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vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaza_Strip&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaza_Strip&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gaza_Strip" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gaza_Strip" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaza_Strip&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGaza_Strip%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGaza_Strip%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39760" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-protectedpagetext"><div class="mw-parser-output"> <div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1099782930">.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat h2{margin-top:1em;border-bottom:0;font-size:130%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.15em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-submit{list-style:none;display:inline;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:2em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat>div{flex:1 1 400px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238441935">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}</style><table id="mw-protectedpagetext" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-protection" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/60px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/80px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:130%;"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div style="text-align: center;">This page is currently <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Arbitration_30/500_protection" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">protected</a> so that only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Extended_confirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">extended confirmed users</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">administrators</a> can edit it.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="pptext-whywhat"> <div class="pptext-why"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Why_is_the_page_protected?"><span id="Why_is_the_page_protected.3F"></span>Why is the page protected?</h2></div> <ul> <li>While most articles can be edited by anyone, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Extended_confirmed_protection" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">extended confirmed protection</a> is sometimes necessary to prevent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">disruptive editing</a> on controversial pages.</li> <li>The reason for protection can be found in the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=protect&page=Gaza+Strip">protection log</a>. If there are no relevant entries in the protection log, the page may have been moved after being protected. </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pptext-what"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_can_I_do?"><span id="What_can_I_do.3F"></span>What can I do?</h2></div> <ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gaza_Strip" title="Talk:Gaza Strip">Discuss this page</a> with others.</li> <li>For move-protected pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">requested moves</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">Request that the page's protection level be reduced</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Find out more about how to get started editing Wikipedia</a>.</li> <li>If you have noticed an error or have a suggestion for a <b>simple, non-controversial change</b>, you can submit an edit request by clicking the button below and following the instructions. An <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">administrator</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Extended_confirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">extended confirmed user</a> may then make the change on your behalf. Please check <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gaza_Strip" title="Talk:Gaza Strip">the talk page</a> first in case the issue is already being discussed.</li> <li class="pptext-submit"><div> <p><span class="plainlinks clickbutton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AGaza_Strip&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+24+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Gaza+Strip"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Submit an edit request</span></a></span> </p> </div></li> <li>If you wrote any text, please save it temporarily to your device until you can edit this page.</li> </ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="editnotice-area" class="editnotice-area mw-parser-output" style="clear: both; width: 100%;"> <div class="editnotice-link" style="clear: both; float: right; margin: 0px 0.8em; padding: 0; line-height: 1em;"> <small> <a href="/wiki/Template:Editnotices/Page/Gaza_Strip" title="Template:Editnotices/Page/Gaza Strip">Page notice</a></small> </div> <div class="editnotice-page" style="clear: both; width: 100%;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238441935"><table class="fmbox fmbox-editnotice" role="presentation" style="background: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5); color: inherit;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Commons-emblem-hand.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Commons-emblem-hand.svg/50px-Commons-emblem-hand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Commons-emblem-hand.svg/75px-Commons-emblem-hand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Commons-emblem-hand.svg/100px-Commons-emblem-hand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="editnotice-header" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 120%;"><div style="text-align: center">You are subject to additional rules when you edit this article.</div></div> <p>If you do not follow these rules, you may be blocked from editing: </p> <b><div><ul><li>You must be logged-in to an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Extended_confirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">extended confirmed</a> account (granted automatically to accounts with 500 edits and an age of 30 days)</li><li>You may not make more than 1 revert within 24 hours on this article (except in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring#Exemptions" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">limited circumstances</a>)</li></ul></div></b> This article is related to the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contentious_topics" title="Wikipedia:Contentious topics">contentious topic</a>. Pages related to this contentious topic are subject to additional rules as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Index/Palestine-Israel_articles" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration/Index/Palestine-Israel articles">authorized</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee">Arbitration Committee</a>. Before editing, please familiarize yourself with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contentious_topics" title="Wikipedia:Contentious topics">the contentious topic policy</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div style="clear: both;"></div></div> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. 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Chris Hedges, ''The New York Times'', 5 May 1994.</ref> * ''De facto'' [[Hamas government in the Gaza Strip|administered]] by [[Hamas]] since 14 June 2007, with an ongoing military operation in the Gaza Strip conducted by the [[IDF]] since 27 October 2023.{{efn|This includes the roughly 60% of the Gaza strip under evacuation orders,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beaule |first1=Victoria |last2=Ferris |first2=Layla |title=Visual analysis shows 60% of Gaza now under evacuation orders |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/visual-analysis-shows-60-gaza-now-evacuation-orders/story?id=106079156 |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=ABC News |date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402012915/https://abcnews.go.com/International/visual-analysis-shows-60-gaza-now-evacuation-orders/story?id=106079156 |archive-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> as well the [[Netzarim Corridor]], and an "expanded buffer zone"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Michaeli |first1=Yarden |last2=Scharf |first2=Avi |title=Buffer Zone and Control Corridor: What the Israeli Army's Entrenchment in Gaza Looks Like |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-03-28/ty-article-magazine/.premium/buffer-zone-and-control-corridor-what-israeli-armys-entrenchment-in-gaza-looks-like/0000018e-8556-df92-a5ff-e77e0d6a0000 |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=Haaretz |date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401062802/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-03-28/ty-article-magazine/.premium/buffer-zone-and-control-corridor-what-israeli-armys-entrenchment-in-gaza-looks-like/0000018e-8556-df92-a5ff-e77e0d6a0000 |archive-date=1 April 2024}}</ref> encompassing 16% of the Gaza strip.}} * Claimed by the [[State of Palestine]]{{efn|The [[State of Palestine]] is [[International recognition of the State of Palestine#Diplomatic recognitions|recognized by 145 members of the United Nations as well as the Holy See]].}} * Regarded as an [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territory]] even prior to 2023 due to the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|Gaza blockade]]{{efn|Although Israel [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|withdrew from the Gaza Strip]] in 2005, the United Nations, international human rights organizations and many legal scholars regard the Gaza Strip to still be under military occupation by Israel,<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429 |page=429 |first=Andrew |last=Sanger |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010 |chapter=The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla |volume=13 |editor1=M.N. Schmitt |editor2=Louise Arimatsu |editor3=Tim McCormack |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |date=2011 |isbn=978-90-6704-811-8 |quote=Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a State nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However, the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border, and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control all of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied. |doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14 }}<br />* {{cite book|title=International Law and the Classification of Conflicts|editor=Elizabeth Wilmshurst|first=Iain|last=Scobbie|author-link=Iain Scobbie|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2012|isbn=978-0-19-965775-9|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&pg=PA295|quote=Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.}}<br />* {{cite book|title=Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships|first=Michelle|last=Gawerc|publisher=Lexington Books|date=2012|isbn=9780739166109|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44|quote=While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human rights organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228174718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44|url-status=live}}</ref> as Israel still maintains direct control over Gaza's air and maritime space, all of Gaza's seven land crossings, a no-go buffer zone within the territory, and the Palestinian population registry. While the majority argues that the Gaza Strip is still occupied,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza?|first=Hanne|last=Cuyckens|date=1 October 2016|journal=Netherlands International Law Review|volume=63|issue=3|pages=275–295|doi=10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1|doi-access=free| issn=0165-070X }}</ref> Israel and other legal scholars dispute this.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Cuyckens | first=Hanne | title=Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza? | journal=Netherlands International Law Review | volume=63 | issue=3 | year=2016 | issn=0165-070X | doi=10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1 | pages=275–295 | doi-access=free }}</ref>}} | today = | image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg | flag_caption = Palestinian flag | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Gaza Strip in Palestine.svg|frameless]]|Location of the Gaza Strip (in red)|[[File:Gaza Strip map2.svg|frameless]]|Detailed map of the Gaza Strip|[[File:OCHA OpT September 2023 map of the Gaza Strip.pdf|frameless]]|[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|UN OCHA]] detailed map, September 2023}} | ethnic_groups = [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] [[Arabs]] | religion = {{unbulleted list |99% [[Islam in Palestine|Sunni Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) |<1% [[Palestinian Christians|Christianity]]}} | demonym = Gazan<br />Palestinian | national_motto = | national_anthem = | capital = [[Gaza City]] | coordinates = {{Coord|31|30|53|N|34|27|15|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Rafah]]{{efn|Before 2023, Gaza City was the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the State of Palestine as a whole. Following attacks by Israel, a large amount of refugees from Gaza City and elsewhere in the Strip evacuated into the border city of Rafah, effectively making it the most populous city.}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/140699#:~:text=ActionAid%3A%20Conditions%20in%20Rafah%20at,over%20one%20million%20displaced%20people | title= ActionAid: Conditions in Rafah at breaking point, with over one million displaced people |work=wafa agency}}</ref> | government_type = | leader_title1 = Hamas Chief in the Gaza Strip<ref>{{cite web |title=Israeli occupation's threats against Hamas officials reflect political impasse |url=https://hamas.ps/en/post/4287/Israeli-occupation-s-threats-against-Hamas-officials-reflect-political-impasse |website=[[Hamas]] |access-date=27 February 2023 |date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227020201/https://hamas.ps/en/post/4287/Israeli-occupation-s-threats-against-Hamas-officials-reflect-political-impasse |url-status=live }}</ref> | leader_name1 = [[Mohammed Sinwar]] | leader_title2 = [[Head of government]] | leader_name2 = [[Essam al-Da'alis]] | official_languages = [[Arabic]] | area_km2 = 365 | area_sq_mi = | area_footnote = | population_estimate = 2,141,643<ref name="CIA World Factbook" /> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 5967.5 | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_rank = – | GDP_PPP_year = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = – | HDI = | HDI_rank = | HDI_year = | HDI_category = | currency = [[Israeli new shekel]]<br>[[Egyptian pound]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpAREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA351|title=Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States|isbn=978-0-19-885309-1|last1=Chami|first1=Ralph|last2=Espinoza|first2=Raphael|last3=Montiel|first3=Peter J.|date=26 January 2021|publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=4 August 2021|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411064413/https://books.google.com/books?id=hpAREAAAQBAJ&q=egyptian+pound+used+in+gaza&pg=PA351|url-status=live}}</ref> | iso3166code = PS | time_zone = [[Palestine Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Palestine Summer Time]] | utc_offset_DST = +3 | calling_code = [[+970]] }} The '''Gaza Strip''' ({{IPAc-en|'|g|ɑː|z|ə|audio=Gaza pronunciation.mp3}};<ref name="OED-Gaza Strip">''The New Oxford Dictionary of English''. 1998. p. 761. {{ISBN|0-19-861263-X}}. "Gaza Strip /'gɑːzə/ a strip of territory under the control of the Palestinian National Authority and Hamas, on the SE Mediterranean coast including the town of Gaza...".</ref> {{langx|ar|قِطَاعُ غَزَّةَ}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah}}'' {{IPA|ar|qɪˈtˤɑːʕ ˈɣaz.za|}}), also known simply as '''Gaza''', is a small territory located on the eastern coast of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]; it is the smaller of the two [[Palestinian territories]], the other being the [[West Bank]], that make up the [[State of Palestine]]. Inhabited by mostly [[Palestinian refugees|Palestinian refugees and their descendants]], Gaza is one of the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated territories in the world]]. Gaza is bordered by [[Egypt]] on the southwest and [[Israel]] on the east and north. The territory has been under [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]] since [[Six-Day War|1967]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://verfassungsblog.de/the-functional-approach-as-lex-lata/|title=The Functional Approach as Lex Lata|first=Aeyal|last=Gross|date=12 October 2024|journal=Verfassungsblog|via=verfassungsblog.de|doi=10.59704/133f2ff82e19d7f9}}</ref> The territorial boundaries were established while Gaza [[Administration of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|was controlled]] by [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] at the conclusion of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war]], and it became a refuge for Palestinians who [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|fled or were expelled]] during the [[1948 Palestine war]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2024-09-06|title=Gaza Strip {{!}} Definition, History, Facts, & Map {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip |access-date=2024-09-06|website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019125720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Samson |first=Elizabeth |date=2010 |title=Is Gaza Occupied: Redefining the Status of Gaza under International Law |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/amuilr25&id=929&div=&collection= |journal=American University International Law Review |volume=25 |pages=915 |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122142832/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/amuilr25&id=929&div=&collection= |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, during the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], Israel captured and occupied the Gaza Strip, initiating [[Israeli-occupied territories|its decades-long military occupation]] of the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The mid-1990s [[Oslo Accords]] established the [[Palestinian Authority]] (PA) as a limited governing authority, initially led by the [[Secularity|secular]] party [[Fatah]] until that party's [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|electoral defeat in 2006]] to the [[Sunni Islam]]ic [[Hamas]]. Hamas would then take over the [[Hamas government in the Gaza Strip|governance of Gaza]] in [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|a battle]] the next year,<ref name="auto1">Tristan Dunning, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4jp-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 ''Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy: Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100658/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jp-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212|date=2 November 2022}} Routledge, 2016 p.212:'Since taking sole control of Gaza in June 2007, Hamas has proven itself to be a remarkably resilient and resourceful government entity. The movement has clearly entrenched itself as the hegemonic power in the coastal enclave to such an extent that the International Crisis Group contends that the power struggle in Gaza is no longer between Hamas and Fatah. Rather the main source of confrontation is between Hamas and other more hardline Islamists and ''salafists''. . . Hamas has been far more successful in an administrative sense than the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank, despite having access to only a fraction of the resources.'</ref><ref> *Joshua Castellino, Kathleen A. Cavanaugh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9VHRny2tWgcC&pg=PA150 ''Minority Rights in the Middle East,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100657/https://books.google.com/books?id=9VHRny2tWgcC&pg=PA150|date=2 November 2022}} Oxford University Press 2013 p.150:'Palestinians under occupation in the West Bank and Gaza constitute a majority (demographically) with representation by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), a self-governing body run by Fatah in the West Bank, and by Hamas in the Gaza Strip'. *[[David Rose (journalist)|David Rose]], [https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/04/gaza200804 'The Gaza Bombshell,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115827/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/04/gaza200804 |date=28 April 2018 }} [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] April, 2008. 'The plan was for forces led by Dahlan, and armed with new weapons supplied at America's behest, to give Fatah the muscle it needed to remove the democratically elected Hamas-led government from power. . But the secret plan backfired, resulting in a further setback for American foreign policy under Bush. Instead of driving its enemies out of power, the U.S.-backed Fatah fighters inadvertently provoked Hamas to seize total control of Gaza.' *[[Sara Roy]], ''Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza,'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 p.45] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100700/https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |date=2 November 2022 }}. 'Dahlan, who was supported by U.S. officials, has been a bitter enemy of Hamas since his 1996 crackdown on the movement. He consistently refused to accept the Palestinian unity government brokered by the Saudi government in the Mecca Agreement "and made his opposition intolerable to Hamas when he refused to subject the security forces under his command, armed and trained by the U.S., to the legitimate Palestinian unity government as agreed between Hamas and Fatah." Alistair Crooke, a former Middle East adviser to the EU foreign policy chief [[Javier Solana]], similarly observed, "Dahlan refused to deal with (the independent interior minister appointed to the unity government), and put his troops on the streets in defiance of the interior minister. Hamas felt that they had little option but to take control of security away from forces which were in fact creating insecurity." Hence, Hamas was not attempting a coup against the government or the Fatah organization as a whole but also against Dahlan's U.S.-funded militia (and individual Fatah loyalists it blamed for the murder of Hamas members).'</ref> subsequently warring with Israel. The restrictions on movement and goods in Gaza imposed by [[Israel]] date back to the early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preliminary Assessment Of The Economic Impact Of The Destruction In Gaza |url=https://unctad.org/publication/preliminary-assessment-economic-impact-destruction-gaza-and-prospects-economic-recovery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405083028/https://unctad.org/publication/preliminary-assessment-economic-impact-destruction-gaza-and-prospects-economic-recovery |archive-date=5 April 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024 }}</ref> In 2005, Israel [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|unilaterally withdrew its military forces]] from Gaza, dismantled [[Israeli settlement|its settlements]], and implemented a temporary [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade of Gaza]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Alfarsi |first=Haroun |date=2023-10-10 |title=Gaza Strip Blockade: Explained |url=https://www.profolus.com/topics/gaza-strip-blockade-explained/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Profolus |language=en-us}}</ref> The blockade became indefinite after the 2007 Hamas takeover.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-12 |title=Gaza Strip: devastated by conflict and Israel's economic blockade |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-strip-devastated-by-conflict-economic-blockade-2023-10-12/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113003741/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-strip-devastated-by-conflict-economic-blockade-2023-10-12/ |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-13 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Egypt also began its blockade of Gaza in 2007. Despite the Israeli disengagement, Gaza is [[ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories|still considered]] occupied by Israel under [[international law]].<ref name="occ">{{cite book |last=Sanger |first=Andrew |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010 |chapter=The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla |date=2011 |editor2=Louise Arimatsu |editor3=Tim McCormack |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |volume=13 |page=429 |doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14 |isbn=978-90-6704-811-8 |quote=Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a State nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. <br />Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry.<br />It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied. |editor=M.N. Schmitt }}</ref><ref> *{{cite web | title=Military occupation of Palestine by Israel | website=[[Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project]] | date=18 May 2014 | url=https://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/military-occupation-of-palestine-by-israel#collapse2accord | access-date=20 November 2023 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404102657/https://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/military-occupation-of-palestine-by-israel#collapse2accord | url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last=Scobbie |first=Iain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&pg=PA295 |title=International Law and the Classification of Conflicts |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965775-9 |editor=Elizabeth Wilmshurst |page=295 |quote=Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza. |author-link=Iain Scobbie }} *{{cite book |last=Gawerc |first=Michelle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44 |title=Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739166109 |page=44 |quote=While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied. |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228174718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44 |url-status=live }}</ref> The current blockade prevents people and goods from freely entering or leaving the territory, leading to Gaza often being called an "open-air prison".<ref>[[Sara Roy]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 ''Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist Social Sector,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100742/https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|date=2 November 2022}} Princeton University Press, 2013 p.41:'Hamas's democratic victory, however, was short-lived . .followed as it was in June 2006 by an Israeli and US-led international political and economic boycott of the new Palestinian government. The boycott amounted to a form of collective punishment against the entire Palestinian population and, to my knowledge, was the first time in the history of the conflict that the international community imposed sanctions on the occupied rather than the occupier.'</ref><ref name="open-air prison" /> The UN, as well as at least 19 human-rights organizations, have urged Israel to lift the blockade.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=UN Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator Call for Strengthening of International Support to the oPt |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-assistant-secretary-general-for-humanitarian-affairs-and-deputy-emergency-relief-coordinator-call-for-strengthening-of-international-support-to-the-opt-ocha-press-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415123155/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-assistant-secretary-general-for-humanitarian-affairs-and-deputy-emergency-relief-coordinator-call-for-strengthening-of-international-support-to-the-opt-ocha-press-release/ |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=29 December 2020 |publisher=OCHA |quote=..." including lifting of the blockade in Gaza..."}}</ref> Israel has justified its blockade on the strip with wanting to stop flow of arms, but Palestinians and rights groups say it amounts to [[collective punishment]] and exacerbates dire living conditions. Prior to the [[Israel–Hamas war]], Hamas had said that it did not want a military escalation in Gaza partially to prevent exacerbating the humanitarian crisis after the 2021 conflict.<ref name="nytib">{{cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza has suffered under 16 year siege |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |accessdate=3 December 2023 |work=The New York Times |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053734/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A tightened blockade since the start of the [[Israel–Hamas war]] has contributed to an [[Gaza Strip famine|ongoing famine]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knutson |first=Jacob |title=U.S. aid official says famine has begun in northern Gaza |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/11/us-official-famine-northern-gaza |website=Axios |access-date=12 April 2024 |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412031951/https://www.axios.com/2024/04/11/us-official-famine-northern-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref> The Gaza Strip is {{Convert|41|km|abbr=off}} long, from {{cvt|6|to|12|km|mi|sp=us}} wide, and has a total area of {{cvt|365|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}.<ref name="Arnon" /><ref name="CIA World Factbook">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip/ Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112082940/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip|date=12 January 2021}} Entry at the CIA World Factbook</ref> With around 2&nbsp;million [[Palestinians]]<ref name="CIA World Factbook" /> on approximately {{convert|365|sqkm|abbr=on}} of land, Gaza has one of the world's highest [[population densities]].<ref name="nbcpd"/><ref name=arc/> More than 70% of Gaza's population are [[Palestinian refugees]], half of whom are under the age of 18.<ref name="Norman G. Finkelstein">{{cite book|author=Norman G. Finkelstein|title=Gaza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo84DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA|year=2018|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-29571-1|pages=|access-date=20 May 2019|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311045306/https://books.google.com/books?id=qo84DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunni Muslims make up most of Gaza's population, with a [[Palestinian Christians|Palestinian Christian]] minority. Gaza has an annual population growth rate of 1.99% (2023 est.), the [[List of countries by population growth rate|39th-highest]] in the world.<ref name="CIA World Factbook" /> Gaza's unemployment rate is among the highest in the world, with an overall unemployment rate of 46% and a youth unemployment rate of 70%.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Humaid |first=Maram |title=Gaza graduates demand UNRWA solutions for high unemployment rate |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/27/gaza-graduates-demand-unrwa-solutions-for-high-unemployment-rate |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113013006/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/27/gaza-graduates-demand-unrwa-solutions-for-high-unemployment-rate |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, the [[List of countries by literacy rate|area's 97% literacy rate is higher]] than that of nearby [[Egypt]], while youth literacy is 88%.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/|title=World Bank Open Data|website=World Bank Open Data|access-date=16 March 2024|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526025607/https://data.worldbank.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaza has throughout the years been seen as a source of [[Palestinian nationalism]] and resistance.<ref name="Sara M. Roy">{{cite book|author=Sara M. Roy|title=The Gaza Strip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA|year=2016|publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-88728-321-5|pages=|access-date=21 January 2024|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311045308/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Filiu |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=The Twelve Wars on Gaza |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |date=1 November 2014 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=52–60 |doi=10.1525/jps.2014.44.1.52 |url=https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03473736/file/2014-10-filiu-12-wars-on-gaza-jps-44-1.pdf |ref=none |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426012902/https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03473736/file/2014-10-filiu-12-wars-on-gaza-jps-44-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rynhold |first1=Jonathan |last2=Waxman |first2=Dov |title=Ideological Change and Israel's Disengagement from Gaza |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=2008 |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=11–37 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00615.x |jstor=20202970 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20202970 |issn=0032-3195 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017122938/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20202970 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Gaza Strip}} ==History== {{See also|History of Gaza|l1=History of Gaza City}} Historically part of the [[Palestine region]], the area was controlled since the 16th century by the [[Ottoman Empire]]; in 1906, the Ottomans and the [[British Empire]] set [[Egypt–Gaza border|the region's international border]] with [[Egypt]].<ref name=":4">{{cite book |title=The Land of the Negev (English title) |publisher=[[Israeli Defense Ministry|Ministry of Defense]] Publishing |year=1978–79 |editor1=Gardus, Yehuda |language=he |editor2=Shmueli, Avshalom}} pp. 369–370.</ref> With the defeat of the [[Central Powers]] in [[World War I]] and the subsequent [[partition of the Ottoman Empire]], the British deferred the governance of the Gaza Strip area to Egypt, which declined the responsibility.<ref>James Kraska, 'Rule Selection in the Case of Israel's Blockade of Gaza:Law of Naval Warfare or Law of Sea?,' in [https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA387 ''M.N. Schmitt, Louise Arimatsu, Tim McCormack (eds.,) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100657/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA387|date=2 November 2022}} Springer Science & Business Media, 2011 pp.367–395, p.387</ref> Britain itself kept and ruled the territory it occupied in 1917–18, from 1920 until 1948 under the internationally accepted frame of "[[Mandatory Palestine]]". ===1948–1959: All-Palestine government=== {{anchor|1948}}{{Main|All-Palestine Protectorate|All-Palestine Government}} During the [[1948 Palestine war]] and more specifically the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], tens of thousands of [[Palestinian refugees]] [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|fled or were expelled]] to the Gaza Strip.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news |last1=Farrell |first1=Stephen |date=2023-11-02 |title=Israel-Gaza war: a timeline of the conflict's history |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gazas-centuries-war-brief-history-2023-10-30/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106001524/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gazas-centuries-war-brief-history-2023-10-30/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of the war, 25% of Mandatory Palestine's [[Arab]] population was in Gaza, though the Strip constituted only 1% of the land.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=71-72}} The same year, the [[United Nations]] Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ([[UNRWA]]) was established to administer various refugee programmes.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=76}} On 22 September 1948 (near the end of the Arab–Israeli War), in the Egyptian-occupied [[Gaza City]], the [[Arab League]] proclaimed the {{Nowrap|All-Palestine}} Government, partly to limit [[Jordan|Transjordan]]'s influence over Palestine. The All-Palestine Protectorate was quickly recognized by six of the Arab League's then-seven members (excluding Transjordan): Egypt, [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/all-palestine-government |title=All-Palestine Government, by Shlaim, Avi |publisher=Answers.com |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801150916/http://www.answers.com/topic/all-palestine-government |url-status=live }}</ref> After the cessation of hostilities, the [[Israel–Egypt Armistice Agreement]] of 24 February 1949 established the line of separation between Egyptian and Israeli forces, as well as the modern boundary between Gaza and Israel, which both signatories declared not to be an international border. The southern border with Egypt was unchanged.<ref name=":4" /> Palestinians living in Gaza or Egypt were issued All-Palestine passports. Egypt did not offer them citizenship. From the end of 1949, they received aid directly from UNRWA. During the [[Suez Crisis]] (1956), Gaza and the [[Sinai Peninsula]] were occupied by Israeli troops, who withdrew under international pressure. The All-Palestine government was accused of being little more than a façade for Egyptian control, with negligible independent funding or influence. It subsequently moved to [[Cairo]] and dissolved in 1959 by decree of Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} ===1956–1957: Israeli occupation=== {{Further|Suez Crisis}}[[File:Gaza Strip (997008872766305171.jpg|thumb|Palestinians in an outdoor market in the Gaza Strip in 1956]] During the 1956 Suez Crisis (the Second Arab–Israeli war), Israel invaded Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula. On 3&nbsp;November, the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) attacked Egyptian and Palestinian forces at [[Khan Yunis]].<ref name="Varble, Derek, p. 45">{{harvnb|Varble|2003|p=45}}</ref> The city of Khan Yunis resisted being captured, and Israel responded with a heavy bombing campaign that inflicted heavy civilian casualties.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=96}} After a fierce battle, the Israeli 37th Armored Brigade's [[M4 Sherman|Sherman tanks]] broke through the heavily fortified lines outside of Khan Yunis held by the 86th Palestinian Brigade.<ref name="Varble, Derek, p. 46">{{harvnb|Varble|2003|p=46}}</ref> After some street-fighting with Egyptian soldiers and [[Palestinian fedayeen]], Khan Yunis fell to the Israelis.<ref name="Varble, Derek, p. 46" /> Upon capturing Khan Yunis, the IDF committed [[Khan Yunis massacre|an alleged massacre]].<ref name="lat3">[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-feb-04-la-et-joe-sacco4-2010feb04-story.html Joe Sacco produces comics from the hot zones] . New York Times.</ref> Israeli troops started executing unarmed Palestinians, mostly civilians; in one instance men were lined up against walls in central square and executed with [[machine gun]]s.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=97}} The claims of a massacre were reported to the United Nations General Assembly on 15 December 1956 by UNRWA director [[Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr.|Henry Labouisse]], who reported from "trustworthy sources" that 275 people were killed in the massacre, of which 140 were refugees and 135 local residents.<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/6558f61d3db6bd4505256593006b06be?OpenDocument "UNRWA Report to the UN General Assembly November 1&nbsp;– December 14, 1956"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629110942/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/6558f61d3db6bd4505256593006b06be?OpenDocument|date=29 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sacco2">{{cite book |last=Sacco |first=Joe |url=https://archive.org/details/footnotesingaza0000sacc |title=Footnotes in Gaza: A Graphic Novel |publisher=Metropolitan Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8050-7347-8 |author-link=Joe Sacco |url-access=registration}}</ref> On 12 November, days after the hostilities had ended, Israel [[1956 Rafah massacre|killed 111 people]] in the [[Rafah refugee camp]] during Israeli operations, provoking international criticism.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=99-100}}<ref name="lat3"/> Israel ended the occupation in March 1957, amid international pressure. During the four-month Israeli occupation, 900–1,231 people were killed.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=105}} According to French historian [[Jean-Pierre Filiu]], 1% of the population of Gaza was killed, wounded, imprisoned or tortured during the occupation.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=105}} ===1959–1967: Egyptian occupation=== {{Main|Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt}} [[File:Che Guevara in Gaza.jpg|thumb|[[Che Guevara]] visiting Gaza in 1959]]After the dissolution of the All-Palestine Government in 1959, under the excuse of pan-Arabism, Egypt continued to occupy Gaza until 1967. Egypt never annexed the Strip, but instead treated it as a controlled territory and administered it through a military governor.<ref>[http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000503 "How has the Gaza Strip influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120155902/http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000503 |date=20 January 2012 }} entry at ProCon.org citing "An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab–Israeli Conflict"</ref> The influx of over 200,000 refugees from former Mandatory Palestine, roughly a quarter of [[Palestinian refugee|those who fled or were expelled from their homes]] during, and in the aftermath of, the 1948 Arab–Israeli War into Gaza<ref>Elisha Efrat, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi59AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 ''The West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Geography of Occupation and Disengagement,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100714/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi59AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |date=2 November 2022 }} Routledge, 2006 pp.74–75.</ref> resulted in a dramatic decrease in the standard of living. Because the Egyptian government restricted movement to and from Gaza, its inhabitants could not look elsewhere for gainful employment.<ref name="JB">{{cite journal |last=Baster |first=James |title=Economic Problems in the Gaza Strip |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=9 |issue=3 |year=1955 |pages=323–327 |jstor=4322725 }}</ref> ===1967: Israeli occupation=== {{See also|Israeli Military Governorate}} In June 1967, during the Six-Day War, IDF captured Gaza. Under the then head of Israel's Southern Command [[Ariel Sharon]], dozens of Palestinians, suspected of being members of the resistance, were executed without trial.<ref>Adam Shatz,[https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n21/adam-shatz/vengeful-pathologies Vengeful Pathologies,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107065245/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n21/adam-shatz/vengeful-pathologies |date=7 November 2023 }} [[London Review of Books]] Vol. 45 No. 21 · 2 November 2023</ref> Between 1967 and 1968, Israel evicted approximately 75,000 residents of the Gaza Strip who Golda Meir described as a "fifth column". In addition, at least 25,000 Gazan residents were prevented from returning after the 1967 war. Ultimately, the Strip lost 25% (a conservative estimate) of its prewar population between 1967 and 1968.<ref>Roy, S. M. (2016). The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development. United States: Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated.</ref> In 1970-1971 [[Ariel Sharon]] implemented what became known as a 'five finger' strategy, which consisted in creating military areas and settlements by breaking the Strip into five zones to better enable Israeli occupation, settlement and, by discontinuous fragmentation of the Palestinian zones created, allow an efficient management of the area. Thousands of homes were bulldozed and large numbers of Bedouin families were exiled to the Sinai.<ref>Ehud Eiran, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YHoxEAAAQBAJ ''Post-Colonial Settlement Strategy,''] [[Edinburgh University Press]] 2019 {{isbn|978-1-474-43759-2}} p.83</ref><ref>Fatina Abreek-Zubeidat, Alona Nitzan–Shiftan,'"De-Camping" through Development: The Palestinianj refugee Camps in the Gaza Strip under the Israeli Occupation,’ in Claudio Minca, Diana Martin, Irit Katz (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=e-TaDwAAQBAJ&dq=sharon%2Bfive+fingers%2BGaza&pg=PA144 ''Camps Revisited:Multifaceted Spatialities of a Modern Political Technology,''] [[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]] 2018 {{isbn|978-1-786-60580-1}} pp.137-158, p.144.</ref><ref>[[Ramzy Baroud]], [https://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/ramzy-baroud/sharon-revisited-netanyahus-ultimate-aim-gaza-and-why-it-will-fail#google_vignette 'Sharon Revisited: Netanyahu’s Ultimate Aim in Gaza and Why It Will Fail,'] [[The Jordan Times]] 3 July 2024.</ref> Between 1973 (after the [[Yom Kippur War]]) and 1987, official policy on economic development in the Gaza Strip remained the same as in 1969 with limited local investment and economic opportunity coming primarily from employment in Israel.<ref name=":7" /> [[File:Gaza Strip (997009324715105171.jpg|thumb|Gaza City in 1967]] According to [[Tom Segev]], moving the Palestinians out of the country had been a persistent element of Zionist thinking from early times.<ref name="TSegev">[[Tom Segev]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=ggLatcD7gW4C&pg=PA532 1967: ''Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100701/https://books.google.com/books?id=ggLatcD7gW4C&pg=PA532 |date=2 November 2022 }} Henry Holt and Company, 2007 p.532</ref> In December 1967, during a meeting at which the [[Security Cabinet of Israel|Security Cabinet]] [[brainstorming|brainstormed]] about what to do with the Arab population of the newly occupied territories, one of the suggestions Prime Minister [[Levi Eshkol]] proffered regarding Gaza was that the people might leave if Israel restricted their access to water supplies.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ofer |last=Aderet |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-pm-in-67-we-ll-deprive-gaza-of-water-and-the-arabs-will-leave-1.5465942 |title=Israeli Prime Minister After Six-Day War: 'We'll Deprive Gaza of Water, and the Arabs Will Leave |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919033849/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-pm-in-67-we-ll-deprive-gaza-of-water-and-the-arabs-will-leave-1.5465942 |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of measures, including financial incentives, were taken shortly afterwards to begin to encourage Gazans to emigrate elsewhere.<ref name="TSegev" /><ref>[[Nur Masalha]], ''The politics of denial: Israel and the Palestinian refugee problem.'' Pluto Press, 2003 p.104.</ref> Following the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, "various international agencies struggled to respond" and [[American Near East Refugee Aid]] was founded to help victims of the conflict by providing immediate emergency relief.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Anera {{!}} Palestinian Refugee Aid Organization |url=https://www.anera.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Anera |language=en-US |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708032420/https://www.anera.org/who-we-are/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Dan Hadani collection (990044372600205171).jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers in Gaza in 1969]] Subsequent to this military victory, Israel created the first [[Israeli settlement]] bloc in the Strip, [[Gush Katif]], in the southwest corner near [[Rafah]] and the Egyptian border on a spot where a [[Kfar Darom|small kibbutz]] had previously existed for 18 months between 1946 and 1948. The kibbutz community had been established as part of the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency's]] "[[11 points in the Negev]]" plan, in which 11 Jewish villages were built across the Negev in a single night as a response to the [[Morrison-Grady Plan]], which threatened to exclude the Negev from a future Jewish State. In total, between 1967 and 2005, Israel established 21 settlements in Gaza, comprising 20% of the total territory. The [[Gross national product|economic growth rate]] from 1967 to 1982 averaged roughly 9.7 percent per annum, due in good part to expanded income from work opportunities inside Israel, which had a major utility for the latter by supplying the country with a large unskilled and semi-skilled workforce. Gaza's agricultural sector was adversely affected as one-third of the Strip was appropriated by Israel, competition for scarce water resources stiffened, and the lucrative cultivation of citrus declined with the advent of Israeli policies, such as prohibitions on planting new trees and taxation that gave breaks to Israeli producers, factors which militated against growth. Gaza's direct exports of these products to Western markets, as opposed to Arab markets, was prohibited except through Israeli marketing vehicles, in order to assist Israeli citrus exports to the same markets. The overall result was that large numbers of farmers were forced out of the agricultural sector. Israel placed quotas on all goods exported from Gaza, while abolishing restrictions on the flow of Israeli goods into the Strip. [[Sara Roy]] characterised the pattern as one of structural de-development.<ref name=":7">[[Sara Roy]], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536651 'The Gaza Strip: A Case of Economic De-Development,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195620/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536651 |date=22 January 2019 }} [[Journal of Palestine Studies]], Vol. 17, No. 1 (Autumn, 1987), pp. 56–88.</ref> On 26 March 1979, Israel and Egypt signed the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Israel's Fateful Hour |url=https://archive.org/details/israelsfatefulho00hark |url-access=registration |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers |location=New York |author=Harkabi, Yehoshafat |year=1988 |isbn=9780060916138}} p. 87.</ref> Among other things, the treaty provided for the withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War. The Egyptians agreed to keep the Sinai Peninsula demilitarized. The final status of the Gaza Strip, and other relations between Israel and Palestinians, was not dealt with in the treaty. Egypt renounced all territorial claims to territory north of the international border. The Gaza Strip remained under Israeli military administration. The Israeli military became responsible for the maintenance of civil facilities and services. After the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty, a 100-meter-wide buffer zone between Gaza and Egypt known as the [[Philadelphi Route]] was established. The international border along the [[Philadelphi corridor]] between Egypt and Gaza is {{convert|11|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} long. ===1987: First Intifada=== {{Main|First Intifada}} [[File:Intifada in Gaza Strip, 1987 VI Dan Hadani Archive.jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers opposite Palestinian protesters in the strip during the [[First Intifada]] in 1987]] The First Intifada was a sustained series of protests and violent riots carried out by [[Palestinians]] in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[Palestinian territories]] and Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/intifada-begins-on-gaza-strip|title=Intifada begins on Gaza Strip|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215013023/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/intifada-begins-on-gaza-strip|url-status=live}}</ref> It was motivated by collective Palestinian frustration over Israel's military occupation of the [[West Bank]] and the Gaza Strip, as it approached a twenty-year mark, having begun after Israel's victory in the [[Six-Day War|1967 Arab–Israeli War]].<ref name="LockmanBeinin1989_5">[[#LockmanBeinin1989|Lockman; Beinin (1989)]], p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPVNdzXUJkC&pg=PA5 5.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418105653/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPVNdzXUJkC&pg=PA5 |date=18 April 2023 }}</ref> The uprising lasted from December 1987 until the [[Madrid Conference of 1991]], though some date its conclusion to 1993, with the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]]. The intifada began on 9 December 1987,<ref name="LockmanBeinin1989_5" /> in the [[Jabalia Camp|Jabalia]] [[refugee camp]] of the Gaza Strip after an Israeli army truck collided with a civilian car, killing four Palestinian workers.<ref name="OmerMan2001">Michael Omer-Man [http://www.jpost.com/Features/In-Thespotlight/The-accident-that-sparked-an-Intifada The accident that sparked an Intifada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215150108/https://www.jpost.com///features/in-thespotlight/the-accident-that-sparked-an-intifada |date=15 December 2022 }}, 12/04/2011</ref> Palestinians charged that the collision was a deliberate response for the killing of an Israeli in Gaza days earlier.<ref>David McDowall,''Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond'', University of California Press, 1989 p. 1</ref> Israel denied that the crash, which came at time of heightened tensions, was intentional or coordinated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The accident that sparked an Intifada|url=https://www.jpost.com/features/in-thespotlight/the-accident-that-sparked-an-intifada|access-date=2020-08-21|website=The Jerusalem Post|date=4 December 2011|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215150108/https://www.jpost.com///features/in-thespotlight/the-accident-that-sparked-an-intifada|url-status=live}}</ref> The Palestinian response was characterized by protests, [[civil disobedience]], and violence.<ref name="books.google.com">Ruth Margolies Beitler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FVd5dJGBYMsC&pg=PR11 ''The Path to Mass Rebellion: An Analysis of Two Intifadas''], Lexington Books, 2004 p.xi.</ref><ref name="Lustick 1993 560–594">{{Cite journal|last=Lustick|first=Ian S.|date=1993|editor-last=Brynen|editor-first=Rex|editor2-last=Hiltermann|editor2-first=Joost R.|editor3-last=Hudson|editor3-first=Michael C.|editor4-last=Hunter|editor4-first=F. Robert|editor5-last=Lockman|editor5-first=Zachary|editor6-last=Beinin|editor6-first=Joel|editor7-last=McDowall|editor7-first=David|editor8-last=Nassar|editor8-first=Jamal R.|editor9-last=Heacock|editor9-first=Roger|title=Writing the Intifada: Collective Action in the Occupied Territories|journal=World Politics|volume=45|issue=4|pages=560–594|doi=10.2307/2950709|jstor=2950709|s2cid=147140028 |issn=0043-8871}}</ref> There was [[graffiti]], [[barricade|barricading]],<ref name="BBC NEWS">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1987.stm|title=Palestinian intifada|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731193109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1987.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Walid Salem 2005, pp. 179">Walid Salem, 'Human Security from Below: Palestinian Citizens Protection Strategies, 1988–2005,' in Monica den Boer, Jaap de Wilde (eds.), ''The Viability of Human Security,''Amsterdam University Press, 2008 pp. 179–201 p. 190.</ref> and widespread [[Palestinian stone-throwing|throwing of stones]] and [[Molotov cocktail]]s at the IDF and its infrastructure within the West Bank and Gaza Strip. These contrasted with civil efforts including [[general strikes]], [[boycott]]s of [[Israeli Civil Administration]] institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, an economic [[boycott]] consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, and refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses.<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="Lustick 1993 560–594"/><ref name="BBC NEWS"/> ===1994: Gaza under Palestinian Authority=== In May 1994, following the Palestinian-Israeli agreements known as the Oslo Accords, a phased transfer of governmental authority to the Palestinians took place. Much of the Strip came under Palestinian control, except for the settlement blocs and military areas. The Israeli forces left Gaza City and other urban areas, leaving the new Palestinian Authority to administer and police those areas. The Palestinian Authority, led by [[Yasser Arafat]], chose Gaza City as its first provincial headquarters. In September 1995, Israel and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) signed [[Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip|a second agreement]], extending the Palestinian Authority to most West Bank towns. Between 1994 and 1996, Israel built the [[Gaza–Israel barrier]] to improve security in Israel. The barrier was largely torn down by Palestinians at the beginning of the [[Second Intifada]] in September 2000.<ref name="Doron Almog">{{Cite journal |title=Lessons of the Gaza Security Fence for the West Bank |last=Almog |first=Doron |publisher=Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs |date=23 December 2004 |journal=Jerusalem Issue Briefs |volume=4 |issue=12 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief004-12.htm |access-date=1 February 2009 |archive-date=13 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213141925/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief004-12.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ===2000: Second Intifada=== {{Main|Second Intifada}} [[File:IDF-D9-demolishes-Palestinian-structure-01.jpg|thumb|An [[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[armored bulldozer]] demolishing a house in the Gaza Strip during the Second Intifada]] The Second Intifada was a major [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] uprising in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[Palestinian territories]] and Israel. The general triggers for the unrest are speculated to have been centred on the failure of the [[2000 Camp David Summit]], which was expected to reach a final agreement on the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process]] in July 2000.{{sfn|Pressman|2003|p=114}} Outbreaks of violence began in September 2000, after [[Ariel Sharon]], then the [[Leader of the Opposition (Israel)|Israeli opposition leader]], made a provocative visit to the [[Al-Aqsa]] compound on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]];{{sfn|Pressman|2003|p=114}} the visit itself was peaceful, but, as anticipated, sparked protests and riots that Israeli police put down with rubber bullets and tear gas.{{sfn|Byman|2011|p=114}} The Second Intifada also marked the beginning of rocket attacks and bombings of Israeli border localities by Palestinian guerrillas from the Gaza Strip, especially by the [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] movements. High numbers of casualties were caused among civilians as well as combatants. Israeli forces engaged in gunfire, [[Targeted killings by the Israel Defense Forces|targeted killings]], and tank and aerial attacks, while Palestinians engaged in [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bombings]], gunfire, [[Palestinian stone-throwing|stone-throwing]], and [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|rocket attacks]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Samy |chapter=Botched Engagement in the Intifada |date=2010 |title=Israel's Asymmetric Wars |pages=73–91 |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9780230112971_6 |isbn=978-1-349-28896-0}}"The al-Aqsa Intifada ushered in an era with a new brand of violence.1 It began with a popular uprising following Ariel Sharon's visit to Temple Mount on September 28, 2000. But unlike the first Intifada, which was basically a civil uprising against the symbols of an occupation that has lasted since June 1967, the second Intifada very quickly lapsed into an armed struggle between Palestinian activists and the Israeli armed forces. Almost from the very start, armed men took to hiding among crowds of Palestinians, using them as cover to shoot from. The IDF retaliated forcefully, each time causing several casualties."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kober |first=Avi |date=2007 |title=Targeted Killing during the Second Intifada:: The Quest for Effectiveness |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcs/2009-v29-jcs_27_1/jcs27_1_1art06/ |journal=Journal of Conflict Studies |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=94–114 |issn=1198-8614 |quote=Based on the assumption that there was no longer one front or one line of contact, Israel was carrying out dozens of simultaneous operations on the ground and in the air on a daily basis, including TKs, which were supposed to have multi-dimensional effects. According to Byman, TKs were mostly attractive to Israelis as they satisfied domestic demands for a forceful response to Palestinian terrorism. Byman also believes that by bolstering public morale, the TKs helped counter one of the terrorists' primary objectives – to reduce the faith of Israelis in their own government. |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405160428/https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcs/2009-v29-jcs_27_1/jcs27_1_1art06/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Palestinian suicide bombings were a prominent feature of the fighting and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting with the relatively less violent nature of the [[First Intifada]].<ref name="NMRR">{{Cite journal |last1=Matta |first1=Nada |last2=Rojas |first2=René |date=2016 |title=The Second Intifada: A Dual Strategy Arena |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/second-intifada/CEF937E5D28EFA4F4F684E6D946942BF |journal=European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |page=66 |doi=10.1017/S0003975616000035 |s2cid=146939293 |issn=0003-9756 |quote=Suicide terror, lethal attacks indiscriminately carried out against civilians via self-immolation, attained prominence in the Palestinian repertoire beginning in March 2001. From that point until the end of 2005, at which point they virtually ceased, 57 suicide bombings were carried out, causing 491 civilian deaths, 73% of the total civilians killed by Palestinian resistance organizations and 50% of all Israeli fatalities during this period. While not the modal coercive tactic, suicide terror was the most efficient in terms of lethality, our basic measure of its efficacy. |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405161756/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/second-intifada/CEF937E5D28EFA4F4F684E6D946942BF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref> *{{Cite journal |last1=Brym |first1=R. J. |last2=Araj |first2=B. |date=2006-06-01 |title=Suicide Bombing as Strategy and Interaction: The Case of the Second Intifada |journal=Social Forces |volume=84 |issue=4 |page=1969 |doi=10.1353/sof.2006.0081 |s2cid=146180585 |issn=0037-7732 |quote=In the early years of the 21st century, Israel, the West Bank and Gaza became the region of the world with the highest frequency of - and the highest per capita death toll due to - suicide bombing.}} *Schweitzer, Y. (2010). The rise and fall of suicide bombings in the second Intifada. ''Strategic Assessment'', ''13''(3), 39–48. "As part of the violence perpetrated by the Palestinians during the second intifada, suicide bombings played a particularly prominent role and served as the primary effective weapon in the hands of the planners." *Schachter, J. (2010). [https://strategicassessment.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/antq/fe-3427267573.pdf The End of the Second Intifada?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930061049/https://strategicassessment.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/antq/fe-3427267573.pdf |date=30 September 2021 }}. ''Strategic Assessment'', ''13''(3), 63–70. "This article attempts to identify the end of the second intifada by focusing on the incidence of suicide bombings, arguably the most important element of second intifada-related violence." *Sela-Shayovitz, R. (2007). Suicide bombers in Israel: Their motivations, characteristics, and prior activity in terrorist organizations. ''International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV)'', ''1''(2), 163. "The period of the second Intifada significantly differs from other historical periods in Israeli history, because it has been characterized by intensive and numerous suicide attacks that have made civilian life into a battlefront."</ref> With a combined casualty figure for combatants and civilians, the violence is estimated to have resulted in the deaths of approximately 3,000 Palestinians and 1,000 Israelis, as well as 64 foreigners.<ref name=casualties2005>[http://old.btselem.org/statistics/english/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=15&eM=1&eY=2005&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities 29.9.2000–15.1.2005], [[B'Tselem]]. {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20130414103627/http://old.btselem.org/statistics/english/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=15&eM=1&eY=2005&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before |date=14 April 2013 }}</ref> Between December 2000 and June 2001, the barrier between Gaza and Israel was reconstructed. A barrier on the Gaza Strip-Egypt border was constructed starting in 2004.<ref name="Anne Barnard">{{Cite news |title=Life in Gaza Steadily Worsens |first=Anne |last=Barnard |work=The Boston Globe |date=22 October 2006 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/10/22/life_in_gaza_steadily_worsens/ |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235137/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/10/22/life_in_gaza_steadily_worsens/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The main crossing points are the northern [[Erez Crossing]] into Israel and the southern [[Rafah Border Crossing|Rafah Crossing]] into Egypt. The eastern [[Karni crossing|Karni Crossing]] used for cargo, closed down in 2011.<ref name="Greg Myre">{{Cite news |title=Gaza Crossing:Choked Passages to Frustration |first=Greg |last=Myre |work=The New York Times |date=4 March 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/04/international/middleeast/04gaza.html |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106110814/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/04/international/middleeast/04gaza.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel controls the Gaza Strip's northern borders, as well as its territorial waters and airspace. Egypt controls Gaza Strip's southern border, under an agreement between it and Israel.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5122404.stm |title=Gaza crisis: key maps and timeline |work=BBC News |date=6 January 2009 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125084904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5122404.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Neither Israel or Egypt permits free travel from Gaza as both borders are heavily militarily fortified. "Egypt maintains a strict blockade on Gaza in order to isolate Hamas from Islamist insurgents in the Sinai."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182738#.U8LcArFhs6I |title=Egypt Opens Gaza Border Crossing for the Injured – Middle East – Arutz Sheva |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Israelnationalnews.com |access-date=2014-08-02 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713002958/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182738#.U8LcArFhs6I |url-status=live }}</ref> === 2005: Israel's unilateral disengagement === {{main|Israeli disengagement from Gaza}} [[File:Gush Katif-N-Dekalim02.jpg|thumb|[[Neve Dekalim]] was [[Gush Katif]]'s urban center and the largest community]] In 2005, Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip and dismantled its settlements.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/control_on_air_space_and_territorial_waters |title=Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip |work=btselem.org |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=28 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628105536/http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/control_on_air_space_and_territorial_waters |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel also withdrew from the [[Philadelphi Route]], a narrow strip of land adjacent to the border with Egypt, after Egypt agreed to secure its side of the border after the [[Agreement on Movement and Access]], known as the [[Rafah Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reut-institute.org/en/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=1180 |title=Philadelphi Route |publisher=Reut Institute |access-date=2014-08-02 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202343/http://www.reut-institute.org/en/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=1180 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Gaza Strip was left under the control of the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title=Timeline of conflict between Israel and Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> === Post-2006: Hamas takeover === {{main|Fatah–Hamas conflict}} In the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|Palestinian parliamentary elections]] held on 25 January 2006, Hamas won a plurality of 42.9% of the total vote and 74 out of 132 total seats (56%).<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/25/africa/web.0125pals.php Counting underway in Palestinian elections], International Herald Tribune, 25 January 2006. {{dead link |date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1557518.htm Election officials reduce Hamas seats by two], ABC News Online, 30 January 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629015352/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1557518.htm |date=29 June 2011}}</ref> When Hamas assumed power the next month, Israel, the United States, the EU, Russia and the UN demanded that Hamas accept all previous agreements, recognize Israel's right to exist, and renounce violence; when Hamas refused,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/world/middleeast/22cnd-mideast.html |title=Hamas Refuses to Recognize Israel |work=The New York Times |date=22 September 2006 |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209055114/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/world/middleeast/22cnd-mideast.html |url-status=live}}</ref> they [[2006–07 economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority|cut off direct aid to the Palestinian Authority]], although some aid money was redirected to humanitarian organizations not affiliated with the government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Weisman |first=Steven R. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/middleeast/08hamas.html |title=U.S. and Europe Halt Aid to Palestinian Government |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 April 2006 |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511222935/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/middleeast/08hamas.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The resulting political disorder and economic stagnation led to many Palestinians emigrating from the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/12/09/international/i104249S77.DTL |title=More Palestinians flee homelands |access-date=15 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515044844/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F12%2F09%2Finternational%2Fi104249S77.DTL |archive-date=15 May 2007}}, Sarah El Deeb, Associated Press, 9 December 2006.</ref> [[File:Gaza City.JPG|thumb|[[Gaza City]] skyline, 2007]] In January 2007, fighting erupted between Hamas and [[Fatah]]. The deadliest clashes occurred in the northern Gaza Strip. On 30 January 2007, a truce was negotiated between Fatah and Hamas.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/31/AR2007013100198_pf.html ''Palestinian Cease-Fire Holds on 1st Day''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020070636/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/31/AR2007013100198_pf.html |date=20 October 2017}}. Ibrahim Barzak, Associated Press, 31 January 2007</ref> After a few days, new fighting broke out. On 1&nbsp;February, Hamas killed 6 people in an ambush on a Gaza convoy which delivered equipment for Abbas' [[Palestinian Presidential Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070201/wl_nm/palestinians_dc |title=Six killed in Hamas ambush on Gaza convoy |access-date=6 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206223752/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070201/wl_nm/palestinians_dc |archive-date=6 February 2007}}. Nidal al-Mughrabi, Reuters, 1 February 2007. On web.archive.org</ref> Fatah fighters stormed a Hamas-affiliated university in the Gaza Strip. Officers from Abbas' presidential guard battled Hamas gunmen guarding the Hamas-led Interior Ministry.<ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-02-02-gaza_x.htm ''Gaza erupts in fatal clashes after truce''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113215206/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-02-02-gaza_x.htm |date=13 January 2014}}. Associated Press, 2 February 2007 (on usatoday.com)</ref> In May 2007, new fighting broke out between the factions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070515/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians |title=Hamas kills 8 in Gaza border clash |access-date=17 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517061856/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070515/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians |archive-date=17 May 2007}}, By Ibrahim Barzak, Associated Press Writer, 15 May 2007.</ref> Interior Minister [[Talab al-Qawasmi|Hani Qawasmi]], who had been considered a moderate civil servant acceptable to both factions, resigned due to what he termed harmful behavior by both sides.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070515/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians_34;_ylt=AjoLFAN_35SNS_Y9GqjHedwUvioA Top Palestinian security official quits] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142039/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070515/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians_34%3B_ylt%3DAjoLFAN_35SNS_Y9GqjHedwUvioA |date=2 April 2015}} By Sarah El Deeb, Associated Press, 14 May 2007; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6653437.stm Resignation deepens Gaza crisis], BBC, 14 May 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121307/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467655416&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=11 May 2011}}</ref> Fighting spread in the Gaza Strip, with both factions attacking vehicles and facilities of the other side. Following a breakdown in an Egyptian-brokered truce, Israel launched an air strike which destroyed a building used by Hamas. Ongoing violence prompted fear that it could bring the end of the [[Palestinian government of March 2007|Fatah-Hamas coalition government]], and possibly the end of the Palestinian authority.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070516/ts_nm/palestinians_dc Israel attacks in Gaza amid factional violence] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609072031/https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070516/ts_nm/palestinians_dc |date=9 June 2007}}, by Nidal al-Mughrabi, Associated Press, 16 May 2007.</ref> Hamas spokesman [[Mousa Abu Marzook]] blamed the conflict between Hamas and Fatah on Israel, stating that the constant pressure of economic sanctions resulted in the "real explosion."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1178708616387&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Hamas Blames World |work=Jerusalem Post |date=16 May 2007 |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121359/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1178708616387&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> From 2006 to 2007 more than 600 Palestinians were killed in fighting between Hamas and Fatah.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html |title=Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006 |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130195941/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 349 Palestinians were killed in fighting between factions in 2007. 160 Palestinians killed each other in June alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/English/Inter_Palestinian_Violations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510125140/http://www.btselem.org/English/Inter_Palestinian_Violations/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2008 |title=Violations of the human rights of Palestinians by Palestinians – Severe human rights violations in inter-Palestinian clashes |publisher=Btselem.org |date=12 November 2007 |access-date=12 December 2010}}</ref> === 2007: Fatah–Hamas conflict === [[File:2007 Gaza - 5323908000.jpg|thumb|Gaza City in 2007]] {{main| Battle of Gaza (2007) | Fatah–Hamas conflict }} Following the victory of Hamas in the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election]], Hamas and [[Fatah]] formed the [[Palestinian authority national unity government]] headed by [[Ismail Haniyeh]]. Shortly after, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in the course of the Battle of Gaza (June 2007),<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |title=Hamas takes control of Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4 |access-date=3 June 2010 |newspaper=Guardian |date=15 June 2007 |location=London |first1=Ian |last1=Black |first2=Mark |last2=Tran |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134036/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4 |url-status=live}}</ref> seizing government institutions and replacing Fatah and other government officials with its own.<ref name="intern_fight_p14-15">{{cite book |title=Internal fight: Palestinian abuses in Gaza and the West Bank |pages=14–15 |author2=Human Rights Watch |first1=Fred |last1=Abrahams |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |year=2008|author2-link=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> By 14 June, Hamas fully controlled the Gaza Strip. [[President of the Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian President]] [[Mahmoud Abbas]] responded by declaring a [[state of emergency]], dissolving the unity government and forming a new government without Hamas participation. [[Preventive Security Service |PNA security forces]] in the [[West Bank]] arrested a number of Hamas members. In late June 2008, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Jordan declared the West Bank-based cabinet formed by Abbas as "the sole legitimate Palestinian government". Egypt moved its embassy from Gaza to the West Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/874106.html |title=Mubarak calls Hamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip a 'coup' |work=Haaretz |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=25 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625201301/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/874106.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]] and Egypt supported reconciliation and a new unity government and pressed Abbas to start talks with Hamas. Abbas had always conditioned this on Hamas returning control of the Gaza Strip to the Palestinian Authority. After the takeover, Israel and Egypt [[blockade of the Gaza Strip|closed their border crossings with Gaza]]. Palestinian sources reported that European Union monitors fled the [[Rafah Border Crossing]], on the Gaza–Egypt border for fear of being kidnapped or harmed.<ref name="EU_flee_Rafah_crossing">{{cite web |last=Dudkevitch |first=Margot |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1139395602714 |title=EU monitors flee Rafah border crossing |work=Jerusalem Post |date=14 March 2006 |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121459/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1139395602714 |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> Arab foreign ministers and Palestinian officials presented a united front against control of the border by Hamas.<ref name="Abbas wins Egypt backing on border">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/01/2008525125823983496.html |title=Middle East&nbsp;— Abbas wins Egypt backing on border |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=28 January 2008 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=3 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203155552/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/01/2008525125823983496.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, Israeli and Egyptian security reports said that Hamas continued smuggling in large quantities of explosives and arms from Egypt through tunnels. Egyptian security forces uncovered 60 tunnels in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380807070&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Egypt finds 60 Gaza tunnels in 10 months |work=Jerusalem Post |date=13 November 2007 |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121629/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380807070&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> ====Egyptian border barrier breach==== [[File:War in Gaza 023 - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|A view of Gaza in January 2009]] On 23 January 2008, after months of preparation during which the steel reinforcement of the border barrier was weakened,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/947775.html |title=Gaza source: Hamas planned border wall blast for months |access-date=28 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428003448/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/947775.html |archive-date=28 April 2010}} Ha'aretz</ref> [[Breach of the Gaza-Egypt border (2008)|Hamas destroyed several parts of the wall]] dividing Gaza and Egypt in the town of [[Rafah]]. Hundreds of thousands of Gazans crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies. Due to the crisis, Egyptian President [[Hosni Mubarak]] ordered his troops to allow the Palestinians in but to verify that they did not bring weapons back across the border.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7205668.stm |title=Egypt 'won't force Gazans back' |work=BBC News |date=23 January 2008 |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312225519/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7205668.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Egypt arrested and later released several armed Hamas militants in the Sinai who presumably wanted to infiltrate into Israel. At the same time, Israel increased its state of alert along the length of the Israel–Egypt Sinai border, and warned its citizens to leave Sinai "without delay." In February 2008, the [[2008 Israel–Gaza conflict|Israel–Gaza conflict]] intensified, with rockets launched at Israeli cities. Aggression by Hamas led to Israeli military action on 1 March 2008, resulting in over 110 Palestinians being killed according to BBC News, as well as 2 Israeli soldiers. Israeli human rights group [[B'Tselem]] estimated that 45 of those killed were not involved in hostilities, and 15 were minors.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7274929.stm |title=Israeli Gaza operation 'not over' |work=BBC News |date=3 March 2008 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=15 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115103648/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7274929.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> ===2008–2009: Gaza War=== {{Main|Gaza War (2008–2009)}} [[File:Damaged housing gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Buildings damaged during the 2008-2009 Gaza war]] On 27 December 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/world/middleeast/28mideast.html |work=The New York Times |title=Israelis Say Strikes Against Hamas Will Continue |first1=Taghreed |last1=El-Khodary |first2=Ethan |last2=Bronner |date=28 December 2008 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223019/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/world/middleeast/28mideast.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Israeli [[F-16]] fighters launched a series of air strikes against targets in Gaza following the breakdown of a temporary truce between Israel and Hamas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idfblog.com/2012/04/16/timeline-terror-2001-2012/ |title=A Timeline of Terror: 2001 to 2012, The Official Blog of the Israel Defense Forces |publisher=Idfblog.com |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122185506/http://www.idfblog.com/2012/04/16/timeline-terror-2001-2012/ |archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref> Israel began a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip on 3 January 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/world/middleeast/04mideast.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 January 2009 |title=Israeli Troops Launch Attack on Gaza |first1=Isabel |last1=Kershner |first2=Taghreed |last2=El-Khodary |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409005842/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/world/middleeast/04mideast.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Various sites that Israel claimed were being used as weapons depots were struck from the air : police stations, schools, hospitals, UN warehouses, mosques, various Hamas government buildings and other buildings.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mozgovaya |first=Natasha |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1053233.html |title=IDF shell kills 30 in Gaza UN school; Israel mulls appeal over Hamas fire from UN facilities |work=Haaretz |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=1 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401074434/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1053233.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel said that the attack was a response to Hamas rocket attacks on southern Israel, which totaled [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2008|over 3,000 in 2008]], and which intensified during the few weeks preceding the operation. Israel advised people near military targets to leave before the attacks. Israeli defense sources said that Defense Minister [[Ehud Barak]] instructed the IDF to prepare for the operation six months before it began, using long-term planning and intelligence-gathering.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/iaf-strike-followed-months-of-planning-1.260363/ |title=IAF strike followed months of planning |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=28 December 2008 |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=24 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324160347/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/iaf-strike-followed-months-of-planning-1.260363 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:أحد شوارع غزة 2012.jpg|thumb|Gaza City in 2012]] A total of 1,100–1,400<ref>{{cite news |last=Kasher |first=Asa |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=168061 |title=Analysis: A moral evaluation of the Gaza War |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post &#124; Jpost.com |publisher=Jpost.com |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221144352/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=168061 |url-status=live }}</ref> Palestinians (295–926 civilians) and 13 Israelis were killed in the 22-day war.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8428883.stm |work=BBC News |title=Slow recovery from wounds of Gaza conflict |date=27 December 2009 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228174738/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8428883.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The conflict damaged or destroyed tens of thousands of homes,<ref>{{cite web |title=IOM Appeal for Gaza Focuses on Health and Recovery |url=http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId%3D21830 |access-date=24 June 2010 |date=2009-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310183754/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId=21830 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |url-status=dead |publisher=International Organization for Migration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lappin |first=Yaakov |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727552054&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=IDF releases Cast Lead casualty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121653/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727552054&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=11 May 2011 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=26 March 2009}}</ref> 15 of Gaza's 27 hospitals and 43 of its 110 primary health care facilities,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ochaopt_who_gaza_health_fact_sheet_20100120_english.pdf |title=Gaza Health Fact Sheet |access-date=2014-08-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308014019/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ochaopt_who_gaza_health_fact_sheet_20100120_english.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2015}}</ref> 800 water wells,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47273 |title=MIDEAST: Attack on Water Brings Sanitation Crisis – IPS |publisher=Ipsnews.net |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204070226/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47273 |archive-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> 186 greenhouses,<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Assessment of the Gaza Strip |url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Gaza_EA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514204950/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Gaza_EA.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-14 |url-status=live |access-date=2014-08-02}}</ref> and nearly all of its 10,000 family farms;<ref>{{cite web |title=The humanitarian situation in Gaza and FAO's response |url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/tc/tce/pdf/FAO_brief_on_Gaza_23_Jan_09.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214100134/http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/tc/tce/pdf/FAO_brief_on_Gaza_23_Jan_09.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-14 |url-status=live |access-date=2014-08-02}}</ref> leaving 50,000 homeless,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Gaza 'looks like earthquake zone' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm |work=BBC News |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-date=25 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125181742/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> 400,000–500,000 without running water,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk" /><ref name="Gaza: Humanitarian situation">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7845428.stm |work=BBC News |title=Gaza: Humanitarian situation |date=30 January 2009 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-date=8 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208132149/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7845428.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> one million without electricity,<ref name="Gaza: Humanitarian situation" /> and resulting in acute food shortages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfp.org/content/wfp-launches-emergency-food-distributions-families-gaza |title=Launches Emergency Food Distributions to Families in Gaza &#124; WFP &#124; United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide |publisher=WFP |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511084335/http://www.wfp.org/content/wfp-launches-emergency-food-distributions-families-gaza |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> The people of Gaza still suffer from the loss of these facilities and homes, especially since they have great challenges to rebuild them. ===2014: Gaza War=== On 5 June 2014, Fatah signed a unity agreement with the Hamas political party.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite web |title=Palestinian unity government sworn in by Mahmoud Abbas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27660218 |publisher=BBC |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=5 June 2014 |archive-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603033348/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27660218 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2014 Gaza War]], also known as Operation Protective Edge, was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip. Following the [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers|kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers]] in the [[West Bank]] by Hamas-affiliated [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] militants, the IDF initiated ''Operation Brother's Keeper'', in which some 350 Palestinians, including nearly all of the active Hamas militants in the West Bank, were arrested.<ref name="nathanthrall">{{cite journal |author=Nathan Thrall |date=1 August 2014 |title=Hamas's Chances |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances |journal=London Review of Books |volume=36 |issue=16 |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416032651/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HamasAcc">Jack Khoury, [http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.611676 Hamas claims responsibility for three Israeli teens' kidnapping and murder'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010052244/https://www.haaretz.com/hamas-admits-kidnap-murder-of-3-teens-1.5260283/ |date=10 October 2020 }}, ''[[Haaretz]]'', 21 August 2014.</ref><ref name="HamasAcc2">[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562328,00.html 'Mashal: Hamas was behind murder of three Israeli teens'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916104726/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562328,00.html |date=16 September 2023 }}, [[Ynet]], 22 August 2014.</ref> Hamas [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2014|subsequently fired a greater number of rockets into Israel]] from Gaza, triggering a seven-week-long conflict between the two sides. It was one of the deadliest outbreaks of [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|open conflict between Israel and the Palestinians]] in decades. The combination of Palestinian rocket attacks and [[List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|Israeli airstrikes]] resulted in thousands of deaths, the vast majority of which were Gazan Palestinians.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zonszein|first=Mairav|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/israel-kills-more-palestinians-2014-than-any-other-year-since-1967|title=Israel killed more Palestinians in 2014 than in any other year since 1967|date=2015-03-27|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-03|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412025048/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/israel-kills-more-palestinians-2014-than-any-other-year-since-1967|url-status=live}}</ref> ===2018–2019: Great March of Return=== {{Main|Great March of Return}} [[File:OCHAoPT 2018 Gaza border protests 31 may 2018.png|thumb|right|UN OCHA map of the Great March of Return protests, 31 May 2018]] In 2018–2019, [[2018–2019 Gaza border protests|a series of protests]], also known as the Great March of Return, were held each Friday in the Gaza Strip near the [[Israel–Gaza barrier]] from 30 March 2018 until 27 December 2019, during which a total of 223 [[Palestinians]] were killed by Israeli forces.<ref name="B'tselem21">[https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20210524_whitewash_time 'And now for the whitewashing,' ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017132258/https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20210524_whitewash_time |date=17 October 2023 }} [[B'tselem]] 24 May 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-gaza-protest-20180330-htmlstory.html|title=15 Palestinians reported killed by Israeli fire as Gaza border protest builds |last=Alouf |first=Abu |date=30 March 2018|website=Los Angeles Times|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519031927/http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-gaza-protest-20180330-htmlstory.html|archive-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> The demonstrators demanded that the [[Palestinian refugees]] must be [[Palestinian right of return|allowed to return]] to lands they were displaced from in what is now Israel. They protested against Israel's [[blockade of the Gaza Strip|land, air and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip]] and the [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel]].<ref name="Toameh">Khaled Abu Toameh, [https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-vows-gaza-protests-to-continue-until-they-return-to-all-of-palestine "Hamas vows Gaza protests last until Palestinians return to all of Palestine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007054949/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-vows-gaza-protests-to-continue-until-they-return-to-all-of-palestine/ |date=7 October 2023 }}, ''[[The Times of Israel]]'', 9 April 2018.<br />"The protests are an uprising for "Jerusalem, Palestine, and the right of return", he said, referring to the demand that Palestinian refugees and their descendants be allowed to return to their former homes in Israel."</ref><ref name="NY2" >David M. Halbfinger, Iyad Abuheweila, Jugal K.Patel [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-fence-aerial.html "300 Meters in Gaza: Snipers, Burning Tires and a Contested Fence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422065743/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-fence-aerial.html |date=22 April 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'' 15 May 2018.’ Most Gazans are Palestinian refugees or their descendants, and marching on the fence highlights their desire to reclaim the lands and homes from which they were displaced 70 years ago in the war surrounding Israel's creation.’</ref><ref> *{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/.premium-mass-gaza-border-clashes-52-killed-by-israeli-gunfire-2-410-wounded-1.6091548|title=Mass Gaza Border Clashes: 58 Palestinians Killed by Israeli Gunfire, 1,113 Wounded|last1=Khoury|first1=Jack|date=15 May 2018|work=Haaretz|access-date=14 May 2018|last2=Kubovich|first2=Yaniv|last3=Zikri|first3=Almog Ben|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514195751/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/.premium-mass-gaza-border-clashes-52-killed-by-israeli-gunfire-2-410-wounded-1.6091548|archive-date=14 May 2018}} *David M. Halbfinger & Iyad Abuheweila, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-protests.html "One Dead Amid Violence in 3rd Week of Protests at Gaza-Israel Fence"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517222949/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-protests.html|date=17 May 2018}} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 13 April 2018.<br />"They are objecting to Israel's 11-year-old blockade of Gaza and seeking to revive international interest in Palestinian claims of a right of return to the lands they were displaced from in 1948." *Adam Rasgon, [https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Masses-of-Gazans-head-to-border-fence-to-demand-right-of-return-547367 "Masses of Gazans head to border area for 'right of return' says organizer"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505122635/https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Masses-of-Gazans-head-to-border-fence-to-demand-right-of-return-547367|date=5 May 2018}} ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', 28 March 2018.<br />"Masses of Palestinians are expected to come to the Gaza border on Friday and move into tents there for a planned six-week-long protest 'to demand the right of return to the homes and villages that they were expelled from in 1948'", Ahmad Abu Ratima, an organizer of the protest, told ''The Jerusalem Post''.</ref> Most of the demonstrators [[peaceful demonstration|demonstrated peacefully]] far from the border fence. Peter Cammack, a fellow with the Middle East Program at the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], argued that the march indicated a new trend in Palestinian society and Hamas, with a shift away from violence towards non-violent forms of protest.<ref>Daoud Kuttab, [https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/05/gaza-protests-israel-claims-hamas-violence-self-defense.html "The truth about Gaza"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203125/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/05/gaza-protests-israel-claims-hamas-violence-self-defense.html|date=18 June 2018}} ''[[Al-Monitor]]'', 23 May 2018;<br />"This is clearly a new trend in Palestinian society that attempts to expand the notions of resistance and nonviolent protests."</ref> Some demonstrators were setting tires on fire and launching Molotov cocktails and rocks toward the troops on the opposite side of the border.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/30/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-protest-clashes.html|title=Israeli Military Kills 15 Palestinians in Confrontations on Gaza Border|last1=Kershner|first1=Isabel|date=30 March 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=6 April 2018|last2=Abuheweila|first2=Iyad|issn=0362-4331|author-link1=Isabel Kershner|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407212623/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/30/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-protest-clashes.html|archive-date=7 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz30March">{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-five-palestinians-reportedly-killed-by-israeli-army-as-thousands-rally-for-mass-gaza-protests-1.5962159|title=15 Killed, Dozens Wounded, as Thousands Gather on Gaza-Israel Border for "March of Return"|last1=Khoury|first1=Jack|last2=Kubovich|first2=Yaniv|date=30 March 2018|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=6 April 2018|last3=Zikri|first3=Almog Ben|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102032/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-five-palestinians-reportedly-killed-by-israeli-army-as-thousands-rally-for-mass-gaza-protests-1.5962159|archive-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref> *{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/israeli-forces-kill-3-palestinians-land-day-protests-180330100034136.html|title=At least 14 Palestinians killed in Land Day protests|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=30 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330120808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/israeli-forces-kill-3-palestinians-land-day-protests-180330100034136.html|archive-date=30 March 2018}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.newsx.com/world/at-least-5-palestinians-shot-dead-by-israeli-troops-as-thousands-march-on-gaza-israel-border-for-march-of-return|title=At least 5 Palestinians shot dead by Israeli troops as thousands march on Gaza-Israel border for 'March of Return'|date=30 March 2018|publisher=newsx.com|access-date=3 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331041009/https://www.newsx.com/world/at-least-5-palestinians-shot-dead-by-israeli-troops-as-thousands-march-on-gaza-israel-border-for-march-of-return|archive-date=31 March 2018}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/4/2/17188162/gaza-protest-israel-border-violence-demonstrations-palestinian|title=The recent violence at the Gaza-Israel border, explained|last=Williams|first=Jennifer|date=2 April 2018|website=Vox|access-date=9 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408205748/https://www.vox.com/2018/4/2/17188162/gaza-protest-israel-border-violence-demonstrations-palestinian|archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> Israeli officials said the demonstrations were used by Hamas as cover for launching attacks against Israel.<ref name="jpost1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/IDF-warns-of-larger-military-response-to-Gaza-protest-547595|title=IDF warns of larger military response to Gaza protest|date=31 March 2018|work=The Jerusalem Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410044009/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/IDF-warns-of-larger-military-response-to-Gaza-protest-547595|archive-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> [[File:2018 Gaza border protest.jpg|thumb|[[2018 Gaza border protests]], [[Bureij]] refugee camp in Gaza]] In late February 2019, a [[United Nations Human Rights Council]]'s [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2018 Gaza border protests|independent commission]] found that of the 489 cases of Palestinian deaths or injuries analyzed, only two were possibly justified as responses to danger by Israeli security forces. The commission deemed the rest of the cases illegal, and concluded with a recommendation calling on Israel to examine whether [[war crime]]s or [[crimes against humanity]] had been committed, and if so, to bring those responsible to trial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-independent-commission-of-inquiry-on-protests-in-gaza-presents-its-findings-press-release/|title=UN Independent Commission of Inquiry on Protests in Gaza Presents its Findings - Press Release - Question of Palestine|website=www.un.org|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009065103/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-independent-commission-of-inquiry-on-protests-in-gaza-presents-its-findings-press-release/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory - A/HRC/40/74|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIOPT/A_HRC_40_74.pdf|publisher=[[UNHRC]]|date=28 February 2019|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIOPT/A_HRC_40_74.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 February 2019, the Commission said it had {{"'}}reasonable grounds' to believe Israeli soldiers may have committed war crimes and shot at journalists, health workers and children during protests in Gaza in 2018." Israel refused to take part in the inquiry and rejected the report.<ref name="CNN1111">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/28/middleeast/israel-gaza-un-intl/index.html|title=UN: Israel may have committed war crimes during Gaza protests|author=Milena Vaselinovic and Oren Liebermann|website=CNN|date=28 February 2019|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014022301/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/28/middleeast/israel-gaza-un-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===2021: Israel–Palestine crisis=== Before the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]], Gaza had 48% unemployment and half of the population lived in poverty. During the crisis, 66 children died (551 children in the previous conflict). On 13 June 2021, a high level World Bank delegation visited Gaza to witness the damage. Mobilization with UN and EU partners is ongoing to finalize a needs assessment in support of Gaza's reconstruction and recovery.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Toll of War on Palestinians in Gaza |date=27 June 2021 |publisher=The World Bank |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/27/the-toll-of-war-on-palestinians-in-gaza |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204711/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/27/the-toll-of-war-on-palestinians-in-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2022 Gaza–Israel clashes|Another escalation]] between 5 and 8 August 2022 resulted in property damage and displacement of people as a result of airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/gaza-august-2022-escalation-dashboard-09-august-2022 |title=Gaza August 2022 Escalation Dashboard (09 August 2022) - occupied Palestinian territory &#124; ReliefWeb |website=reliefweb.int |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816140543/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/gaza-august-2022-escalation-dashboard-09-august-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/content/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-2-august-2022 |title=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory &#124; Escalation in the Gaza Strip and Israel &#124; Flash Update #2 as of 18:00, 8 August 2022 |website=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory |date=8 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812012844/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-2-august-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===2023–2024: Israel–Hamas war=== {{Main|Israel–Hamas war|Outline of the Israel–Hamas war|Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip}} {{see also|Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|Gaza Strip evacuations}} [[File:SoI-War 23-10-31 IDF 05-04.jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers in the Gaza Strip on 31 October 2023]] On 7 October 2023, the paramilitaries in Gaza, led by the Hamas's [[Al-Qassam Brigades]], [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|invaded]] southwest Israel, targeting Israeli communities and military bases, killing at least 1,300 people and taking at least 236 hostages.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hutchinson |first=Bill |date=22 November 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas War: Timeline and key developments |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/timeline-surprise-rocket-attack-hamas-israel/story?id=103816006 |work=ABC News |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016214718/https://abcnews.go.com/International/timeline-surprise-rocket-attack-hamas-israel/story?id=103816006 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 9 October 2023, Israel declared war on Hamas and imposed a [[2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|"total blockade" of the Gaza Strip]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref> with Israeli Defense Minister [[Yoav Gallant]] declaring, "There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10 |work=Business Insider |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TimesOfIsrael_GazaHostages">{{cite web |author=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Magid |first2=Jacob |date=16 October 2023 |title=IDF notifies relatives of 199 people that their loved ones are Gaza hostages |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-notifies-relatives-of-199-people-that-their-loved-ones-are-gaza-hostages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181257/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-notifies-relatives-of-199-people-that-their-loved-ones-are-gaza-hostages/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=The Times of Israel}}</ref> Gallant changed his position after pressure from US President [[Joe Biden]], and a deal was made on 19 October for Israel and Egypt to allow aid into Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-02 |title=Fergal Keane: Aid convoy tragedy shows fear of starvation haunts Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68456718 |access-date=2024-03-15 |language=en-GB |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315042049/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68456718 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gaza is currently undergoing a severe [[Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|humanitarian crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian crisis in Gaza could get far worse, warns UN relief chief |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143712 |website=UN News |date=17 November 2023 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122172445/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143712 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 13 November 2023, one out of every 200 people in Gaza were killed, becoming one out of every 100 by January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gaza reports more than 11,100 killed. That's one out of every 200 people. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/gaza-rising-death-toll-civilians/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121134705/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/gaza-rising-death-toll-civilians/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaza death toll continues to rise nearly 3 months after Hamas attack on Israel |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20240106_25/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=NHK WORLD |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106175632/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20240106_25/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2024|10|29}}, according to the [[Gaza Health Ministry]], at least 43,000 Palestinians, including over 16,000 children, have been killed.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2024 |title=Israel-Gaza war in maps and charts: Live Tracker |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/10/9/israel-hamas-war-in-maps-and-charts-live-tracker |access-date=31 October 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> More than 85% of Palestinians in Gaza, or around 1.9&nbsp;million people, were internally displaced.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Israel's Aerial Bombardments Intensify, 'There Is No Safe Place in Gaza', Humanitarian Affairs Chief Warns Security Council |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15564.doc.htm |work=United Nations |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219184609/https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15564.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> As of January 2024, Israel's offensive has either damaged or destroyed 70–80% of all buildings in northern Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 50% of Gaza buildings damaged or destroyed in Israel's bombardment |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/01/14/gaza-building-damage-israel-war |work=Axios |date=5 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205085440/https://www.axios.com/2024/01/14/gaza-building-damage-israel-war |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The numbers that reveal the extent of the destruction in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/08/the-numbers-that-reveal-the-extent-of-the-destruction-in-gaza |work=The Guardian |date=8 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220030015/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/08/the-numbers-that-reveal-the-extent-of-the-destruction-in-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref> After the outbreak of the Israel-Hamas war in 2023, there has been a renewed campaign to return Israeli settlers to [[Gush Katif]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Yerushalmi |first=Shalom |date=24 October 2023 |title=As war with Hamas rages, a campaign gets underway for a return to Gaza's settlements |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-war-with-hamas-rages-a-campaign-gets-underway-for-a-return-to-gazas-settlements/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106190724/https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-war-with-hamas-rages-a-campaign-gets-underway-for-a-return-to-gazas-settlements/amp/ |archive-date=6 November 2023 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=Times of Israel}}</ref> including [[Hanan Ben Ari]] singing "We return to Gush Katif" to Israeli troops.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rousseau |first=Daphne |date=26 October 2023 |title=Some Israelis dream of return to Gaza settlements as IDF readies to go back in |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/some-israelis-dream-of-return-to-gaza-settlements-as-idf-readies-to-go-back-in/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118134117/https://www.timesofisrael.com/some-israelis-dream-of-return-to-gaza-settlements-as-idf-readies-to-go-back-in/amp/ |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=Times of Israel}}</ref> ==Geography== [[File:Gaza Beach.jpg|thumb|Palestinians on the Gaza beach in 2006]] [[File:Gaza sea port.jpg|thumb|Gaza City in 2018]] The Gaza Strip is {{cvt|41|km|mi|sp=us}} long, from {{cvt|6|to|12|km|mi|sp=us}} wide, and has a total area of {{cvt|365|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}.<ref name="Arnon">{{cite journal |first=Arie |last=Arnon |url=http://www.econ.bgu.ac.il/facultym/arnona/Israeli_Policy_towards_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territories_The_Economic_Dimension_1967-2007.pdf |title=Israeli Policy towards the Occupied Palestinian Territories: The Economic Dimension, 1967–2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630142150/http://www.econ.bgu.ac.il/facultym/arnona/Israeli_Policy_towards_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territories_The_Economic_Dimension_1967-2007.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-30 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=61 |number=4 |date=Autumn 2007 |page=575 |doi=10.3751/61.4.11}}</ref><ref name="CIA World Factbook" /> It has a {{cvt|51|km|mi|sp=us}} border with [[Israel]], and an {{cvt|11|km|0|sp=us}} border with [[Egypt]], near the city of [[Rafah]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2021 |title=Israel-Palestinian conflict: Life in the Gaza Strip |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20415675 |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627053554/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20415675 |archive-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> [[Khan Yunis]] is located {{cvt|7|km|mi|sp=us}} northeast of Rafah, and several towns around [[Deir el-Balah]] are located along the coast between it and [[Gaza City]]. [[Beit Lahia]] and [[Beit Hanoun]] are located to the north and northeast of Gaza City, respectively. The [[Gush Katif]] bloc of Israeli settlements used to exist on the [[dune|sand dune]]s adjacent to Rafah and Khan Yunis, along the southwestern edge of the {{cvt|40|km|mi|sp=us}} [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coastline. Al Deira beach is a popular venue for surfers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roug |first=Louise |date=23 August 2007 |title=In Gaza, surfers find peace and freedom riding the deep blue |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-29-fg-gazasurf29-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014022552/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/29/world/fg-gazasurf29 |archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> The [[topography]] of the Gaza Strip is dominated by three [[ridge]]s parallel to the coastline, which consist of [[Pleistocene]]-[[Holocene]] aged [[calcareous]] [[Aeolian processes|aeolian]] (wind deposited) [[sandstone]]s, locally referred to as "[[kurkar]]", [[Interbedding|intercalated]] with red-coloured [[Grain size|fine grained]] [[paleosol]]s, referred to as "hamra". The three ridges are separated by [[wadi]]s, which are filled with [[Alluvium|alluvial deposits]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=UBEID |first=Khalid F. |date=2013 |title=The origin, nature and stratigraphy of Pleistocene-Holocene palaeosols in Wadi Es-Salqa (Gaza Strip, Palestine) |url=http://www.insugeo.org.ar/publicaciones/docs/scg-29-2-05.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Serie Correlación Geológica |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=63–78 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808201205/http://insugeo.org.ar/publicaciones/docs/scg-29-2-05.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-08}}</ref> The terrain is flat or rolling, with dunes near the coast. The highest point is Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda), at {{cvt|105|m|ft|sp=us}} above [[sea level]]. The major river in Gaza Strip is [[Wadi Gaza]], around which the [[Wadi Gaza Nature Reserve]] was established, to protect the only coastal wetland in the Strip.<ref name="meweco">[https://www.mahmiyat.ps/uploads/WadiGazaMP.pdf MANAGEMENT PLAN- WADI GAZA ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605084222/https://www.mahmiyat.ps/uploads/WadiGazaMP.pdf|date=5 June 2022}}, by the MedWetCoast project</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/04/16/now-we-can-breathe-a-little-how-gaza-is-bringing-its-wetlands-back-to-life |title='Now we can breathe a little': How Gaza is bringing its wetlands back to life |date=16 April 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101001758/https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/04/16/now-we-can-breathe-a-little-how-gaza-is-bringing-its-wetlands-back-to-life |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Climate=== The Gaza Strip has a [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh''), with warm winters during which practically all the annual rainfall occurs, and dry, hot summers. Despite the dryness, humidity is high throughout the year. Annual rainfall is higher than in any part of Egypt at between {{cvt|225|mm|in|0}} in the south and {{cvt|400|mm|in|0}} in the north, but almost all of this falls between November and February. ==Environment issues == Environmental problems in Gaza include [[desertification]]; [[Biosalinity|salination]] of fresh water; [[sewage treatment]]; [[water-borne disease]]s; [[soil degradation]]; and depletion and contamination of underground [[water resources]]. A United Nations official said in 2024 that "it could take 14 years ... to clear [[Construction waste|debris]], including [[rubble]] from destroyed buildings" (of the Israel–Hamas war).<ref name="Reuters 2024 c119">{{cite web | title=UN official says it could take 14 years to clear debris in Gaza | website=Reuters | date=26 Apr 2024 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-official-says-it-could-take-14-years-clear-debris-gaza-2024-04-26/ | access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref> ==Governance== ===Hamas government=== {{main|Hamas government in the Gaza Strip}} [[File:UNSchool DestrMoInterior.jpg|thumb|Damaged UN school and remmants of the Ministry of Interior in Gaza City, December 2012]] Since its takeover of Gaza, Hamas has exercised executive authority over the Gaza Strip, and it governs the territory through its own ''[[ad hoc]]'' executive, legislative, and judicial bodies.<ref name="freedomhouse">{{cite web |date=4 January 2018 |title=Gaza Strip |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/gaza-strip |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111428/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/gaza-strip |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> The Hamas government of 2012 was the second Palestinian Hamas-dominated government, ruling over the Gaza Strip, since the split of the Palestinian National Authority in 2007. It was announced in early September 2012.<ref name=hurriyet0209>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hamas-announces-cabinet-reshuffle-in-gaza.aspx?pageID=238&nID=29198&NewsCatID=352 |title=Hamas announces cabinet reshuffle in Gaza |date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Hurriyetdailynews.com |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012085350/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hamas-announces-cabinet-reshuffle-in-gaza.aspx?pageID=238&nID=29198&NewsCatID=352 |url-status=live }}</ref> The reshuffle of the previous government was approved by Gaza-based Hamas MPs from the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] or parliament.<ref name=hurriyet0209/> Since the Hamas takeover in 2007, the Gaza Strip has been described as a "''de facto'' [[one-party state]]", although it tolerates other political groups, including leftist ones such as the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) and the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]].<ref> *{{Cite web |title=Gaza Strip: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/gaza-strip/freedom-world/2020 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Freedom House |language=en |quote=Since 2007, Gaza has functioned as a de facto one-party state under Hamas rule |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327190234/https://freedomhouse.org/country/gaza-strip/freedom-world/2020 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite news |title=How powerful is Hamas? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/10/10/how-powerful-is-hamas |access-date=2023-10-17 |issn=0013-0613 |quote=In 2006, a year after Israel withdrew from Gaza, Hamas won a majority of seats in a Palestinian election and later formed a new unity government with Fatah, its nationalist rival. In June 2007, after a brief civil war, it assumed sole control of Gaza, leaving Fatah to run the Palestinian Authority (pa) in the West Bank. In response Israel and Egypt imposed a suffocating blockade on the coastal strip in 2007, strangling its economy and in effect confining its people in an open-air prison. There have been no elections since. Hamas has run Gaza as an oppressive one-party state, leaving some Palestinians there disenchanted with its leadership. Nevertheless, Palestinians widely consider it more competent than the ailing, corrupt pa. |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114121410/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/10/10/how-powerful-is-hamas |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=Burton |first=Guy |date=2012 |title=Hamas and its Vision of Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41507185 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=525–540 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.657491 |jstor=41507185 |s2cid=144037453 |issn=0143-6597 |quote=The joint Hamas-Fatah government did not last long. Within months the two sides were fighting again, eventually leading to a political split of the occupied territory, with Fatah controlling the West Bank and Hamas establishing a virtual one-party state in Gaza |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023080017/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41507185 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1" /> The legal code Hamas applies in Gaza is based on Ottoman laws, the British Mandate's 1936 legal code, [[Palestinian law|Palestinian Authority law]], [[Sharia law]], and Israeli military orders. Hamas maintains a judicial system with civilian and military courts and a public prosecution service.<ref name=freedomhouse/><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.academia.edu/2984906 |title=Ideology and Practice: The Legal System in Gaza under Hamas |first=Nicolas |last=Pelham |date=2010 |via=www.academia.edu |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628143849/https://www.academia.edu/2984906 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gaza Strip was ranked 6th least electoral [[democracy in the Middle East and North Africa]] according to [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] in 2024 with a score of 0.136 out of one.<ref name="report">{{Cite web |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf |title=Democracy Report 2024, Varieties of Democracy |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312185522/https://v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Security=== The Gaza Strip's security is mainly handled by Hamas through its military wing, the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], internal security service, and civil police force. The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades have an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 operatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hamas-gains-credibility-fighting-force-analysts-say-371780262 |title=Hamas growing in military stature, say analysts |website=Middle East Eye |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007040321/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hamas-gains-credibility-fighting-force-analysts-say-371780262 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Other groups and ideologies=== [[File:2013 Fatah anniversary rally in Gaza (04).jpg|thumb|A rally in support of [[Fatah]] in Gaza City in January 2013]] Other Palestinian militant factions operate in the Gaza Strip alongside, and sometimes opposed to Hamas. The [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine]], also known as the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) is the second largest militant faction operating in the Gaza Strip. Its military wing, the [[Al-Quds Brigades]], has an estimated 8,000 fighters.<ref> *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1658443.stm Who are Islamic Jihad?] BBC. 9 June 2003. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327035852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1658443.stm |date=27 March 2009 }} *{{cite web |url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/nctc-home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016214230/http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/pij.html |url-status=dead |title=Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) |publisher=NCTC |archive-date=16 October 2014 |website=www.dni.gov}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126041704/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad |url-status=dead |title=Australian Government: Listing of Terrorism Organisations |archive-date=26 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=IslamicJihad>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/islamic-jihad-chief-dies-after-clash-with-hamas-police/#ixzz2X8KLrgkS |title=Islamic Militant Group |publisher=Foxnews.com |date=23 June 2013 |access-date=2014-08-02 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624121949/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/06/23/islamic-jihad-chief-dies-after-clash-with-hamas-police/#ixzz2X8KLrgkS |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2013, the Islamic Jihad broke ties with Hamas leaders after Hamas police fatally shot the commander of Islamic Jihad's military wing.<ref name=IslamicJihad/> The third largest faction is the [[Popular Resistance Committees]]. Its military wing is known as the [[Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades]]. Other factions include the [[Army of Islam (Gaza Strip)|Army of Islam]] (an Islamist faction of the [[Doghmush clan]]), the Nidal Al-Amoudi Battalion (an offshoot of the West Bank-based Fatah-linked [[al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]]), the [[Abu Ali Mustapha Brigades]] (armed wing of the PFLP), the [[Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade]] ([[ISIL]] offshoot), Humat al-Aqsa, [[Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)|Jaysh al-Ummah]], Katibat al-Sheikh al-Emireen, the Mujahideen Brigades, and the Abdul al-Qadir al-Husseini Brigades.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2021/06/analysis-17-palestinian-militant-factions-identified-in-recent-gaza-conflict.php |title=Analysis: 17 Palestinian militant factions identified in recent Gaza conflict |author=Joe Truzman |work=[[FDD's Long War Journal]] |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=5 June 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605024417/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2021/06/analysis-17-palestinian-militant-factions-identified-in-recent-gaza-conflict.php |url-status=live}}</ref> Some [[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip|Salafi-Jihadis operating in Gaza]] have been using as part of their name the term ''ʻArḍ al-Ribat'' "Land of the [[Ribat]]", as a name for Palestine, literally meaning "the land of standing vigilant watch on the frontier", but understood in the context of ''global'' jihad, which is fundamentally opposed to local, [[Palestinian nationalism]].<ref>"[https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1059351/1226_1301926747_104-20radical-20islam-20in-20gaza.pdf Radical Islam In Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023184546/https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1059351/1226_1301926747_104-20radical-20islam-20in-20gaza.pdf |date=23 October 2023 }}" (PDF), [[International Crisis Group]], Middle East Report N°104, 29 March 2011, pp. 6-7 with note 61. Accessed 22 Oct 2023.</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== The enclave is divided into five governorates: the [[North Gaza Governorate]], [[Gaza Governorate]], [[Deir al-Balah Governorate]], [[Khan Yunis Governorate]] and [[Rafah Governorate]]. ===Legality of Hamas rule=== After Hamas's June 2007 takeover, it ousted Fatah-linked officials from positions of power and authority (such as government positions, security services, universities, newspapers, etc.) and strove to enforce law by progressively removing guns from the hands of peripheral militias, clans, and criminal groups, and gaining control of supply tunnels. According to [[Amnesty International]], under Hamas rule, newspapers were closed down and journalists were harassed.<ref name="AI_torn">{{cite web |date=24 October 2007 |title=Torn apart by factional strife |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde21/020/2007/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313044927/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde21/020/2007/en/ |archive-date=13 March 2015 |access-date=23 October 2007 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Fatah demonstrations were forbidden or suppressed, as in the case of a large demonstration on the anniversary of [[Yasser Arafat]]'s death, which resulted in the deaths of seven people, after protesters hurled stones at Hamas security forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamas kills seven at Arafat rally in Gaza |url=http://news.sbs.com.au/worldnewsaustralia/hamas_kills_seven_at_arafat_rally_in_gaza_135015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070813050106/http://news.sbs.com.au/worldnewsaustralia/hamas_kills_seven_at_arafat_rally_in_gaza_135015 |archive-date=13 August 2007 |access-date=1 June 2016}}, AFP, (via SBS World News Australia), 13 November 2007.</ref> Hamas and other militant groups continued to fire Qassam rockets across the border into Israel. According to Israel, between the Hamas takeover and the end of January 2008, 697 rockets and 822 mortar bombs were fired at Israeli towns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israeli MFA |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Missile+fire+from+Gaza+on+Israeli+civilian+targets+Aug+2007.htm#statistics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011023634/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000/Missile%2Bfire%2Bfrom%2BGaza%2Bon%2BIsraeli%2Bcivilian%2Btargets%2BAug%2B2007.htm#statistics |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=1 June 2010 |publisher=Mfa.gov.il}}</ref> In response, Israel targeted Qassam launchers and military targets and declared the Gaza Strip a hostile entity. In January 2008, Israel curtailed travel from Gaza, the entry of goods, and cut fuel supplies, resulting in power shortages. This brought charges that Israel was inflicting [[collective punishment]] on the Gaza population, leading to international condemnation. Despite multiple reports from within the Strip that food and other essentials were in short supply,<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2009 |title=Profile: Gaza Strip |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5122404.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518081735/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5122404.stm |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Israel said that Gaza had enough food and energy supplies for weeks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenberg |first1=Hanan |date=20 June 1995 |title=IDF official rejects claims of humanitarian crisis in Gaza |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3496654,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523062831/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3496654,00.html |archive-date=23 May 2011 |access-date=21 May 2011 |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com}}</ref> The Israeli government uses economic means to pressure Hamas. Among other things, it caused Israeli commercial enterprises like banks and fuel companies to stop doing business with the Gaza Strip. The role of private corporations in the relationship between Israel and the Gaza Strip is an issue that has not been extensively studied.<ref>Dana Weiss and Ronen Shamir (2011) Corporate Accountability to Human Rights: The Case of the Gaza Strip. Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 24, 1, 155–183.</ref> ==Status== Due to both the Israeli blockade and Hamas's authoritarian policies and actions, US political organization [[Freedom House]] ranks Gaza as "not free".<ref name="freedomhouse" />[[File:Watchtower rafah gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|A watchtower on the border between [[Rafah]] and Egypt]] ===Israeli occupation=== [[File:Map of Gaza Strip with no-go zone 2012.jpg|thumb|Gaza Strip with Israeli-controlled borders and limited fishing zone, as of December 2012]] Despite the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza,<ref name="occ" /> the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and the majority of governments and legal commentators consider the territory to be still occupied by Israel, supported by additional restrictions placed on Gaza by Egypt.<ref name="isrlpa13698">[https://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm "Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm|date=15 October 2008}} 6 July 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.</ref><ref name="cnn2009-01-06">{{cite news |last=Levs |first=Josh |date=6 January 2009 |title=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory? |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084340/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html |archive-date=21 January 2009 |access-date=30 May 2009 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="occ2">Multiple sources: * {{cite book |last=Sanger |first=Andrew |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010 |date=2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-90-6704-811-8 |editor=M.N. Schmitt |volume=13 |page=429 |chapter=The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla |doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14 |quote=Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However, the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. <br />Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry.<br />It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied. |editor2=Louise Arimatsu |editor3=Tim McCormack |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429}} * {{cite book |last=Scobbie |first=Iain |author-link=Iain Scobbie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&pg=PA295 |title=International Law and the Classification of Conflicts |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965775-9 |editor=Elizabeth Wilmshurst |page=295 |quote=Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.}} * {{cite book |last=Gawerc |first=Michelle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44 |title=Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739166109 |page=44 |quote=While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). ln other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied. |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228174718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel maintains direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza: it controls Gaza's air and maritime space, as well as six of Gaza's seven land crossings. It reserves the right to enter Gaza at will with its military and maintains a no-go buffer zone within the Gaza territory. Gaza is dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications, and other utilities.<ref name="occ" /><ref name="AI_briefing" /> The extensive Israeli buffer zone within the Strip renders much land off-limits to Gaza's inhabitants.<ref>Hilmi S.Salem, 'Social, Environmental and Security Impacts of Climate Change on the Eastern Mediterranean,' in Hans Günter Brauch, Úrsula Oswald Spring, Czeslaw Mesjasz, John Grin, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Béchir Chourou, Pál Dunay, Joern Birkmann (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=v-9h-mXLaWQC&pg=PA431 ''Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security: Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100659/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-9h-mXLaWQC&pg=PA431|date=2 November 2022}} Springer Science & Business Media, 2011 pp.421–445 p.431.</ref> The system of control imposed by Israel was described in the fall 2012 edition of [[International Security (journal)|''International Security'']] as an "indirect occupation".<ref>Jerome Slater, [https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/IS3702_Slater.pdf Just War Moral Philosophy and the 2008–09 Israeli Campaign in Gaza "The continued Israeli de facto or, as it was sometimes called, "indirect occupation" of Gaza was so repressive that it was common for Israeli journalists, academicians, human rights organizations, and even former high government officials such as Shlomo Ben-Ami to describe Gaza as "an open air prison"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024142223/https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/IS3702_Slater.pdf|date=24 October 2019}}, International Security 37(2):44-80 · October 2012</ref> The [[European Union]] (EU) considers Gaza to be occupied.<ref name="eccpalestine.org">{{cite web |title=EU Heads of Missions' report on Gaza 2013 |url=http://www.eccpalestine.org/eu-heads-of-missions-report-on-gaza/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172357/http://www.eccpalestine.org/eu-heads-of-missions-report-on-gaza/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=2014-08-02 |publisher=Eccpalestine.org}}</ref> The international community regards all of the [[Palestinian territories]] including Gaza as occupied.<ref name="aj_reality_check">See the short video [http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2015/10/reality-check-gaza-occupied-151023153703888.html ''Reality Check: Gaza is still occupied''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205121934/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2015/10/reality-check-gaza-occupied-151023153703888.html |date=5 February 2016 }} on Al Jazeera, showing the arguments</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] has declared at the [[UN Human Rights Council]] that it views Israel as a ''de facto'' occupying power in the Gaza Strip, even though Israel has no military or other presence, because the [[Oslo Accords]] authorize Israel to control the [[airspace]] and the [[territorial sea]].<ref name="isrlpa13698" /><ref name="cnn2009-01-06" /><ref name="AI_briefing">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ |title=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability |date=19 January 2009 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=5 June 2009 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160014/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his statement on the [[2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict]], [[Richard A. Falk|Richard Falk]], [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] wrote that [[international humanitarian law]] applied to Israel "in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war."<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229102020/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument |date=29 December 2008 }}, [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], 27 December 2008.</ref> [[Amnesty International]], the [[World Health Organization]], [[Oxfam]], the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]], the [[United Nations]], the [[United Nations General Assembly]], the [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza]], international human rights organizations, US government websites, the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office]], and a significant number of legal commentators ([[Geoffrey Aronson]], [[Meron Benvenisti]], Claude Bruderlein, Sari Bashi, Kenneth Mann, Shane Darcy, John Reynolds, [[Yoram Dinstein]], [[John Dugard]], Marc S. Kaliser, [[Birzeit University|Mustafa Mari]], and [[Iain Scobbie]]) maintain that Israel's extensive direct external control over Gaza, and indirect control over the lives of its internal population mean that Gaza remained occupied.<ref>[http://imeu.org/article/reference-sheet-israel-gaza-international-law1 'Israel, Gaza & International Law,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714230552/http://imeu.org/article/reference-sheet-israel-gaza-international-law1 |date=14 July 2015 }} 19 November 2012</ref><ref>A. Sanger, 'The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla,' in M.N. Schmitt, Louise Arimatsu, Tim McCormack (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA430 ''Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law – 2010,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101202/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA430 |date=2 November 2022 }} Springer, 2011. pp.429–430</ref><ref name="icrcoccupied">{{cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Frequently asked questions on ICRC's work in Israel and the occupied territories |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories |accessdate=24 October 2023 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029201111/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories |url-status=live }}</ref> In spite of [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|Israel's withdrawal from Gaza in 2005]], the Hamas government in Gaza considers Gaza as occupied territory.<ref name=hamas_faq>[http://hamas.ps/en/page/13/FAQ ''Israel ended its occupation of the Gaza Strip when it withdrew from Gaza in 2005, so why does Hamas continue to fire rockets into Israel?''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114085112/http://hamas.ps/en/page/13/FAQ |date=14 November 2015 }}. FAQ on the official Hamas website. Accessed November 2015. "This is one of the myths perpetuated by Israel's propaganda ... Israel re-deployed its military occupation forces and evacuated its illegal settlers outside the population centers in Gaza. BUT Israel effectively controls the sea, land and air spaces and border crossings that link the Gaza Strip to the outside world. According to the UN and human rights organizations, Israel still maintains its occupation of the Gaza Strip and subjects the 1.8 million Palestinians in this tiny strip to a horrendous siege and blockade that constitute a war crime under international law." Here, Hamas cites the view of the international community.</ref> Israel states that it does not exercise effective control or authority over any land or institutions in the Gaza Strip and thus the Gaza Strip is no longer subject to the former [[military occupation]].<ref name=Gold>Dore Gold, [http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |date=21 June 2010 }}, [[Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs]], Vol. 5, No. 3, 26 August 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza:_The_Assault_on_Israel’s_Right_to_Self-Defense International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092456/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza%3A_The_Assault_on_Israel%E2%80%99s_Right_to_Self-Defense |date=6 March 2012 }}, [[Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs]], Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008.</ref> [[Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel]] [[Tzipi Livni]] stated in January 2008: "Israel got out of Gaza. It dismantled its settlements there. No Israeli soldiers were left there after the disengagement."<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026025009/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches%2Bby%2BIsraeli%2Bleaders/2008/Address%2Bby%2BFM%2BLivni%2Bto%2Bthe%2B8th%2BHerzliya%2BConference%2B22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print |date=26 October 2011 }}, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)]], 22 January 2008.</ref> On 30 January 2008, the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] ruled that the Gaza Strip was not occupied by Israel in a decision on a petition against Israeli restrictions against the Gaza Strip which argued that it remained occupied. The Supreme Court ruled that Israel has not exercised effective control over the Gaza Strip since 2005, and accordingly, it was no longer occupied.<ref>{{cite web |title=Behind the Headlines: Israeli Supreme Court Decision HCJ 9132/07 |date=3 Feb 2008 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/issues/pages/court%20upholds%20israeli%20limitations%20of%20the%20supply%20of%20fuel%20and%20electricity%20to%20gaza%203-feb-2008.aspx |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052821/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/issues/pages/court%20upholds%20israeli%20limitations%20of%20the%20supply%20of%20fuel%20and%20electricity%20to%20gaza%203-feb-2008.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Some legal commentators agree with the Israeli position. In an analysis published in the ''Netherlands International Law Review'', Hanne Cuyckens asserted that Gaza is no longer occupied, stating that there is no effective control under Article 42 of the Hague Regulations. While she acknowledged that Israel has obligations toward Gaza due to its level of control, she argued these responsibilities stem from general international humanitarian law and international human rights law, rather than the law of occupation.<ref name=cuyckens>{{cite journal |last=Cuyckens |first=Hanne |year=2016 |title=Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza? |journal=Netherlands International Law Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=cuyckens>{{cite journal |last=Cuyckens |first=Hanne |year=2016 |title=Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza? |journal=Netherlands International Law Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Israeli law professors [[Yuval Shany]] and [[Avi Bell]] contested the classification of Gaza as occupied, with Shany asserting that it's difficult to view Israel as the occupying power under traditional law, while Bell argued that the Gaza Strip is not occupied as the blockade does not constitute effective control, citing international legal precedents requiring direct control over both the territory and its civilian population.<ref name=shany>{{Cite journal |last=Shany |first=Yuval |date=19 October 2007 |title=FARAWAY, SO CLOSE: THE LEGAL STATUS OF GAZA AFTER ISRAEL'S DISENGAGEMENT |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/yearbook-of-international-humanitarian-law/article/abs/faraway-so-close-the-legal-status-of-gaza-after-israels-disengagement/51EE48DCE49EE52C6AC503DACADDAB76 |journal=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law |language=en |volume=8 |pages=369–383 |doi=10.1017/S1389135905003697 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |issn=1574-096X}}</ref><ref name=bell>{{cite report |last=Bell |first=Avi |date=July 2014 |title=Israel May Stop Supplying Water and Electricity to Gaza |publisher=Kohelet Policy Forum |url=https://euiha41fnsb2lyeld3vkc37i-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/israel-may-stop-supplying-water-and-electricity-to-Gaza-updated.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203183846/https://euiha41fnsb2lyeld3vkc37i-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/israel-may-stop-supplying-water-and-electricity-to-Gaza-updated.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-03 |url-status=live}}</ref> Likewise, Israeli Supreme Court judge [[Alex Stein]] argued in 2014 that Gaza was not occupied.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/newly-appointed-israeli-supreme-court-justice-rapped-high-court-1.5863689 |title=Israel's New Supreme Court Justice's Deleted Facebook Post: Israel Isn't Obligated to Provide Gaza With Electricity |date=28 February 2018 |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211927/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/newly-appointed-israeli-supreme-court-justice-rapped-high-court-1.5863689 |url-status=live }}</ref> Michael W. Meier, a Visiting Professor at [[Emory University School of Law]] and Acting Director of Emory International Humanitarian Law Clinic, wrote that in his view, Gaza had not been occupied since 2005 as Israel no longer maintained military forces in the territory and because Hamas controlled most administrative functions and all public services, thus Israel did not have effective control.<ref>[https://lieber.westpoint.edu/question-whether-gaza-occupied-territory/ Israel – Hamas 2023 Symposium – The Question of Whether Gaza Is Occupied Territory]</ref> [[Michael N. Schmitt]] likewise writes that Israel did not occupy Gaza after 2005, as in his view effective control requires some degree of power over daily governance of the territory, while Hamas often governed in manner contrary to Israeli interests and desires, and that if an area is regularly used as a base of significant military operations against another party to the conflict, the other party cannot be said to have effective control over it. However, he wrote that this did not mean Israel bore no obligations to the people of Gaza.<ref>[https://lieber.westpoint.edu/legal-context-operations-al-aqsa-flood-swords-of-iron/ Israel – Hamas 2023 Symposium – The Legal Context of Operations Al-Aqsa Flood and Swords of Iron]</ref> On 19 July 2024, the [[International Court of Justice]] noted in ''[[ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories|Legal Consequences arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem]]'' that "for the purpose of determining whether a territory remains occupied under international law, the decisive criterion is not whether the occupying Power retains its physical military presence in the territory at all times but rather whether its authority has been established and can be exercised" and concluded that "The sustained abuse by Israel of its position as an occupying Power, through annexation and an assertion of permanent control over the [[Occupied Palestinian territories|Occupied Palestinian Territory]] and continued frustration of the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, violates fundamental principles of international law and renders Israel's presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory unlawful". The court also ruled that Israel should pay full [[Reparations (transitional justice)|reparations]] to the Palestinian people for the damage the occupation has caused, and determined that its policies violate the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]].<ref> *{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf|title=Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem|date=19 July 2024|work=[[United Nations]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723012621/https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/icj-israel-occupation-illegal/|title=Israel always sold the occupation as legal. The ICJ now terrifies them|last=Bisharat|first=Ghousoon|date=23 July 2024|work=[[+972 magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724063617/https://www.972mag.com/icj-israel-occupation-illegal/|archive-date=24 July 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} *{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/07/1152651|title=Independent rights experts urge States to comply with ICJ ruling on Israel|last=|first=|date=30 July 2024|work=[[United Nations]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012202650/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/07/1152651|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/icj-opinion-declaring-israels-occupation-of-palestinian-territories-unlawful-is-historic-vindication-of-palestinians-rights/|title=ICJ opinion declaring Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories unlawful is historic vindication of Palestinians' rights|date=19 July 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240719181940/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/icj-opinion-declaring-israels-occupation-of-palestinian-territories-unlawful-is-historic-vindication-of-palestinians-rights/|archive-date=19 July 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240719-top-un-court-international-court-justice-says-israel-occupation-palestinian-territories-unlawful-west-bank-settlements|title=Top UN court says Israel's occupation of Palestinian Territories is 'unlawful'|date=19 July 2024|work=[[France 24]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012203000/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240719-top-un-court-international-court-justice-says-israel-occupation-palestinian-territories-unlawful-west-bank-settlements|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjerjzxlpvdo|title=UN top court says Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories is illegal|last=Berg|first=Raffi|date=19 July 2024|work=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240721021028/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjerjzxlpvdo|archive-date=21 July 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/rights-groups-hail-icj-ruling-israel-occupation-palestine|title=Rights groups hail 'historic' ICJ ruling on Israel's occupation of Palestine|date=20 July 2024|work=[[The New Arab]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012203442/https://www.newarab.com/news/rights-groups-hail-icj-ruling-israel-occupation-palestine|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/19/world-court-says-israels-settlement-policies-breach-international-law|title=ICJ says Israel's presence in Palestinian territory is unlawful|date=19 July 2024|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240719161108/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/19/world-court-says-israels-settlement-policies-breach-international-law|archive-date=19 July 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} *{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/07/1152296|title=Israel's continued occupation of Palestinian territory 'unlawful': UN world court|date=19 July 2024|work=[[United Nations]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240808072541/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/07/1152296|archive-date=8 August 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} *{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/19/middleeast/israel-west-bank-jerusalem-occupation-icj-opinion-intl/index.html|title=Top UN court says Israeli occupation of West Bank and East Jerusalem is illegal|last1=Ebrahim|first1=Nadeen|last2=McCluskey|first2=Mitchell|date=19 July 2024|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012204147/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/19/middleeast/israel-west-bank-jerusalem-occupation-icj-opinion-intl/index.html|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref> Yuval Shany, along with law professors Amichai Cohen and [[Marko Milanović (professor)|Marko Milanović]], argued that the court stopped short of declaring Gaza to be under occupation, but instead declared that Israel maintained certain obligations under the law of occupation. They noted the opinions of judges [[Yuji Iwasawa]] and [[Sarah Cleveland]] in particular. Judge Iwasawa pointed out that while the court stated Israel is bound by some obligations related to occupation law, it didn't determine whether Gaza remained "occupied" within the meaning of the law of occupation after 2005. Judge Cleveland noted that the court observed that after Israel's withdrawal in 2005, it continued to exercise key elements of authority over the Gaza Strip. This included "control of the land, sea and air borders, restrictions on movement of people and goods, collection of import and export taxes, and military control over the buffer zone." As a result, the court concluded that certain aspects of the law of occupation still applied to Gaza, based on Israel's level of effective control. However, it did not specify which obligations still bound Israel after 2005, nor did it find any violations of those obligations.<ref>[https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-occupation-of-gaza-in-the-icj-palestine-advisory-opinion/ The Occupation of Gaza in the ICJ Palestine Advisory Opinion]</ref><ref>[https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/another-brick-in-the-wall--the-icj-advisory-opinion-on-israeli-policies-and-practices-in-the-occupied-palestinian-territory Another Brick in the Wall? The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Israeli Policies and Practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory]</ref> ====Characterization as open-air prison==== Several rights groups have characterized the situation in Gaza as an "open-air prison",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/palestinians-in-lebanon-ready-to-fight-israel-if-hezbollah-helps-them |title=Palestinians in Lebanon ready to fight Israel, if Hezbollah helps them |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009161501/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/palestinians-in-lebanon-ready-to-fight-israel-if-hezbollah-helps-them |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="open-air prison">Multiple sources: * [[Jonathan Cook]], [http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/how-israel-is-turning-gaza-into-a-super-max-prison 'How Israel is turning Gaza into a super-max prison,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220012330/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/how-israel-is-turning-gaza-into-a-super-max-prison |date=20 December 2014 }} [[The National (Abu Dhabi)]] 27 October 2014: 'One Israeli analyst has compared the proposed solution to transforming a third-world prison into a modern US super-max incarceration facility.' * [http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison ''Noam Chomsky: My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024235819/http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison |date=24 October 2015 }}. Truthout, 9 November 2012: 'And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison,' * [[David Cameron]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/havens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html ''Havens Are Few, if Not Far, for Palestinians in Gaza Strip''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708035445/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/havens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html |date=8 July 2017 }}. NYT, 20 July 2014: "Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain in 2010 called Gaza "an open-air prison", drawing criticism from Israel." * Alistair Dawber, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html 'Tales from Gaza: What is life really like in 'the world's largest outdoor prison'?'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813080736/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html |date=13 August 2017 }} [[The Independent]] 13 April 2013.'Locals call it "the world's biggest prison", and it's not difficult to understand why...Mr Jnead's children, and their prospects in what is often referred to as the world's largest open prison, is top of his concerns.' * Zaki Chehab, [https://books.google.com/books?id=V-8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194 ''Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100700/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194 |date=2 November 2022 }} I.B.Tauris, 2007 p.182:'The Rafiah crossing is the gateway to what Palestinians refer to as their open-air prison – the Gaza Strip.' * Anna Ball, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NX3aAAAAQBAJ 'Impossible Intimacies,'] in Anastasia Valassopoulos (ed.) ''Arab Cultural Studies: History, Politics and the Popular,'' Routledge 2013 pp71-91 p.73: "...Gaza Strip Barrier, a structure that has sealed Gaza's border with Israel and has led to Gaza's description as ″the world's largest open-air prison",</ref> including the [[United Nations]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Tétrault-Farber |first=Gabrielle |date=2023-07-11 |editor-last=Maclean |editor-first=William |title=Israel occupation makes Palestinian territories 'open-air prison', UN expert says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-occupation-makes-palestinian-territories-open-air-prison-un-expert-2023-07-11/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104141357/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-occupation-makes-palestinian-territories-open-air-prison-un-expert-2023-07-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref name="HRW111">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15|title=Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15|date=12 October 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|work=Human Rights Watch|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012000721/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Norwegian Refugee Council]].<ref name="NRC111">{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2018/april/gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison/|title=Gaza: The world's largest open-air prison|work=Norwegian Refugee Council|date=26 April 2018|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011184025/https://www.nrc.no/news/2018/april/gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison/|url-status=live}}</ref> This characterization was often cited by a number of human rights activists, politicians, and media news outlets reporting on the [[Gaza-Israel conflict]] and the wider [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]].<ref> *{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/hell-earth-israel-unrest-spotlights-dire-conditions-gaza/story?id=103829699|title='Hell on earth': Israel unrest spotlights dire conditions in Gaza|work=abcnews|date=9 October 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012044104/https://abcnews.go.com/International/hell-earth-israel-unrest-spotlights-dire-conditions-gaza/story?id=103829699|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907912/israel-palestine-conflict-history-explained-gaza-hamas|title=This Gaza war didn't come out of nowhere|work=Vox|date=7 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013001255/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907912/israel-palestine-conflict-history-explained-gaza-hamas|url-status=live}} *{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/12/palestinians-can-t-just-leave-gaza-during-israel-hamas-conflict/21fa3714-68b8-11ee-9753-2b3742e96987_story.html|title=No, Palestinians Can't Just Leave Gaza|newspaper=Washington Post|date=12 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=7 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307223644/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/12/palestinians-can-t-just-leave-gaza-during-israel-hamas-conflict/21fa3714-68b8-11ee-9753-2b3742e96987_story.html|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/what-is-gaza-strip-the-besieged-palestinian-enclave-under-israeli-assault|title=What is Gaza Strip, the besieged Palestinian enclave under Israeli assault?|work=Al Jazeera|date=12 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012232725/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/what-is-gaza-strip-the-besieged-palestinian-enclave-under-israeli-assault|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2021/05/26/gaza-no-exit-wedeman-pkg-intl-hnk-vpx.cnn|title=Analyst: Gaza becomes the biggest open-air prison on earth|work=CNN|date=12 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014022308/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2021/05/26/gaza-no-exit-wedeman-pkg-intl-hnk-vpx.cnn|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TI111">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/who-lives-in-gaza-strip-control-history-map-b2429107.html|title=Gaza under siege: The 25-mile-long strip with 2.3 million 'prisoners'|work=The Independent|date=13 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013202320/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/who-lives-in-gaza-strip-control-history-map-b2429107.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Former British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10778110|title=David Cameron describes blockaded Gaza as a 'prison'|work=BBC|date=27 July 2010|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013202821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10778110|url-status=live}}</ref> US Senator [[Bernie Sanders]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sanders-gaza-is-open-air-prison-israel-violating-international-law-2023-10|title=Bernie Sanders says Israel is violating international law with blockade on 'open-air prison' in Gaza|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012190735/https://www.businessinsider.com/sanders-gaza-is-open-air-prison-israel-violating-international-law-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli journalist [[Gideon Levy]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tupOEAAAQBAJ |title=The Punishment of Gaza |author=Gideon Levy |publisher=Verso Books |year=2010 |isbn=9781844676019 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030070056/https://books.google.com/books?id=tupOEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Israeli historian [[Ilan Pappe]] have endorsed this characterization as well.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDA1GQAACAAJ |title=The Biggest Prison on Earth |author=Ilan Pappe |publisher=One WorldPublications Books |year=2017 |isbn=9781851685875 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030070057/https://books.google.com/books?id=aDA1GQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, Human Rights Watch issued a report on the situation in the Gaza Strip, which it called an "open-air prison" due to the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]] and held Israel responsible as the occupying power, and to a lesser degree Egypt, which has restricted movement of Palestinians through its border.<ref name="HRW111"/> The report highlighted how this blockade has led to humanitarian crises, namely shortages of essential supplies, limited access to healthcare, and high levels of poverty and unemployment among the Palestinian population in Gaza.<ref name="HRW111"/> It claimed that Israel has formed a formal policy of separation between Gaza and the West Bank, despite both forming parts of the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref name="HRW111"/> The Israeli blockade on Gaza has restricted the freedom of movement of Gaza Palestinians to both the West Bank and the outside world; in particular, Palestinian professionals were most impacted by these restrictions, as applying for travel permit takes several weeks.<ref name="HRW111"/> The Norwegian Refugee Council report issued in 2018 called the territory "the world's largest open-air prison", highlighting in it several figures, including lack of access to clean water, to reliable electrical supply, to health care, food and employment opportunities.<ref name="NRC111"/> It lamented the fact that a majority of Palestinian children in Gaza suffer from psychological trauma, and a portion of which suffer from stunted growth.<ref name="NRC111"/> ===Statehood=== Some Israeli analysts have argued that the Gaza Strip can be considered a ''[[de facto]]'' state, even if not internationally recognized as such. Israeli Major General [[Giora Eiland]], who headed Israel's [[National Security Council (Israel)|National Security Council]], has argued that after the disengagement and Hamas takeover, the Gaza Strip became a de facto state for all intents and purposes, writing that "It has clear borders, an effective government, an independent foreign policy and an army. These are the exact characteristics of a state."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5275535,00.html |title=Needed: A different Gaza strategy |date=6 February 2018 |website=Ynetnews |last1=Eiland |first1=Giora |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924034952/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5275535,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Yagil Levy, a professor of Political Sociology and Public Policy at the [[Open University of Israel]], wrote in a ''[[Haaretz]]'' column that "Gaza is a state in every respect, at least as social scientists understand the term. It has a central government with an army that's subordinate to it and that protects a population living in a defined territory. Nevertheless, Gaza is a castrated state. Israel and Egypt control its borders. The Palestinian Authority pays for the salaries of some of its civil servants. And the army doesn't have a monopoly on armed force, because there are independent militias operating alongside it."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-strengthen-the-state-of-gaza-1.6358839|title=Opinion {{!}} Strengthen the State of Gaza|first=Yagil|last=Levy|date=7 August 2018|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033719/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-strengthen-the-state-of-gaza-1.6358839|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Moshe Arens]], a former Israeli diplomat who served as Foreign Minister and Defense Minister, likewise wrote that Gaza is a state as "it has a government, an army, a police force and courts that dispense justice of sorts."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-gaza-a-failed-palestinian-state-1.5488422 |title=Opinion {{!}} Gaza, a Failed Palestinian State |first=Moshe |last=Arens |date=26 June 2017 |work=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033801/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-gaza-a-failed-palestinian-state-1.5488422 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2018, Israeli Justice Minister [[Ayelet Shaked]] asserted that Gaza is an independent state, stating that Palestinians "already have a state" in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/shaked-touts-confederation-of-jordan-gaza-and-parts-of-west-bank/ |title=Shaked touts 'confederation' of Jordan, Gaza, and parts of West Bank |first=Raphael |last=Ahren |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129162207/https://www.timesofisrael.com/shaked-touts-confederation-of-jordan-gaza-and-parts-of-west-bank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Geoffrey Aronson]] has likewise argued that the Gaza Strip can be considered a [[proto-state]] with some aspects of sovereignty, writing that "a proto-state already exists in the Gaza Strip, with objective attributes of sovereignty the Ramallah-based Mahmoud Abbas can only dream about. Gaza is a single, contiguous territory with de facto borders, recognised, if not always respected, by friend and foe alike. There are no permanently stationed foreign occupiers and, most importantly, no civilian Israeli settlements."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/05/era-sovereignty-gaza-150504054233875.html |title=A new era of sovereignty in Gaza - Gaza: After the war |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203043243/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/05/era-sovereignty-gaza-150504054233875.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing in ''[[Newsweek]]'', journalist Marc Schulman referred to Gaza as "an impoverished proto-state that lives off aid."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/tel-aviv-diary-tragedy-palestinians-502021 |title=Tel Aviv Diary: The tragedy of the Palestinians |first1=Marc |last1=Schulman |date=23 September 2016 |work=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127131437/https://www.newsweek.com/tel-aviv-diary-tragedy-palestinians-502021 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Control over airspace=== [[File:20140805 beit hanun7.jpg|thumb|[[Beit Hanoun]] region of Gaza in August 2014, after Israeli bombardments]] As agreed between Israel and the Palestinian Authority in the [[Oslo Accords]], Israel has exclusive control over the airspace. Contrarily to the Oslo Accords, however, Israel interferes with Gaza's radio and TV transmissions, and Israel prevents the Palestinians from operating a seaport or airport.<ref name="auto2" /> The Accords permitted Palestinians to construct an airport, which was duly built and opened in 1998. Israel destroyed Gaza's only airport in 2001 and again in 2002, during the [[Second Intifada]].<ref name=msnbc_fly_again/><ref name=bbc2005/> The Israeli army makes use of [[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle|drones]], which can launch precise missiles. They are equipped with high-resolution cameras and other sensors. The missile fired from a drone has its own cameras that allow the operator to observe the target from the moment of firing. After a missile has been launched, the drone operator can remotely divert it elsewhere. Drone operators can view objects on the ground in detail during both day and night.<ref name=precisely_wrong>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/06/30/precisely-wrong/gaza-civilians-killed-israeli-drone-launched-missiles ''Precisely Wrong—Gaza Civilians Killed by Israeli Drone-Launched Missiles''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104182855/https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/06/30/precisely-wrong/gaza-civilians-killed-israeli-drone-launched-missiles |date=4 November 2015 }}. Human Rights Watch, 30 June 2009</ref> Israeli drones routinely patrol over Gaza, and engage in missile strikes which reportedly kill more civilians than militants; the drones also produce a buzzing noise audible from the ground which Palestinians in Gaza refer to as ''[[zanana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Jonathan |date=28 November 2013 |title=Gaza: Life and death under Israel's drones |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/28/gaza-life-and-death-under-israels-drones |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104101320/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/28/gaza-life-and-death-under-israels-drones |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/sonst_publikationen/Sleepless-in-Gaza-by-Atef-Abu-Saif-RLS-Palestine.pdf |title=Sleepless in Gaza: Israeli drone war on the Gaza Strip |last=Abu Saif |first=Atef |date=March 2014 |publisher=[[Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung]] Regional Office Palestine |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203182432/https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/sonst_publikationen/Sleepless-in-Gaza-by-Atef-Abu-Saif-RLS-Palestine.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|page=6}} ===Buffer zone=== Part of the territory is depopulated because of the imposition of buffer zones on both the Israeli and Egyptian borders.<ref name=bbc_hard_times>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11721118 ''Hard times drive Gazans into perilous ′buffer zone′''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624140117/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11721118 |date=24 June 2017 }}. BBC, 10 November 2010</ref><ref name=pchr_enforced_live_fire>[http://www.imemc.org/article/71548 ''PCHR-Gaza: Israeli Buffer Zone Policies Typically Enforced with Live Fire''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017193835/http://www.imemc.org/article/71548 |date=17 October 2015 }}. PCHR, 11 May 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=765776 ''Israeli forces release 5 detained fishermen in Gaza''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120084302/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=765776 |date=20 November 2015 }}. Ma'an, 4 June 2015</ref> Initially, Israel imposed a 50-meter buffer zone in Gaza.<ref name=imemc_2011-04-05>[http://www.imemc.org/article/61003 ''Palestinian Killed in Gaza Buffer Zone''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014608/http://www.imemc.org/article/61003 |date=1 January 2016 }}. IMEMC, 5 April 2011</ref> In 2000, it was expanded to 150 meters.<ref name=pchr_enforced_live_fire/> Following the 2005 [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]], an undefined buffer zone was maintained, including a no-fishing zone along the coast. The ultimate effect of the enforcement of the no-fishing zone was that the fishing industry in Gaza "virtually ceased."<ref>Roy, S. M. (2016). The Gaza Strip: The political economy of de-development, expanded third edition. United States: Institute for Palestine Studies p. l</ref> In 2009/2010, Israel expanded the buffer zone to 300 meters.<ref name=ocha_factsheet_july_2015/><ref name=imemc_2011-04-05/><ref>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=255137 Peaceful march reaches Gaza buffer zone] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120081557/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=255137 |date=20 November 2015 }}. Ma'an News Agency, 18 January 2010</ref> The Israeli military stated that this buffer zone extended to 300 meters from the security fence, although UN bodies and other organizations operating in the region reported that the area extended at least a kilometer from the security fence before 2012. The buffer zone before the implementation of the [[2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip#Ceasefire|ceasefire that followed the 2012 clashes]] accounted to 14% of the whole territory of the Strip and contained 30–55% of its total [[arable land]]. A 2012 UN report estimated that 75,000 metric tons of potential produce were lost per year as a result of the buffer zone, amounting to US$50.2&nbsp;million per year.<ref>Roy, S. M. (2016). The Gaza Strip: The political economy of de-development, expanded third edition. United States: Institute for Palestine Studies p. xlix</ref> The [[Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre|IDMC]] estimated in 2014 that 12% of the population of Gaza was directly affected by the land and sea restrictions due to the buffer zone.<ref>IDMC, Access Restricted Areas in the Gaza Strip, p. 1.</ref> <ref name=bbc_hard_times/><ref name=imemc_2011-04-05/> On 25 February 2013, pursuant to a November 2012 ceasefire, Israel declared a buffer zone of 100 meters on land and 6 nautical miles offshore. In the following month, the zone was changed to 300 meters and 3 nautical miles. The 1994 [[Gaza Jericho Agreement]] allows 20&nbsp;nautical miles, and the 2002 Bertini Commitment allows 12&nbsp;nautical miles.<ref name=ocha_factsheet_july_2015/><ref name=pchr_enforced_live_fire/> In August 2015, the IDF confirmed a buffer zone of 300 meters for residents and 100 meters for farmers, but without explaining how to distinguish between the two.<ref name=gisha_idf_spokesman>[http://gisha.org/legal/4577 IDF spokesman provides contradictory answers regarding the width of the "no-go zone" which residents of the Gaza Strip are prohibited from entering] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002014109/http://gisha.org/legal/4577 |date=2 October 2015 }}. Gisha, August 2015</ref> {{As of|2015}}, on a third of Gaza's agricultural land, residents risk Israeli attacks. According to [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights|PCHR]], Israeli attacks take place up to approximately {{cvt|1.5|km|1}} from the border, making 17% of Gaza's total territory a risk zone.<ref name=pchr_enforced_live_fire/> Israel says the buffer zone is needed to protect Israeli communities just over the border from sniper fire and rocket attacks. In the 18 months until November 2010, one Thai farm worker in Israel was killed by a rocket fired from Gaza. In 2010, according to IDF figures, 180 rockets and mortars had been fired into Israel by militants. In 6 months, 11 Palestinians civilians, including four children, had been killed by Israeli fire and at least 70 Palestinian civilians were injured in the same period, including at least 49 who were working collecting rubble and scrap metal.<ref name=bbc_hard_times/> [[Egypt–Gaza border#Buffer zone by Egypt|A buffer zone]] was also created on the Egyptian side of the Gaza–Egypt border. In 2014, scores of homes in [[Rafah, Egypt|Rafah]] were destroyed for the buffer zone.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/09/22/look-another-homeland/forced-evictions-egypts-rafah ''"Look for Another Homeland"''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205100025/https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/09/22/look-another-homeland/forced-evictions-egypts-rafah |date=5 December 2021 }}. Human Rights Watch, September 2015</ref> According to Amnesty International, more than 800 homes were destroyed and more than 1,000 families evicted.<ref name=haaretz_abbas/> Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas agreed with the destruction of [[Gaza Strip smuggling tunnel#Measures taken by Egypt|smuggling tunnels]] by flooding them, and then punishing the owners of the houses that contained entrances to the tunnels, including demolishing their houses, arguing that the tunnels had produced 1,800&nbsp;millionaires, and were used for smuggling weapons, drugs, cash, and equipment for forging documents.<ref name=haaretz_abbas>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.629397 ''Abbas: Egypt Right to Create Buffer Zone on Gaza Border''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820105818/https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.629397 |date=20 August 2015 }}. Jack Khoury, Haaretz, 1 December 2014 (premium). ″Abbas believed the destruction of the tunnels was the best solution. The Palestinian president said he had recommended previously the sealing or destruction of the tunnels by flooding them and then punishing the owners of the homes that contained entrances to the tunnels, including demolishing their homes.″</ref> ===Gaza blockade=== {{Main|Blockade of the Gaza Strip}} Israel and Egypt maintain a blockade of the Gaza Strip in response to security concerns, such as the smuggling of weapons into Gaza. Israel has also stated that the blockade serves as "economic warfare".<ref name="Sara M. Roy"/> The Israeli human rights organization [[Gisha (human rights organization)|Gisha]] reports that the blockade undermines basic living conditions and human rights in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gisha |title=Gaza Up Close |url=https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201092015/https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Red Cross has reported that the blockade harms the economy and causes a shortage of basic medicines and equipment such as painkillers and x-ray film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1096443.html |title=Red Cross: Israel trapping 1.5m Gazans in despair |date=29 June 2009 |work=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=29 June 2009 |archive-date=30 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630165052/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1096443.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel describes the blockade as necessary to prevent the smuggling of weapons into Gaza. Israel maintains that the blockade is legal and necessary to limit [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|Palestinian rocket attacks]] from the Gaza Strip on its cities and to prevent Hamas from obtaining other weapons,<ref name="middleeastmonitor2013">{{cite web |title=Israel tightens its blockade of Gaza for 'security reasons' |author=Samira Shackle |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/lifestyle/7813-israel-tightens-its-blockade-of-gaza-for-security-reasons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014153810/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/lifestyle/7813-israel-tightens-its-blockade-of-gaza-for-security-reasons |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2013 |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |date=14 October 2013}}:'Yet critics point out that it is not just military supplies that cannot enter Gaza, but basic construction materials, medical supplies, and food stuffs. The issue came to international attention in 2010, when a flotilla of activists attempted to break the blockade and carry humanitarian aid into Gaza. Nine were killed when the Israeli navy entered the flotilla. The incident shone a spotlight onto the blockade of Gaza. At one stage, prohibited materials included coriander, ginger, nutmeg and newspapers. A relaxation of the rules in June 2009 meant that processed hummus was allowed in, but not hummus with extras such as pine nuts or mushrooms. One of the biggest issues has been building materials. The strict restrictions on goods going into Gaza meant that it was impossible to start reconstruction work; it was therefore impossible to repair shattered windows to keep out the winter rain.'</ref><ref name="idf100908">{{cite web |url=http://www.mag.idf.il/163-4314-en/patzar.aspx |title=Position paper on the naval blockade on Gaza |date=2010-09-08 |publisher=idf.il |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116231842/http://www.mag.idf.il/163-4314-en/patzar.aspx |archive-date=2012-01-16}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131015054031/http://www.mag.idf.il/sip_storage//FILES/5/915.pdf Full version in Hebrew])</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/12/gaza-donors-un-should-press-israel-blockade ''Gaza: Donors, UN Should Press Israel on Blockade''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104210821/https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/12/gaza-donors-un-should-press-israel-blockade |date=4 January 2017 }}, Human Rights Watch, 12 October 2014.</ref> although the legality of the blockade has been challenged by multiple human rights organizations.<ref>(2011) Palmer Report Did Not Find Gaza Blockade Legal, Despite Media Headlines. Amnesty International USA. Retrieved from https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209211239/https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines/ |date=9 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-21 |title=Gisha's response to Palmer Report |url=https://www.gisha.org/item.asp?lang_id=en&p_id=1405 |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021060731/https://www.gisha.org/item.asp?lang_id=en&p_id=1405 |archive-date=21 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to director of the [[Shin Bet]], Hamas and [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] had smuggled in over "5,000 rockets with ranges up to {{cvt|40|km|0|sp=us}}." Some of the rockets could reach as far as the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?ID=178503 |title=Diskin: No aid crisis in Gaza |publisher=Jpost.com |date=15 June 2010 |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126130916/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=178503 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Tent camp gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|Tent camp, April 2009, after [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Operation Cast Lead]]]]Facing mounting international pressure, Egypt lessened the restrictions starting in June 2010, when the Rafah border crossing from Egypt to Gaza was partially opened by Egypt. Egypt's foreign ministry said that the crossing would remain open mainly for people, but not for supplies.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0602/Egypt-eases-own-Gaza-blockade-after-Israel-Freedom-Flotilla-raid Egypt eases own Gaza blockade after Israel Freedom Flotilla raid] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819114620/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0602/Egypt-eases-own-Gaza-blockade-after-Israel-Freedom-Flotilla-raid |date=19 August 2010 }}, Christian Science Monitor, 2 June 2010 (page 2)</ref> Israel also eased restrictions in June 2010 as a result of international pressure following the [[Gaza flotilla raid]] after which food shortages decreased.<ref name="Sara M. Roy2">{{cite book |author=Sara M. Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA |title=The Gaza Strip |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-88728-321-5 |pages=xxxi |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311045308/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA |url-status=live }}</ref> The World Bank reported in 2012 that access to Gaza remained highly restricted and exports to the West Bank and Israel from Gaza are prohibited.<ref>World Bank, Fiscal Crisis, Economic Prospects: The Imperative of Economic Cohesion in the Palestinian Territories—Economic Monitoring Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee (New York: 23 September 2012), pp. 11-12, online at https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCReportFinal.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518125427/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCReportFinal.pdf |date=18 May 2019 }} .</ref> This ban on exports was not lifted until 2014.<ref>For the first time since the closure: A truckload of cucumbers left Gaza for sale in the West Bank - Gisha. (6 November 2014). Retrieved from https://gisha.org/en/for-the-first-time-since-the-closure-a-truckload-of-cucumbers-left-gaza-for-sale-in-the-west-bank {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104161608/https://gisha.org/en/for-the-first-time-since-the-closure-a-truckload-of-cucumbers-left-gaza-for-sale-in-the-west-bank/ |date=4 November 2023 }}</ref> In January and February 2011, the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (UNOCHA) assessed measures taken to ease the blockade<ref name="ocha201103">{{cite web |title=Easing the blockade – Assessing the humanitarian impact on the population of the Gaza Strip |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_special_easing_the_blockade_2011_03_english.pdf |publisher=UNITED NATIONS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory |access-date=16 July 2011 |date=March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062323/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_special_easing_the_blockade_2011_03_english.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> and concluded that they were helpful but not sufficient to improve the lives of the local inhabitants.<ref name="ocha201103" /> UNOCHA called on Israel to reduce restrictions on exports and the [[Gaza imports|import]] of construction materials, and to lift the general ban on movement between Gaza and the West Bank via Israel.<ref name="ocha201103" /> According to [[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], the blockade resulted in a loss of over $17&nbsp;million in exports in 2006 from 2005 (roughly 3% of all Palestinian exports).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Elizabeth |date=23 March 2006 |title=Palestinian Economic Dependence on Israel |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/palestinian-economic-dependence-israel |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113040415/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/palestinian-economic-dependence-israel |url-status=live }}</ref> After Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak resigned on 28 May 2011, Egypt permanently opened its border with Gaza to students, medical patients, and foreign passport holders.<ref name="ocha201103" /><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304066504576350681957475322 "Egypt Opens Gaza Border"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709191353/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304066504576350681957475322 |date=9 July 2017 }}, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', 29 May 2011.</ref> Following the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]], Egypt's military has destroyed most of the 1,200 tunnels which are used for smuggling food, weapons, and other goods to Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/us-egypt-hamas-idUSBREA230F520140304 |title=Egypt bans Hamas activities in Egypt |work=Reuters |date=4 March 2014 |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025194409/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/us-egypt-hamas-idUSBREA230F520140304 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After the [[August 2013 Rabaa Massacre]] in Egypt, the border crossing was closed 'indefinitely.'<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013815104352186552.html |title=Rafah crossing closed after Egypt violence – Middle East |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-date=19 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119080010/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013815104352186552.html |url-status=live }}</ref> While the import of food is restricted through the Gaza blockade, the Israeli military destroys agricultural crops by spraying toxic chemicals over the Gazan lands, using aircraft flying over the border zone. According to the IDF, the spraying is intended "to prevent the concealment of IED's [Improvised Explosive Devices], and to disrupt and prevent the use of the area for destructive purposes."<ref name= memo_destroying_crops>[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23117-israeli-military-admits-destroying-gaza-crops-on-border ''Israeli military admits destroying Gaza crops on border''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205121934/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23117-israeli-military-admits-destroying-gaza-crops-on-border |date=5 February 2016 }}. MEMO, 31 December 2015</ref> Gaza's agricultural research and development station was destroyed in 2014 and again in January 2016, while import of new equipment is obstructed.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/israel-spraying-toxins-palestinian-crops-gaza-160114063046813.html ''Israel spraying toxins over Palestinian crops in Gaza''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119144440/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/israel-spraying-toxins-palestinian-crops-gaza-160114063046813.html |date=19 January 2016 }}. Belal Aldabbour, Al Jazeera, 19 January 2016</ref> ====Movement of people==== [[File:Egyptian Convoy to Gaza, Palestine.jpg|thumb|Rafah Border Crossing in 2012]] Because of the Israeli–Egyptian blockade, the population is not free to leave or enter the Gaza Strip. Only in exceptional cases are people allowed to pass through the [[Erez Crossing]] or the [[Rafah Border Crossing]].<ref name=ocha_factsheet_july_2015>[http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_July_2015_english.pdf ''The Gaza Strip: The Humanitarian Impact of the Blockade''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717234752/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_july_2015_english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703082308/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_july_2015_english.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-03 |url-status=live |date=17 July 2015 }}. UN OCHA, July 2015. "1.8 million Palestinians in Gaza are 'locked in', denied free access to the remainder of the occupied Palestinian territory and the outside world." Available at [http://www.ochaopt.org/reports.aspx?id=103&page=1 ''Fact Sheets''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329054638/http://www.ochaopt.org/reports.aspx?id=103&page=1 |date=29 March 2016 }}.</ref><ref> *[http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/gaza_crossings_operations_status_september%202015.pdf ''Gaza crossings’ operations status:Monthly update—September 2015''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028021327/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/gaza_crossings_operations_status_september%202015.pdf |date=28 October 2015 }}. UN OCHA. Available at [http://gaza.ochaopt.org/2015/09/gaza-crossings-operations-status-monthly-update-july-2015/ ''Gaza Crossings’ Operations Status: Monthly Update''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016210132/http://gaza.ochaopt.org/2015/09/gaza-crossings-operations-status-monthly-update-july-2015/ |date=16 October 2015 }} *[http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/1.659942 ''Open Gaza's crossings—Keeping Gazans locked in the crowded Strip is immoral and strategically unwise''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029171529/http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/1.659942 |date=29 October 2015 }}. Jack Khoury and Reuters, Haaretz, 28 May 2015 *[http://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/201401_'so_near_and_yet_so_far_eng.pdf ''So near and yet so far—Implications of Israeli‐Imposed Seclusion of Gaza Strip on Palestinians’ Right to Family Life'']{{dead link |date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Hamoked and B'Tselem, January 2014. [http://www.btselem.org/publications/summaries/201401_so_near_and_yet_so_far Here available] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031114337/http://www.btselem.org/publications/summaries/201401_so_near_and_yet_so_far |date=31 October 2015 }}</ref> In 2015, a Gazan woman was not allowed to travel through Israel to Jordan on her way to her own wedding. The Israeli authorities found she did not meet the criteria for travel, namely only in exceptional humanitarian cases.<ref>[http://gisha.org/press/4726 ''Gisha to the High Court: Allow a woman from Gaza to attend her own wedding''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306015101/http://gisha.org/press/4726 |date=6 March 2016 }}. Gisha, 18 November 2015</ref> Under the long-term blockade, the Gaza Strip is often described as a "prison-camp or open air prison for its collective denizens". The comparison is done by observers, ranging from [[Roger Cohen]] and [[Lawrence Weschler]] to NGOs, such as [[B'tselem]], and politicians and diplomats, such as [[David Cameron]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[David Shoebridge]] and [[John Holmes (British diplomat)|Sir John Holmes]].<ref> *{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/opinion/sunday/roger-cohen-what-will-israel-become.html |title=What Will Israel Become? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708030956/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/opinion/sunday/roger-cohen-what-will-israel-become.html |archive-date=8 July 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=20 December 2014 |quote=Roger Cohen: "The 140-square-mile area is little better than an open-air prison. As incubators for [[violent extremism]] go, it is hard to imagine a more effective setting than Gaza."}} *[http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison '' My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024235819/http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison |date=24 October 2015 }}. Truthout, 9 November 2012. Noam Chomsky: 'And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison,' *[http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/israel_has_been_bitten_by_a_bat_20140718 'Israel Has Been Bitten by a Bat,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403071846/http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/israel_has_been_bitten_by_a_bat_20140718 |date=3 April 2015 }} [[Truthdig]] 18 July 2014. Lawrence Weschler:'I'm tired, for example, of hearing about how vital and cosmopolitan and democratic are the streets and cafes and nightclubs of Tel Aviv. For the fact is that one simply can't sustain such cosmopolitan vitality 40 miles from a prison camp containing close to two million people: It's a contradiction in terms.' *[http://www.btselem.org/download/200705_gaza_insert_eng.pdf ' Gaza:One Big Prison,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829212751/http://www.btselem.org/download/200705_gaza_insert_eng.pdf |date=29 August 2014 }}. B'tselem,12 May 2007. *[http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/gaza-is-open-air-prison-un-humanitarian-chief 'Gaza is 'open-air prison',?] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031023621/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/gaza-is-open-air-prison-un-humanitarian-chief |date=31 October 2014 }}. The National (Abu Dhabi), 12 March 2010. The Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, Sir John Holmes *{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp |title='David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503110926/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp |archive-date=3 May 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=27 July 2010 |last1=Watt |first1=Nicholas |last2=Sherwood |first2=Harrie |location=[[Ankara]] and [[Jerusalem]]}} *{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3664532,00.html |title='Erdogan: Palestine an open-air prison,' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224223650/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3664532,00.html |archive-date=24 December 2014 |website=Ynet |date=31 January 2009 |quote=Recep Tayyip Erdoğan: "Palestine today is an open-air prison. Hamas, as much as they tried, could not change the situation. Just imagine, you imprison the speaker of a country as well as some ministers of its government and members of its parliament. And then you expect them to sit obediently?"}} *{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Australia-MPs-Gaza-is-worlds-largest-outdoor-jail |title=Australia MPs: Gaza is world's largest outdoor jail |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108000626/http://www.jpost.com/International/Australia-MPs-Gaza-is-worlds-largest-outdoor-jail |archive-date=8 January 2015 |work=Jerusalem Post |date=15 March 2013 |last=Zieve |first=Tamara |quote="How could members, who wanted to get a balanced understanding of the issues facing Israel, Palestine and the Middle East, go to the other side of the planet and fail to visit Gaza, the world’s largest outdoor prison?" Shoebridge asked.}}</ref> In 2014 French President [[François Hollande]] called for the demilitarization of Gaza and a lifting of the blockade, saying "Gaza must neither be an open prison nor a military base."<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560957,00.html Hollande calls for demilitarization of Gaza] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014608/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560957,00.html |date=1 January 2016 }}. Ynet, 20 August 2014</ref> An anonymous Israeli analyst has called it "Israel's [[Alcatraz]]".<ref>Alain Gresh, Dominique Vidal, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z6mAa4WubagC&pg=PA91 ''The New A-Z of the Middle East,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101202/https://books.google.com/books?id=z6mAa4WubagC&pg=PA91 |date=2 November 2022 }} 2nd ed. I.B.Tauris, 2004 p.91.</ref> While [[Lauren Booth]],<ref name="Raz2008">Noa Raz,[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3595097,00.html 'Blair sister-in-law: Gaza world's largest concentration camp,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318193203/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3595097,00.html |date=18 March 2015 }} Ynet, 11 September 2008, for Tony Blair's sister-in law, [[Lauren Booth]].</ref><ref name="Shlaifer2014">Ron Shlaifer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eYqoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101204/https://books.google.com/books?id=eYqoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|date=2 November 2022}} ''Psychological Warfare [in the Arab–Israeli Conflict,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2014 p.203 – Lauren Booth's expression</ref> [[Philip Slater]],<ref name="Slater2011">Philip Slater, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-slater/a-message-to-israel-time_b_155978.html ‘A Message to Israel: Time to Stop Playing the Victim Role] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024084228/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-slater/a-message-to-israel-time_b_155978.html |date=24 October 2017 }},’ Huffington Post, 25 May 2011:'Calling Hamas the 'aggressor' is undignified. The Gaza strip is little more than a large Israeli concentration camp, in which Palestinians are attacked at will, starved of food, fuel, energy—even deprived of hospital supplies. They cannot come and go freely, and have to build tunnels to smuggle in the necessities of life.'</ref> [[Giorgio Agamben]]<ref name="Jessica2013">Jessica Whyte, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wZXaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 ''Catastrophe and Redemption: The Political Thought of Giorgio Agamben,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101202/https://books.google.com/books?id=wZXaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |date=2 November 2022 }} SUNY Press, 2013 p.95.</ref> compare it to a [[concentration camp]]. For [[Robert S. Wistrich]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BfQoxsH9bbwC&pg=PA26 ''Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101203/https://books.google.com/books?id=BfQoxsH9bbwC&pg=PA26 |date=2 November 2022 }} Walter de Gruyter, 2012 p.26</ref> and Philip Mendes,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 ''Jews and the Left: The Rise and Fall of a Political Alliance,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101204/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |date=2 November 2022 }} Palgrave Macmillan, 2014 p.91.</ref> such analogies are designed to offend Jews, while [[Philip Seib]] dismisses the comparison as absurd, and claims that it arises from sources like [[Al Jazeera]] and Arab leaders.{{sfn|Seib|2012|p=153}} Israel restricts movement of Palestinian residents between the West Bank and Gaza. Israel has implemented a policy of allowing Palestinian movement from the West Bank to Gaza, but making it quite difficult for Gaza residents to move to the West Bank. Israel typically refuses to allow Gaza residents to leave for the West Bank, even when the Gaza resident is originally a West Bank resident. The Israeli human-rights organization [[Gisha (human rights organization)|Gisha]] has helped Gaza residents who had moved from the West Bank to Gaza return to the West Bank arguing that extremely pressing personal circumstances provide humanitarian grounds for relief.<ref>+972 Magazine, 30 June 2020 [https://www.972mag.com/gaza-movement-separation-policy/ "‘Gaza is a One-Way Ticket’: How Israel's Relocation Policy is Separating Palestinian Communities--Israel Is Systemically Routing Palestinian Movement in One Direction — from the West Bank to Gaza"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707063716/https://www.972mag.com/gaza-movement-separation-policy/ |date=7 July 2020 }}</ref> ==Economy== {{See also|Economy of the Gaza Strip|Economy of the State of Palestine|Blockade of the Gaza Strip}} [[File:GazaTextiles.jpg|thumb|Backyard industry]] During the course of the Israeli occupation, Gaza's economy has gone from a state of under-development with a deep dependency on Israel and strong ties to the West Bank, to a now isolated economy, deprived of the capacity to produce and innovate and subject to the damage of ongoing Israeli military attacks. Gaza's economy is characterized by high levels of unemployment and impoverishment, with over 75% of the population dependent on humanitarian aid. Political economist Sara Roy, the leading authority on the economy of the Gaza Strip, describes the 2005 [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]] as a turning point in Israeli policy, where previously Israel sought to control and dominate the economy of the Strip to serve its own interests, current policies seek to disable the economy, with the political goal of reducing the demands of the population for national, political and economic rights into a humanitarian problem.<ref name="Sara M. Roy" /> The economy of the Gaza Strip is severely hampered by Egypt and Israel's almost total blockade, and has one of the world's highest [[population densities]],<ref name="nbcpd">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/gaza-strip-map-density-israel-hamas-conflict/index.html|title=The Gaza Strip's density, visualized|work=[[NBC News]]|accessdate=25 November 2023|date=10 October 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125124933/https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/gaza-strip-map-density-israel-hamas-conflict/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=arc>Doug Suisman, Steven Simon, Glenn Robinson, C. Ross Anthony, Michael Schoenbaum (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=32Kg2wdcQPcC&pg=PA79 ''The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100704/https://books.google.com/books?tid=32Kg2wdcQPcC&pg=PA79|date=2 November 2022}} Rand Corporation, 2007 p.79</ref> limited land access, strict internal and external security controls, the effects of Israeli military operations, and restrictions on labor and trade access across the border. A 2015 UN report estimated that 72% of the population suffers from food insecurity.<ref>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Report on UNCTAD Assistance to the Palestinian People: Developments in the Economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Geneva: UNCTAD, September 2015), p. 8, online at http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tdb62d3_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003183453/https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tdb62d3_en.pdf |date=3 October 2020 }} .</ref> [[Per capita income]] was estimated at US$3,100 in 2009, a position of 164th in the world.<ref name="CIA World Factbook" /> A UN report in 2022 estimated Gaza Strip's unemployment rate to be 45% and 65% of the population under poverty, living standards went down by 27% compared to 2006 and 80% of the population depends on international aid for survival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elliott |first1=Larry |title=UN report: 80% of Gaza inhabitants relied on international aid before war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/25/un-report-80-per-cent-of-gaza-inhabitants-relied-on-international-aid-before-war |access-date=3 Nov 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 Oct 2023 |ref=The-Guardian-UN-report |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103073449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/25/un-report-80-per-cent-of-gaza-inhabitants-relied-on-international-aid-before-war |url-status=live }}</ref> Access to essential needs, such as water, is limited, with only 10–25% of households having access to running water on a daily basis, typically for only a few hours a day. Out of "dire necessity", 75–90% of the population relies on unsafe water from unregulated vendors. Accordingly, 26% of disease in Gaza is water related and a 48% prevalence of nitrate poisoning in children. The water shortage in Gaza is a result of Israeli policies and control of aquifers, withholding from Gaza enough water to meet Gaza's needs many times over.<ref name="Sara M. Roy" /> The [[EU]] described the Gaza economy in 2013 as follows: "Since Hamas took control of Gaza in 2007 and following the closure imposed by Israel, the situation in the Strip has been one of chronic need, de-development and donor dependency, despite a temporary relaxation on restrictions in movement of people and goods following a [[Gaza flotilla raid|flotilla raid]] in 2010. The closure has effectively cut off access for exports to traditional markets in Israel, transfers to the West Bank and has severely restricted imports. Exports are now down to 2% of 2007 levels."<ref name="eccpalestine.org"/> According to Sara Roy, one senior IDF officer told an UNWRA official in 2015 that Israel's policy towards Gaza consisted of: "No development, no prosperity, no humanitarian crisis."<ref>[[Sara Roy]], [http://www.thenation.com/article/the-gaza-strips-last-safety-net-is-in-danger/ 'The Gaza Strip's Last Safety Net Is in Danger,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811041635/http://www.thenation.com/article/the-gaza-strips-last-safety-net-is-in-danger/ |date=11 August 2015 }} [[The Nation]] 6 August 2015.</ref> ===Israeli policies following Israeli military occupation === [[File:Dan Hadani collection (990044373540205171).jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers check Palestinian men in Gaza in 1969]] In 1984, former deputy mayor of Jerusalem, [[Meron Benvenisti]], described Israeli policy in the occupied territories as motivated primarily by the notion that Palestinian claims to economic and political rights are illegitimate. He wrote that the economic policies stifle Palestinian economic development with the primary goal of prohibiting the establishment of a Palestinian state.<ref name="Meron Benvenisti">{{cite book|author=Meron Benvenisti|title=The West Bank Data Project|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KNtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA|year=1984|publisher=American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research|isbn=978-0-8447-3545-0|pages=|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426014436/https://books.google.com/books?id=2KNtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sara Roy]] describes Israeli policies in Gaza as policies of "de-development," which are specifically designed to destroy an economy and ensure that there can be no economic base to support local, independent development and growth. Roy explains that the framework for Israeli policy established between 1967 and 1973 would not change, even with the limited self-rule introduced by the Oslo Accords in the 1990s, but would grow dramatically more draconian in the early 2000s.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016.</ref> Israeli economic policies in Gaza tied long-term development directly to conditions and interests in Israel rather than to productive domestic structural reform and development. With reduced access to its own resources (largely deprived of them as a result of Israel policies<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, Chapter 7.</ref>), Gaza's economy grew increasingly dependent on external sources of income. Israeli policies under the authority of the military government exacerbated dependence while externalizing (or reorienting) the economy towards Israeli priorities. This reorientation of the economy included shifting the labor force away from developing domestic agriculture and industry towards labor-intensive subcontracting jobs supporting Israeli industry in addition to unskilled labor jobs in Israel itself. Notably, the Israeli government barred Palestinians of Gaza from taking white-collar roles in public services (with the exception of services such as street cleaning).<ref>Moshe Semyonov and Noah Lewin-Epstein, Hewers of Wood And Drawers of Water: Noncitizen Arabs in the Israeli Labor Market (New York: New York School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, 1987), pp. 27-29</ref><ref>Kimmerling, Zionism and Economy (Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Co.. Inc., 1983) pp. 60-61</ref> In 1992, 70% of Gaza's labor force worked in Israel, 90% of Gaza's imports came through Israel, and 80% of its exports went through Israel.<ref name="Anne Le More">{{cite book|author=Anne Le More|title=International Assistance to the Palestinians After Oslo Political Guilt, Wasted Money|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaexvmZLSO0C&pg=PA65|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-05233-2|pages=65|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121053708/https://books.google.com/books?id=zaexvmZLSO0C&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli efforts to expand employment within Gaza were largely through relief works, which, as a purely income-generating project, does not contribute to development.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, Chapter 8</ref> The Israeli military government's expenditure on industry in the Gaza Strip between 1984 and 1986 was 0.3% of the total budget, with the development of industry receiving no investment at all.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, pp. 189.</ref><ref>West Bank Data Base Project, Budgetary Data, Jerusalem, 1989.</ref> Despite the worsening living conditions in Gaza, the Israeli government continued to invest minimally throughout the military government's rule. The Gaza budget did not impose any financial burden on Israeli taxpayers, despite statements from Israeli officials that limited investment was due to financial constraints. From the 1970s and throughout the duration of the Israeli military government's authority, income tax deductions from Palestinians in Gaza exceeded Israeli expenditure, resulting in a net transfer of money from Gaza into Israel.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, pp. 189-199.</ref> Throughout its authority, the Israeli military government maintained a budget with little to no capital investment in Gaza. Additionally, the fiscal system resulted in a net outflow of domestic resources from the Palestinian economy.<ref name="Anne Le More"/> [[File:Gaza Strip 1999.jpg|thumb|Map of the Gaza Strip in March 1999. The major [[Israeli settlement|settlement blocs]] were the blue-shaded regions of this map.]] The result was the continuous transfer of local resources out of Gaza's economy and the increased vulnerability of the economy to external conditions such as Israeli market needs, but most vividly seen by the impacts of the current Israeli blockade and Israel's destructive military campaigns in Gaza. The economy's extreme dependence on Israel during this period is highlighted by the fact that by 1987, 60% of Gaza's GNP came from external payments, primarily through employment in Israel. Israeli policies also undercut any potential competition from Gazan products through generous subsidies to Israeli agriculture. Further, Israel banned exports to all Western markets, and enterprises that might compete with Israeli counterparts suffered as a result of the military authority's regulation. For example, permits from military authorities (which could take five years or longer to acquire) were required in order to plant new citrus trees or replace old ones, and farmers were prohibited from clearing their own land without permission. In addition, military authorities constrained fishing areas to prevent any threat of competition with Israeli products. Even juice and vegetable processing factories (which could make productive use of crop surpluses) were prohibited by the Israeli government until 1992.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, Chapter 8.</ref> As Sara Roy describes, Gazan "[e]conomic activity is determined by state policies, not market dynamics."<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, pp. 234.</ref> Policies of the Israeli military authorities in Gaza also restricted and undermined institutions that could support and plan for productive investment and economic development. Permission was required, for example, for the development of any new programs and for personnel change. Permission was also required to hold a meeting of three or more people. From the start of the occupation until 1994, municipalities did not have authority over, for example, water and electricity allocation, public markets, public health, and transportation. Decision-making and the initiation of new projects required the approval of the military governor. Even under the Oslo agreement, Israel maintains authority over zoning and land use. Further, municipal governments had no authority to generate revenue. Specifically, they could not introduce taxes or fees without approval from Israeli authorities. Accordingly, municipalities and local institutions often relied on donations from external sources, although access to the funds was often denied even after they had been deposited in Israeli banks. At the start of the occupation, the military government closed all Arab banks in the occupied territories. Branches of Israeli banks were allowed to transfer funds and provide services for importing and exporting businesses. Further, no banks were allowed to supply long-term credit, which seriously limited the potential for economic development.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, Chapter 9.</ref> {{anchor|Under Palestinian authority (1994-2007)}} ===Industries=== Gaza Strip industries are generally small family businesses that produce [[textiles]], [[soap]], [[Olive#Olive wood|olive-wood]] carvings, and [[Nacre|mother-of-pearl]] souvenirs. The main agricultural products are [[olive]]s, [[citrus]], [[vegetable]]s, [[Halal]] [[beef]], and [[dairy products]]. Primary exports are citrus and [[cut flowers]], while primary imports are food, consumer goods, and construction materials. The main trade partners of the Gaza Strip are Israel and Egypt.<ref name="CIA World Factbook" /> ===Natural resources=== {{Main|Natural gas in the Gaza Strip}} Natural resources of Gaza include [[arable land]]—about a third of the Strip is irrigated. Recently, [[natural gas]] was discovered. The Gaza Strip is largely dependent on water from [[Besor Stream|Wadi Gaza]], which also supplies Israel.<ref name="google2">{{cite book |author1=Clive Lipchin |author2=Eric Pallant |author3=Danielle Saranga |author4=Allyson Amster |title=Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rgHmpppZ-wC&pg=PA109 |year=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-5986-5 |page=109 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228175308/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rgHmpppZ-wC&pg=PA109 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of water comes from groundwater wells (90% in 2021). Its quality is low and most of it is unfit for human consumption. The remainder is produced by water desalination plants or bought from Israel's [[Mekorot]] (6% of all water in 2021).<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza's limited water access, mapped |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/18/middleeast/gaza-water-access-supply-mapped-dg/index.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |publisher=CNN |date=18 October 2023}}</ref> According to [[Human Rights Watch]], international humanitarian law requires Israel, as the occupying power in Gaza, to ensure that the basic needs of the civilian population are provided for.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: Immediately Restore Electricity, Water, Aid to Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/21/israel-immediately-restore-electricity-water-aid-gaza |website=Human Rights Watch |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref> Gaza's marine gas reserves extend 32 kilometres from the Gaza Strip's coastline<ref name="Nafeez" >Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, [http://mondediplo.com/blogs/israel-s-war-for-gaza-s-gas 'Israel's War for Gaza's Gas,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315011659/http://mondediplo.com/blogs/israel-s-war-for-gaza-s-gas |date=15 March 2015 }} [[Le Monde diplomatique]], November 2012.</ref> and were calculated at 35 [[BCM (gas)|BCM]].<ref name="Rand" >Steven W. Popper, Claude Berrebi, James Griffin, Thomas Light, Endy Y. Min, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dMtllbFoH9UC&pg=PA11 ''Natural Gas and Israel's Energy Future: Near-Term Decisions from a Strategic Perspective,''] [[Rand Corporation]], 2009 p.11.</ref> ==Society== ===Demographics=== {{Main|Demographics of the State of Palestine}}  [[File:Jabalia 23.jpg|thumb|Palestinian girls in [[Jabalia]] in 2009]] In 2010, approximately 1.6&nbsp;million people lived in the Gaza Strip,<ref name="CIA World Factbook" /> almost 1.0&nbsp;million of them were UN-registered refugees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217211906/http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza.html |archive-date=17 December 2007 |title=UNRWA: Palestine refugees |publisher=Un.org |access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> The majority descend from refugees who were driven from or left their homes during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Strip's population has continued to increase since that time, mainly due to a [[total fertility rate]] which peaked at 8.3 children per woman in 1991. This fell to 4.4 children per woman in 2013 which was still among the highest worldwide.<ref name="CIA World Factbook" /><ref name=":0"/> In a [[List of countries by fertility rate|ranking by total fertility rate]], this places Gaza 34th of 224 regions.<ref name="CIA World Factbook" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Coghlan |first=Andy |title=The reasons why Gaza's population is so young |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25993-the-reasons-why-gazas-population-is-so-young/ |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125212840/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25993-the-reasons-why-gazas-population-is-so-young/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This leads to the Gaza Strip having an unusually high proportion of children in the population, with 43.5% of the population being 14 or younger and a median age in 2014 of 18, compared to a world average of 28, and 30 in Israel. The only countries with a lower median age are countries in Africa such as Uganda where it was 15.<ref name=":0" /> ===Religion=== [[File:Great Mosque of Gaza (Omari Mosque).jpg|thumb|right|View of the [[Great Mosque of Gaza]], the oldest mosque in Gaza dating to the 7th century CE, which was destroyed by Israeli airstrikes during the [[2023 Hamas-Israel war|2023 Hamas–Israel war]]]] [[Sunni Muslim]]s make up 99.8&nbsp;percent of the population in the Gaza Strip, with an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 (0.2&nbsp;percent) [[Arab Christians]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4514822.stm Middle East Christians: Gaza pastor] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123003622/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4514822.stm |date=23 January 2009 }} BBC News, 21 December 2005</ref><ref name="CIA World Factbook" /> {{Bar box | title=Gaza Strip Religions (2012 est.)<ref name="CIA World Factbook" /> | titlebar=#ddd | float=right | bars= {{Bar percent|Islam|green|98}} {{Bar percent|Christianity|blue|1}} {{Bar percent|Other|grey|1}} }} {{See also|Islamism in the Gaza Strip}} From 1987 to 1991, during the [[First Intifada]], Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the [[hijab]] head-cover. In the course of this campaign, women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed by Hamas activists, leading to hijabs being worn "just to avoid problems on the streets".<ref name="Ruben">{{cite book |last1=Rubenberg |first1=Cheryl A. |author1-link=Cheryl Rubenberg |title=Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank |date=2001 |pages=230–231 |url=https://archive.org/details/palestinianwomen0000rube/}}</ref> Since Hamas took over in 2007, attempts have been made by Islamist activists to impose "[[Islamic dress]]" and to require women to wear the hijab.<ref name="ReferenceB">[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/world/middleeast/06gaza.html Hamas Fights Over Gaza's Islamist Identity] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119001358/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/world/middleeast/06gaza.html |date=19 January 2017 }} New York Times, 5 September 2009</ref><ref name="xinhua">{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm |title=Hamas encourages Gaza women to follow Islamic code |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=3 January 2010 |access-date= 21 May 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110514030330/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm |archive-date= 14 May 2011}}</ref> The government's "Islamic Endowment Ministry" has deployed [[Virtue Committee]] members to warn citizens of the "dangers of immodest dress, card playing and dating".<ref name="bloomberg">[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118123632/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk |date=18 November 2015 }} By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, 30 November 2009</ref> However, there are no government laws imposing dress and other moral standards, and the Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> There has also been successful resistance{{by whom |date=May 2015}} to attempts by local Hamas officials to impose Islamic dress on women.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/18/hamas-gaza-islamist-dress-code Hamas patrols beaches in Gaza to enforce conservative dress code] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210235710/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/18/hamas-gaza-islamist-dress-code |date=10 February 2017 }} The Guardian (UK), 18 October 2009</ref> According to Human Rights Watch, the Hamas-controlled government stepped up its efforts to "Islamize" Gaza in 2010, efforts it says included the "repression of civil society" and "severe violations of personal freedom."<ref name=Esveld>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-27-la-oe-vanesveld-gaza-20100627-story.html "In Gaza, prisoners twice over; Palestinians are being squeezed by the Israeli blockade and Hamas' 'Islamizing' actions,"] Bill Van Esveld, Bill Van Esveld is a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch, 27 June 2010, ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> Palestinian researcher Khaled Al-Hroub has criticized what he called the "[[Taliban]]-like steps" Hamas has taken: "The Islamization that has been forced upon the Gaza Strip—the suppression of social, cultural, and press freedoms that do not suit Hamas's view[s]—is an egregious deed that must be opposed. It is the reenactment, under a religious guise, of the experience of [other] totalitarian regimes and dictatorships."<ref>The Hamas Enterprise and the Talibanization of Gaza, Khaled Al-Hroub, Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority), 11 October 2010. [http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4696.htm Translation] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024183415/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4696.htm |date=24 October 2010 }} by the Middle East Research Institute, 22 October 2010.</ref> Hamas officials denied having any plans to impose Islamic law. One legislator stated that "[w]hat you are seeing are incidents, not policy" and that "we believe in persuasion".<ref name="bloomberg"/> Violence against Christians has been recorded. The owner of a Christian bookshop was abducted and murdered<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gazas-christian-bookseller-killed-396283.html |work=The Independent |location=London |title=Gaza's Christian bookseller killed |first=Eric |last=Silver |date=8 October 2007 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421202741/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gazas-christian-bookseller-killed-396283.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and in February 2008, the [[Young Men's Christian Association]] (YMCA) library in Gaza City was bombed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Militants bomb Gaza YMCA library |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7246454.stm |access-date=17 June 2012 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=15 February 2008 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209110915/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7246454.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> At least eighteen people were killed when Israel bombed the [[Church of Saint Porphyrius]], which is the oldest in Gaza, on 19 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |title=Gaza's Christian community faces 'threat of extinction' amid Israel war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/10/extinction-gaza-christians-fear-for-communitys-survival-amid-israel-war |agency=Al-Jazeera |date=10 November 2023}}</ref> In addition to Hamas, a [[Salafist]] movement began to appear about 2005 in Gaza, characterized by "a strict lifestyle based on that of the earliest followers of Islam".<ref name=bbc-salafist>{{cite news |last1=Knell |first1=Yolande |title=Can Hamas hold back Islamic State in Gaza? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33110099 |access-date=16 September 2015 |agency=BBC News |date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913115303/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33110099 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, there are estimated to be only "hundreds or perhaps a few thousand" Salafists in Gaza.<ref name=bbc-salafist/> ==Education== {{See also|List of universities and colleges in the State of Palestine|List of countries by literacy rate}} [[File:Girls lining up for class - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Schoolgirls in [[Gaza City]] lining up for class, 2009]] [[File:Ucas1.jpg|thumb|[[University College of Applied Sciences]], the largest college in Gaza]] Palestine had a reported 97% literacy rate (96% for females, 99% for males) in 2019 and youth literacy rate (ages 15–24) of 88% in 2020 (94% for females, 82% for males).<ref name="auto"/> According to UNRWA figures, there are 640 schools in Gaza: 383 government schools, 221 UNRWA schools and 36 private schools, serving a total of 441,452 students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imeu.net/news/article0017067.shtml |title=Children and education fact sheet |publisher=Imeu.net |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201010130/http://imeu.net/news/article0017067.shtml |archive-date=1 December 2010}}</ref> In 2010, Al Zahara, a private school in central Gaza introduced a special program for mental development based on math computations. The program was created in Malaysia in 1993, according to the school principal, Majed al-Bari.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=52586 |title=This Math Class May Figure Out Israel |publisher=Ipsnews.net |date=24 August 2010 |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010213508/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=52586 |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> In June 2011, some Gazans, upset that UNRWA did not rebuild their homes that were lost in the Second Intifada, blocked UNRWA from performing its services and shut down UNRWA's summer camps. Gaza residents closed UNRWA's emergency department, social services office and ration stores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=397614 |title=Gaza families shut down UN summer camps |publisher=Maan News Agency |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513231509/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=397614 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, there were five universities in the Gaza Strip and eight new schools were under construction.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/world/middleeast/hamas-run-schools-in-gaza-set-out-to-teach-hebrew.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/world/middleeast/hamas-run-schools-in-gaza-set-out-to-teach-hebrew.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Hamas-Run Schools in Gaza Set Out to Teach Hebrew |first=Jodi |last=Rudoren |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 May 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By 2018, nine universities were open. The Community College of Applied Science and Technology (CCAST) was established in 1998 in Gaza City. In 2003, the college moved into its new campus and established the Gaza Polytechnic Institute (GPI) in 2006 in southern Gaza. In 2007, the college received accreditation to award BA degrees as the [[University College of Applied Sciences]] (UCAS). In 2010, the college had a student population of 6,000, in eight departments offering over 40 majors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucas.edu.ps/english/ucasview.aspx?pageid=47 |title=University College of Applied Sciences |publisher=Ucas.edu.ps |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074016/http://www.ucas.edu.ps/english/ucasview.aspx?pageid=47 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Health== [[File:View of the hospital from the north.jpg|thumb|The [[Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital]] and the IUG Faculty of Medicine buildings]] In Gaza, there are hospitals and additional healthcare facilities. Because of the high number of young people the [[mortality rate]] is one of the lowest in the world, at 0.315% per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2066rank.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2014-02-21 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228071330/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2066rank.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The infant mortality rate is ranked 105th highest out of 224 countries and territories, at 16.55 deaths per 1,000 births.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html |title=Country Comparison: Infant mortality rate |publisher=CIA |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207062332/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Gaza Strip places 24th out of 135 countries according to [[Human Poverty Index]]. According to the World Health Organization, in 2022 the average life expectancy for males was 72.5 years and 75 years for females, about the same as Egypt, Lebanon or Jordan, but lower than in Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guterres |first=António |author-link=António Guterres |date=2023-05-17 |title=Health conditions in the occupied Palestinian territory, including east Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan |url=https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA76/A76_15-en.pdf |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> A study carried out by [[Johns Hopkins University]] (US) and [[Al-Quds University]] (in [[Abu Dis]]) for [[Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere|CARE International]] in late 2002 revealed very high levels of dietary deficiency among the Palestinian population. The study found that 17.5% of children aged 6–59 months suffered from chronic [[malnutrition]]. 53% of women of reproductive age and 44% of children were found to be [[anemia|anemic]]. Insecurity in obtaining sufficient food as of 2016 affects roughly 70% of Gaza households, as the number of people requiring assistance from UN agencies has risen from 72,000 in 2000, to 800,000 in 2014.<ref>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=773119 '200 Gazans injured in separate incidents on first day of Eid al-Adha,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920020729/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=773119 |date=20 September 2016 }} [[Ma'an News Agency]] 13 September 2016.</ref> [[File:Cardiff Solidarity for Palestine protest, 25 November 2023 142309 (redacted).jpg|thumb|Photos of healthcare workers in Gaza killed during the [[Israel–Hamas war]], 25 November 2023]] After the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip health conditions in Gaza Strip faced new challenges. [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) expressed its concerns about the consequences of the Palestinian internal political fragmentation; the socioeconomic decline; military actions; and the physical, psychological and economic isolation on the health of the population in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/wbgs/sitrep_25sept2007/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014080431/http://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/wbgs/sitrep_25sept2007/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2007 |title=WHO &#124; WHO statement on the situation in the Gaza Strip |publisher=Who.int |date=25 September 2007 |access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> In a 2012 study of the occupied territories, the WHO reported that roughly 50% of the young children and infants under two years old and 39.1% of pregnant women receiving antenatal services care in Gaza suffer from iron-deficiency anemia. The organization also observed chronic malnutrition in children under five "is not improving and may be deteriorating."<ref>{{cite book |title=Health conditions in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem and the occupied Syrian Golan |date=11 May 2012 |publisher=World Health Organization |page=2 |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3973.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806000042/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3973.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-06 |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> According to Palestinian leaders in the Gaza Strip, the majority of medical aid delivered are "past their expiration date." Mounir el-Barash, the director of donations in Gaza's health department, claims 30% of aid sent to Gaza is used.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=182120 |title=Report: Gaza medical aid is expired |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post &#124; Jpost.com |publisher=Jpost.com |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=24 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724010118/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=182120 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2018}} Gazans who desire medical care in Israeli hospitals must apply for a medical visa permit. In 2007, State of Israel granted 7,176 permits and denied 1,627.<ref>Berg, Raffi. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7375439.stm Israel's dilemma over sick Gazans] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505073942/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7375439.stm |date=5 May 2008 }}. [[BBC News]], 30 April 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_PSE.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601033156/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_PSE.html |url-status=dead |title=Human Development Reports |archive-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> In 2012, two hospitals funded by Turkey and Saudi Arabia were under construction.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/26/world/middleeast/in-gaza-even-a-wealthy-man-cannot-silence-the-bombs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/26/world/middleeast/in-gaza-even-a-wealthy-man-cannot-silence-the-bombs.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=As Bombs Fell in Gaza, a Rich Cactus Lover Could Cultivate Only Patience |first=Jodi |last=Rudoren |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 November 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As a result of fighting in Gaza during the [[Israel–Hamas war|Israel-Hamas war]], many of Gaza's hospitals have sustained serious damage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-06 |title=Six months of war leave Al-Shifa hospital in ruins, WHO mission reports |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/06-04-2024-six-months-of-war-leave-al-shifa-hospital-in-ruins--who-mission-reports |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |language=en}}</ref> During the war, a polio vaccination campaign successfully immunized over 187,000 children under ten in central Gaza—exceeding initial targets—with the support of local and international health organizations, amidst humanitarian pauses to ensure coverage across insecure areas.<ref>[https://www.who.int/news/item/04-09-2024-first-phase-of-polio-campaign-concludes-successfully-in-gaza "First phase of polio campaign concludes successfully in Gaza."] ''World Health Organization''. 4 September 2024. 4 November 2024.</ref> ==Culture and sports== [[File:مدينة أصداء.jpg|thumb|Gaza amusement park]] [[File:UNRWA Summer Game July 2010.jpg|thumb|Gaza Summer Games 2010, a children's event organized by the UN Agency for Palestinian Refugees [[UNRWA]]]] ===Fine arts=== The Gaza Strip has been home to a significant branch of the contemporary Palestinian art movement since the mid-20th century. Notable artists include painters Ismail Ashour, Shafiq Redwan, Bashir Senwar, Majed Shalla, Fayez Sersawi, Abdul Rahman al Muzayan and Ismail Shammout, and media artists Taysir Batniji (who lives in France) and [[Laila Shawa|Laila al Shawa]] (who lives in London). An emerging generation of artists is also active in nonprofit art organizations such as Windows From Gaza and Eltiqa Group, which regularly host exhibitions and events open to the public.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2009/farhat160109.html |title=Maymanah Farhat, "Under the Voices of Fire: Artists in Gaza" |author=Yoshie Furuhashi |work=monthlyreview.org |date=16 January 2009 |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-date=16 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916104701/http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2009/farhat160109.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Hikaye === [[Palestinian hikaye|Hikaye]] is an important aspect of Palestinian women's oral culture and was inscribed by [[UNESCO]] to its list of [[Intangible cultural heritage of Palestine|intangible cultural heritage]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adam |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8a5EAAAQBAJ&dq=Palestine+hikaye&pg=PA17 |title=Yearbook of Transnational History: (2023) |last2=Stiefel |first2=Barry L. |last3=Peleg |first3=Shelley-Anne |date=2023-04-17 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-68393-379-3 |pages=17–18 |language=en}}</ref> In 1989 some written version of these stories were recorded from Gaza and published alongside many others, in the volume ''[[Speak, Bird, Speak Again|Speak Bird, Speak Again]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-05 |title=Hamas school book ban sparks anger |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/hamas-school-book-ban-sparks-anger/article_46351fca-bb83-55ce-abe0-1e1920ecc5de.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Toronto Star |language=en}}</ref>'' ===Archaeology=== The [[Gaza Museum of Archaeology]] was established by Jawdat N. Khoudary in 2008.<ref name=nytimes08>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/world/middleeast/25gaza.html Museum Offers Gray Gaza a View of Its Dazzling Past, Ethan Bronner] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628022310/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/world/middleeast/25gaza.html |date=28 June 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 25 July 2008</ref> The [[Al Qarara Cultural Museum]] in [[Khan Yunis]] was destroyed in an explosion as a result of an [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|Israeli attack]] in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=خسائر كبيرة في قطاع الثقافة الفلسطينية جراء العدوان الإسرائيلي على غزة |url=https://www.cairo24.com/1885559 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018205004/https://www.cairo24.com/1885559 |archive-date=2023-10-18 |access-date=2023-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=استهداف البشر والحجر والكلمة.. قصص تدمير أشهر المؤسسات الثقافية في غزة - البوابة نيوز |url=https://www.arabianews24.net/a/917847 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018205046/https://www.arabianews24.net/a/917847 |archive-date=2023-10-18 |access-date=2023-11-05}}</ref> ===Athletics=== In 2010, Gaza inaugurated its first [[Olympic-size swimming pool]] at the [[As-Sadaka]] club. The opening ceremony was held by the Islamic Society.<ref name=Maan>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=285242 Gaza opens first Olympic-size swimming pool] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113101036/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=285242 |date=13 November 2012 }}, 18 May 2010, Ma'an News Agency.</ref> The swimming team of as-Sadaka holds several gold and silver medals from Palestinian swimming competitions.<ref name="sadaka">[http://www.alsadaka.ps/index.php/archives/604 السباحة صالة الالعاب الرياضية والساونا في النادي] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202713/http://www.alsadaka.ps/index.php/archives/604 |date=11 May 2011 }}, as-Sadaka Athletics Club</ref> {{Further|PK Gaza (Gaza Parkour)}} ==Transport== {{more citations needed section|date=November 2023}} [[File:Gaza airport 03.jpg|thumb|A damaged part of the [[Yasser Arafat International Airport]], 2002]] From 1920 to 1948, the Gaza Strip hosted sections of the [[Palestine Railways]], connecting the region with Egypt. Due to the on-going blockade of Gaza, any external travel from Gaza requires cooperation from either Egypt or Israel. [[Salah al-Din Road]], also known as the Salah ad-Deen Highway, is the main highway of the Gaza Strip. It extends over {{cvt|45|km|mi|sp=us}}, spanning the entire length of the territory from the [[Rafah Crossing]] in the south to the [[Erez Crossing]] in the north. Prior to Israel's establishment, the road provided linkage between Egypt and Lebanon.<ref name="National">{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Erin |date=2010-03-09 |title=Ancient Gaza roadway still a vital resource |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/ancient-gaza-roadway-still-a-vital-resource-1.502046 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Port of Gaza]] has been an important and active port since antiquity. Despite [[Gaza Seaport Plans|plans]] under the Oslo Peace Accords to expand the port, it has been under [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|a blockade]] since Hamas was elected as a majority party in the 2006 elections. Both the [[Israeli Navy]] and Egypt enforce the blockade, which limits many aspects of life in Gaza. According to Human Rights Watch, it particularly limits the movement of people and commerce, with exports being most affected. The improvement and rebuilding of infrastructure is also negatively impacted by these sanctions.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Report 2015: Israel/Palestine – Events of 2014 |chapter=World Report 2015: Israel/Palestine |date=11 January 2015 |chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/israel/palestine |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307000349/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/israel/palestine |url-status=live }}</ref> Plans to expand the port were halted after the outbreak of the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]]. The [[Yasser Arafat International Airport]] opened in November 1998 after the signing of the [[Oslo II Accord|Oslo&nbsp;II Accord]] and the [[Wye River Memorandum]]. It was forced to close after Israel deconstruction in October 2000. Its radar station and control tower were destroyed by Israel Defense Forces aircraft in 2001 during the al-Aqsa Intifada. Bulldozers razed the runway in January 2002.<ref name=msnbc_fly_again>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7900217 ''Grounded in Gaza, but hoping to fly again''], [[NBC News]], 19 May 2005</ref><ref name=bbc2005>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4449461.stm ''Years of delays at Gaza airport''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060308050138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4449461.stm |date=8 March 2006 }}, [[Alan Johnston|Johnston, Alan]]. BBC News, 15 April 2005</ref> The only remaining runway in the Strip, at the [[Gush Katif Airport]], fell into disuse following Israeli disengagement. The airspace over Gaza may be restricted by the [[Israeli Air Force]] as the Oslo Accords authorized. ===Land border crossings=== {{See also|Blockade of the Gaza Strip#Border crossings}} There are just a few land border crossings between the Strip on one side, and Israel and Egypt on the other, of which not all are open as of 2023. Land border crossings with Israel include the [[Kerem Shalom border crossing]], [[Erez Crossing]] (also known as Beit Hanoun Crossing), and the [[Nitzana Border Crossing]].<ref name=1st>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-to-open-kerem-shalom-crossing-for-gaza-aid-inspections-for-first-time-since-war-started/ Israel to open Kerem Shalom Crossing for Gaza aid inspections for first time since war started]. Jacob Magid for ''[[Times of Israel]]''. Posted and accessed 7 Dec 2023.</ref> The land border crossings with Egypt include the [[Rafah Crossing]] and the Salah al-Din Gate.<ref name=1st/><ref name=DC>[https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-gaza-crossing-raises-questions-about-blockade-policies New Gaza Crossing Raises Questions About Blockade Policies], Neri Zilber for [[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], 23 Oct 2019. Accessed 7 Dec 2023.</ref> ==Television and radio== In 2004, most Gaza households had a radio and a TV (70%+), and approximately 20% had a [[personal computer]]. People living in Gaza have access to [[Free-to-air|FTA]] satellite programs, broadcast TV from the [[Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation]], the [[Israel Broadcasting Authority]], and the [[Second Israeli Broadcasting Authority]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache%3A8bx1UFVnnI8J%3Awww.ijma3.org%2FAdmin%2FAdditionals%2Fsurvey_english.pdf+computer+ownership+in+Gaza+strip&hl=en&gl=nz&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShNVU9JU2TtRYX8XwHEJMjSdJUbW-w9MjDDA9B3XQS43AcovZ99O1Uk8-_ELbPVgq1zHazQyYf_zTQWvBUo-JMZCJ7kCigKF2SwRDHFHOtp8clfUynWkmrZc1x9RdVmCwvNpw7C&sig=AFQjCNGCO4cyOx0BC9fsbJiwLVf4fJXXMQ |title=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics – 2004 Survey of Computer, Internet and Mobile Phone Ownership |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511190346/http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache%3A8bx1UFVnnI8J%3Awww.ijma3.org%2FAdmin%2FAdditionals%2Fsurvey_english.pdf+computer+ownership+in+Gaza+strip&hl=en&gl=nz&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShNVU9JU2TtRYX8XwHEJMjSdJUbW-w9MjDDA9B3XQS43AcovZ99O1Uk8-_ELbPVgq1zHazQyYf_zTQWvBUo-JMZCJ7kCigKF2SwRDHFHOtp8clfUynWkmrZc1x9RdVmCwvNpw7C&sig=AFQjCNGCO4cyOx0BC9fsbJiwLVf4fJXXMQ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Archaeological sites and historical buildings== {{see also|Category:Archaeological sites in the Gaza Strip}} * [[Al-Shati refugee camp]] digs, including Graeco-Roman port city of [[Anthedon (Palestine)|Anthedon]]. Iron Age rampart, Persian ([[Achaemenid]])-period houses, Hellenistic emporium, Byzantine cemetery.<ref>[https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/living-archaeology-in-gaza/ Living Archaeology in Gaza], 23 Feb 2022, Forensic Architecture, Centre for Research Architecture at Goldsmiths, [[University of London]]. Accessed 6 January 2024.</ref> * [[Bureij mosaic]], Byzantine period * [[Church of Saint Porphyrius]], with Crusader-period elements * [[Gaza synagogue]] (508 CE), at [[Maiuma (city)|Maiuma]]. Mosaic of David playing the lyre now in [[Inn of the Good Samaritan]] Museum. * [[Great Mosque of Gaza]], Mamluk period with both older and more recent elements * [[Maiuma (city)#Remains of Maiuma|Maiuma: Remains of Maiuma]] in [[Port of Gaza]], [[Rimal district]]. See [[Gaza synagogue]]. * [[Monastery of Seridus]] known from Byzantine-period sources. Proposed identification with remains in Deir e-Nuse(i)rat.<ref name=YH04>{{cite book |author=[[Yizhar Hirschfeld|Hirschfeld, Yizhar]] |chapter= The monasteries of Gaza: An archaeological review |pages= 61, 76–77 |editor1= Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony |editor2= Aryeh Kofsky |title= Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity |year=2004 |publisher= Brill |isbn= 9789004138681 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lA9VwVwoyiAC&pg=PA61 |access-date= 12 November 2023}}</ref> * Mukheitim site in [[Jabaliya]]: fifth-century Byzantine monastic church, mosaic floor restored in 2022<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/restored-5th-century-byzantine-church-reopens-in-gaza/ Restored 5th-century Byzantine church reopens in Gaza: Mosaics depicting animals, hunting scenes, palm trees adorn floor; Hamas says project shows it's 'embracing its Christian brothers'], AFP, 25 January 2022. Accessed 6 January 2024.</ref> * [[Qasr al-Basha]], Mamluk-period palace * [[Saint Hilarion Monastery]]: see Tell Umm el-'Amr * [[Tell el-Ajjul]], Bronze Age tell * [[Tell es-Sakan]], site of two Early Bronze Age settlements including a port on now silted-up arm of Wadi Ghazzeh. Bulldozed in 2017. * [[Tell Umm el-'Amr]], archaeological site in [[Nuseirat refugee camp]]. Byzantine-period monastic remains, including [[Saint Hilarion Monastery]]. ===Archaeology collections=== * [[Al Mat'haf]] Museum in Al Mat'haf Hotel. Bronze Age to 20th-century artifacts. ==See also== * [[Palestinian territories]] * [[Israeli occupied territories]] * [[West Bank]] * [[Gaza genocide]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== ===Footnotes=== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Bregman |first=Ahron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xtKuTB_SlwcC |title=Israel's wars: a history since 1947 |date=2002 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-28715-9 |edition=2nd |location=London ; New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101205/https://books.google.com/books?id=xtKuTB_SlwcC |archive-date=2 November 2022 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |last=Cobham |first=David P. |last2=Kanafani |first2=Noman |editor-last=Cobham |editor-first=David P. |editor-last2=Kanafani |editor-first2=Noman |title=The economics of Palestine: economic policy and institutional reform for a viable Palestinian state |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR6AAgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-32761-9 |edition=Illustrated |series=Routledge studies in development economics |location=London ; New York |oclc=ocm55131465 }} * {{Cite book |last=Filiu |first=Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Filiu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_hzBAAAQBAJ |title=Gaza: A History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-190-20191-3 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228175337/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_hzBAAAQBAJ |archive-date=28 February 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |last=Seib |first=Philip |editor-last=Seib |editor-first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RPIAAAAQBAJ |title=Al Jazeera English: global news in a changing world |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-230-34020-6 |series=Palgrave Macmillan series in international political communication |location=New York, NY }} * {{Cite book |last=Byman |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |title=A high price: the triumphs and failures of Israeli counterterrorism |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-539182-4 |location=New York |pages=114– |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118095443/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last=Pressman |first=Jeremy |date=2003 |title=The Second Intifada: Background and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/220/378 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Conflict Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |issn=1715-5673 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101133442/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/view/220 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020 }} * {{Cite book |last=Varble |first=Derek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5qHCwAAQBAJ |title=The Suez crisis, 1956 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-84176-418-4 |series=Essential histories |location=Oxford }} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160424091544/http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp Statistical Atlas of Palestine] at the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (archived 24 April 2016) * {{Cite web |title=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/node/10572 |language=en}} * {{cite web |last=Salam |first=Yasmine |date=9 October 2023 |title=Gaza Strip explained: Who controls it and what to know |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/gaza-strip-controls-s-know-rcna119405 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}} * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip/ Gaza Strip]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/palestinian-territories/ Palestinian Territories] at the [[United States Department of State]]. * [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gaza+Strip/@31.4102912,34.2761441,11z Gaza Strip at Google Maps] {{Palestine topics}} {{Navboxes | title = Geography | list = {{whole Gaza Strip}} {{Universities in Palestine| state = collapsed }} {{Middle East topic| History of }} {{Asia in topic |Geography of}} {{Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea}} {{Countries of Asia}} {{Middle East}} }} {{Portal bar|Palestine|Geography|Asia}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Gaza Strip| ]] [[Category:Geography of the Gaza Strip| ]] [[Category:Enclaves and exclaves]] [[Category:Palestinian territories|Gaza Strip]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a 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