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id="toc-In_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioelectricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioelectricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bioelectricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioelectricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Systematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric ray</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="أسماك الرعاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسماك الرعاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_skatlar%C4%B1" title="Elektrik skatları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrik skatları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Электрычныя скаты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрычныя скаты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Электрычныя скаты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрычныя скаты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Електрически скатове – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрически скатове" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parejnoci" title="Parejnoci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parejnoci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_rokke" title="Elektrisk rokke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrisk rokke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitterrochenartige" title="Zitterrochenartige – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zitterrochenartige" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BCt%CA%BC%C4%85%CC%81h%C3%AD_atsinilt%C5%82%CA%BCish_%C3%AD%C3%AD%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%ADn%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Łóóʼtʼą́hí atsiniltłʼish ííłʼínígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łóóʼtʼą́hí atsiniltłʼish ííłʼínígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaraio" title="Ikaraio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ikaraio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="سفره‌ماهی برقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سفره‌ماهی برقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc_nimhe" title="Roc nimhe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Roc nimhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EA%B0%80%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%AA%A9" title="전기가오리목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기가오리목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drhtulje" title="Drhtulje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drhtulje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari_listrik" title="Pari listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pari listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%B6kkvisk%C3%B6tur" title="Hrökkviskötur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hrökkviskötur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חשמלנאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשמלנאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гнюсотектестер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гнюсотектестер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2pedinif%C3%B2m" title="Tòpedinifòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tòpedinifòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrin%C4%97s_rajo%C5%BEuv%C4%97s" title="Elektrinės rajožuvės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektrinės rajožuvės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromosr%C3%A1ja-alak%C3%BAak" title="Elektromosrája-alakúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektromosrája-alakúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اسماك الرعاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسماك الرعاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%93%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E7%9B%AE" title="シビレエイ目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シビレエイ目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremmula" title="Tremmula – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Tremmula" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriske_skater" title="Elektriske skater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektriske skater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9A" title="ବିଜୁଳି ଶାଙ୍କୁଚ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଜୁଳି ଶାଙ୍କୁଚ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrli_skatlar" title="Elektrli skatlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektrli skatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%99twokszta%C5%82tne" title="Drętwokształtne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drętwokształtne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniforme" title="Torpediniforme – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Torpediniforme" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Электрические скаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрические скаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_ray" title="Electric ray – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric ray" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dne_ra%C5%BEe" title="Električne raže – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Električne raže" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dne_ra%C5%BEe" title="Električne raže – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električne raže" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6rauskukalat" title="Sähkörauskukalat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkörauskukalat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrockeartade_rockor" title="Darrockeartade rockor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Darrockeartade rockor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="மின்திருக்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்திருக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Order of cartilaginous fishes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fish. For a ray of electricity, see <a href="/wiki/Electric_discharge" title="Electric discharge">Electric discharge</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Electric rays<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Eocene–Recent</span><sup id="cite_ref-FB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:16.953846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Torpedo_marmorata2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Torpedo_marmorata2.jpg/220px-Torpedo_marmorata2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Torpedo_marmorata2.jpg/330px-Torpedo_marmorata2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Torpedo_marmorata2.jpg/440px-Torpedo_marmorata2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="685" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Marbled_electric_ray" title="Marbled electric ray">Marbled electric ray</a><br />(<i>Torpedo marmorata</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/250px-Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/500px-Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_electric_ray" title="Lesser electric ray">Lesser electric ray</a><br />(<i>Narcine bancroftii</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Torpediniformes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batomorphi" title="Batomorphi">Batomorphi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torpediniformes</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Don_Fernando_de_Buen_y_Lozano" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Fernando de Buen y Lozano">F. de Buen</a>, 1926</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Families </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>see text </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>electric rays</b> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Batoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoid">rays</a>, flattened <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous fish</a> with enlarged <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fin">pectoral fins</a>, composing the order <b>Torpediniformes</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>. They are known for being capable of <a href="/wiki/Electrogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrogenesis">producing an electric discharge</a>, ranging from 8 to 220 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a>, depending on species, used to stun prey and for defense.<sup id="cite_ref-martin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 69 species in four families. </p><p>Perhaps the best known members are those of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(genus)" title="Torpedo (genus)">Torpedo</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> undersea weapon is named after it. The name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">torpere</i></span>, 'to be stiffened or paralyzed', from the effect on someone who touches the fish.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_ray&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electric rays have a rounded pectoral disc with two moderately large rounded-angular (not pointed or hooked) <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fins</a> (reduced in some <a href="/wiki/Narcinidae" title="Narcinidae">Narcinidae</a>), and a stout muscular tail with a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">caudal fin</a>. The body is thick and flabby, with soft loose skin with no <a href="/wiki/Dermal_denticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal denticle">dermal denticles</a> or thorns. A pair of <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>-shaped <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ (biology)">electric organs</a> are at the base of the pectoral fins. The snout is broad, large in the Narcinidae, but reduced in all other families. The mouth, <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostrils</a>, and five pairs of <a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slits</a> are underneath the disc.<sup id="cite_ref-martin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hamlett_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamlett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electric rays are found from shallow coastal waters down to at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft) deep. They are sluggish and slow-moving, propelling themselves with their tails, not by using their pectoral fins as other rays do. They feed on invertebrates and small fish. They lie in wait for prey below the sand or other substrate, using their electricity to stun and capture it.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_humans">Relationship to humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_ray&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship to humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_research">History of research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_ray&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The electrogenic properties of electric rays have been known since antiquity, although their nature was not understood. The ancient Greeks used electric rays to numb the pain of <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a> and operations.<sup id="cite_ref-martin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his dialogue <i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> has the character Meno accuse <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> of "stunning" people with his puzzling questions, in a manner similar to the way the <a href="/wiki/Common_torpedo" title="Common torpedo">torpedo fish</a> stuns with electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scribonius_Largus" title="Scribonius Largus">Scribonius Largus</a>, a Roman physician, recorded the use of torpedo fish for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> in his <i>Compositiones Medicae</i> of 46 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-BullockHopkins2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BullockHopkins2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1770s the electric organs of the torpedo ray were the subject of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> papers by <a href="/wiki/John_Walsh_(scientist)" title="John Walsh (scientist)">John Walsh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These appear to have influenced the thinking of <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> – the founders of electrophysiology and electrochemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_1969_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_1969-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_2021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> proposed that electric rays use electricity; he built an artificial ray consisting of fish shaped <a href="/wiki/Leyden_jar" title="Leyden jar">Leyden jars</a> to successfully mimic their behaviour in 1773.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_folklore">In folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_ray&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The torpedo fish, or electric ray, appears continuously in premodern natural histories as a magical creature, and its ability to numb fishermen without seeming to touch them was a significant source of evidence for the belief in <a href="/wiki/Occult_qualities" class="mw-redirect" title="Occult qualities">occult qualities</a> in nature during the ages before the discovery of electricity as an explanatory mode.<sup id="cite_ref-Copenhaven1991_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copenhaven1991-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bioelectricity">Bioelectricity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_ray&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bioelectricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">Electric fish</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg/176px-Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg/264px-Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg/352px-Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Position of the two electric organs</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elektroplax_Rochen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/208px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/312px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/416px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Diagram of structure of electric organs and stacked electrocytes</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The electric rays have specialised <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(fish)" title="Electric organ (fish)">electric organs</a>. Many species of rays and skates outside the family have electric organs in the tail; however, the electric ray has two large kidney-shaped electric organs on each side of its head, where current passes from the lower to the upper surface of the body. The nerves that signal the organ to discharge branch repeatedly, then attach to the lower side of each plaque in the batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-martin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are composed of hexagonal columns, closely packed in a honeycomb formation. Each column consists of 500 to more than 1000 plaques of modified striated muscle, adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial</a> (gill arch) muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-martin_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bigelow_Schroeder_1953_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bigelow_Schroeder_1953-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Electric_fish#Strongly_electric_fish" title="Electric fish">In marine fish</a>, these batteries are connected as a parallel circuit, whereas freshwater batteries are arranged in series. This allows freshwater rays to transmit discharges of higher voltage, as freshwater cannot conduct electricity as well as saltwater.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With such a battery, an electric ray may electrocute larger prey with a voltage of between 8 volts in some narcinids to 220 volts in <i><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_nobiliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo nobiliana">Torpedo nobiliana</a></i>, the Atlantic torpedo.<sup id="cite_ref-martin_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burton_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematics">Systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_ray&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 60 or so species of electric rays are grouped into 12 genera and two families.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Narkinae are sometimes elevated to a family, the Narkidae. The torpedinids feed on large prey, which are stunned using their electric organs and swallowed whole, while the narcinids specialize on small prey on or in the bottom substrate. Both groups use electricity for defense, but it is unclear whether the narcinids use electricity in feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-compagno_and_heemstra_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compagno_and_heemstra-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Eschmeyer%27s_Catalog_of_Fishes" title="Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes">Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes</a></i> lists classifies the following families in the Torpediniformes:<sup id="cite_ref-ECoF_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECoF-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Platyrhinidae" title="Platyrhinidae">Platyrhinidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">D. S. Jordan</a>, 1923</small> (thornbacks or fanrays)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Narkidae" title="Narkidae">Narkidae</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Weed_Fowler" title="Henry Weed Fowler">Fowler</a>, 1934 (sleeper rays)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Narcinidae" title="Narcinidae">Narcinidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Gill" title="Theodore Gill">Gill</a>, 1862</small> (electric rays)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Hypnidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnidae">Hypnidae</a> <small>Gill, 1862</small> (coffin rays)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Torpedinidae" title="Torpedinidae">Torpedinidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gustav_Jakob_Henle" title="Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle">Henle</a>, 1834</small> (torpedo electric rays or torpedo rays)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_ray&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered rays">Endangered rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">Electric fish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_ray&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FB_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" 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B.; Schroeder, W. C. (1953). <i>Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part 2</i>. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+Western+North+Atlantic%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=Sears+Foundation+for+Marine+Research%2C+Yale+University&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Bigelow&rft.aufirst=H.+B.&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+W.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangstroth,_L.Newberry,_T.2000" class="citation book cs1">Langstroth, L. & Newberry, T. (2000). <i>A Living Bay: the Underwater World of Monterey Bay</i>. University of California Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22149-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22149-4"><bdi>0-520-22149-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Living+Bay%3A+the+Underwater+World+of+Monterey+Bay&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-520-22149-4&rft.au=Langstroth%2C+L.&rft.au=Newberry%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer_2008-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_2008_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer2008" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Bernd (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/124/">"Electric Organ Discharge"</a>. In Marc D. Binder; Nobutaka Hirokawa; Uwe Windhorst (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Neuroscience</i>. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">1050–</span>1056. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23735-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23735-8"><bdi>978-3-540-23735-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electric+Organ+Discharge&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Neuroscience&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1050-%3C%2Fspan%3E1056&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-23735-8&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepub.uni-regensburg.de%2F124%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burton-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burton_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton2002" class="citation book cs1">Burton, R. (2002). <i>International Wildlife Encyclopedia</i> (Third ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 768. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-7266-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-7266-5"><bdi>0-7614-7266-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Wildlife+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=768&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7614-7266-5&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nelson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nelson_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson,_J.S.2006" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, J.S. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishesworld00nels"><i>Fishes of the World</i></a></span> (fourth ed.). John Wiley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishesworld00nels/page/n89">69</a>–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-25031-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-25031-7"><bdi>0-471-25031-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+World&rft.pages=69-82&rft.edition=fourth&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-471-25031-7&rft.au=Nelson%2C+J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffishesworld00nels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compagno_and_heemstra-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-compagno_and_heemstra_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compagno, Leonard J.V. and Heemstra, Phillip C. (May 2007) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003">Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy</a>". <i>Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity, Bulletin 7</i>: 15–49. Retrieved on October 22, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECoF-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECoF_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification/">"Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification"</a>. <i>Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes</i>. <a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences" title="California Academy of Sciences">California Academy of Sciences</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eschmeyer%27s+Catalog+of+Fishes&rft.atitle=Eschmeyer%27s+Catalog+of+Fishes+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calacademy.org%2Fscientists%2Fcatalog-of-fishes-classification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ (biology)">Electric organ</a></li> <li>Electroreceptors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knollenorgan" title="Knollenorgan">Knollenorgan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnarchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnarchidae">Gymnarchidae</a> (African knifefish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a> (S. American knifefishes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel"><i>Electrophorus</i></a> (electric eels)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">Mormyridae</a> (elephantfishes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiformes" title="Rajiformes">Rajiformes</a> (skates)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_catfish" title="Electric catfish">Malapteruridae</a> (electric catfishes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpediniformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpediniformes">Torpediniformes</a> (electric rays)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargazer_(fish)" title="Stargazer (fish)">Uranoscopidae</a> (stargazers)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bioelectricity" title="History of bioelectricity">History of bioelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_cartilaginous_fish_orders207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chondrichthyes" title="Template:Chondrichthyes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chondrichthyes" title="Template talk:Chondrichthyes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chondrichthyes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chondrichthyes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_cartilaginous_fish_orders207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">cartilaginous fish</a> orders</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></li> <li>Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Selachii (sharks)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexanchiformes" title="Hexanchiformes">Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaliformes" title="Squaliformes">Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawsharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawsharks">Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel shark">Squatiniformes (angel sharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_shark" title="Bullhead shark">Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_shark" title="Carpet shark">Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcharhiniformes" title="Carcharhiniformes">Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamniformes" title="Lamniformes">Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">Batoidea (rays)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torpediniformes (electric rays)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawfish" title="Sawfish">Pristiformes (sawfishes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiformes" title="Rajiformes">Rajiformes (skates and guitarfishes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myliobatiformes" title="Myliobatiformes">Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">Holocephali</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2923" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2923" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Torpediniformes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41317" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q41317">Q41317</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Torpediniformes">Torpediniformes</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Torpediniformes">Torpediniformes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=229">229</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/48K">48K</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8898">8898</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1TORPO">1TORPO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/881">881</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/51325">51325</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11530">11530</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=649684">649684</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000187908">NBNSYS0000187908</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=117888">117888</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=356640">356640</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=154073">154073</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A3DB49-C055-B83A-82E7-C10CFE1C7909">03A3DB49-C055-B83A-82E7-C10CFE1C7909</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10215">10215</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41317#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Torpediniformes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007005422">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Torpédiniformes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13334087k">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Torpédiniformes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13334087k">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007532985605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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