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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wallachian_and_Slavic_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wallachian_and_Slavic_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wallachian and Slavic settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wallachian_and_Slavic_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Kievan_Rus'_to_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Kievan_Rus'_to_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>From Kievan 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1917–1924</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917–1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Soviet Era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soviet_Era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Soviet Era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moldavian_Autonomous_Republic_in_Soviet_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldavian_Autonomous_Republic_in_Soviet_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Moldavian Autonomous Republic in Soviet Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldavian_Autonomous_Republic_in_Soviet_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldavian_SSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldavian_SSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Moldavian SSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldavian_SSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Dissolution of the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_Transnistria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_Transnistria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>War of Transnistria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_Transnistria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_deadlock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_deadlock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The deadlock</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_deadlock-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The deadlock subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_deadlock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Aftermath of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997_Moscow_memorandum_on_the_"common_state"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997_Moscow_memorandum_on_the_"common_state""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1997 Moscow memorandum on the "common state"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997_Moscow_memorandum_on_the_"common_state"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kozak_Memorandum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kozak_Memorandum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>The Kozak Memorandum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kozak_Memorandum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>2004 crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine-sponsored_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine-sponsored_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Ukraine-sponsored talks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sponsored_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5+2_negotiation_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5+2_negotiation_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>5+2 negotiation format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5+2_negotiation_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Transnistria" title="Historia de Transnistria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Transnistria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Transnistrie" title="Histoire de la Transnistrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Transnistrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Transnistria" title="Storia della Transnistria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Transnistria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Transn%C3%ADstria" title="História da Transnístria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Transnístria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Transnistriei" title="Istoria Transnistriei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Transnistriei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="История Приднестровья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Приднестровья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistrien_Historia" title="Transnistrien Historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transnistrien Historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F" title="Історія 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Transnistria%22">"History of Transnistria"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Transnistria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Transnistria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Transnistria%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Transnistria%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Transnistria%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transnistrie-Region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Transnistrie-Region.jpg" decoding="async" width="342" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Changes of frontier in Transnistria: blue-Romania until 1940; orange: actual Transnistria; yellow: fascist Transnistria during WWII; red line: Moldavia 1991; orange line: communist MASSR</figcaption></figure> <p>This is the <b><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></b>, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), an <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">unrecognised breakaway state</a> that is internationally recognised as part of <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>. Transnistria controls most of the narrow strip of land between the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> river and the <a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Moldova–Ukraine border">Moldovan–Ukrainian border</a>, as well as some land on the other side of the river's bank. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_1792">Before 1792</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Before 1792"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria_to_1792" title="History of Transnistria to 1792">History of Transnistria to 1792</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>, the area was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> tribes. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> names the <a href="/wiki/Tyragetae" title="Tyragetae">Tyragetae</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> tribe living on an island of the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> (ancient name "Tyras"), the Axiacae living along the Tiligul River (ancient "Axiaces") and the Crobyzi, a Thracian tribe living beyond the Dniester.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the mouth of the river, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> founded around 600 BC a colony named <a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a>, which was located outside present-day Transnistria. It fell under the dominion of native kings whose names appear on its coins, and it was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> about 50 BC. </p><p>In 56 AD Tyras had been restored by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> and henceforth formed part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Moesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Moesia">Lower Moesia</a>, which also included <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> (part of Romania) and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. Romans settled colonists in Tyras and maintained some legionaries in the area (even in <a href="/wiki/Olbia,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia, Ukraine">Olbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) until the 4th century. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Mommsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Mommsen">Theodore Mommsen</a> wrote that "Moldavia and the south half of Bessarabia as well as the whole of Wallachia were incorporated in the Roman Empire". </p><p>All these facts confirm the creation of defensive earth dykes (called <i>Trajan Walls</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) from the Prut river to the Tyras area, in order to defend these new territories of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Furthermore, Mommsen wrote, "Bessarabia is intersected by a double barrier-line which, running from the Pruth to the Dniester, ends at Tyra and appears to proceeds from the Romans". </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Walls, which, three metres in height and two meters in thickness, with broad outer fosse and many remains of forts, stretch in two almost parallel lines... from the Pruth to the Dniester... may be also Roman.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the Late Roman period, the extent of control and military occupation over territory north of the Danube in actual Bessarabia remains controversial. One Roman fort (<i><a href="/wiki/Pietroasele" title="Pietroasele">Pietroasa de Jos</a></i>), well beyond the Danubian Limes and near actual <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, would seem to have been occupied in the 4th century AD, as were bridge-head forts (<a href="/wiki/Sucidava" title="Sucidava">Sucidava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbo%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barboşi">Barboşi</a>, and the unlocated Constantiniana Daphne) along the left bank of the river. In this Roman fort, built by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>, researchers have found even a <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a> building in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 4th century the Goths conquered <a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a> on the coast, but the final destruction of those merchant cities happened with the <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> invasions one century later. The area of Transnistria was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, who, in the 4th century, were divided into the "Tervingi" and "Greuthungi" tribes, (traditionally identified with the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>), the border between them being on the Dniester river.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wallachian_and_Slavic_settlement">Wallachian and Slavic settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wallachian and Slavic settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transnistria was an early crossroads of people and cultures, including the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>, who reached it in the 6th century. Some East Slavic tribes (<a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulichs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tivertsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivertsy">Tivertsy</a>) may have lived in it, but they were pushed further north by <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> nomads such as <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 10th century, the "Volohove" (<a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>, i.e. Romanians) are mentioned in the area in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>. Indeed, some academics believe that on the coast between the Dniester and Danube rivers there was a romance speaking community until 1050 AD, that was destroyed by the Pechenegs<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Kievan_Rus'_to_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"><span id="From_Kievan_Rus.27_to_the_Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"></span>From Kievan Rus' to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From Kievan Rus' to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Moldova" title="Poles in Moldova">Poles in Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Transnistria" title="Poles in Transnistria">Poles in Transnistria</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_brac%C5%82awskie_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_brac%C5%82awskie_map.svg/220px-RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_brac%C5%82awskie_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_brac%C5%82awskie_map.svg/330px-RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_brac%C5%82awskie_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_brac%C5%82awskie_map.svg/440px-RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_brac%C5%82awskie_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Map illustrating the location of <a href="/wiki/Brac%C5%82aw_Voivodeship" title="Bracław Voivodeship">Bracław Voivodeship</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_Carte_de_Pologne_von_Rizzi-Zannoni_1667.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fragment_Carte_de_Pologne_von_Rizzi-Zannoni_1667.jpg/220px-Fragment_Carte_de_Pologne_von_Rizzi-Zannoni_1667.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fragment_Carte_de_Pologne_von_Rizzi-Zannoni_1667.jpg/330px-Fragment_Carte_de_Pologne_von_Rizzi-Zannoni_1667.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fragment_Carte_de_Pologne_von_Rizzi-Zannoni_1667.jpg/440px-Fragment_Carte_de_Pologne_von_Rizzi-Zannoni_1667.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Map from 1772 CE illustrating settlements along the border between <a href="/wiki/Brac%C5%82aw_Voivodeship" title="Bracław Voivodeship">Bracław Voivodeship</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Transnistria was inhabited mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> and wars against them may have brought the territory under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> at times around the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a formal part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> in the 15th century. While most of today's <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> came into the Ottoman orbit at this time, much of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> remained a part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition of Poland</a> in 1793 as part of <a href="/wiki/Bratslav_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Bratslav Voivodeship">Bratslav Voivodeship</a>, save for short periods of <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> in 1648-1672 as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bratslav_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bratslav Regiment (page does not exist)">Bratslav Regiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1672-1684 as <a href="/wiki/Podolia_Eyalet" title="Podolia Eyalet">Podolia Eyalet</a>. </p><p>On the coast the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Byzantines</a> built a fortress in the area of the destroyed Tyras and named it Asprocastron ("White Castle" – a meaning kept in several languages, like in actual Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Bilhorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilhorod">Bilhorod</a>). In the 14th century the city was controlled and renovated by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, that established there a call and a counter trade until the Ottoman conquest. A small part of the population of this city escaped the Turkish invasion founding up north a small village<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that later become the actual city of <a href="/wiki/Tyraspol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyraspol">Tyraspol</a>, now capital of Transnistria. </p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> conquered the southern portion of Transnistria south of the Iagorlîc/Jagorlyk river, which was included in 1504 in the region of <a href="/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</a> and was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> until 1792. The northern part (North of the Iagorlîc river) remained under the control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as part of the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> (part of the Polish Kingdom until 1793). The border between the two states was set on a brook known in Moldavian chronicles as <i>Iahurlîc</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Polish source as <i>Jahorlik</i> or <i>Jahorłyk</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (today <i><a href="/wiki/Iagorl%C3%AEc" class="mw-redirect" title="Iagorlîc">Iagorlîc</a></i>, in Transnistria). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> started from its nucleus in <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and soon reached <a href="/wiki/Prut_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Prut River">Prut</a> and by the end of the 14th century the Dnister, which was set as their easternmost border.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there were some Moldavian military incursions beyond the Dniester in the 15th century, the earliest written evidence of Moldavian settlement beyond the Dnister dates from the 16th century: a 1541 letter written by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> to Polish <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> says that some of his Moldavian subjects plundered <a href="/wiki/Tighina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tighina">Tighina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkerman">Akkerman</a> and then retreated and settled in the Polish territory.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Era">Modern Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the territory beyond the Dniester was never politically part of Moldavia, some areas of today's Transnistria were owned by Moldavian boyars, being given by the Moldavian rulers. The earliest surviving deeds referring to lands beyond the Dnister date from the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moldavian chronicle <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Ureche" title="Grigore Ureche">Grigore Ureche</a> mentions that in 1584, some Moldavian villages from beyond the Dnister in the Polish territory were attacked and plundered by Cossacks.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Moldovans were members of Cossacks units, two of them, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pidkova" title="Ivan Pidkova">Ivan Pidkova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danylo_Apostol" title="Danylo Apostol">Danylo Apostol</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">hetmans</a> of Ukraine. </p><p>Along with a nomadic Nogai Tatar population, the area was populated by <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>. In 1927, Columbia University Professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Upson_Clark" title="Charles Upson Clark">Charles Upson Clark</a>, wrote that the lower Dniester was "an almost purely Romanian stream" with Romanian villages form <a href="/wiki/Mohyliv-Podilskyi" title="Mohyliv-Podilskyi">Mohyliv-Podilskyi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ovidiopol" title="Ovidiopol">Ovidiopol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transnistia-ethnic_map.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Transnistia-ethnic_map.JPG/220px-Transnistia-ethnic_map.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Transnistia-ethnic_map.JPG/330px-Transnistia-ethnic_map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Transnistia-ethnic_map.JPG/440px-Transnistia-ethnic_map.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the presence of Vlachs/Romanians (blue color) even east of the Bug river and up to the Dnieper river in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1792, the southern part of Transnistria was ceded by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Russian Empire</a> whereas northern part (north of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iagorl%C3%AEc_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iagorlîc (river) (page does not exist)">Iagorlîc River</a>) was annexed in 1793 in <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition of Poland</a>. At that time, the population was sparse and the Russian Empire encouraged large migrations into the region, including people of Ukrainian, Romanian, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poles_in_the_Russian_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poles in the Russian Empire (page does not exist)">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic German">German</a> ethnicity. </p><p>Russia began attempting to lure Romanian settlers (mostly from Moldavia, but also from <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a>) to settle in its territory in 1775, after it gained the largely uninhabited territory between the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and the Bug.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the colonization was to be in a larger scale after 1792/3, to Transnistria and beyond, when the Russian government declared that the region of steppes without population<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> was to become a new principality named "New Moldavia", under Russian suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, the colonization had reached in the previous century the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> area (then known as <a href="/wiki/New_Serbia_(historical_province)" title="New Serbia (historical province)">New Serbia</a>) and in 1712 even the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don river</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a> leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plots of tax-exempt land were distributed amongst Moldavian peasants, while 56 Moldavian boyars (belonging to famous families like <a href="/wiki/Rosetti_family" title="Rosetti family">Rosetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantacuzino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantacuzino">Cantacuzino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catargiu" title="Catargiu">Catargiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sturdza" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturdza">Sturdza</a>) received large estates which they helped colonize. Dozens of new villages were founded during this colonization stage, which lasted until 1812, when Russia annexed Bessarabia and Transnistria ceased to be a borderland.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1890s there were the following fully Moldovan villages in the Bug river area: Iasca, Gradinita, Sevartaica, Belcauca (in the direction of Ovideopol), Malaiesti, Floarea, Tei, Cosarca, Buturul, Perperita, Goiana, Siclia, Corotna, Cioburceni, Speia, Caragaciu, Taslic, Dorotcaia, Voznisevsca (on the Bug), Moldovca si Cantacuzinovca. Indeed, in 1893 according to official data there were 532,416 Romanians in <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>, 11,813 – in Ecaterinoslav, and 4,015 in Tauridia (<a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>). But the real data were estimated up to more than one million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1917–1924"><span id="1917.E2.80.931924"></span>1917–1924</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1917–1924"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, representatives of the Romanian speakers beyond the Dniester (who numbered 173,982 in the 1897 census) participated in the <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabian national movement</a> in 1917/1918, asking for the incorporation of their territory in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>. Nevertheless, Romania ignored their request, as it would have required a large-scale military intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of Ukraine">Directory of Ukraine</a> proclaimed the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> over the left bank of the Dniester. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> in 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> was created. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_Era">Soviet Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soviet Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_MASSR_1924.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Romania_MASSR_1924.png/220px-Romania_MASSR_1924.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Romania_MASSR_1924.png/330px-Romania_MASSR_1924.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Romania_MASSR_1924.png/440px-Romania_MASSR_1924.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Moldavian ASSR (in orange) and Romania, 1924–1940</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldavian_Autonomous_Republic_in_Soviet_Ukraine">Moldavian Autonomous Republic in Soviet Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Moldavian Autonomous Republic in Soviet Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a></div> <p>The geopolitical concept of an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> Transnistrian region was born in 1924, when Bessarabian military leader <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Kotovski" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigore Kotovski">Grigore Kotovski</a> proposed the founding under the auspices of Moscow of the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian Autonomous Oblast">Moldavian Autonomous Oblast</a> that months later became the Moldavian ASSR of Ukrainian SSR. </p><p>In 1927 there was a massive uprising of peasants and factory workers in Tiraspol and other cities (<a href="/wiki/Mohyliv-Podilskyi" title="Mohyliv-Podilskyi">Mohyliv-Podilskyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a>) of southern Ukrainian SSR against Soviet authorities. Troops from Moscow were sent to the region and suppressed the unrest, causing around 4,000 deaths, according to <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> correspondents sent to report about the insurrection, which was at the time completely denied by the Kremlin official press.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1920s and 1930s, thousands of Romanian Transnistrians fled to Romania, the government of which set up a special Fund for their housing and education. A 1935 estimate puts the number of refugees to 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MASSR had a mixed <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> (46%) and <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovan</a> (32%) population, which was estimated at 545,500. Its area was 8,677 km<sup>2</sup> and included 11 <i><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a></i> on the left bank of Dniester. </p><p>Under Stalinist rule, populations who were not Ukrainian, Russian, or Romanian were pressured to <a href="/wiki/Russify" class="mw-redirect" title="Russify">Russify</a>, and their numbers would decline further. After a brief initial period of liberalization and freedom, groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Poles in the Soviet Union">Poles in the Soviet Union</a> were subject to harassment, <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">dispersal</a> and mass terror. This trend increased in the late 1930s, as a result of the 1937-8 <a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation of the NKVD</a> as well as the ceasing of educational instruction in the Moldavian ASSR for all non-Romanians populations in their native languages which was replaced by Ukrainian and Russian. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harta_etnica_rassm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Harta_etnica_rassm.jpg/220px-Harta_etnica_rassm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Harta_etnica_rassm.jpg/330px-Harta_etnica_rassm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Harta_etnica_rassm.jpg/440px-Harta_etnica_rassm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3477" data-file-height="5403" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic composition of MASSR, 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 1926 Soviet census, the Republic had a population of 572,339,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic<br />group </th> <th colspan="2">census 1926 </th> <th colspan="2">1936 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td align="right">277,515 </td> <td align="right">48.5% </td> <td align="right">265,193 </td> <td align="right">45.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a> </td> <td align="right">172,419 </td> <td align="right">30.1% </td> <td align="right">184,046 </td> <td align="right">31.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td align="right">48,868 </td> <td align="right">8.5% </td> <td align="right">56,592 </td> <td align="right">9.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> </td> <td align="right">48,564 </td> <td align="right">8.5% </td> <td align="right">45,620 </td> <td align="right">7.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> </td> <td align="right">10,739 </td> <td align="right">1.9% </td> <td align="right">12,711 </td> <td align="right">2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> </td> <td align="right">6,026 </td> <td align="right">1.1% </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> </td> <td align="right">4,853 </td> <td align="right">0.8% </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> </td> <td align="right">918 </td> <td align="right">0.2% </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> </td> <td align="right">137 </td> <td align="right">0.0% </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="right">2,300 </td> <td align="right">0.4% </td> <td align="right">13,526 </td> <td align="right">2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Total</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>572,339</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>582,138</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the creation of ethnic-based autonomous polities was a general policy of the Soviets at that time, with the creation of the Moldavian ASSR, the Soviet Union also hoped to bolster its claim to Bessarabia. Soviet authorities declared the "temporarily occupied city of <a href="/wiki/Kishinev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishinev">Kishinev</a>" as <i>de jure</i> capital of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union">ASSR</a>. At that time, the population of Moldavian ASSR was 48% Ukrainian, 30% Romanian/Moldavian, 9% Russian, and 8.5% Jewish. In 1940, 6 of the 14 districts of MASSR were included in the new created <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a>, together with a part of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>. </p><p>According to the Soviet census of 1926, in the districts of Camenca, Rîbniţa, Dubăsari, Grigoriopol, Tiraspol and Slobozia, a territory roughly similar with today's Transnistria, there were 44,11% Moldavians (Romanians), 27,18% Ukrainians, 13,69% Russians, 8,21% Jews, 3,01% Germans etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria (World War II)">Transnistria (World War II)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transnistria_WW2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Transnistria_WW2.svg/220px-Transnistria_WW2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="542" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Transnistria_WW2.svg/330px-Transnistria_WW2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Transnistria_WW2.svg/440px-Transnistria_WW2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> controlled (August 19, 1941 – January 29, 1944) the whole "Transnistrian" region between Dniester, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> rivers and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast. The region was divided into 13 <a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">județe</a> (counties).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Moldavian SSR, which was set up by a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the USSR">Supreme Soviet of the USSR</a> on 2 August 1940, was formed from a part of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> taken from Romania on June 28, following the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop pact</a>, where the majority of the population were Romanian speakers, and a strip of land on the left bank of the Dniester in the Ukrainian SSR, which was transferred to it in 1940 (the strip being roughly equivalent to the territory of today's Transnistria). </p><p>In 1941, after <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis forces</a> invaded Bessarabia in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Second World War</a>, they advanced over the Dniester river. Romania controlled the entire region between Dniester and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> rivers, including the city of <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, as <i>Transnistria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territory — called <i>Governatorate of Transnistria</i> — with an area of 44,000 km2 and a population of 1.2 million inhabitants was divided into 13 counties: Ananiev, Balta, Berzovca, Dubasari, Golta, Jugastru, Movilau, Oceacov, Odessa, Ovidiopol, Ribnita, Tiraspol and Tulcin. There were in this enlarged Transnistria nearly 200,000 Romanian-speaking residents. </p><p>The Romanian administration of "Transnistria" attempted to stabilise the situation in the area under Romanian control. It was implemented a process of <a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, it opened all churches, previously closed down by the Soviets. In 1942–1943, 2,200 primary schools were organized in the region, including 1,677 Ukrainian, 311 Romanian, 150 Russian, 70 German and 6 Bulgarian. 117 middle and high schools were opened, including 65 middle schools, 29 technical high schools, and 23 academic high schools. Theaters were opened in Odessa and Tiraspol, as well as several museums, libraries, and cinemas throughout the region. On 7 December 1941, the "University of Odessa" was reopened with 6 faculties – medicine, polytechnical, law, sciences, languages and agricultural engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romanians/Moldavians in Ukraine east of the Bug river were calculated by a German census to be nearly 800,000 (probably an excessive number), and were made plans to move them to Transnistria in 1942/43: but nothing was done. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A far more likely figure was that given by Romanian daily in March, 1943. It reported that, as of the summer of 1942, 23,000 Moldavian families had been located in Soviet territory east of the Bug (under German occupation). A group of these had been made to make records of their folk music "in order to preserve proof of the permanence of the Romanian element in the distant East" (Universul, March 15, 1943).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Probably there were only about 100,000 Romanians/Moldavians in the German-occupied Ukraine – called <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a> – and nearly all of them "disappeared" (because killed, escaped to Romania or deported to Siberia/Caucasus by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>), when the Soviets reconquered the area in early 1944. </p><p>Furthermore, by March 1943 a total of 185,000 Jews had been murdered under the Romanian and German occupation. This figure includes Romanian and Ukrainian Jews deported from Romania and Bessarabia, but also local Jews who were hunted down by the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> killing squads. </p><p>The Soviet Union regained the area in spring 1944, when the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet Army</a> advanced into the territory driving out the Axis forces. Many thousands of Romanians/Vlachs of Transnistria were killed in those months or deported to <a href="/wiki/Gulags" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulags">gulags</a> in the following years<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldavian_SSR">Moldavian SSR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Moldavian SSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a></div> <p>The Moldavian SSR became the subject of a systematic policy of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> was made the official script for <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldavian</a>. It had an official status in the republic, together with Russian, which was the language of "interethnic communication". </p><p>Most industry that was built in the Moldavian SSR was concentrated in Transnistria, while the rest of Moldavia had a predominantly agricultural economy. In 1990, Transnistria accounted for 40% of Moldavia's GDP and 90% of its electricity production.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 14th Soviet army had been based there since 1956 and was kept there after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to safeguard what is probably the biggest weapons stockpile and ammunition depot in Europe, which was set up in Soviet times for possible operations on the Southeastern Theater in the event of <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a>. Russia was negotiating with the Republic of Moldova, Transnistria and Ukraine for transit rights to be able to evacuate the military materiel back to Russia. In 1994, the 14th Army headquarters were moved from Moldovan capital <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> to Tiraspol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s policy of <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> allowed the political liberalisation at the regional level in 1980s. The incomplete democratisation was preliminary for the exclusivist nationalism to become the most dynamic political force. Some national minorities opposed these changes in the Moldavian political class of the republic, since during Soviet times, local politics had often been dominated by non-Romanians, particularly by those of Russian origin. The language laws — introducing the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> alphabet for written Moldavian and requiring proficiency in the <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldavian language</a> (essentially—some would say exactly—the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a>) for public servants— presented a particularly volatile issue as a great proportion of the non-Romanian population of the Moldavian SSR did not speak Moldavian. The problem of official languages in the Republic of Moldova has become a <a href="/wiki/Gordian_knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordian knot">Gordian knot</a>, being exaggerated and, perhaps, intentionally politicized. This displeasure with the new policies was manifested in a more visible way in Transnistria, where urban centers such as Tiraspol, had a Slavic majority. The scenes of protests against the central government of the republic were more acute here. </p><p>According to the census in 1989, the population in Transnistria was 39.9% Moldavian, 28.3% Ukrainian, 25.4% Russian, 1.9% Bulgarian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_Transnistria">War of Transnistria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War of Transnistria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Transnistria">War of Transnistria</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiraspol_bridge_infantry_vehicles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tiraspol_bridge_infantry_vehicles.jpg/220px-Tiraspol_bridge_infantry_vehicles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tiraspol_bridge_infantry_vehicles.jpg/330px-Tiraspol_bridge_infantry_vehicles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tiraspol_bridge_infantry_vehicles.jpg/440px-Tiraspol_bridge_infantry_vehicles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Infantry vehicles on the disputed bridge between <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was unilaterally proclaimed as a Soviet Republic separate from Moldova by the "Second Congress of the Peoples' Representatives of Pridnestrovie". However, on 22 December, the Soviet President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> signed a decree "regarding the measures that would bring the situation back to normal in the Moldavian SSR". The decision stated that the proclamation of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR was null and void. On 25 August 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet" title="Supreme Soviet">Supreme Council</a> of the PMSSR adopted the declaration of independence of the republic. On 27 August 1991, the Moldovan Parliament adopted the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova, whose territory included Transnistria. The Moldovan Parliament asked the Government of the Soviet Union "to begin negotiations with the Moldovan Government in order to put an end to the illegal occupation of the Republic of Moldova and withdraw Soviet troops from Moldovan territory". </p><p>Moldovan forces entered Dubăsari in order to separate Transnistria into two halves, but were stopped by the city's inhabitants, who had blocked the bridge over the Dniester, at Lunga. In an attempt to break through the roadblock, Moldovan forces then opened fire.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the course of the confrontation, three Dubăsari locals, Oleg Geletiuk, Vladimir Gotkas and Valerie Mitsuls, were killed by the Moldovan forces and sixteen people wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second Moldovan attempt to cross the Lunga bridge took place on 13 December 1991. As a result of the fighting, 27 PMR troops were taken prisoner and four Moldovan troops (Ghenadie Iablocikin, Gheorghe Cașu, Valentin Mereniuk and Mihai Arnăut) were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without Moldova being able to cross the bridge. After this second failed attempt, there was a lull in military activity until 2 March 1992. </p><p>After Moldova became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> on 2 March 1992, Moldovan President <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Snegur" title="Mircea Snegur">Mircea Snegur</a> (president from 1990 to 1996) authorized concerted military action against PMR forces which had been attacking police outposts loyal to the Moldovan government on the left bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> (Nistru), and on a smaller section of the right bank around the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Tighina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tighina">Tighina</a> (Bender/Bendery). The PMR forces, aided by contingents of Russian <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and the Russian 14th Army, consolidated their control over most of the disputed area. </p><p>Forces of the 14th Army (which had owed allegiance to the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> in turn) stationed in Transnistria, had fought with and on behalf of the PMR side. PMR units were able to arm themselves with weapons taken from the stores of the former 14th Army. The Russian 14th Army's role in the area was crucial to the outcome of the war. The Moldovan army was in a position of inferiority which prevented it from regaining control of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>. A cease-fire agreement was signed on 21 July <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_deadlock">The deadlock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The deadlock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Transnistria_relations" title="Moldova–Transnistria relations">Moldova–Transnistria relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_the_war">Aftermath of the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a></div> <p>Despite the ceasefire agreement, Russia had continued to provide military, political and economic support to the PMR, thus enabling it not only to survive but to strengthen itself and acquire a certain amount of autonomy from Moldova. General <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lebed" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Lebed">Aleksandr Lebed</a>, the commander of the Russian Operational Group (the former Russian 14th Army) since June 1992, who acted as a Transnistrian politician, said many times that his army was able to reach <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> in two hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the security zone controlled by the Russian military forces, the Transnistrian government continued to deploy its troops and to manufacture and sell weapons in breach of the agreement of 21 July 1992.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (April 2010)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> In February 2003, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> imposed visa restrictions against the Transnistrian leadership. </p><p>Although only 2,600 troops of the Russian 14th Army remain in the operational group, their presence has been used by Russia as an instrument of influence over the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The agreement to withdraw all Russian forces was signed in 1994, but while the number of troops decreased, an immense stockpile of ammunition and equipment remained. The arsenal of the former 14th Army consists of 49,476 firearms, 805 artillery guns, 4,000 cars, and 655 units of various military equipment, which is enough to arm four rifle divisions.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_CFA"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Transnistria#endnote_CFA">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>The OSCE is trying to facilitate a negotiated settlement and has had an observer mission in place for several years. The Russian army was still stationed in Moldovan territory in breach of the undertakings to withdraw them completely given by Russia at the OSCE summits in 1999 and 2001.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997_Moscow_memorandum_on_the_"common_state""><span id="1997_Moscow_memorandum_on_the_.22common_state.22"></span>1997 Moscow memorandum on the "common state"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1997 Moscow memorandum on the "common state""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 May 1997 – with the mediation of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> Mission in Moldova – the Moldovan President <a href="/wiki/Petru_Lucinschi" title="Petru Lucinschi">Petru Lucinschi</a> and the Transniestrian President Igor Smirnov, signed, in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, the "Memorandum on the principles of normalizations of the relations between the Republic of Moldova and Transdniestria" also known as the <a href="/wiki/1997_Moscow_memorandum" title="1997 Moscow memorandum">1997 Moscow memorandum</a> or the Primakov memorandum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In compliance with the final clause of the memorandum, the relations between the Republic of Moldova and Transdniestria shall be developed within the framework of a common state, within the borders of Soviet Moldova.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Russian Federation and Ukraine stated their readiness to become guarantors of the Transdnestrian status observance, as well as of the Memorandum's provisions. Chişinău and Tiraspol have decided to sustain the establishment of legal and state relations: the mutual decision coordination, inclusively regarding prerogatives, delimitation and delegation, the safeguard of mutual security, and Transnistrian participation in the process of accomplishment of the foreign policy of the Republic of Moldova.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the same time, Transdniestria gained the right, subject to mutual agreement, to independently establish and maintain international connections in such fields as economy, science, technologies and culture. The Memorandum provisions had widely diverging legal and political interpretations in Chişinău and Tiraspol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kozak_Memorandum">The Kozak Memorandum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Kozak Memorandum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transnistria_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Transnistria_Parliament.jpg/220px-Transnistria_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Transnistria_Parliament.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>The Parliament (and flag) of Transnistria</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 2002, OSCE, Russian, and Ukrainian mediators approved a document setting forth a blueprint for reuniting Moldova under a federal system. However, the fundamental disagreements over the division of powers remained, which rendered the settlement elusive. </p><p>In mid-November 2003, Russia unexpectedly provided a much more detailed memorandum proposing a united <i>asymmetric</i> federal Moldavian state with an attached key proposal to locate a Russian military base on Moldavian soil for the next 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First published in Russian on the website of Transnistria's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the text was promoted by a Russian politician <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kozak" title="Dmitry Kozak">Dmitry Kozak</a>, known to be a close ally of President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and one of the key figures in his presidential team. The memorandum presented an end to the previous Moscow policy, which assumed that the region would have equal status in federation with the rest of the country. </p><p>It was proposed that the competences of government of the federal Moldova would be divided into three categories: those of the federation, those of individual subjects and those of joint competences. The plan presented several issues risking to cause blockage in policy-making. A lower house, elected by proportional representation, would pass legislation by simple majority. All laws would also need the assent of the senate, however, whose representation would be highly disproportionate with respect to population figures: 13 senators elected by the federal lower house, nine by Transnistria and four by <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a>. According to the 1989 census, Transnistria had 14% and Gagauzia 3.5% of Moldova's total population. By this plan, Transnistria would be an outright blocking minority. </p><p>Large demonstrations against the Kozak memorandum took place in Chişinău in the days following the publication of the Russian proposal. Moldova's leadership declined to sign memorandum without the coordination with the European organizations. A visit by President Putin to Moldova was cancelled. Later in 2005, President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin" title="Vladimir Voronin">Vladimir Voronin</a> made a statement rejecting the 2003 Kozak memorandum because of contradiction with the Moldovan constitution which defines Moldova as a neutral state and could not allow any foreign troops on its soil, while the country cannot join military alliances. Moldova and the Kozak memorandum was a key issue at the OSCE ministerial meeting in <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> in December 2003, and disagreement between Russia on the one hand, and the EU and the US on the other on Moldova, was one of the principal reasons why a final joint declaration was not adopted after the meeting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_crisis">2004 crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2004 crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian-language_schools_in_Transnistria" title="Romanian-language schools in Transnistria">Romanian-language schools in Transnistria</a></div> <p>In the summer of 2004, a crisis erupted over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Romanian-language_schools_in_Transnistria" title="Romanian-language schools in Transnistria">Romanian-language schools in Transnistria</a>. It led to a breakdown in negotiations and economic retaliations by both sides. The issue was resolved by compromise: The PMR government gave the schools autonomy and the schools formalized their registration with the PMR Ministry of Education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine-sponsored_talks">Ukraine-sponsored talks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ukraine-sponsored talks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2005, the Ukrainian government of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a> proposed a seven-point plan by which the separation of Transnistria and Moldova would be settled through a negotiated settlement and free elections. Under the plan, Transnistria would remain an autonomous region of Moldova. The United States, the EU and the PMR itself expressed some level of agreement with the project. </p><p>In July, Ukraine opened five new customs posts on the PMR-Ukraine border. The posts, staffed by both Moldovan and Ukrainian officials, are intended to reduce the hitherto high incidence of smuggling between the breakaway state and its neighbors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5+2_negotiation_format"><span id="5.2B2_negotiation_format"></span>5+2 negotiation format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 5+2 negotiation format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/5%2B2_format" title="5+2 format">5+2 format</a></div> <p>Beginning in 2005, multilateral talks were held on the subject of Transnistria. The 5+2 in the name refer to Moldova, Transnistria, Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> and Russia, plus the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as external observers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The talks proved to be a failure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They restarted in February 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Vienna.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Tiraspol has raised the restoration of its ability to export Transnistrian goods without supervision by Moldova as a precondition. At present, Chisinau allows companies in Transnistria to export goods subject to customs formalities in Chisinau, charging only a token fee for doing so. This procedure was introduced under EU influence, in order to ensure the transparency of commercial operations. At the same time, Tiraspol has openly declared that it will negotiate with Moldova only in order to "normalise" bilateral relations and not to reintegrate Transnistria with Moldova. The tactic employed by Tiraspol (and Russia, which supports it) is to make a mere formal concession (agreement to enter formal negotiations) in exchange for extracting a real concession from Moldova (granting Transnistria the right to conduct foreign economic relations).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In April 2011 Russia agreed theoretically to create an autonomous region of Transnistria inside the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a>, but there were many other problems to be solved in the talks.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of the Crimea by Russia</a> in March 2014, the head of the Transnistrian parliament <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_Transnistria" title="Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria">asked to join Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 26, 2022, authorities from the Transnistria region said two transmitting antennas broadcasting Russian radio programs at <a href="/wiki/Grigoriopol_transmitter" title="Grigoriopol transmitter">Grigoriopol transmitter</a> broadcasting facility near the town of <a href="/wiki/Maiac" title="Maiac">Maiac</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grigoriopol_District" title="Grigoriopol District">Grigoriopol District</a> near the Ukrainian border <a href="/wiki/2022_Transnistria_attacks" title="2022 Transnistria attacks">had been blown up</a> and the previous evening, the premises of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Transnistria)" title="Ministry of State Security (Transnistria)">Transnistrian state security service</a> had been attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observers feared targeted provocations to give Russia an excuse to intervene in Moldova. The Russian army has a military base and a large ammunition dump in the region. Russia has about 1,500 soldiers stationed in breakaway Transnistria. They are supposed to serve there as peacekeepers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i>The Natural History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+4.26">Chapter 26. Scythia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928233031/http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/tfiles//142p161.pdf">"Romans in Tyras and Olbia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/tfiles//142p161.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Prut Internaţional, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dallin, Alexander. <i>Odessa, 1941–1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule.</i>Chapter 2. Note # 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasu" class="citation web cs1">Casu, Igor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/377403">"Igor Cașu, Stalinist Terror in Soviet Moldavia, 1940-1953"</a>. <i>Academia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=Igor+Ca%C8%99u%2C+Stalinist+Terror+in+Soviet+Moldavia%2C+1940-1953&rft.aulast=Casu&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F377403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackinlay and Cross, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrecu2005" class="citation book cs1">Grecu, Vlad (2005). <i>O viziune din focarul conflictlui de la Dubăsari</i>. Prut International. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9975-69-741-0" title="Special:BookSources/9975-69-741-0"><bdi>9975-69-741-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+viziune+din+focarul+conflictlui+de+la+Dub%C4%83sari&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Prut+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9975-69-741-0&rft.aulast=Grecu&rft.aufirst=Vlad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newdaynews.ru/pmr/90227.html">"Dubossary marked anniversary of the first Dniester engagement"</a>. <i>New Day News</i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Day+News&rft.atitle=Dubossary+marked+anniversary+of+the+first+Dniester+engagement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewdaynews.ru%2Fpmr%2F90227.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrecu2005" class="citation book cs1">Grecu, Vlad (2005). <i>O viziune din focarul conflictlui de la Dubăsari</i>. Prut International. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9975-69-741-0" title="Special:BookSources/9975-69-741-0"><bdi>9975-69-741-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+viziune+din+focarul+conflictlui+de+la+Dub%C4%83sari&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Prut+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9975-69-741-0&rft.aulast=Grecu&rft.aufirst=Vlad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319155017/http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/politics/28.html?id_issue=11413920">"Interfax > Politics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/politics/28.html?id_issue=11413920">the original</a> on 2007-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interfax+%3E+Politics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.ru%2Fe%2FB%2Fpolitics%2F28.html%3Fid_issue%3D11413920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tu-dresden.de/die_tu_dresden/zentrale_einrichtungen/zis/newseceu/outcomes/papers_folder/PolSec_20EU%20and%20Transnistria.pdf">"Transnistria talks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transnistria+talks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftu-dresden.de%2Fdie_tu_dresden%2Fzentrale_einrichtungen%2Fzis%2Fnewseceu%2Foutcomes%2Fpapers_folder%2FPolSec_20EU%2520and%2520Transnistria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612204553/http://www.intelligencequarterly.com/2011/06/german-initiatives-favor-russia-on-transnistria-talks/">"German Initiatives Favor Russia On Transnistria Talks – Intelligence Quarterly"</a>. 8 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intelligencequarterly.com/2011/06/german-initiatives-favor-russia-on-transnistria-talks/">the original</a> on 12 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Initiatives+Favor+Russia+On+Transnistria+Talks+%E2%80%93+Intelligence+Quarterly&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelligencequarterly.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fgerman-initiatives-favor-russia-on-transnistria-talks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624034202/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2011-03-02/transnistria-presents-conditions-renewing-negotiations-chisinau">"Talk conditions of Transnistria on March 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2011-03-02/transnistria-presents-conditions-renewing-negotiations-chisinau">the original</a> on 2012-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talk+conditions+of+Transnistria+on+March+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osw.waw.pl%2Fen%2Fpublikacje%2Feastweek%2F2011-03-02%2Ftransnistria-presents-conditions-renewing-negotiations-chisinau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814151612/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2011-04-06/russia-s-superficial-concession-transnistria">"Centre for Eastern Studies (April 2011)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2011-04-06/russia-s-superficial-concession-transnistria">the original</a> on 2011-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+for+Eastern+Studies+%28April+2011%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osw.waw.pl%2Fen%2Fpublikacje%2Feastweek%2F2011-04-06%2Frussia-s-superficial-concession-transnistria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/politics/52743.html">"Transnistria wants to merge with Russia"</a>. Vestnik Kavkaza<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transnistria+wants+to+merge+with+Russia&rft.pub=Vestnik+Kavkaza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvestnikkavkaza.net%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F52743.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26627236">"Moldova's Trans-Dniester region pleads to join Russia"</a>. Bbc.com. 1 January 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moldova%27s+Trans-Dniester+region+pleads+to+join+Russia&rft.pub=Bbc.com&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-26627236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.itar-tass.com/world/724121">"Dniester public organizations ask Russia to consider possibility of Transnistria accession"</a>. En.itar-tass.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dniester+public+organizations+ask+Russia+to+consider+possibility+of+Transnistria+accession&rft.pub=En.itar-tass.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.itar-tass.com%2Fworld%2F724121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtagesschau.de" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">tagesschau.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/europa/transnistrien-expolsionen-101.html">"Moldauische Konfliktregion Transnistrien meldet Explosionen"</a>. <i>tagesschau.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tagesschau.de&rft.atitle=Moldauische+Konfliktregion+Transnistrien+meldet+Explosionen&rft.au=tagesschau.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Fausland%2Feuropa%2Ftransnistrien-expolsionen-101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Transnistria">War of Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Transnistria">Disputed status of Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistrian_border_customs_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistrian border customs issues">Transnistrian border customs issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Transnistria" title="Crime in Transnistria">Crime in Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition of Transnistria">International recognition of Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Applebaum1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a> (October 1994). <i>Between East and West: Across the Borderlands of Europe</i>. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-42150-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-42150-5"><bdi>0-679-42150-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+East+and+West%3A+Across+the+Borderlands+of+Europe&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1994-10&rft.isbn=0-679-42150-5&rft.au=Anne+Applebaum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span> <i>see Chapter 4</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlina_Mungiu-Pippidi,_Ivan_Krastev2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alina_Mungiu-Pippidi" title="Alina Mungiu-Pippidi">Alina Mungiu-Pippidi</a>, Ivan Krastev (January 2004). <i>Nationalism After Communism: Lessons Learned</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-76-8" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-76-8"><bdi>963-9241-76-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+After+Communism%3A+Lessons+Learned&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=963-9241-76-8&rft.au=Alina+Mungiu-Pippidi%2C+Ivan+Krastev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurel_V._Sava1942" class="citation book cs1">Aurel V. Sava (1942). <i>Documente moldoveneşti privitoare la românii de peste Nistru (1574–1829)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documente+moldovene%C5%9Fti+privitoare+la+rom%C3%A2nii+de+peste+Nistru+%281574%E2%80%931829%29&rft.date=1942&rft.au=Aurel+V.+Sava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Transnistria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dallin, Alexander. <i>Odessa, 1941–1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule</i>. Iasi-Oxford-Portland: Center for Romanian Studies. Oxford, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-98391-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/973-98391-1-8">973-98391-1-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Nistor" title="Ion Nistor">Ion Nistor</a>, <i>Vechimea aşezărilor româneşti dincolo de Nistru</i>, București: Monitorul Oficial şi Imprimeriile Statului, Imprimeria Naţională, 1939</li> <li>John Mackinlay and Peter Cross (editors), <i>Regional Peacekeepers: The Paradox of Russian Peacekeeping</i>, United Nations University Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-808-1079-0" title="Special:BookSources/92-808-1079-0">92-808-1079-0</a></li> <li>Charles King, <i>The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture</i>, Hoover Institution Press, 2000</li> <li>Dareg Zabarah <i>Nation- and Statehood in Moldova: Ideological and political dynamics since the 1980s</i>, Harrasowitz Verlag (Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen No: 53), 2011</li> <li>Casu, Igor. <i>Dusmanul de clasa. Represiuni politice, violenta si rezistenta in R(A)SS Moldoveneasca, 1924-1956</i>. Chisinau: CARTIER, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9975-79-828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9975-79-828-0">978-9975-79-828-0</a>, chapters 1-3 (on Great Terror available in Romanian and Russian at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usm-md.academia.edu/IgorCasu">Igor Casu | State University of Moldova - Academia.edu</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Transnistria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pridnestrovie.net/taxonomy/term/36">Pridnestrovie.net history section</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103035501/http://pridnestrovie.net/taxonomy/term/36">Archived</a> 2007-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Official Transnistrian site)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vspmr.org/?Part=5&Lang=Eng">History of creation and development of the Parliament of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827075042/http://www.taosplaza.com/Europe/video-transnistria-little-known-secret-state.html">Video of Transnistria</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Transnistria_topics" title="Template:Transnistria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transnistria_topics" title="Template talk:Transnistria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transnistria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transnistria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transnistria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria_before_1792" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Transnistria before 1792">Before 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian ASSR">Moldavian ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Control_Commission" title="Joint Control Commission">Joint Control Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Moscow_memorandum" title="1997 Moscow memorandum">1997 Moscow memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozak_memorandum" title="Kozak memorandum">Kozak memorandum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transnistria#Geography" title="Transnistria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places in Transnistria">Localities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Transnistria" title="Politics of Transnistria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Transnistrian_customs_crisis" title="2006 Transnistrian customs crisis">2006 customs crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Transnistria" title="Coat of arms of Transnistria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Transnistria" title="Flag of Transnistria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Transnistria" title="Human rights in Transnistria">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Transnistria" title="Law enforcement in Transnistria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Transnistria">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Moldova–Ukraine border">Moldova–Ukraine border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Transnistria">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Transnistria" title="List of political parties in Transnistria">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Transnistria" title="President of Transnistria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Transnistria" title="Prime Minister of Transnistria">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintegration_of_Transnistria_into_Moldova" title="Reintegration of Transnistria into Moldova">Proposed reintegration into Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_Transnistria" title="Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria">Proposed Russian annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_presence_in_Transnistria" title="Russian military presence in Transnistria">Russian military presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification of Moldova and Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transnistria#Economy" title="Transnistria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistrian_Republican_Bank" title="Transnistrian Republican Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistrian_ruble" title="Transnistrian ruble">Rubla <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova_Steel_Works" title="Moldova Steel Works">Moldova Steel Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Transnistria" title="List of airports in Transnistria">Airports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Transnistria" title="Category:Society of Transnistria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Transnistria" title="Crime in Transnistria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Transnistria">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Transnistria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian-language_schools_in_Transnistria" title="Romanian-language schools in Transnistria">Romanian-language schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Transnistria" title="Public holidays in Transnistria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Transnistria" title="Anthem of Transnistria">Anthem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Transnistria">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Transnistria" title="Demographic history of Transnistria">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Transnistria" title="Poles in Transnistria">Poles in Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Transnistrian_census" title="1989 Transnistrian census">Census in 1989</a> / <a href="/wiki/2004_Transnistrian_census" title="2004 Transnistrian census">2004</a> / <a href="/wiki/2015_Transnistrian_census" title="2015 Transnistrian census">2015</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: Transnistria is a <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldovan</a> breakaway territory and a self-proclaimed republic, unrecognised by any United Nations member state.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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