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<span>Efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydraulic_automatic_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydraulic_automatic_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hydraulic automatic transmission</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hydraulic_automatic_transmission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hydraulic automatic transmission subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hydraulic_automatic_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gearsets_and_shifting_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gearsets_and_shifting_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Gearsets and shifting mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gearsets_and_shifting_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydraulic_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydraulic_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Hydraulic controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydraulic_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torque_converter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torque_converter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Torque converter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torque_converter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1904–1939:_Predecessors_to_the_hydraulic_automatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1904–1939:_Predecessors_to_the_hydraulic_automatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>1904–1939: Predecessors to the hydraulic automatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1904–1939:_Predecessors_to_the_hydraulic_automatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1939–1964:_Early_hydraulic_automatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939–1964:_Early_hydraulic_automatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>1939–1964: Early hydraulic automatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939–1964:_Early_hydraulic_automatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1965–present:_increased_ratio_count_and_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965–present:_increased_ratio_count_and_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>1965–present: increased ratio count and electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965–present:_increased_ratio_count_and_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gear_selectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gear_selectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gear selectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gear_selectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-P–R–N–D–L_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#P–R–N–D–L_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>P–R–N–D–L positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-P–R–N–D–L_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_positions_and_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_positions_and_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Other positions and modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_positions_and_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manual_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manual_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Manual controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manual_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuously_variable_transmission_(CVT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuously_variable_transmission_(CVT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Continuously variable transmission (CVT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuously_variable_transmission_(CVT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual-clutch_transmission_(DCT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual-clutch_transmission_(DCT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dual-clutch transmission (DCT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual-clutch_transmission_(DCT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_manual_transmission_(AMT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_manual_transmission_(AMT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Automated manual transmission (AMT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_manual_transmission_(AMT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Automatic transmission</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outomatiese_ratkas" title="Outomatiese ratkas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Outomatiese ratkas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="ناقل حركة أوتوماتيكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناقل حركة أوتوماتيكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Аўтаматычная каробка перадач – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтаматычная каробка перадач" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissi%C3%B3_hidr%C3%A0ulica_autom%C3%A0tica" title="Transmissió hidràulica automàtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transmissió hidràulica automàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatgear" title="Automatgear – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Automatgear" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatikgetriebe" title="Automatikgetriebe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Automatikgetriebe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaatk%C3%A4igukast" title="Automaatkäigukast – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Automaatkäigukast" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisi%C3%B3n_autom%C3%A1tica" title="Transmisión automática – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transmisión automática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisio_automatiko" title="Transmisio automatiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Transmisio automatiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جعبه‌دنده خودکار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جعبه‌دنده خودکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%AEte_automatique" title="Boîte automatique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boîte automatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%EB%B3%80%EC%86%8D%EA%B8%B0" title="자동변속기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자동변속기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata_ingranilo" title="Automata ingranilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Automata ingranilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisi_otomatis" title="Transmisi otomatis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transmisi otomatis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambio_automatico" title="Cambio automatico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cambio automatico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatin%C4%97_pavar%C5%B3_d%C4%97%C5%BE%C4%97" title="Automatinė pavarų dėžė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Automatinė pavarų dėžė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghantaran_automatik" title="Penghantaran automatik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penghantaran automatik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatische_versnellingsbak" title="Automatische versnellingsbak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Automatische versnellingsbak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%81%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="オートマチックトランスミッション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オートマチックトランスミッション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatgir" title="Automatgir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Automatgir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtomatik_uzatmalar_qutisi" title="Avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatyczna_skrzynia_bieg%C3%B3w" title="Automatyczna skrzynia biegów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Automatyczna skrzynia biegów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mbio_autom%C3%A1tico" title="Câmbio automático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câmbio automático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutie_de_viteze_automat%C4%83" title="Cutie de viteze automată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cutie de viteze automată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Автоматическая коробка передач – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автоматическая коробка передач" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatick%C3%A1_prevodovka" title="Automatická prevodovka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Automatická prevodovka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaattivaihteisto" title="Automaattivaihteisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Automaattivaihteisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomatik_%C5%9Fanz%C4%B1man" title="Otomatik şanzıman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otomatik şanzıman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Автоматична трансмісія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автоматична трансмісія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of motor vehicle transmission that automatically changes gear ratio as the vehicle moves</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg/220px-Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg/330px-Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg/440px-Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway view of a 2007 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_A_transmission#AA80EValvetrain" title="Toyota A transmission">Toyota AA80E</a> hydraulic automatic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Escort_1.9_1992-autotrans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ford_Escort_1.9_1992-autotrans.jpg/220px-Ford_Escort_1.9_1992-autotrans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ford_Escort_1.9_1992-autotrans.jpg/330px-Ford_Escort_1.9_1992-autotrans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ford_Escort_1.9_1992-autotrans.jpg/440px-Ford_Escort_1.9_1992-autotrans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Typical gear selector for an automatic transmission</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>automatic transmission</b> (sometimes abbreviated <b>AT</b>) is a multi-speed <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a> used in motor vehicles that does not require any input from the driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions. Vehicles with <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>, unlike <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a>, require the engine to operate in a narrow range of rates of rotation, requiring a <a href="/wiki/Gearbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Gearbox">gearbox</a>, operated manually or automatically, to drive the wheels over a wide range of speeds. </p><p>The most common type of automatic transmission is the <a href="#Hydraulic_automatic_transmission">hydraulic automatic</a>, which uses a <a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">planetary (epicyclic) gearset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">hydraulic controls</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">torque converter</a>. Other types of automatic transmissions include <a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission" title="Continuously variable transmission">continuously variable transmissions</a> (CVT), <a href="/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission">automated manual transmissions</a> (AMT), and <a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">dual-clutch transmissions</a> (DCT). </p><p>The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first true automatic transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hearst_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Source 1 does not mention the Sturtevant transmission. Source 2 cites source 1. (March 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The first mass-produced automatic transmission is the General Motors <i><a href="/wiki/Hydramatic" title="Hydramatic">Hydramatic</a></i> four-speed hydraulic automatic, which was introduced in 1939. </p><p>Automatic transmissions are also found in some heavy commercial vehicles, particularly those which are subject to intense stop/start operation such as <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waste_collection_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste collection vehicle">waste collection vehicles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vehicles with internal combustion engines, unlike electric vehicles, require the engine to operate in a narrow range of rates of rotation, requiring a gearbox, operated manually or automatically, to drive the wheels over a wide range of speeds. </p><p>Globally, 43% of new cars produced in 2015 were manual transmissions, falling to 37% by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Statista_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statista-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automatic transmissions have long been prevalent in the United States, but only started to become common in Europe much later. In Europe in 1997, only 10–12% of cars had automatic transmissions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957 over 80% of new cars in the United States had automatic transmissions.<sup id="cite_ref-Statista_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statista-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automatic transmissions have been standard in large cars since at least 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2020 only 2.4% of new cars had manual transmissions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, automatic transmissions were less efficient, but lower fuel prices in the US made this less of a problem than in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, a majority of new cars have had automatic transmissions since 2020. Several manufacturers including Mercedes and Volvo no longer sell cars with manual transmissions. The growing prevalence of automatic transmissions is attributed to the increasing number of electric and hybrid cars, and the ease of integrating it with safety systems such as <a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">Autonomous Emergency Braking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The efficiency, power output as a percentage of input, of conventional automatic transmissions ranges from 86 to 94%. Manual transmissions are more fuel efficient than all but the newest automatic transmissions due to their inherently low parasitic losses, typically of about 4%, in addition to being cheaper to make, lighter, better performing, and of simpler mechanical design. However, manual transmissions have the disadvantage of requiring the driver to operate the <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutch</a> and change the gear whenever required. <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">Fuel economy</a> of course worsens with lower efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-NAP_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Real-world tests reported in 2022 found that in typical driving manual transmissions achieved 2 to 5% better fuel economy than automatics, increasing to 20% with an expert driver. Some laboratory tests show automatics in a better light due to the tests using a prescribed shifting pattern for manuals not always optimized for economy. However, on long highway journeys manual transmissions require maintaining a very specific cruising speed to optimise economy, making automatics preferable.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydraulic_automatic_transmission">Hydraulic automatic transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hydraulic automatic transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Automatic_transmission" title="Special:EditPage/Automatic transmission">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZF_Stufenautomatgetriebe_8HP70.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ZF_Stufenautomatgetriebe_8HP70.jpg/220px-ZF_Stufenautomatgetriebe_8HP70.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ZF_Stufenautomatgetriebe_8HP70.jpg/330px-ZF_Stufenautomatgetriebe_8HP70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ZF_Stufenautomatgetriebe_8HP70.jpg/440px-ZF_Stufenautomatgetriebe_8HP70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway view of a <a href="/wiki/ZF_8HP_transmission" title="ZF 8HP transmission">ZF 8HP transmission</a>: <a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">torque converter</a> on the left, planetary gearsets in the centre, control mechanisms at the bottom</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common design of automatic transmissions is the hydraulic automatic, which typically uses planetary gearsets that are operated using hydraulics.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transmission is connected to the engine via a torque converter (or a <a href="/wiki/Fluid_coupling" title="Fluid coupling">fluid coupling</a> prior to the 1960s), instead of the <a href="/wiki/Clutch#Friction_clutches" title="Clutch">friction clutch</a> used by most <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual transmissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-awnc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awnc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gearsets_and_shifting_mechanism">Gearsets and shifting mechanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gearsets and shifting mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hydraulic automatic transmission uses planetary gearsets instead of the manual transmission's design of gears lined up along input, output and intermediate shafts. To change gears, the hydraulic automatic uses a combination of internal clutches, friction bands or brake packs. These devices are used to lock certain gears, thus setting which gear ratio is in use at a given time.<sup id="cite_ref-ofria_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofria-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Sprag_clutch" title="Sprag clutch">sprag clutch</a> (a ratchet-like device which can <a href="/wiki/Freewheel" title="Freewheel">freewheel</a> and transmits torque in only one direction) is often used for routine gear shifts. The advantage of a sprag clutch is that it eliminates the sensitivity of timing a simultaneous clutch release/apply on two planetary gearsets, simply "taking up" the drivetrain load when actuated, and releasing automatically when the next gear's sprag clutch assumes the torque transfer. </p><p>The friction bands are often used for manually selected gears (such as low range or reverse) and operate on the planetary drum's circumference. Bands are not applied when the drive/overdrive range is selected, the torque being transmitted by the sprag clutches instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydraulic_controls">Hydraulic controls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hydraulic controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aforementioned friction bands and clutches are controlled using <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission_fluid" title="Automatic transmission fluid">automatic transmission fluid</a> (ATF), which is pressurized by a pump and then directed to the appropriate bands/clutches to obtain the required gear ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-awnc_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awnc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ofria_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofria-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ATF provides lubrication, corrosion prevention, and a hydraulic medium to transmit the power required to operate the transmission. Made from petroleum with various refinements and additives, ATF is one of the few parts of the automatic transmission that needs routine service as the vehicle ages. </p><p>The <i>main pump</i> which pressurises the ATF is typically a gear pump mounted between the torque converter and the planetary gear set. The input for the main pump is connected to the torque converter housing, which in turn is bolted to the engine's flexplate, so the pump provides pressure whenever the engine is running. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that there is no oil pressure to operate the transmission when the engine is not running, therefore it is not possible to <a href="/wiki/Push_start" title="Push start">push start</a> a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission with no rear pump (aside from several automatics built prior to 1970, which also included a rear pump for towing and push-starting purposes). The pressure of the ATF is regulated by a <i>governor</i> connected to the output shaft, which varies the pressure depending on the vehicle speed. </p><p>The <i>valve body</i> inside the transmission is responsible for directing hydraulic pressure to the appropriate bands and clutches. It receives pressurized fluid from the main pump and consists of several spring-loaded valves, check balls, and <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servo</a> pistons. In older automatic transmissions, the valves use the pump pressure and the pressure from a <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">centrifugal governor</a> on the output side (as well as other inputs, such as throttle position or the driver locking out the higher gears) to control which ratio is selected. As the vehicle and engine change speed, the difference between the pressures changes, causing different sets of valves to open and close. In more recent automatic transmissions, the valves are controlled by <a href="/wiki/Solenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Solenoids">solenoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ofria_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofria-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These solenoids are computer-controlled, with the gear selection decided by a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_unit" title="Transmission control unit">transmission control unit</a> (TCU) or sometimes this function is integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">engine control unit</a> (ECU). Modern designs have replaced the centrifugal governor with an electronic speed sensor that is used as an input to the TCU or ECU. Modern transmissions also factor in the amount of load on an engine at any given time, which is determined from either the <a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttle</a> position or the amount of intake manifold vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-ofria_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofria-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The multitude of parts, along with the complex design of the valve body, originally made hydraulic automatic transmissions much more expensive and time-consuming to build and repair than manual transmissions; however mass-production and developments over time have reduced this cost gap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Torque_converter">Torque converter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Torque converter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">Torque converter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque-converter-cutbox-model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Torque-converter-cutbox-model.jpg/220px-Torque-converter-cutbox-model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Torque-converter-cutbox-model.jpg/330px-Torque-converter-cutbox-model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Torque-converter-cutbox-model.jpg/440px-Torque-converter-cutbox-model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Torque converter – cutaway view</figcaption></figure> <p>To provide coupling and decoupling of the engine, a modern automatic transmission uses a torque converter instead of the <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">friction clutch</a> used in a manual transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-awnc_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awnc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tracy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Automatic_transmission" title="Talk:Automatic transmission">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1904–1939:_Predecessors_to_the_hydraulic_automatic"><span id="1904.E2.80.931939:_Predecessors_to_the_hydraulic_automatic"></span>1904–1939: Predecessors to the hydraulic automatic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1904–1939: Predecessors to the hydraulic automatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first automatic transmission for motor vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At higher engine speeds, high gear was engaged. As the vehicle slowed down and engine speed decreased, the gearbox would shift back to low. However, the transmission was prone to sudden failure, due to the transmission being unable to withstand forces from the abrupt gear changes. </p><p>The adoption of planetary gearsets was a significant advance towards the modern automatic transmission. One of the first transmissions to use this design was the manual transmission fitted to the 1901–1904 <a href="/wiki/Wilson-Pilcher" title="Wilson-Pilcher">Wilson-Pilcher</a> automobile.<sup id="cite_ref-Automotor_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automotor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transmission was built in the United Kingdom and used two epicyclic gears to provide four gear ratios. A foot clutch was used for standing starts, gear selection was using a hand lever, helical gears were used (to reduce noise) and the gears used a constant-mesh design. A planetary gearset was also used in the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>, which was fitted with a two-speed manual transmission (without helical gears). </p><p>An early patent for the automatic transmission was granted to Canadian inventor Alfred Horner Munro of Regina in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being a steam engineer, Munro designed his device to use <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">hydraulic fluid</a>, and so it lacked power and never found commercial application.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, a patent was approved in the United States describing the operation of a transmission where the manual shifting of gears and manual operation of a clutch was eliminated. This patent was submitted by Henry R. Hoffman from Chicago and was titled: <i>Automatic Gear Shift and Speed Control</i>. The patent described the workings of such a transmission as "...having a series of clutches disposed intermediate the engine shaft and the differential shaft and in which the clutches are arranged to selectively engage and drive the differential shaft dependent upon the speed at which the differential shaft rotates". However, it would be over a decade later until automatic transmissions were produced in significant quantities. In the meantime, several European and British manufacturers would use <a href="/wiki/Preselector_gearbox" title="Preselector gearbox">preselector gearboxes</a>, a form of manual transmission which removed the reliance on the driver's skill to achieve smooth gear shifts. </p><p>The first automatic transmission using hydraulic fluid was developed in 1932 by two Brazilian engineers, José Braz Araripe and Fernando Lehly Lemos.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hearst_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evolution towards mass-produced automatic transmissions continued with the 1933–1935 <a href="/wiki/REO_Motor_Car_Company" title="REO Motor Car Company">REO Motor Car Company</a> <i>Self-Shifter</i> semi-automatic transmission,<sup id="cite_ref-hagerty.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hagerty.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which automatically shifted between two forward gears in the "Forward" mode (or between two shorter gear ratios in the "Emergency low" mode). Driver involvement was still required during normal driving, since standing starts required the driver to use the clutch pedal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed in 1937 by the <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a> <i>Automatic Safety Transmission</i>. Similar in operation to the REO <i>Self-Shifter</i>, the <i>Automatic Safety Transmission</i> shifted automatically between the two gear ratios available in the "Low" and "High" ranges and the clutch pedal was required for standing starts. It used a planetary gearset.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chrysler <i><a href="/wiki/Fluid_Drive" title="Fluid Drive">Fluid Drive</a></i>, introduced in 1939, was an optional addition to manual transmissions where a fluid coupling (similar to a torque-convertor, but without the torque multiplication) was added, to avoid the need to operate a manual clutch.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1939–1964:_Early_hydraulic_automatics"><span id="1939.E2.80.931964:_Early_hydraulic_automatics"></span>1939–1964: Early hydraulic automatics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1939–1964: Early hydraulic automatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The General Motors <a href="/wiki/Hydra-Matic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydra-Matic">Hydra-Matic</a> became the first mass-produced automatic transmission following its introduction in 1939 (1940 model year). Available as an option in cars such as the <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Series_60#1939–1940" title="Oldsmobile Series 60">Oldsmobile Series 60</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Sixty_Special#1938–1941" title="Cadillac Sixty Special">Cadillac Sixty Special</a>, the Hydra-Matic combined a <a href="/wiki/Fluid_coupling" title="Fluid coupling">fluid coupling</a> with three <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulically controlled</a> planetary gearsets to produce four forward speeds plus reverse. The transmission was sensitive to engine throttle position and road speed, producing fully automatic up- and down-shifting that varied according to operating conditions. Features of the Hydra-Matic included a wide spread of ratios (allowing both good acceleration in first gear and cruising at low engine speed in top gear) and the fluid coupling handling only a portion of the engine's torque in the top two gears (increasing fuel economy in those gears, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Lock-up_clutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock-up clutch">lock-up</a> torque converter). Use of the Hydra-Matic spread to other General Motors brands and then to other manufacturers starting 1948 including <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Motor_Car_Company" title="Hudson Motor Car Company">Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Company" title="Lincoln Motor Company">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Motors" title="Kaiser Motors">Kaiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nash_Motors" title="Nash Motors">Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holden" title="Holden">Holden</a> (Australia), as well as <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars" title="Rolls-Royce Motor Cars">Rolls-Royce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a> licensing production in the UK and providing the transmission to <a href="/wiki/Jensen_Motors" title="Jensen Motors">Jensen Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley" title="Armstrong Siddeley">Armstrong Siddeley</a> and other UK manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II, the Hydra-Matic was used in some military vehicles. </p><p>The first automatic transmission to use a torque converter (instead of a fluid coupling) was the Buick <a href="/wiki/Dynaflow" title="Dynaflow">Dynaflow</a>, which was introduced for the 1948 model year. In normal driving, the Dynaflow used only the top gear, relying on the torque multiplication of the torque convertor at lower speeds. The Dynaflow was followed by the Packard <a href="/wiki/Ultramatic" title="Ultramatic">Ultramatic</a> in mid-1949 and the Chevrolet <a href="/wiki/Powerglide" title="Powerglide">Powerglide</a> for the 1950 model year. Each of these transmissions had only two forward speeds, relying on the converter for additional torque multiplication. In the early 1950s, <a href="/wiki/BorgWarner" title="BorgWarner">BorgWarner</a> developed a series of three-speed torque converter automatics for car manufacturers such as American Motors, Ford and Studebaker. <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> was late in developing its own true automatic, introducing the two-speed torque converter <a href="/wiki/PowerFlite" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerFlite">PowerFlite</a> in 1953, and the three-speed <a href="/wiki/TorqueFlite" title="TorqueFlite">TorqueFlite</a> in 1956. The latter was the first to utilize the Simpson compound planetary gearset. </p><p>In 1956, the General Motors Hydra-Matic (which still used a fluid coupling) was redesigned based around the use of two fluid couplings to provide smoother shifts. This transmission was called the <i>Controlled Coupling Hydra-Matic</i>, or "Jetaway" transmission. The original Hydra-Matic remained in production until the mid-1960s at GM, with the licensed Rolls-Royce Automatic transmission soldiering on until 1978 on the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Phantom_VI" title="Rolls-Royce Phantom VI">Rolls-Royce Phantom VI</a>. In 1964, General Motors released a new transmission, the <a href="/wiki/Turbo_Hydramatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo Hydramatic">Turbo Hydramatic</a>, a three-speed transmission which used a torque convertor. The Turbo Hydramatic was among the first to have the basic gear selections (<i>park</i>, <i>reverse</i>, <i>neutral</i>, <i>drive</i>, <i>low</i>) which became the standard gear selection used for several decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1965–present:_increased_ratio_count_and_electronics"><span id="1965.E2.80.93present:_increased_ratio_count_and_electronics"></span>1965–present: increased ratio count and electronics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1965–present: increased ratio count and electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1960s, most of the fluid-coupling two-speed and four-speed transmissions had disappeared in favor of three-speed units with torque converters. Also around this time, <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a> was removed from the automatic transmission fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s, automatic transmissions with four gear ratios became increasingly common,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many were equipped with lock-up torque convertors in order to improve fuel economy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a> began to be more commonly used to control the transmission, replacing mechanical control methods such as spring-loaded valves in the valve body. Most systems use <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoids</a> which are controlled by either the <a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">engine control unit</a>, or a separate <a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_unit" title="Transmission control unit">transmission control unit</a>. This allows for more precise control of shift points, shift quality, lower shift times and manual control. </p><p>The first five-speed automatic was the <a href="/wiki/ZF_5HP_transmission" title="ZF 5HP transmission">ZF 5HP18 transmission</a>, debuting in 1991 on various <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> models. The first six-speed automatic was the <a href="/wiki/ZF_6HP26_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="ZF 6HP26 transmission">ZF 6HP26 transmission</a>, which debuted in the 2002 <a href="/wiki/BMW_7_Series_(E65)" title="BMW 7 Series (E65)">BMW 7 Series (E65)</a>. The first seven-speed automatic was the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_7G-Tronic_transmission" title="Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission">Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission</a>, which debuted a year later. In 2007, the first eight-speed transmission to reach production was the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_A_transmission#AA80E" title="Toyota A transmission">Toyota AA80E transmission</a>. The first nine-speed and ten-speed transmissions were the 2013 <a href="/wiki/ZF_9HP_transmission" title="ZF 9HP transmission">ZF 9HP transmission</a> and 2017 <i>Toyota Direct Shift-10A</i> (used in the <a href="/wiki/Lexus_LC" title="Lexus LC">Lexus LC</a>) respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gear_selectors">Gear selectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gear selectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gear_stick#Automatic_transmission" title="Gear stick">Gear stick § Automatic transmission</a></div> <p>The gear selector is the input by which the driver selects the operating mode of an automatic transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally the gear selector is located between the two front seats or on the steering column, however electronic rotary dials and push-buttons have also been occasionally used since the 1980s, as well as push buttons having been used in the 1950s and 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Rambler_(automobile)" title="Rambler (automobile)">Rambler (automobile)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edsel" title="Edsel">Edsel</a>, and most famously, by <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>. A few automobiles employed a lever on the instrument panel, such as the 1955 Chrysler Corporation cars, and notably, the Corvair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="P–R–N–D–L_positions"><span id="P.E2.80.93R.E2.80.93N.E2.80.93D.E2.80.93L_positions"></span>P–R–N–D–L positions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: P–R–N–D–L positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most cars use a "P–R–N–D–L" layout for the gear selector, which consists of the following positions:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Park</b> (<i>P</i>): This position disengages the transmission from the engine (as with the <i>neutral</i> position), and a <a href="/wiki/Parking_pawl" title="Parking pawl">parking pawl</a> mechanically locks the output shaft of the transmission. This prevents the driven wheels from rotating to prevent the vehicle from moving. The use of the <a href="/wiki/Hand_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand brake">hand brake</a> (<i>parking brake</i>) is also recommended when parking on slopes, since this provides greater protection from the vehicle moving. The <i>park</i> position is omitted on buses/coaches/tractors, which must instead be placed in <i>neutral</i> with the air-operated parking brakes set. Some early passenger car automatics, such as the pre-1960 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> cars and the <a href="/wiki/Corvair_Powerglide" title="Corvair Powerglide">Corvair Powerglide</a>, did not have the <i>park</i> feature at all. These cars were started in <i>neutral</i> and required the driver to apply a parking brake when parked. The original <a href="/wiki/Hydra-Matic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydra-Matic">Hydra-Matic</a> from GM instead engaged a parking pawl when placed in <i>reverse</i> with the engine off, thus dispensing with a <i>park</i> position until the adoption of the Controlled Coupling Hydra-Matic in 1956.<br />The <i>park</i> position usually includes a lockout function (such as a button on the side of the gear selector or requiring that the brake pedal be pressed) which prevents the transmission from being accidentally shifted from <i>park</i> into other gear selector positions. Many cars also prevent the engine from being started when the selector is in any position other than <i>park</i> or <i>neutral</i> (often in combination with requiring the brake pedal to be pressed).</li> <li><b>Reverse</b> (<i>R</i>): This position engages <i>reverse</i> gear, so that the vehicle drives in a backwards direction.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also operates the reversing lights and on some vehicles can activate other functions including <a href="/wiki/Parking_sensor" title="Parking sensor">parking sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backup_camera" title="Backup camera">backup cameras</a> and reversing beepers (to warn pedestrians).<br />Some modern transmissions have a mechanism that will prevent shifting into the <i>reverse</i> position when the vehicle is moving forward, often using a switch on the brake pedal or electronic transmission controls that monitor the vehicle speed.</li> <li><b>Neutral</b> (<i>N</i>): This position disengages the transmission from the engine, allowing the vehicle to move regardless of the engine's speed. Prolonged movement of the vehicle in <i>neutral</i> with the engine off at significant speeds ("coasting") can damage some automatic transmissions, since the lubrication pump is often powered by the input side of the transmission and is therefore not running when the transmission is in <i>neutral</i>. The vehicle may be started in <i>neutral</i> as well as <i>park</i>.</li> <li><b>Drive</b> (<i>D</i>): This position is the normal mode for driving forwards. It allows the transmission to engage the full range of available forward gear ratios.</li> <li><b>Low</b> (<i>L</i>): This position provides for engine braking on steep hills. It also provides for a lower gear ratio for starting out when heavily loaded.</li></ul> <p>Some automatic transmissions, especially by <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> from 1940 to 1964, used a layout with <i>reverse</i> as the bottom position (e.g. N–D–L–R or P–N–D–L–R).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_positions_and_modes">Other positions and modes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other positions and modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aero_Star_MP37F_Allison_Shift_selector_and_Parking_brake_lever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Aero_Star_MP37F_Allison_Shift_selector_and_Parking_brake_lever.jpg/220px-Aero_Star_MP37F_Allison_Shift_selector_and_Parking_brake_lever.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Aero_Star_MP37F_Allison_Shift_selector_and_Parking_brake_lever.jpg/330px-Aero_Star_MP37F_Allison_Shift_selector_and_Parking_brake_lever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Aero_Star_MP37F_Allison_Shift_selector_and_Parking_brake_lever.jpg/440px-Aero_Star_MP37F_Allison_Shift_selector_and_Parking_brake_lever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Push-button gear selector in a 2010–2014 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Aero_Star" title="Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Star">Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Star</a> bus</figcaption></figure> <p>Many transmissions also include positions to restrict the gear selection to the lower gears and engages the <a href="/wiki/Engine_braking" title="Engine braking">engine brake</a>. These positions are often labelled "L" (low gear), "S" (second gear) or the number of the highest gear used in that position (eg 3, 2 or 1). If these positions are engaged at a time when it would result in excessive engine speed, many modern transmissions disregard the selector position and remain in the higher gear. </p><p>In descending order of the highest gear available: </p> <ul><li><b>3</b>: Restricts the transmission to the lowest three gear ratios. In a 4-speed automatic transmission, this is often used to prevent the car shifting into the <a href="/wiki/Overdrive_(mechanics)" title="Overdrive (mechanics)">overdrive</a> ratio. In some cars,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2020)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> the position labelled "D" performs this function, while another position labelled "OD" or a boxed "[D]" allows all gears to be used.</li> <li><b>2</b> (also labelled "S"): Restricts the transmission to the lowest two gear ratios. In some cars, it is also used to accelerate from standstill in 2nd gear instead of 1st, for situations of reduced traction (such as snow or gravel). This function is sometimes called "winter mode", labelled "W".</li> <li><b>1</b> (also labelled "L"): Restricts the transmission to 1st gear only, also known as a "low gear". This is useful when a large torque is required at the wheels (for example, when accelerating up a steep incline); however use at higher speeds can run the engine at an excessive speed, risking overheating or damage.</li></ul> <p>Many modern transmissions include modes to adjust the shift logic to prefer either <a href="/wiki/Engine_power" title="Engine power">power</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a>. "Sport" (also called "Power" or "Performance") modes cause gear shifts to occur at higher engine speeds, allowing higher acceleration. "Economy" (also called "Eco" or "Comfort") modes cause gear shifts to occur at lower engine speeds to reduce fuel consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manual_controls">Manual controls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Manual controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manumatic" title="Manumatic">Manumatic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paddle_Shifter_-_2013_BMW_X5_xdrive_35i_(9709131265).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paddle_Shifter_-_2013_BMW_X5_xdrive_35i_%289709131265%29.jpg/220px-Paddle_Shifter_-_2013_BMW_X5_xdrive_35i_%289709131265%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paddle_Shifter_-_2013_BMW_X5_xdrive_35i_%289709131265%29.jpg/330px-Paddle_Shifter_-_2013_BMW_X5_xdrive_35i_%289709131265%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paddle_Shifter_-_2013_BMW_X5_xdrive_35i_%289709131265%29.jpg/440px-Paddle_Shifter_-_2013_BMW_X5_xdrive_35i_%289709131265%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Paddle shifter (labelled "+") in a 2013 <a href="/wiki/BMW_X5" title="BMW X5">BMW X5</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1990s, systems to manually request a specific gear or an upshift/downshift have become more common. These <i>manumatic</i> transmissions offer the driver greater control over the gear selection that the traditional modes to restrict the transmission to the lower gears. </p><p>Use of the manumatic functions are typically achieved either via paddles located beside the steering column, or "+" and "-" controls on the gear selector. Some cars offer drivers both methods to request a manual gear selection. </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuously_variable_transmission_(CVT)"><span id="Continuously_variable_transmission_.28CVT.29"></span>Continuously variable transmission (CVT)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Continuously variable transmission (CVT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission" title="Continuously variable transmission">Continuously variable transmission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GearBoxRotRotVar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/GearBoxRotRotVar.gif" decoding="async" width="161" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Operating principle for a pulley-based CVT</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>continuously variable transmission</i> (CVT) can change seamlessly through a continuous (infinite) range of gear ratios, compared with other automatic transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant angular velocity while the vehicle moves at varying speeds. </p><p>CVTs are used in <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Side-by-side_(vehicle)" title="Side-by-side (vehicle)">UTVs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor scooter">motor scooters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Earthmoving_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthmoving equipment">earthmoving equipment</a>. </p><p>The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a <a href="/wiki/Belt_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt drive">belt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">chain</a>, however, several other designs have also been used. </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dual-clutch_transmission_(DCT)"><span id="Dual-clutch_transmission_.28DCT.29"></span>Dual-clutch transmission (DCT)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dual-clutch transmission (DCT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">Dual-clutch transmission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dual-clutch_transmission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dual-clutch_transmission.svg/220px-Dual-clutch_transmission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dual-clutch_transmission.svg/330px-Dual-clutch_transmission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dual-clutch_transmission.svg/440px-Dual-clutch_transmission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a DCT</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>dual-clutch transmission</i> (DCT, sometimes referred to as a <i>twin-clutch transmission</i>, or <i>double-clutch transmission</i>) uses two separate <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutches</a> for odd and even <a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">gear sets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMS_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design is often similar to two separate <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual transmissions</a> with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit.<sup id="cite_ref-AEI_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEI-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PorschePDK_Glossary_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PorschePDK_Glossary-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears. </p><p>The first DCT to reach production was the <i>Easidrive</i> automatic transmission introduced on the 1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Hillman_Minx" title="Hillman Minx">Hillman Minx</a></i> mid-size car. This was followed by various eastern European tractors through the 1970s (using manual operation via a single clutch pedal), then the <i><a href="/wiki/Porsche_962" title="Porsche 962">Porsche 962 C</a></i> racing car in 1985. The first DCT of the modern era was used in the 2003 <i>Volkswagen Golf R32</i>. Since the late 2000s, DCTs have become increasingly widespread, and have supplanted hydraulic automatic transmissions in various models of cars. </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automated_manual_transmission_(AMT)"><span id="Automated_manual_transmission_.28AMT.29"></span>Automated manual transmission (AMT)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Automated manual transmission (AMT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission">Automated manual transmission</a></div> <p><i>Automated manual transmission (AMT)</i>, sometimes referred to as a <i>clutchless manual</i>, is a type of multi-speed <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission system</a> that is closely based on the mechanical design of a conventional <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual transmission</a>, and automates either the clutch system, the gear shifting, or both simultaneously, requiring partial, or no driver input or involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-NAP_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier versions of these transmissions that are <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">semi-automatic</a> in operation, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Autostick#Volkswagen_Autostick" title="Autostick">Autostick</a></i>, control only the <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutch</a> system <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automatically</a> — and use different forms of actuation (usually via an <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuator</a> or <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servo</a>) to automate the clutch, but still require the driver's input and full control to manually actuate gear changes by hand. Modern versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Selespeed" title="Selespeed">Selespeed</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Easytronic" title="Easytronic">Easytronic</a></i>, require no driver input over gear changes or clutch operation. Semi-automatic versions require only partial driver input (i.e., the driver must change gears manually), while fully automatic versions require no manual driver input, whatsoever (<a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_unit" title="Transmission control unit">TCU</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_control_unit" title="Electronic control unit">ECU</a> operates both the clutch system and gear shifts automatically). </p><p>Modern automated manual transmissions (AMT) have their roots and origins in older <a href="/wiki/Clutchless_manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Clutchless manual">clutchless manual</a> transmissions that began to appear on mass-production automobiles in the early 1930s and 1940s, prior to the introduction of hydraulic automatic transmissions. These systems were designed to reduce the amount of clutch or gear shifter usage required by the driver.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These devices were intended to reduce the difficulty of operating conventional <a href="/wiki/Non-synchronous_transmission" title="Non-synchronous transmission">unsynchronised manual transmissions</a> ("crash gearboxes") that were commonly used at the time, especially in stop-start driving. An early example of this transmission was introduced with the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Commodore" title="Hudson Commodore">Hudson Commodore</a> in 1942, called <i>Drive-Master</i>. This unit was an early <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">semi-automatic transmission</a>, based on the design of a conventional manual transmission, which used a <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servo</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>-operated clutch system, with three different gear shifting modes, at the touch of a button; manual shifting and manual clutch operation (fully manual), manual shifting with automated clutch operation (semi-automatic), and automatic shifting with automatic clutch operation (fully automatic).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early example of this transmission system was introduced in the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a>, which used a 4-speed <i>BVH</i> transmission. This semi-automatic transmission used an automated clutch, which was <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_actuator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic actuator">actuated using hydraulics</a>. Gear selection also used <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">hydraulics</a>, however, the gear ratio needs to be manually selected by the driver. This system was nicknamed <i>Citro-Matic</i> in the U.S. </p><p>The first modern AMTs were introduced by <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a> in 1997, with their <i>SMG</i> and <i>F1</i> transmissions, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both systems used <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_actuator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic actuator">hydraulic actuators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solenoid_valve" title="Solenoid valve">electrical solenoids</a>, and a designated <a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_unit" title="Transmission control unit">transmission control unit</a> (TCU) for the clutch and shifting, plus steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters, if the driver wanted to change gear manually. </p><p>Modern fully automatic AMTs, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Selespeed" title="Selespeed">Selespeed</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Easytronic" title="Easytronic">Easytronic</a></i>, have now been largely superseded and replaced by the increasingly widespread <a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">dual-clutch transmission</a> design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanical_device)#Automotive_basics" title="Transmission (mechanical device)">Automotive transmissions</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">Manual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_manual_transmission" title="Sequential manual transmission">Sequential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-synchronous_transmission" title="Non-synchronous transmission">Non-synchronous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preselector_gearbox" title="Preselector gearbox">Preselector</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">Semi-automatic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manumatic" title="Manumatic">Manumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">Dual-clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission" title="Continuously variable transmission">Continuously variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission">Automated manual</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive transmissions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automobile_transmissions" title="Category:Automobile transmissions">Category:Automobile transmissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automatic_transmission_tradenames" title="Category:Automatic transmission tradenames">Category:Automatic transmission tradenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_by_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Park by wire">Park by wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_by_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift by wire">Shift by wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">Torque converter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autorepairsanantonio.com/40-automatic-transmission-history">"Automatic Transmissions- A Brief History"</a>. <i>AutoServiceExperts</i>. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418231514/https://www.autorepairsanantonio.com/40-automatic-transmission-history">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AutoServiceExperts&rft.atitle=Automatic+Transmissions-+A+Brief+History&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autorepairsanantonio.com%2F40-automatic-transmission-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+transmission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hearst-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hearst_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hearst_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearst_Autos_Research2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Hearst Autos Research (13 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caranddriver.com/research/a31884931/what-is-an-automatic-car/">"What is an Automatic Car?"</a>. <i>Car and Driver</i>. <a rel="nofollow" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fte-automotive.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Valeo_Getriebe_EN_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fte-automotive.com&rft.atitle=Transmission+Actuation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fte-automotive.com%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FValeo_Getriebe_EN_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+transmission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repairsmith.com/i/blog/manual-vs-automatic-transmission-shift-know-about/">"Manual vs Automatic Transmission: A Shift to Know About | RepairSmith Blog"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1941-1947-hudson3.htm">the original</a> on 2020-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1942+Hudson+%26%23124%3B+HowStuffWorks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauto.howstuffworks.com%2F1941-1947-hudson3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+transmission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudsonterraplane.com/tech/other/DrivemasterServiceInformation.pdf">"Hudson Drive-Master Service Information"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hudson+Drive-Master+Service+Information&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Hudson+Motor+Car+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhudsonterraplane.com%2Ftech%2Fother%2FDrivemasterServiceInformation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+transmission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023002530/https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1950-hudson-commodore.htm">"1950 Hudson Commodore | HowStuffWorks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1950-hudson-commodore.htm">the original</a> on 2020-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1950+Hudson+Commodore+%26%23124%3B+HowStuffWorks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauto.howstuffworks.com%2F1950-hudson-commodore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+transmission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.ferrari.com/en/cars/2020/04/24/news/the-ferrari-automated-gearbox-from-f1-to-ferrari-roma-79244/">"Gearing Up"</a>. <i>magazine.ferrari.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=magazine.ferrari.com&rft.atitle=Gearing+Up&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.ferrari.com%2Fen%2Fcars%2F2020%2F04%2F24%2Fnews%2Fthe-ferrari-automated-gearbox-from-f1-to-ferrari-roma-79244%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+transmission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europe.autonews.com/article/19970804/ANE/708040768/ferrari-launches-f1-style-gearbox-on-f355">"FERRARI LAUNCHES F1-STYLE GEARBOX ON F355"</a>. <i>Automotive News Europe</i>. August 4, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automotive+News+Europe&rft.atitle=FERRARI+LAUNCHES+F1-STYLE+GEARBOX+ON+F355&rft.date=1997-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurope.autonews.com%2Farticle%2F19970804%2FANE%2F708040768%2Fferrari-launches-f1-style-gearbox-on-f355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+transmission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europe.autonews.com/article/19970609/ANE/706090799/magneti-marelli-transmission-from-f1">"MAGNETI MARELLI: TRANSMISSION FROM F1"</a>. <i>Automotive News Europe</i>. June 9, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automotive+News+Europe&rft.atitle=MAGNETI+MARELLI%3A+TRANSMISSION+FROM+F1&rft.date=1997-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurope.autonews.com%2Farticle%2F19970609%2FANE%2F706090799%2Fmagneti-marelli-transmission-from-f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomatic+transmission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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