wikipedians who have read and interpreted primary source material for themselves.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_questionable_or_self-published_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_questionable_or_self-published_sources-Reliable_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_questionable_or_self-published_sources-Reliable_sources"></span>Using questionable or self-published sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_questionable_or_self-published_sources-Reliable_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Using questionable or self-published sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V#Reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">WP:V § Reliable sources</a></div> <p>Some sources pose special difficulties: </p> <ul><li>A <b>questionable source</b> is one with no editorial oversight or fact-checking policy or with a poor reputation for fact-checking. Such sources include websites and publications that express views that are widely acknowledged as extremist, are promotional in nature, or rely heavily on rumors and personal opinions. Questionable sources may only be used in articles about themselves.</li> <li>A <b>self-published source</b> is material that has been published by the author, or whose publisher is a vanity press, a web-hosting service, or other organization that provides little or no editorial oversight. Personal websites and messages either on USENET or on Internet bulletin boards are considered self-published. With self-published sources, no one stands between the author and publication; the material may not be subject to any form of fact-checking, legal scrutiny, or peer review. Anyone can create a website or pay to have a book published and then claim to be an expert in a certain field; visiting a stranger's personal website is often the online equivalent of reading an unattributed flyer on a lamp post. For that reason, self-published material is largely unacceptable.</li></ul> <p>Questionable and self-published sources should not normally be used. There are three exceptions: </p> <dl><dt>1. Self-published and questionable sources in articles about themselves</dt> <dd>Material from self-published or questionable sources may be used in articles about those sources, so long as: <ul><li>it is relevant to their notability;</li> <li>it is not contentious;</li> <li>it is not unduly self-serving;</li> <li>it does not involve claims about third parties;</li> <li>it does not involve claims about events not directly related to the subject;</li> <li>there is no reasonable doubt as to who wrote it;</li> <li>the article is not based primarily on such sources.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2. Professional self-published sources</dt> <dd>When a <b>well-known, professional researcher writing within their field of expertise</b> has produced self-published material, these <i>may</i> be acceptable as sources, so long as their work has been previously published by reliable, third-party publications. Editors should exercise caution for two reasons: first, if the information on the professional researcher's blog (or self-published equivalent) is really worth reporting, a reliable source will probably have covered it; secondly, the information has been self-published, which means it has not been subject to independent fact-checking. Self-published sources, such as personal websites and blogs, must <b>never</b> be used as <i>third-party</i> sources about living persons, even if the author is a well-known professional researcher or writer; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP#Reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">WP:BLP</a>. If a third-party source has published the same or substantially similar material, that source should be used in preference to the self-published one.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>3. Carefully selected temporary links with regard to developing current events</dt> <dd>"In the case of articles which chronicle a developing current event it is not a violation of Wikipedia policy to temporarily include links to blogs which contain contemporary opinion and observations about the event. A diverse mix is recommended, but the extent and selection of specific blogs is a matter of content to be determined by the editors of the article." See the ArbCom recommendation: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Israel-Lebanon#Use_of_blogs" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Israel-Lebanon">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Israel-Lebanon#Use of blogs</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources-Reliable_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources-Reliable_sources"></span>Exceptional claims require exceptional sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources-Reliable_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exceptional claims require exceptional sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REDFLAG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REDFLAG">WP:REDFLAG</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Wikipedia:Fringe theories</a></div> <p>Certain <b><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(signal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red flag (signal)">red flags</a></b> should prompt editors to examine the sources for a given claim: </p> <ul><li>surprising or apparently important claims that are not widely known;</li> <li>surprising or apparently important reports of historical events not covered by mainstream <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>;</li> <li>reports of a statement by someone that seems out of character, embarrassing, controversial, or against an interest they had previously defended;</li> <li>claims not supported or claims that are contradicted by the prevailing view in the relevant academic community. Be particularly careful when proponents of such claims say there is a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy</a> to silence them.</li></ul> <p><b>Exceptional claims should be supported by the best sources, and preferably multiple reliable sources</b>, especially regarding scientific or medical topics, historical events, politically charged issues, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biographies of living people</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citing_yourself" data-mw-thread-id="h-Citing_yourself-Reliable_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Citing_yourself-Reliable_sources"></span>Citing yourself<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Citing_yourself-Reliable_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citing yourself"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Wikipedia:Autobiography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Wikipedia:Conflict of interest</a></div> <p>You may cite your own publications just as you would cite anyone else's, but make sure your material is relevant and that you are regarded as a reliable source for the purposes of Wikipedia. Be cautious about excessive citation of your own work, which may be seen as promotional or a conflict of interest; when in doubt, check on the talk page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language" data-mw-thread-id="h-Language-Reliable_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Language-Reliable_sources"></span>Language<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Language-Reliable_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V#Non-English_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">WP:V § Non-English sources</a></div> <p>Because this is the English Wikipedia, for the convenience of our readers, English-language sources should be used in preference to foreign-language sources, provided they are otherwise of equal suitability, so that readers can easily verify that the source material has been used correctly. Published translations are preferred to editors' translations; when editors use their own translations, the original-language material should be provided too, preferably in a footnote, so that readers can check the translation for themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="No_original_research" data-mw-thread-id="h-No_original_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-No_original_research"></span>No original research<span data-mw-comment-end="h-No_original_research"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: No original research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_is_original_research?" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_is_original_research?-No_original_research"><span id="What_is_original_research.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-What_is_original_research?-No_original_research"></span>What is original research?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-What_is_original_research?-No_original_research"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: What is original research?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Material counts as original research if it: </p> <ul><li>introduces a theory, method of solution, or any other original idea;</li> <li>defines or introduces new terms (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_neologisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid neologisms">neologisms</a>), or provides new definitions of existing terms;</li> <li>introduces an argument without citing a reliable source who has made that argument <b>in relation to the topic of the article</b>; or</li> <li>introduces an analysis, synthesis, explanation or interpretation of published facts, opinions, or arguments that advances a point that cannot be attributed to a reliable source who has published the material <b>in relation to the topic of the article</b>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unpublished_synthesis_of_published_material" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unpublished_synthesis_of_published_material-What_is_original_research?"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unpublished_synthesis_of_published_material-What_is_original_research?"></span>Unpublished synthesis of published material<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unpublished_synthesis_of_published_material-What_is_original_research?"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unpublished synthesis of published material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SYNTH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SYNTH">WP:SYNTH</a></div> <p>Editors often make the mistake of thinking that if <i>A</i> is published by a reliable source, and <i>B</i> is published by a reliable source, then A and B can be joined together in an article in order to advance position <i>C</i>. However, that would be an example of an unpublished synthesis of published material serving to advance a position, and it constitutes original research.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>A</i> and <i>B</i>, therefore <i>C</i>" is acceptable only if a reliable source has published this argument <b>in relation to the topic of the article.</b> </p><p>Here is an example from a Wikipedia article, with the names changed. The article was about Jones: </p> <blockquote><p>Smith says that Jones committed <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> by copying references from another book. Jones denies this, and says it's acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.</p></blockquote> <p>Now comes the unpublished synthesis of published material: </p> <blockquote><p>If Jones's claim that he always consulted the original sources is false, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a></i>, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The <i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> does not call violating this rule "plagiarism." Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.</p></blockquote> <p>The whole point of this paragraph is the conclusion that, given the <i>Chicago Manual of Style's</i> definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. This is the editor's opinion; it is original research. If the paragraph attributed the opinion to a reliable source <i>that specifically commented on the Smith and Jones dispute</i> and made the same point about the <i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> and plagiarism, it would comply with this policy. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source <i>in relation to the topic</i> before it can be published on Wikipedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_is_not_original_research?" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_is_not_original_research?-No_original_research"><span id="What_is_not_original_research.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-What_is_not_original_research?-No_original_research"></span>What is not original research?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-What_is_not_original_research?-No_original_research"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: What is not original research?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Editors may make straightforward mathematical calculations or logical deductions based on fully attributed data that neither change the significance of the data nor require additional assumptions beyond what is in the source. It should be possible for any reader without specialist knowledge to understand the deductions. For example, if a published source gives the numbers of votes cast for each candidate in an election, it is not original research to include percentages alongside the numbers, so long as it is a simple calculation and the vote counts all come from the same source. Deductions of this nature should not be made if they serve to advance a position, or if they are based on source material published about a topic other than the one at hand. </p><p>Citation exemptions have also been extended to plot summaries of novels, films, and related media. As Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/MOS:PLOT" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PLOT">Manual of Style</a> says, "The plot summary for a work, on a page about that work, does not need to be sourced with in-line citations, as it is generally assumed that the work itself is the primary source for the plot summary." Citations are, of course, still encouraged, and any interpretations, quotations, and secondary sources used must be cited in the article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_images" data-mw-thread-id="h-Original_images-What_is_not_original_research?"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Original_images-What_is_not_original_research?"></span>Original images<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Original_images-What_is_not_original_research?"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Original images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OI">WP:OI</a></div> <p>Pictures have enjoyed a broad exception from this policy, in that Wikipedia editors are encouraged to take photographs or draw pictures or diagrams and upload them, releasing them under the <a href="/wiki/GFDL" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL">GFDL</a>, or another free license, to illustrate articles. This is welcomed because images generally do not <i>propose unpublished ideas or arguments</i>. Also, because of copyright law in a number of countries and its relationship to the work of building a free encyclopedia, there are relatively few publicly available images we can take and use. Wikipedia editors' pictures fill a needed role. </p><p>A disadvantage of allowing original photographs to be uploaded is the possibility of editors using <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">photo manipulation</a> to distort the facts or position being illustrated by the photo. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. If they are noted as manipulated, they should be posted to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Images_and_media_for_deletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion">Wikipedia:Images for deletion</a> if the manipulation materially affects the encyclopedic value of the image. </p><p>Images that constitute original research in any other way are not allowed, such as a diagram of a hydrogen atom showing extra particles in the nucleus as theorized by the uploader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Living_persons" data-mw-thread-id="h-Living_persons"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Living_persons"></span>Living persons<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Living_persons"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Living persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons</a></div> <p>Editors must take particular care when writing biographical material about living persons, for legal reasons and in order to be neutral. Remove contentious material that is unsourced or poorly sourced immediately if it's about a living person, and do not move it to the talk page.<sup id="cite_ref-zero2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zero2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This applies to any material related to living persons on <i>any</i> page in <i>any</i> <a href="/wiki/Help:Namespace" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Namespace">namespace</a>, not just the article space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="How_to_cite_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_cite_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_to_cite_sources"></span>How to cite sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_to_cite_sources"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: How to cite sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a></div> <dl><dd><i>Further information and examples: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citations_quick_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Citations quick reference">Wikipedia:Citations quick reference</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Any reader should be able to verify that material added to Wikipedia has already been published by a reliable source. Material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, and quotations, should be accompanied by a clear and precise citation, normally written as a footnote, a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard reference">Harvard reference</a>, or an embedded link; other methods, including a direct description of the source in the article text, are also acceptable. </p><p>Any edit lacking attribution may be removed, and the final burden of evidence lies with the editor wishing to add or retain the material. However, this policy should not be used to cause disruption by removing material for which reliable sources could easily or reasonably be found—except in the case of contentious material about living persons, which must be removed immediately. If you encounter a harmless statement that lacks attribution, you can tag it with the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">fact</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template, or move it to the article's talk page with a comment requesting attribution. If the whole article is unsourced, you can use the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Unreferenced" title="Template:Unreferenced">unreferenced</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template; for sections requiring sourcing, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Unreferenced_section" title="Template:Unreferenced section">unreferenced section</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> is available. Absurd unsourced claims and original research should be deleted rather than tagged or moved to a talk page.<sup id="cite_ref-zero1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zero1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merge_and_delete" title="Wikipedia:Merge and delete">Wikipedia:Merge and delete</a>, attribution within Wikipedia in relation to its licensing terms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Disputes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes">Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes</a>, maintenance tags that notify of a dispute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Sources_and_notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sources_and_notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sources_and_notes"></span>Sources and notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sources_and_notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jimmy Wales has discussed the problem of unpublished novel syntheses of existing material, stating: "Some who completely understand why Wikipedia ought not create novel theories of physics by citing the results of experiments and so on and synthesizing them into something new, may fail to see how the same thing applies to history." (Wales, Jimmy. <a class="external text" href="https://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html">"Original research"</a>, December 6, 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zero2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zero2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Wales, Jimmy</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-May/046732.html">"Zero information is preferred to misleading or false information"</a>, WikiEN-l, May 19, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zero1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zero1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Wales, Jimmy</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-May/046440.html">"Zero information is preferred to misleading or false information"</a>, WikiEN-l, May 16, 2006.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wales, Jimmy. <a class="external text" href="https://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html">Crackpot articles</a>, July 12, 2003</li> <li>Wales, Jimmy. <a class="external text" href="https://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html">"Original research"</a>, December 3, 2004</li> <li>Wales, Jimmy. <a class="external text" href="https://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html">"Original research"</a>, December 6, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academia.wikia.com/">Academic Publishing Wiki</a> – a wiki welcoming original research</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://wikibooks.org/wiki/Wiki_Science:Wikiresearch">Wikiresearch</a>, a proposal for a wiki for original research.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&oldid=1236428237">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution&oldid=1236428237</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_verifiability" title="Category:Wikipedia verifiability">Wikipedia verifiability</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_move-protected_project_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia move-protected project pages">Wikipedia move-protected project pages</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 July 2024, at 17:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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