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unfair</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: unfair"> <meta name="keywords" content="unfair"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="unfair"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 66</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: unfair</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">66</span> EU Regulation 868/04: Report of a Unilateral Approach on Unfair Subsidisation and Unfair Pricing Practices and Its Failure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Trimarchi">Andrea Trimarchi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is designed to provide a comprehensive overview on the EU Regulation No. 868/2004 concerning protection against subsidisation and unfair pricing practices regarding non-EU carriers and causing injury to Community air carriers. The analysis will focus, at first, on the exegetical scrutiny of the legal categories encompassed by the Regulation. In addition to that, while considering the peculiarities of such legal instrument, the attention will be addressed on the assessment on its effectiveness. The Regulation, indeed, having received lots of criticism, is in need of a profound revision. In this context, the present work will try to take into account the policy alternatives. In light of the failure of Regulation 868, which is to be seen as the expression of a unilateral and regional approach, there would seem to be the necessity for the aviation sector to reconsider the topic of subsidisation and unfair pricing practices in a more international oriented manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-EU%20airlines" title="non-EU airlines">non-EU airlines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aviation" title=" aviation"> aviation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subisidisation" title=" subisidisation"> subisidisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair" title=" unfair"> unfair</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52130/eu-regulation-86804-report-of-a-unilateral-approach-on-unfair-subsidisation-and-unfair-pricing-practices-and-its-failure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52130.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> Children’s Concept of Forgiveness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lida%20Landicho">Lida Landicho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Analiza%20R.%20Adarlo"> Analiza R. Adarlo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Janine%20Mae%20V.%20Corpuz"> Janine Mae V. Corpuz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joan%20C.%20Villanueva"> Joan C. Villanueva </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Testing the idea that the process of forgiveness is intrinsically different across diverse relationships, this study examined whether forgiveness can already be facilitated by children ages 4-6. Two different intervention sessions which consists of 40 children (half heard stories about unfair blame and half heard stories about a double standard (between subjects variable) was completed. Investigators performed experimental analyses to examine the role of forgiveness in social and familial context. Results indicated that forgiveness can already be facilitated by children. Children see scenarios on double standard to be more unfair than normal scenarios (Scenario 2 (double standard) (M=7.54) Scenario 1 (unfair blame) (M=4.50), Scenario 4 (double standard) (M=7.) Scenario 3 (getting blamed for something the friend did) (M=6.80)p <.05.The findings confirmed that children were generally willing to grant forgiveness to a mother even though she was unfair, but less so to a friend. Correlations between sex, age and forgiveness were analyzed. Significant relationships was found on scenarios presented and caring task scores (rxy= -.314).Their tendency to forgive was related to dispositional and situational factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forgiveness" title="forgiveness">forgiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=situational%20and%20dispositional%20factors" title=" situational and dispositional factors"> situational and dispositional factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=familial%20context" title=" familial context"> familial context</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20context" title=" social context"> social context</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17866/childrens-concept-of-forgiveness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Unfair Labour Practice on Staff in Primary Health Care Facilities, Northwest Province, South Africa: A Qualitative Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maserapelo%20Gladys%20Serapelwane">Maserapelo Gladys Serapelwane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Mofatiki%20Manyedi"> Eva Mofatiki Manyedi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Unfair labour practices on staff is a worldwide concern, which creates conflicts and disharmony among health workers. It is found that nursing staff members are unfairly treated without a valid reason in primary health care (PHC) facilities and predominantly in developing countries, and South Africa is not excluded. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the experiences of operational managers regarding unfair labour practices on staff by their local area managers and describe the perceptions of operational managers towards such treatment. Methods: A qualitative, descriptive, exploratory, and contextual research approach was considered appropriate for the study. In this study, the population comprised operational managers working in the PHC facilities of Northwest Province, South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to select participants for the study and focus group interviews were used to interview 23 operational managers. Ethical measures were applied throughout the study. Findings: The six phases of thematic analysis were used to analyze data collected for the study. Two themes that emerged are experiences of factors related to unfair labour practices in the PHC facilities and perceptions regarding how to improve their working conditions. The categories that were found in the first themes were favouritism and discrimination. In the second theme, in-service training and transparency regarding staff training and development emerged. Recommendations comprised, among others, training on the concepts of quality in the workplace and reinforcement of transparency regarding granting of study leave and attending workshops. Conclusion: Operational managers in the PHC facilities experienced unfair labour practices as evidenced by favouritism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair%20labour%20practices" title="unfair labour practices">unfair labour practices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primary%20health%20care%20facilities" title=" primary health care facilities"> primary health care facilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operational%20managers" title=" operational managers"> operational managers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=North%20West%20Province" title=" North West Province"> North West Province</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190140/unfair-labour-practice-on-staff-in-primary-health-care-facilities-northwest-province-south-africa-a-qualitative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">33</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> Case Study of Gender Mainstreaming in Rand Water: A Journey of Transformation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saki%20Makume">Saki Makume</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Misogyny is a serious problem in the world that is predominantly patriarchal. South Africa is a very unequal society, so are the companies in this country. After 1994, laws were promulgated to outlaw unfair discrimination, amongst them discrimination based on gender. The presentation aims to share the experiences and learnings of Rand Water through its transformation journey. The environment was so hostile to women in the workplace that policies and practices excluded or unfairly discriminated against women. The paper will be in the form of a case study, predominantly qualitative and to a lesser extent quantitative. The results will show that the number of women at Board, Executive and Management levels have increased; and policies amended to be gender sensitive. Policies were developed that specifically protected women’s rights e.g. sexual harassment. A program like TechnoGirl was introduced to lure girl learners to Rand Water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20mainstreaming" title="gender mainstreaming">gender mainstreaming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policies" title=" policies"> policies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformation" title=" transformation"> transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair%20discrimination" title=" unfair discrimination"> unfair discrimination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69042/case-study-of-gender-mainstreaming-in-rand-water-a-journey-of-transformation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69042.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">277</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">62</span> Factors Affecting Contractual Disputes in Construction ProJects in Sri Lanka</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20Rajapaksa">R. M. Rajapaksa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Construction industry is one of the key players in driving the economy of a country to achieve its prosperity. However, a dispute is one of the crucial factors which prevent the completion of construction contracts within the budgeted cost, scheduled time, and accepted quality. Disputes are inevitable in the construction contract. Accordingly, a study has been undertaken to identify the factors affecting contractual disputes in construction projects in Sri Lanka. The study was a mixed approach with major qualitative and minor quantitative. Qualitative study was set in the form of in-depth interviews with eighteen participants, and quantitative study was conducted using a questionnaire with twenty-four respondents from previously implemented projects by the National Water Supply & Drainage Board representing the employer, engineer and the Contractor to identify the factors affecting contractual disputes and to verify most critical factors respectively. Data analysis for qualitative and quantitative studies was carried out by means of transcribing, code & categorizeand average score methods, respectively. The study reveals that there are forty factors affecting the contractual disputes in construction contracts in Sri Lanka. The finding further illustrates that conflicting decisions by inexperience personnel in the higher position of the Employer, ambiguities resulting inadequate descriptions of the preliminary/general items in price schedule, unfair valuation and late confirmation of variations, unfair determination due to lack of experience of the Engineer/Consultant, under certification of progress payments, unfair grant of EOT & application of delay damages, unreasonable claims for variation of works, errors/discrepancies/ambiguities in the contract conditions and discrepancies & errors in designs & specifications are the most critical factors affecting contractual disputes. Finally, the study proposed remedial measures to most critical factors affecting contractual disputes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispute" title="dispute">dispute</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contractual" title=" contractual"> contractual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors" title=" factors"> factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employer" title=" employer"> employer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engineer" title=" engineer"> engineer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contractor" title=" contractor"> contractor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20projects" title=" construction projects"> construction projects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142238/factors-affecting-contractual-disputes-in-construction-projects-in-sri-lanka" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142238.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">61</span> Discrimination in Insurance Pricing: A Textual-Analysis Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruijuan%20Bi">Ruijuan Bi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Discrimination in insurance pricing is a topic of increasing concern, particularly in the context of the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence. There is a need to explore the various forms of discrimination, such as direct and indirect discrimination, proxy discrimination, algorithmic discrimination, and unfair discrimination, and understand their implications in insurance pricing models. This paper aims to analyze and interpret the definitions of discrimination in insurance pricing and explore measures to reduce discrimination. It utilizes a textual analysis methodology, which involves gathering qualitative data from relevant literature on definitions of discrimination. The research methodology focuses on exploring the various forms of discrimination and their implications in insurance pricing models. Through textual analysis, this paper identifies the specific characteristics and implications of each form of discrimination in the general insurance industry. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of discrimination in insurance pricing. By analyzing and interpreting relevant literature, this paper provides insights into the definitions of discrimination and the laws and regulations surrounding it. This theoretical foundation can inform future empirical research on discrimination in insurance pricing using relevant theories of probability theory. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithmic%20discrimination" title="algorithmic discrimination">algorithmic discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20and%20indirect%20discrimination" title=" direct and indirect discrimination"> direct and indirect discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proxy%20discrimination" title=" proxy discrimination"> proxy discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair%20discrimination" title=" unfair discrimination"> unfair discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20pricing" title=" insurance pricing"> insurance pricing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178477/discrimination-in-insurance-pricing-a-textual-analysis-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178477.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">60</span> Legal Aspects in Character Merchandising with Reference to Right to Image of Celebrities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20R.%20M.%20Shehani%20Shanika">W. R. M. Shehani Shanika</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Selling goods and services using images, names and personalities of celebrities has become a common marketing strategy identified in modern physical and online markets. Two concepts called globalization and open economy have given numerous reasons to develop businesses to earn higher profits. Therefore, global market plus domestic markets in various countries have vigorously endorsing images of famous sport stars, film stars, singing stars and cartoon characters for the purpose of increasing demand for goods and services rendered by them. It has been evident that these trade strategies have become a threat to famous personalities in financially and personally. Right to the image is a basic human right which celebrities owned to avoid themselves from various commercial exploitations. In this respect, this paper aims to assess whether the law relating to character merchandising satisfactorily protects right to image of celebrities. However, celebrities can decide how much they receive for each representation to the general public. Simply they have exclusive right to decide monetary value for their image. But most commonly every country uses law relating to unfair competition to regulate matters arise thereof. Legal norms in unfair competition are not enough to protect image of celebrities. Therefore, celebrities must be able to avoid unauthorized use of their images for commercial purposes by fraudulent traders and getting unjustly enriched, as their images have economic value. They have the right for use their image for any commercial purpose and earn profits. Therefore it is high time to recognize right to image as a new dimension to be protected in the legal framework of character merchandising. Unfortunately, to the author’s best knowledge there are no any uniform, single international standard which recognizes right to the image of celebrities in the context of character merchandising. The paper identifies it as a controversial legal barrier faced by celebrities in the rapidly evolving marketplace. Finally, this library-based research concludes with proposals to ensure the right to image more broadly in the legal context of character merchandising. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brand%20endorsement" title="brand endorsement">brand endorsement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=celebrity" title=" celebrity"> celebrity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=character%20merchandising" title=" character merchandising"> character merchandising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intellectual%20property%20rights" title=" intellectual property rights"> intellectual property rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=right%20to%20image" title=" right to image"> right to image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair%20competition" title=" unfair competition"> unfair competition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99758/legal-aspects-in-character-merchandising-with-reference-to-right-to-image-of-celebrities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99758.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Language on Skin Whitening Products in Pakistan Promotes Unfair Beauty Standards: A Critical Discourse Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azeem%20Alphonce">Azeem Alphonce</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Pakistan, there is a variety of skin tones and colors across all provinces. However, a fair complexion is one of the standards of beauty among females in Pakistan, which creates insecurities in dark-complexioned females. This research is a critical discourse analysis of the language used on beauty products for females in Pakistan. The purpose was to analyze the language used on female beauty products using Van Dijk's three-stage socio-cognitive model to understand what message is received from the few words written and repeated across the packaging of various facial products, why such language is used and what are its wider socio-cognitive effects? The criterion for the selection of beauty products was skin whitening terminologies and the language used on these products. The results showed that over 57 per cent of products utilized skin-whitening terms. The adjectives written on the package indicate that fairer skin is the ultimate beauty goal of females. The analysis explored how the language reinforces unfair beauty standards and perpetuates colorism. It was concluded that female beauty products utilize discriminatory discourse by marginalizing individuals of darker skin tones. Fairer skin is promoted, whereas darker skin is referred to as a problem, flaw or imperfection. Socially shared mental models seem to have caused beauty companies to exploit and promote perceptions of colorism in society. Therefore, such discourse should be prevented, and beauty companies should utilize their discourse to promote acceptance of various skin tones. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language" title="language">language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skin%20whitening%20products" title=" skin whitening products"> skin whitening products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beauty%20standards" title=" beauty standards"> beauty standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20mental%20models" title=" social mental models"> social mental models</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167954/language-on-skin-whitening-products-in-pakistan-promotes-unfair-beauty-standards-a-critical-discourse-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167954.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> Albinism in the South African Workplace: Reasonable Accommodation of a Black Person Living in a White Skin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laetitia%20Fourie">Laetitia Fourie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dangerous myths and stereotypes contribute to the fact that persons living with albinism are amongst the most vulnerable groups in society. The prevalence of albinism varies around the world and the World Health Organization estimates that around 1 in 5000 people in Sub-Saharan Africa are affected by this genetic disorder. Persons who are living with the condition usually experience a lack of melanin in their skin, eyes and hair that results in possible physical impairments such as poor eyesight and skin cancers. Being affected by such disorders and consequently classified as an albino, give way for unequal treatment which ultimately requires safeguarding these persons against unfair discrimination - not only on the basis of their race and color (or lack thereof), but also on the basis of their disability. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa provides that everyone is equal before the law and prohibits unfair discrimination on the grounds of race, color and disability. This right is given effect to by the Employment Equity Act, which strives to eliminate unfair discrimination on similar grounds within any employment policy or practice. An essential non-discrimination measure that can be implemented in the labor market to achieve equality is the duty of reasonable accommodation that rests upon employers. However, reasonable accommodation is only introduced as an affirmative action measure in order to provide equal employment opportunities to the identified designated groups who include black people (defined to include Indians, Chinese and Colored), women and people with disabilities. Even though this duty exists, South African law does not elaborate on the scope of the duty, except for a Disability Code, which does not hold the force of law. Furthermore, in respect of applying affirmative action measures to people with disabilities, the law does not elaborate on the meaning of disability. Considering that persons living with albinism will find it difficult to show that they are black or disabled in order to be acknowledged as part of the designated groups, their access to reasonable accommodation will be limited to a great extent. This paper will aim to illustrate to which extent South African law currently fails to implement its international obligations as a State Party to the Conventions of the United Nations, and how these failures should be corrected in order to serve the needs of all South Africans, including albinos. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=albinism" title="albinism">albinism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disability" title=" disability"> disability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equality" title=" equality"> equality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Africa" title=" South Africa"> South Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=United%20Nations" title=" United Nations"> United Nations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83095/albinism-in-the-south-african-workplace-reasonable-accommodation-of-a-black-person-living-in-a-white-skin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83095.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Inequality of Opportunities in the Health of the Adult Population of Russia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20Kartseva">Marina Kartseva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Polina%20Kuznetsova"> Polina Kuznetsova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In our work, we estimate the contribution of inequality of opportunity to inequality in the health of the Russian population aged 25 to 74 years. The empirical basis of the study is the nationally representative data of the RLMS for 2018. Individual health is measured using a self-reported status on five-point scale. The startconditions are characterized by parental education and place of birth (country, type of settlement). Personal efforts to maintain health include the level of education, smoking status, and physical activity. To understand how start opportunities affect an individual's health, we use the methodology proposed in (Trannoy et al., 2010), which takes into account both direct and indirect (through the influence on efforts) effects. Regression analysis shows that all other things being equal, the starting capabilities of individuals have a significant impact on their health. In particular, parental education has a positive effect on self-reported health. Birth in another country, in another settlement, and in an urban area, on the contrary, reduceself-reported health. This allows to conclude that there exists an unfair inequality in health, namely inequality caused by factors that are independent of a person's own efforts. We estimate the contribution of inequality of opportunity to inequality in health using a nonparametric approach (Checchi, Peragine, 2010; Lazar, 2013). According to the obtained results, the contribution of unfair inequality as 72-74% for the population as a whole, being slightly higher for women (62-74% and 60-69% for men and women, respectively) and for older age (59- 62% and 67-75% for groups 25-44 years old and 45-74 years old, respectively). The obtained estimates are comparable with the results for other countries and indicate the importance of the problem of inequality of opportunities in health in Russia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inequality%20of%20opportunity" title="inequality of opportunity">inequality of opportunity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inequality%20in%20health" title=" inequality in health"> inequality in health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-reported%20health" title=" self-reported health"> self-reported health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efforts" title=" efforts"> efforts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health-related%20lifestyle" title=" health-related lifestyle"> health-related lifestyle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Russia" title=" Russia"> Russia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RLMS" title=" RLMS"> RLMS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142254/inequality-of-opportunities-in-the-health-of-the-adult-population-of-russia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> Social Comparison at the Workplace: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kolkata, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pooja%20Balasubramanian">Pooja Balasubramanian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghida%20Karbala"> Ghida Karbala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unfair treatment at the workplace encourages workers to adjust their behavior in order to restore fairness and align monetary returns to costs. This adjustment of behavior, however, may differ depending on the reference group considered to evaluate equity. In this aspect two main questions are to be considered: How do workers respond to unfair treatment at the workplace? And how does this response change depending on the identity of the reference group? To answer the above research questions, this paper utilizes data from a randomized field experiment conducted in Kolkata, India where student assistants were hired to help in a data entry task. Recruited workers were working in a team of two and were offered a fixed wage per hour. Workers were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: A control group not subjected (1) to wage cuts (2) A general wage cut (3) A unilateral wage cut in reference to colleagues with similar social identity (4) A unilateral wage cut in reference to colleagues with a different social identity, where social identity is defined in terms of gender. Results show a significant decrease in the quantity and quality of work following a general wage cut. A more severe drop in productivity was presented by men in the case of unilateral wage cut, while women experiencing unilateral wage cuts didn’t exhibit a similar behavior regardless of the gender of the team member. To the contrary, women matched with a male colleague and experiencing unilateral wage cut show a slight increase in productivity, a result that contributes to the discussion regarding the paradox of the 'content female worker'. These findings highlight the necessity of a better understanding of the social comparison processes prevailing at the workplace, given the major role they play in determining the level of productivity supplied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effort%20supply" title="effort supply">effort supply</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fairness" title=" fairness"> fairness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reference%20groups" title=" reference groups"> reference groups</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20comparison" title=" social comparison"> social comparison</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80373/social-comparison-at-the-workplace-evidence-from-a-field-experiment-in-kolkata-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80373.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Exploring the Impacts of Ogoni/African Indigenous Knowledge in Addressing Environmental Issues in Ogoniland, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lele%20Dominic%20Dummene">Lele Dominic Dummene</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental issues are predominant in rural areas where indigenous people reside. These environmental issues cover environmental, health, social, economic, and political issues that emanate from poor environmental management and unfair distribution of environmental resources. These issues have greatly affected the lives of the indigenous people and their daily activities. As these environmental issues grow in communities, environmental experts, scientists, and theorists have proposed and developed methods, policies, and strategies to address these environmental-related issues in indigenous communities. Thus, this paper explores how the Ogoni indigenous knowledge and cultural practices could be used to address environmental issues such as oil pollution and other environmental-related issues that have destroyed the Ogoni environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ogoniland" title="Ogoniland">Ogoniland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indigenous%20knowledge" title=" indigenous knowledge"> indigenous knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20education" title=" environmental education"> environmental education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155659/exploring-the-impacts-of-ogoniafrican-indigenous-knowledge-in-addressing-environmental-issues-in-ogoniland-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155659.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Predatory Pricing at Services Markets: Incentives, Mechanisms, Standards of Proving, and Remedies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mykola%20G.%20Boichuk">Mykola G. Boichuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper concerns predatory pricing incentives and mechanisms in the markets of services, as well as its anti-competitive effects. As cost estimation at services markets is more complex in comparison to markets of goods, predatory pricing is more difficult to detect in the provision of services. For instance, this is often the case for professional services, which is analyzed in the paper. The special attention is given to employment markets as de-facto main supply markets for professional services markets. Also, the paper concerns such instances as travel agents' services, where predatory pricing may have implications not only on competition but on a wider range of public interest as well. Thus, the paper develops on effective ways to apply competition law rules on predatory pricing to the provision of services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employment%20markets" title="employment markets">employment markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predatory%20pricing" title=" predatory pricing"> predatory pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=services%20markets" title=" services markets"> services markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair%20competition" title=" unfair competition"> unfair competition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68895/predatory-pricing-at-services-markets-incentives-mechanisms-standards-of-proving-and-remedies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68895.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> Lobbying Regulation in the EU: Transparency’s Achilles’ Heel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krambia-Kapardis%20Maria">Krambia-Kapardis Maria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neophytidou%20Christina"> Neophytidou Christina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lobbying is an inherent aspect within the democratic regimes across the globe. Although it can provide decision-makers with valuable knowledge and grant access to stakeholders in the decision-making process, it can also lead to undue influence and unfair competition at the expense of the public interest if it not transparent. Given the multi-level governance structure of the EU, it is no surprise that the EU policy-making arena has become a place-to-be for lobbyists. However, in order to ensure that influence is legitimate and not biased of any business interests, lobbying must be effectively regulated. A comparison with the US and Canadian lobbying regulatory framework and utilising some good practices from EU countries it is apparent that lobbying is the Achilles’ heel to transparency in the EU. It is evident that EU institutions suffer from ineffective regulations and could in fact benefit from a more robust, mandatory and better implemented system of lobbying regulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EU" title="EU">EU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lobbying%20regulation" title=" lobbying regulation"> lobbying regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transparency" title=" transparency"> transparency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democratic%20regimes" title=" democratic regimes "> democratic regimes </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17192/lobbying-regulation-in-the-eu-transparencys-achilles-heel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17192.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> Minding the Gap: Consumer Contracts in the Age of Online Information Flow </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20I.%20Becher">Samuel I. Becher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tal%20Z.%20Zarsky"> Tal Z. Zarsky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The digital world becomes part of our DNA now. The way e-commerce, human behavior, and law interact and affect one another is rapidly and significantly changing. Among others things, the internet equips consumers with a variety of platforms to share information in a volume we could not imagine before. As part of this development, online information flows allow consumers to learn about businesses and their contracts in an efficient and quick manner. Consumers can become informed by the impressions that other, experienced consumers share and spread. In other words, consumers may familiarize themselves with the contents of contracts through the experiences that other consumers had. Online and offline, the relationship between consumers and businesses are most frequently governed by consumer standard form contracts. For decades, such contracts are assumed to be one-sided and biased against consumers. Consumer Law seeks to alleviate this bias and empower consumers. Legislatures, consumer organizations, scholars, and judges are constantly looking for clever ways to protect consumers from unscrupulous firms and unfair behaviors. While consumers-businesses relationships are theoretically administered by standardized contracts, firms do not always follow these contracts in practice. At times, there is a significant disparity between what the written contract stipulates and what consumers experience de facto. That is, there is a crucial gap (“the Gap”) between how firms draft their contracts on the one hand, and how firms actually treat consumers on the other. Interestingly, the Gap is frequently manifested by deviation from the written contract in favor of consumers. In other words, firms often exercise lenient approach in spite of the stringent written contracts they draft. This essay examines whether, counter-intuitively, policy makers should add firms’ leniency to the growing list of firms suspicious behaviors. At first glance, firms should be allowed, if not encouraged, to exercise leniency. Many legal regimes are looking for ways to cope with unfair contract terms in consumer contracts. Naturally, therefore, consumer law should enable, if not encourage, firms’ lenient practices. Firms’ willingness to deviate from their strict contracts in order to benefit consumers seems like a sensible approach. Apparently, such behavior should not be second guessed. However, at times online tools, firm’s behaviors and human psychology result in a toxic mix. Beneficial and helpful online information should be treated with due respect as it may occasionally have surprising and harmful qualities. In this essay, we illustrate that technological changes turn the Gap into a key component in consumers' understanding, or misunderstanding, of consumer contracts. In short, a Gap may distort consumers’ perception and undermine rational decision-making. Consequently, this essay explores whether, counter-intuitively, consumer law should sanction firms that create a Gap and use it. It examines when firms’ leniency should be considered as manipulative or exercised in bad faith. It then investigates whether firms should be allowed to enforce the written contract even if the firms deliberately and consistently deviated from it. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumer%20contracts" title="consumer contracts">consumer contracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumer%20protection" title=" consumer protection"> consumer protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20flow" title=" information flow"> information flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law%20and%20economics" title=" law and economics"> law and economics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law%20and%20technology" title=" law and technology"> law and technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paper%20deal%20v%20firms%27%20behavior" title=" paper deal v firms' behavior"> paper deal v firms' behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76032/minding-the-gap-consumer-contracts-in-the-age-of-online-information-flow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76032.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> Improving Water and Sanitation Systems in Rural Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Betselot%20Girma%20Argaw">Betselot Girma Argaw</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The health of people living in rural areas of Ethiopia depends a lot on how good their water and sanitation systems are. Even though there have been efforts to improve these systems, many communities still struggle to get clean water and proper sanitation, which leads to many health problems and unfair conditions. This research looks into the current situation of water and sanitation in rural Ethiopia, focusing on the main challenges that stop these communities from having safe and lasting solutions. By studying current practices, policies, and infrastructure, this paper highlights the areas that need urgent attention. It also reviews successful examples and suggests recommendations that fit the local context. The goal is to offer practical ideas that can help create better strategies to improve the lives of millions of rural Ethiopians, aiming for lasting improvements in water and sanitation in these vulnerable areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20Ethiopia%20water" title="rural Ethiopia water">rural Ethiopia water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation%20infrastructure" title=" sanitation infrastructure"> sanitation infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20solutions" title=" sustainable solutions"> sustainable solutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20accessibility" title=" water accessibility"> water accessibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189293/improving-water-and-sanitation-systems-in-rural-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">25</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> Psychological Well-Being Among the Freed Kamhalari Girls in Dang</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jug%20Maya%20Chaudhary">Jug Maya Chaudhary</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The principal objective of this paper has been to assess the level of psychological well-being (PWB) of freed Kamhalari girls sheltered in a governmental rehabilitation center in the Dang district. All the girls (N=100) have been selected for a quantitative study, including 15 cases of in-depth interviews for qualitative study in 2013. The study results suggest that the level of psychological well-being of freed Kamhalaris has not been found to be high; rather they are moderate, with small incidences of a lower level of psychological well-being. Regarding the qualitative study, a total of six themes was identified: physical pain and fatigue then and now, the lasting experience of anxiety, unfair treatment, low self-esteem, depressed mood, and frustration due to current state and confusion. These themes reflected the unrelenting intrusive nature of painful experiences of those affected. This research will provide empathic insight into their past experience. It will add to the body of research on Psychological Well-being of Freed Kamhalari Girls and may generate ideas for intervention research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamhalari" title="Kamhalari">Kamhalari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Experiences" title=" Experiences"> Experiences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tharu" title=" Tharu"> Tharu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Psychological%20Wellbeing" title=" Psychological Wellbeing"> Psychological Wellbeing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162248/psychological-well-being-among-the-freed-kamhalari-girls-in-dang" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162248.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">56</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Striving towards an Ambush Free Olympics: Effective Strategies and Intellectual Property Legislations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahit%20T.%20Anand">Mahit T. Anand</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The modern Olympic Games present an unparalleled platform for companies to gain worldwide visibility. The increasing popularity of such an event supplemented by large sums of money paid by sponsors for the privilege of being associated with the Olympic Games has spawned its own particular brand of unfair competition, called ‘ambush marketing’. This research examines the practice of ambush marketing which has long been troubling the International Olympic Committee (I.O.C.) and its corporate sponsors. It emphasizes on implementing stringent legislative reforms by the host nations and to carry out effective ‘Brand Protection Programs’ for the upcoming Winter Olympics due to begin in February 2014 at Sochi, Russia and the Summer Olympics at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2016. The research is carried out in the backdrop of out-standing legislative enactments made by the previous host nations and effective ‘Brand Protection Program’ formulated by their respective organizing committees. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ambush%20marketing" title="ambush marketing">ambush marketing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20olympic%20committee%20%28IOC%29" title=" international olympic committee (IOC)"> international olympic committee (IOC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=official%20sponsors" title=" official sponsors"> official sponsors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trademark" title=" trademark"> trademark</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6218/striving-towards-an-ambush-free-olympics-effective-strategies-and-intellectual-property-legislations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6218.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Examining Bulling Rates among Youth with Intellectual Disabilities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaycee%20L.%20Bills">Kaycee L. Bills</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Adolescents and youth who are members of a minority group are more likely to experience higher rates of bullying in comparison to other student demographics. Specifically, adolescents with intellectual disabilities are a minority population that is more susceptible to experience unfair treatment in social settings. This study employs the 2015 Wave of the National Crime Victimization Survey – School Crime Supplement (NCVS/SCS) longitudinal dataset to explore bullying rates experienced among adolescents with intellectual disabilities. This study uses chi-square testing and a logistic regression to analyze if having a disability influences the likelihood of being bullied in comparison to other student demographics. Results of the chi-square testing and the logistic regression indicate that adolescent students who were identified as having a disability were approximately four times more likely to experience higher bullying rates in comparison to all other majority and minority student populations. Thus, it means having a disability resulted in higher bullying rates in comparison to all student groups. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disability" title="disability">disability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bullying" title=" bullying"> bullying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20work" title=" social work"> social work</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20bullying" title=" school bullying"> school bullying</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132320/examining-bulling-rates-among-youth-with-intellectual-disabilities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132320.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> A Comparison of Bias Among Relaxed Divisor Methods Using 3 Bias Measurements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumachaya%20Harnsukworapanich">Sumachaya Harnsukworapanich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tetsuo%20Ichimori"> Tetsuo Ichimori </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The apportionment method is used by many countries, to calculate the distribution of seats in political bodies. For example, this method is used in the United States (U.S.) to distribute house seats proportionally based on the population of the electoral district. Famous apportionment methods include the divisor methods called the Adams Method, Dean Method, Hill Method, Jefferson Method and Webster Method. Sometimes the results from the implementation of these divisor methods are unfair and include errors. Therefore, it is important to examine the optimization of this method by using a bias measurement to figure out precise and fair results. In this research we investigate the bias of divisor methods in the U.S. Houses of Representatives toward large and small states by applying the Stolarsky Mean Method. We compare the bias of the apportionment method by using two famous bias measurements: The Balinski and Young measurement and the Ernst measurement. Both measurements have a formula for large and small states. The Third measurement however, which was created by the researchers, did not factor in the element of large and small states into the formula. All three measurements are compared and the results show that our measurement produces similar results to the other two famous measurements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apportionment" title="apportionment">apportionment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bias" title=" bias"> bias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=divisor" title=" divisor"> divisor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fair" title=" fair"> fair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=measurement" title=" measurement"> measurement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31156/a-comparison-of-bias-among-relaxed-divisor-methods-using-3-bias-measurements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31156.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> A Literature Review of Emotional Labor and Non-Task Behavior</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeong-Gyeong%20%20Choi">Yeong-Gyeong Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyoung-Seok%20%20Kim"> Kyoung-Seok Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study, literature review research, intends to deal with the problem of conceptual ambiguity among research on emotional labor, and to look into the evolutionary trends and changing aspects of defining the concept of emotional labor. In addition, in existing studies, deep acting and surface acting are highly related to a positive outcome variable and a negative outcome variable, respectively. It was confirmed that for employees performing emotional labor, deep acting and surface acting are highly related to OCB and CWB, respectively. While positive emotion that employees come to experience during job performance process can easily trigger a positive non-task behavior such as OCB, negative emotion that employees experience through excessive workload or unfair treatment can easily induce a negative behavior like CWB. The two management behaviors of emotional labor, surface acting and deep acting, can have either a positive or negative effect on non-task behavior of employees, depending on which one they would choose. Thus, the purpose of this review paper is to clarify the relationship between emotional labor and non-task behavior more specifically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotion%20labor" title="emotion labor">emotion labor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-task%20behavior" title=" non-task behavior"> non-task behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OCB" title=" OCB"> OCB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CWB" title=" CWB"> CWB</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31083/a-literature-review-of-emotional-labor-and-non-task-behavior" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31083.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Gender Discrepancies in Current Pedagogical and Curricular Practices in EFL Higher Education Settings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamad%20Aldosari">Hamad Aldosari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of sexism, or gender discrepancies, in current pedagogical and curricular practices in EFL learning higher education settings. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of both course contents and pedagogies in Saudi higher education institutions are to be discussed with reference to female/male topic presentation in dialogs and reading passages, sex-based activity types, stereotyped sex roles and the masculine generic conceptions of male superiority subliminally related in EFL curriculum and pedagogical practices, as well as the causes and effects of segregated language education practices in Saudi Arabia from a holistic vantage point of analysis. Analysis findings show that language educational practices including educational settings and segregation are gender-biased in attitude, but with regard to curriculum, sexism has not been traced. Findings also show that sexism is rampant due to socio-cultural aspects of language education rather than to religious reasons: a finding that seems to mirror the institutionalized unfair sex discrimination to the disadvantage of women in the Arabian societies at large. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genderism" title="genderism">genderism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sex%20segregation" title=" sex segregation"> sex segregation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20Arabia" title=" Saudi Arabia"> Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EFL" title=" EFL"> EFL</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51853/gender-discrepancies-in-current-pedagogical-and-curricular-practices-in-efl-higher-education-settings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51853.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> Forecasting the Future Implications of ChatGPT Usage in Education Based on AI Algorithms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yakubu%20Bala%20Mohammed">Yakubu Bala Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadire%20Chavus"> Nadire Chavus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Bulama"> Mohammed Bulama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) represents an artificial intelligence (AI) tool capable of swiftly generating comprehensive responses to prompts and follow-up inquiries. This emerging AI tool was introduced in November 2022 by OpenAI firm, an American AI research laboratory, utilizing substantial language models. This present study aims to delve into the potential future consequences of ChatGPT usage in education using AI-based algorithms. The paper will bring forth the likely potential risks of ChatGBT utilization, such as academic integrity concerns, unfair learning assessments, excessive reliance on AI, and dissemination of inaccurate information using four machine learning algorithms: eXtreme-Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support vector machine (SVM), Emotional artificial neural network (EANN), and Random forest (RF) would be used to analyze the study collected data due to their robustness. Finally, the findings of the study will assist education stakeholders in understanding the future implications of ChatGPT usage in education and propose solutions and directions for upcoming studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title="machine learning">machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ChatGPT" title=" ChatGPT"> ChatGPT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning" title=" learning"> learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implications" title=" implications"> implications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174244/forecasting-the-future-implications-of-chatgpt-usage-in-education-based-on-ai-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174244.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> A Principal-Agent Model for Sharing Mechanism in Integrated Project Delivery Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shan%20Li">Shan Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiuwen%20Ma"> Qiuwen Ma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Integrated project delivery (IPD) is a project delivery method distinguished by a shared risk/rewards mechanism and multiparty agreement. IPD has drawn increasingly attention from construction industry because of its efficiency of solving adversarial problems and reliability to deliver high-performing buildings. However, some evidence showed that some project participants obtained less profit from IPD projects than the typical projects. They attributed it to the unfair IPD sharing mechanism, which resulted in additional time and cost of negotiation on the sharing fractions among project participants. The study is aimed to investigate the reward distribution by constructing a principal-agent model. Based on cooperative game theory, it is examined how to distribute the shared project rewards between client and non-client parties, and identify the sharing fractions among non-client parties. It is found that at least half of the project savings should be allocated to the non-client parties to motivate them to create more project value. Second, the client should raise his sharing fractions when the integration among project participants is efficient. In addition, the client should allocate higher sharing fractions to the non-client party who is more able. This study can help the IPD project participants make fair and motivated sharing mechanisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20game%20theory" title="cooperative game theory">cooperative game theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IPD" title=" IPD"> IPD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=principal%20agent%20model" title=" principal agent model"> principal agent model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sharing%20mechanism" title=" sharing mechanism"> sharing mechanism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92285/a-principal-agent-model-for-sharing-mechanism-in-integrated-project-delivery-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92285.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Consumer Welfare in the Platform Economy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prama%20Mukhopadhyay">Prama Mukhopadhyay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Starting from transport to food, today’s world platform economy and digital markets have taken over almost every sphere of consumers’ lives. Sellers and buyers are getting connected through platforms, which is acting as an intermediary. It has made consumer’s life easier in terms of time, price, choice and other factors. Having said that, there are several concerns regarding platforms. There are competition law concerns like unfair pricing, deep discounting by the platforms which affect the consumer welfare. Apart from that, the biggest problem is lack of transparency with respect to the business models, how it operates, price calculation, etc. In most of the cases, consumers are unaware of how their personal data are being used. In most of the cases, they are unaware of how algorithm uses their personal data to determine the price of the product or even to show the relevant products using their previous searches. Using personal or non-personal data without consumer’s consent is a huge legal concern. In addition to this, another major issue lies with the question of liability. If a dispute arises, who will be responsible? The seller or the platform? For example, if someone ordered food through a food delivery app and the food was bad, in this situation who will be liable: the restaurant or the food delivery platform? In this paper, the researcher tries to examine the legal concern related to platform economy from the consumer protection and consumer welfare perspectives. The paper analyses the cases from different jurisdictions and approach taken by the judiciaries. The author compares the existing legislation of EU, US and other Asian Countries and tries to highlight the best practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competition" title="competition">competition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumer" title=" consumer"> consumer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data" title=" data"> data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=platform" title=" platform"> platform</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126042/consumer-welfare-in-the-platform-economy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126042.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> Maximisation of Consumer Welfare in the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Competition Guidelines: The Malaysian Experience</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ida%20Madieha%20Abdul%20Ghani%20Azmi">Ida Madieha Abdul Ghani Azmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heng%20Gee%20Lim"> Heng Gee Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adlan%20Abdul%20Razak"> Adlan Abdul Razak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nasaruddin%20Abdul%20Rahman"> Nasaruddin Abdul Rahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of competition law is to maximise consumer welfare through the regulation of anti-competitive behaviour that results in the distortion of the market. Intellectual property law also seeks to enhance consumer welfare in the long run by encouraging the development of useful devices and processes. Nevertheless, in some circumstances, the IP owners behave in such a way that makes it difficult for rival companies to sell substitute products and technology in the market. Intellectual property owners may also reach a dominant position in the market such that they are able to dictate unfair terms and conditions on other market players. Among the two major categories of anti-competitive behavior is the use of horizontal and vertical agreement to constrain effective competition and abuse of dominant position. As a result, many countries have regulated the conduct of the IP owners that are considered as anti-competitive including the US, Canada, and Singapore. This paper visits the proposed IP Guidelines recently drafted by the Malaysian Competition Commission and investigates to what extent it resolves most of the anti-competitive behavior of the IP owners. The paper concludes by suggesting some of the rules that could be prescribed by the Competition Commission in order to maintain the relevancy of competition law as the main check against the abuse of rights by the intellectual property owners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abuse%20of%20dominant%20position" title="abuse of dominant position">abuse of dominant position</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumer%20welfare" title=" consumer welfare"> consumer welfare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intellectual%20property%20rights" title=" intellectual property rights"> intellectual property rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20and%20horizontal%20agreements" title=" vertical and horizontal agreements"> vertical and horizontal agreements</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88488/maximisation-of-consumer-welfare-in-the-enforcement-of-intellectual-property-rights-in-competition-guidelines-the-malaysian-experience" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88488.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Striking a Balance between Certainty and Flexibility: The Role of Ubuntu in South African Contract Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeukai%20Mupangavanhu">Yeukai Mupangavanhu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines the concept of ubuntu and the extent to which it can play a role in ensuring fairness and justice in contractual relationships. Courts are expected to balance sanctity of contract and fairness. Public policy is currently a mechanism which is used by courts when balancing the above two competing interests. It, however, generally favours the freedom and sanctity of contract. The question which is addressed in this paper is whether the concept of ubuntu is an alternative mechanism that may be used to mitigate the sometimes harsh and unfair consequences of the doctrine of freedom and sanctity of contract. A comparative study and case analysis is the methodology that is used in this article. Unfairness in contracts is generally related to the problem of inequality in bargaining power underscored by deeply entrenched social and economic inequalities that are a consequence of apartheid and patriarchy. The transformative nature of the constitution demands the inclusion of African legal ideas and values in the legal order. There is a need for the harmonisation of western ideals which are based on the classical model of law of contract with relevant African principles. In order to attain a transformative legal order that promotes a societal transformation and enhances the lives of everyone courts cannot continue to frown upon African values. Ubuntu has the potential of steering the law of contract in a more equitable direction. The substantive rules of contract law undoubtedly need to be infused with the notion of ubuntu. The reconciliation of Western and African values is at the heart of legal transformation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fairness" title="fairness">fairness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanctity%20of%20contract" title=" sanctity of contract"> sanctity of contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contractual%20justice" title=" contractual justice"> contractual justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformative%20constitutionalism" title=" transformative constitutionalism"> transformative constitutionalism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71490/striking-a-balance-between-certainty-and-flexibility-the-role-of-ubuntu-in-south-african-contract-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71490.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> Equal Right to Inherit: A South African Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rika%20van%20Zyl">Rika van Zyl</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> South Africa’s racial discrimination past has led to the drafting of the Constitution with the Bill of Rights for the people of South Africa. The Bill of Rights prohibits the state from unfairly discriminating directly or indirectly on certain grounds, one of which is race and another is gender. This has forced changes to the law of succession. The customary law rule of male primogeniture was abolished to ensure that women were not excluded from the intestate succession of the male head of the family in 2005. It was said that this rule cannot be reconciled with the notions of equality and human dignity contained in the Bill of Rights. The freedom of testation has further come under fire in South Africa, where it was found to be unfair discrimination and against public policy to exclude a specific gender (women) from inheriting in a private will. Although no one has the right to inherit in South Africa, any person with an interest can approach the court alleging that a right in the Bill of Rights has been infringed. A will that is found inconsistent with the South African Bill of Rights then cannot be enforced. Recent case law found that to leave out a specific gender (women) from a will, based entirely on the fact that they are of said specific gender, is in contravention of the Constitution and should, therefore, be declared invalid. It was said that the courts should take a transformative constitutional approach when equality rights are affected. Otherwise, the historical and insidious unequal distribution of wealth in South Africa will continue along the fault lines such as gender. This decision has opened the debate on the extent to which the state can interfere with the private autonomy of an individual who is deceased. Some of these arguments will be discussed, including the ambit of public policy in this regard. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equality" title="equality">equality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination" title=" discrimination"> discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=succession" title=" succession"> succession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20policy" title=" public policy"> public policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182199/equal-right-to-inherit-a-south-african-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">50</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> Building an Absurdist Approach to the Philosophy of Science: Combining Camus and Feyerabend</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20Herold">Robert Herold</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This project aims to begin building out a new approach within the philosophy of science that is based around a combination of insights from Albert Camus and Paul Feyerabend. This approach is one that will be labeled an absurdist approach as it uses, for its foundation, the philosophy of the absurd as discussed by Camus. While Camus didn’t directly discuss the philosophy of science, nor did he offer his own views on the subject in any substantial way, that doesn’t mean that his work doesn’t have applications within the philosophy of science. In fact, as is argued throughout the piece, much of the work done by Paul Feyerabend stems from a similar metaphysical and epistemological foundation as Camus. This foundation is the notion of the absurd and the inability of us as humans to reach some sort of objective truth. In modern times both Camus and Feyerabend have been largely pushed to the wayside, though Feyerabend has undoubtedly received the most unfair treatment of the two, and this is something that serves to act more as a hindrance than anything else. Much of the claims and arguments made by both Camus and Feyerabend have not been truly refuted and have simply been pushed aside by pointing to supposed contradictions or inconsistencies. However, while it would be a monumental task to attempt to discuss all of this past work, perhaps it might be better to move beyond both Camus and Feyerabend and chart a new path. This is the overall goal of this paper. This research will demonstrate that not only are the philosophies of Camus and Feyerabend surprisingly similar and able to mesh well together, they also are able to form into something that is truly more than the sum of its parts. While the task of actually building out an approach is a monumental undertaking, the plan is to use this project as a jumping-off point. As such, this paper will start by examining some of the main claims made by both Camus and Feyerabend. Once this is done, then begin weaving them together and demonstrating where the links between the philosophies of both are. Then this study will end by building out the very begging foundations of the absurdist approach to the philosophy of science. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=philosophy" title="philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=philosophy%20of%20science" title=" philosophy of science"> philosophy of science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=albert%20camus" title=" albert camus"> albert camus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paul%20feyerabend" title=" paul feyerabend"> paul feyerabend</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142863/building-an-absurdist-approach-to-the-philosophy-of-science-combining-camus-and-feyerabend" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142863.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">251</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Film Censorship and Female Chastity: Exploring State's Discourses and Patriarchal Values in Reconstructing Chinese Film Stardom of Tang Wei</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinchen%20Zhu">Xinchen Zhu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid fame of the renowned female film star Tang Wei has made her a typical subject (or object) entangled with sensitive issues involving the official ideology, sexuality, and patriarchal values of contemporary China. In 2008, Tang Wei’s official ban has triggered the wave of debates concerning state power and censorship, actor’s rights, sexual ethics, and feminism in the public sphere. Her ban implies that Chinese film censorship acts as a key factor in reconstructing Chinese film stardom. Following the ban, as sensational media texts are re-interpreting the official discourses, the texts also functioned as a crucial vehicle in reconstructing Tang's female image. Therefore, the case study of Tang's film stardom allows us to further explore how female stardom has been entangled with the issues involving official ideology, female sexual ethics, and patriarchal values in contemporary China. This paper argues that Chinese female film stars shoulder the responsibility of film acting which would conform to the official male-dominated values. However, with the development of the Internet, the state no longer remains an absolute control over the new venues. The netizens’ discussion about her ban reshaped Tang’s image as a victim and scapegoat under the unfair oppression of the official authority. Additionally, this paper argues that similar to State’s discourse, netizens’ discourse did not reject patriarchal values, and in turn emphasized Tang Wei’s female chastity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film%20censorship" title="film censorship">film censorship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20female%20film%20stardom" title=" Chinese female film stardom"> Chinese female film stardom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=party-state%E2%80%99s%20power" title=" party-state’s power"> party-state’s power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20discourses" title=" national discourses"> national discourses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tang%20Wei" title=" Tang Wei"> Tang Wei</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108422/film-censorship-and-female-chastity-exploring-states-discourses-and-patriarchal-values-in-reconstructing-chinese-film-stardom-of-tang-wei" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108422.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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