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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sunni views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Shia views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Companions of the Prophet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabat" title="Sahabat – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Sahabat" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="الصحابة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصحابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="ছাহাবা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছাহাবা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99hab%C9%99" title="Səhabə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səhabə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="صحابه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صحابه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="সাহাবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহাবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%85%D3%99%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сәхәбәләр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәхәбәләр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Сахаба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сахаба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashabi" title="Ashabi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ashabi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sah%C3%A1b%C3%AD" title="Sahábí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sahábí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sah%C4%81ba" title="Sahāba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sahāba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9E%DE%A6%DE%99%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޞަޙާބީން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޞަޙާބީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabo" title="Sahabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sahabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="صحابه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صحابه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Асхьабаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Асхьабаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%95%98%EB%B0%94" title="사하바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사하바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabban_Annabi" title="Sahabban Annabi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sahabban Annabi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="सहाबा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहाबा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashabi" title="Ashabi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ashabi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabat_Nabi" title="Sahabat Nabi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sahabat Nabi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%A5%C4%81ba" title="Ṣaḥāba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ṣaḥāba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%90%D7%91%D7%94" title="צחאבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צחאבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakabat" title="Sakabat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sakabat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8F%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صُحابی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="صُحابی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сахабалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сахабалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehabe" title="Sehabe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sehabe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сахабалар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сахабалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szah%C3%A1ba" title="Szahába – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szahába" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="സ്വഹാബികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വഹാബികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="الصحابه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الصحابه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabat_nabi" title="Sahabat nabi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sahabat nabi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabaik_Nabi" title="Sahabaik Nabi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sahabaik Nabi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90" title="サハーバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サハーバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Асхьабаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Асхьабаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahoba" title="Sahoba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sahoba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صحابی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صحابی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="صحابه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="صحابه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Сахаба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сахаба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahab%C3%ABt" title="Sahabët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sahabët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="صحابي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صحابي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashabi" title="Ashabi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ashabi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxaabi" title="Saxaabi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saxaabi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھاوەڵان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاوەڵان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Асхаби – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Асхаби" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashabi" title="Ashabi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ashabi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D3%99" title="Сәхабә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сәхабә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Асҳоб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Асҳоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabe" title="Sahabe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sahabe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sahaba" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Сахаба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сахаба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صحابی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صحابی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaaba_yi" title="Sahaaba yi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Sahaaba yi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4" title="萨哈巴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨哈巴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehabe" title="Sehabe – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sehabe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4" title="薩哈巴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="薩哈巴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabat_Nabi" title="Sahabat Nabi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Sahabat Nabi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahaba&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">Sahaba</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Close friends/disciples of the Islamic prophet Muhammad</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sahabi" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Sahabi_(name)" title="Sahabi (name)">Sahabi (name)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Ṣaḥāba</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_im_kreis_seiner_gef%C3%A4hrten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mohammed_im_kreis_seiner_gef%C3%A4hrten.jpg/220px-Mohammed_im_kreis_seiner_gef%C3%A4hrten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Mohammed_im_kreis_seiner_gef%C3%A4hrten.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Muhammad and his companions (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> era)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><i>Companions of the Prophet</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Muslim leader</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period in office</th><td class="infobox-data">Early Islamic period <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahnameh3-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shahnameh3-1.jpg/220px-Shahnameh3-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shahnameh3-1.jpg/330px-Shahnameh3-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shahnameh3-1.jpg/440px-Shahnameh3-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" title="Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas</a> leads <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qadisiyyah" title="Battle of al-Qadisiyyah">Battle of al-Qadisiyyah</a> (image <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1523–1535</span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0152.1.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0152.1.1.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0152.1.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0152.1.1.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0152.1.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0152.1.1.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0152.1.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3617" /></a><figcaption>A caravan led by <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Jahsh" title="Abd Allah ibn Jahsh">Abd Allah ibn Jahsh</a> returns from a raid by companions of Muhammad (image <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1594–1595</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Companions of the Prophet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اَلصَّحَابَةُ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">aṣ-ṣaḥāba</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the companions') were the Muslim disciples and followers of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> who saw or met him during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The companions played a major role in Muslim battles, society, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> narration, and governance during and after the life of Muhammad. The era of the companions began following the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muhammad">death of Muhammad</a> in 632 CE, and ended in 110 AH (728 CE) when the last companion <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Tufayl" title="Abu al-Tufayl">Abu al-Tufayl</a> died. </p><p>Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> was revealed and other important matters in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic history</a> and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators (<i><a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">asānīd</a></i>), was the basis of the developing <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic tradition</a>. From the traditions (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i>) of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (<i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i>), the code of conduct (<i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i>) it requires, and Islamic <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i>). </p><p>The two largest <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic denominations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>, take different approaches to weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different <i>hadith</i> collections and, as a result, have different views about the ṣaḥābah.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second generation of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> after the ṣaḥāba, born after the death of Muhammad, who knew at least one ṣaḥāba, are called <i><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tābi'ūn</a></i> (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after the <i>Tābi'ūn</i>, who knew at least one <i>Tābi</i>, are called <i><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">tābi' al-tābi'īn</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI-301_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-301-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three generations make up the <i><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">salaf</a></i> of Islam. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term sahaba means "companions" and derives from the verb <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صَحِبَ</span></span> meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with". "Al-ṣaḥāba" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صَحَابِيٌّ</span></span> (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣaḥābiyy</i></span></i>), feminine <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صَحَابِيَّةٌ</span></span> (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣaḥābiyyah</i></span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Islam, companions of Muhammad are classified into categories including the <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> who accompanied Muhammad from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> who lived in Medina, and the Badriyyun who fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two important groups among the companions are the <b>Muhajirun</b> "migrants", those who had faith in Muhammad when he began to preach in Mecca and who departed with him when he was persecuted there, and the <b>Ansar</b>, the people of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> who welcomed Muhammad and his companions and stood as their protectors.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahabah" title="List of Sahabah">Lists of prominent companions</a> usually include 50 or 60 names of the people thought to be most closely associated with Muhammad. However, there were clearly many others who had some contact with Muhammad, and many of those names and biographies were recorded in religious reference texts such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">ibn Sa'd</a>'s early <i>Book of the Major Classes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qurtubi" title="Al-Qurtubi">Al-Qurtubi</a>'s <i>Istīʻāb fī maʻrifat al-Aṣhāb</i> (d. 1071 CE) consists of 2770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female ṣaḥābah. </p><p>According to an observation in <a href="/wiki/Al-Qastallani" title="Al-Qastallani">al-Qastallani</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Muwahib_al-Ladunniyyah" title="Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah">Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah</a></i>, an untold number of persons had already converted to Islam by the time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a> and 70,000 during the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a> in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number: it is believed that 124,000 pilgrims witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Sermon" title="Farewell Sermon">Farewell Sermon</a> Muhammad delivered after making <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a> to Mecca.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni">Sunni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sunni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him, and died a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>. The Sunni scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a> (d. 852 H) said, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The most correct of what I have come across is that a Sahâbî (Companion) is one who met the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, whilst believing in him, and died as a Muslim. So, that includes the one who remained with him for a long or a short time, and those who narrated from him and those who did not, and those who saw him but did not sit with him and those who could not see him due to blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Anyone who died after <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">rejecting Islam</a> and becoming an apostate is not considered as a companion. Those who saw him but held off believing in him until after his death are not considered ṣahābah, only tābiʻūn (if they saw the companions). </p><p>According to Sunni scholars, Muslims of the past should be considered companions if they had any contact with Muhammad, and they were not liars or opposed to him and his teachings. If they saw him, heard him, or were in his presence even briefly, they are companions. All companions are assumed to be just (<i>ʻudul</i>) unless they are proven otherwise; that is, Sunni scholars do not believe that companions would lie or fabricate hadith unless they are proven liars, untrustworthy or opposed to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Quranic references are important to Sunni Muslim views of the reverence due to all companions;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sometimes admonishes them, as when <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>, wife of Muhammad and daughter of the first Sunni <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, was accused of infidelity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differing views on the definition of a companion were also influenced by the debate between the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Traditionalists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a> with the traditionalists preferring to extend the definition to as many people as possible and the Mu'tazilites preferring to restrict it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia">Shia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shia<sup id="cite_ref-Jabali_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jabali-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noormags_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noormags-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as some Sunni scholars like <a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi" title="Javed Ahmad Ghamidi">Javed Ahmad Ghamidi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amin_Ahsan_Islahi" title="Amin Ahsan Islahi">Amin Ahsan Islahi</a> follow a stricter definition, believing that not every Muslim who met Muhammad should be considered a companion. In their view, the Qurʻan requires companions to demonstrate a high level of faith; thus, only those individuals who had substantial contact with Muhammad should be considered, e.g., those that lived with him, took part in military campaigns, or proselytized.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This stricter definition means that the Shia consider each ṣaḥābiyy differently, depending on what they accomplished. They do not accept that the testimony of nearly all ṣaḥābah are an authentic part of the chain of narrators for a hadith. The Shia further argue that the righteousness of ṣaḥābah can be assessed by their loyalty towards Muhammad's family after his death, and they accept hadith from the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt</a>, believing them to be cleansed from sin through their interpretation of the Qurʻan<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa#Hadith_of_Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">hadith of the Cloak</a>. </p><p>Shia Muslims believe that some of the companions are accountable for the loss of the caliphate by <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>'s family.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As verses 30-33 from <a href="/wiki/Al-A%E1%B8%A5z%C4%81b" title="Al-Aḥzāb">Al-Aḥzāb</a>, Shias believe their argument <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2018)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> that one must discriminate between the virtues of the companions by verses relating to Muhammad's wives.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> recognizes the companions of Muhammad. They are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n" title="Kitáb-i-Íqán">Kitáb-i-Íqán</a>, the primary theological work of the Baháʼí religion.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hadith">Hadith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hadith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_views">Sunni views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sunni views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i>, after the death of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> Muhammad, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf">Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>, companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Umayyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Umayyah">Banu Umayyah</a>, selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abu Bakr and the other Anṣār and <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> accepted him.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Afsaruddin_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afsaruddin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows ranks of <i>ṣaḥābah, tābi'īn,</i> and <i>tābi' at-tābi'īn.</i> <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti</a> recognized eleven levels of companionship. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">general involvement in military campaign with Muhammad</a> by the ṣaḥāba was highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">third generation scholar</a> named <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Mubarak" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak">Ibn al-Mubarak</a>, who was once asked to choose between <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan</a>, who was a companion, and <a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz</a>, who was famous for his piety. Ibn al-Mubarak simply responded: "<i>...dust particles in Mu'awiya's nose (while fighting in Hunayn under Muhammad) were better than six hundred Umar (ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz)..."</i><sup id="cite_ref-Muslimah.or.id_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muslimah.or.id-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_views">Shia views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shia views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">consultation of companions</a> about the successor of Muhammad, Shi'i scholars, therefore, deprecate hadith believed to have been transmitted from alleged unjust companions and place much more reliance on hadith believed to have been related by Muhammad's family members, the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a>, and by the companions who supported <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>. The Shia claim that Muhammad announced his successor during his lifetime at Da'wat Dhu al-Ashira,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then many times during his prophethood and finally at the <a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">event of Ghadir Khumm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shias consider that any hadith where Muhammad is claimed to have absolved all ṣaḥābah from sin is a false report by those who opposed the Ahl al-Bayt.<sup id="cite_ref-noormags_02_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noormags_02-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahabah" title="List of Sahabah">List of Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-Arab_Sahabah" title="List of non-Arab Sahabah">List of non-Arab Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised" title="The ten to whom Paradise was promised">The ten to whom Paradise was promised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh">Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslims" title="Early Muslims">Early Muslims</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#3:103">Qur'an, 3:103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#48:29">Qur'an, 48:29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#8:72">Qur'an, 8:72</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#9:100">Qur'an, 9: 100</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#9:117">Qur'an, 9: 117</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#48:10">Qur'an, 48:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#8:74">Qur'an, 8:74</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#8:75">Qur'an, 8:75</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#57:10">Qur'an, 57:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#24:11">Qur'an, 24:11–16</a>..."Indeed, those who came with falsehood are a group among you. Do not think it bad for you; rather it is good for you. For every person among them is what [punishment] he has earned from the sin, and he who took upon himself the greater portion thereof – for him is a great punishment. Why, when you heard it ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#9:101">Qur'an, 9:101</a> "And among those around you of the bedouins are hypocrites, and [also] from the people of Madinah. They have become accustomed to hypocrisy. You, [O Muhammad], do not know them, [but] We know them. We will punish them twice [in this world]; then they will be returned to a great punishment"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#33:33">Qur'an, 33:33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#33:30">Qur'an, 33:30–33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:48:820</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/muslim">Sahih Muslim, 31:6150</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA441"><i>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</i></a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-492-9"><bdi>978-1-59339-492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-492-9&rft.au=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dea-bAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Companions-of-the-Prophet">"Companions of the Prophet"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Companions+of+the+Prophet&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCompanions-of-the-Prophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODI-301-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODI-301_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195125597" title="Special:BookSources/9780195125597"><bdi>9780195125597</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195125597&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VeCWQfVNjkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: Al-Isâbah (1/4-5) of al-Hâfidh lbn Hajar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad (page does not exist)">Muhammad ibn Ahmad</a> (died 1622), also known as "Nişancızâde", <i>Mir'ât-i kâinât</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>):<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Once a male or female Muslim has seen Muhammad only for a short time, no matter whether he/she is a child or an adult, he/she is called a Sahaba with the proviso of dying with as a believer; the same rule applies to blind Muslims who have talked with the Prophet at least once. If a disbeliever sees Muhammad and then joins the Believers after the demise of Muhammad, he is not a Sahaba; nor is a person called a Sahaba if he converted to Islam afterward although he had seen Muhammad as a Muslim. A person who converts to Islam after being a Sahaba and then becomes a Believer again after the demise of Muhammad is a Sahaba.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sharh al-`Aqeedah at-Tahaawiyyah", by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tahawi" title="Al-Tahawi">al-Tahawi</a>, pp. 526–528.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Al-I`tiqad `ala Madhhab al-Salaf Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama`a", by <a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a>, pp. 109–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Al-Tajrid fi Asma' al-Sahaba", by <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/word-games">Word Games With Verse 33:33</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307081940/http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/word-games">Archived</a> 2021-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, By: Ibn al-Hashimi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/mother">Mothers of the Believers</a>, By: Ibn al-Hashimi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahlelbayt.com/articles/ahlel-bayt/ifq">Al-Ifk: Quran Defends Aisha</a>, By: Ibn al-Hashimi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJabali2003" class="citation book cs1">Jabali, Fu'ad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/8258"><i>The Companions of the Prophet - A Study of Geographical Distribution and Political Alignments</i></a>. Brill. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12923-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12923-8"><bdi>978-90-04-12923-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companions+of+the+Prophet+-+A+Study+of+Geographical+Distribution+and+Political+Alignments&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12923-8&rft.aulast=Jabali&rft.aufirst=Fu%27ad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F8258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jabali-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jabali_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJabali" class="citation web cs1">Jabali, Fu'ad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ55342.pdf">"A STUDY OF THE COMPANIONS OF THE PROPHET: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRlBUTION AND POLITICAL ALIGNMENTS (1999)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nlc-bnc.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nlc-bnc.ca&rft.atitle=A+STUDY+OF+THE+COMPANIONS+OF+THE+PROPHET%3A+GEOGRAPHICAL+DISTRlBUTION+AND+POLITICAL+ALIGNMENTS+%281999%29&rft.aulast=Jabali&rft.aufirst=Fu%27ad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc-bnc.ca%2Fobj%2Fs4%2Ff2%2Fdsk1%2Ftape9%2FPQDD_0018%2FNQ55342.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noormags-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noormags_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaqi_poor" class="citation web cs1">Taqi poor, Hussain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/692830/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B5?q=%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%20%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%20%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&score=39.710552&rownumber=10">"reviewing of the article "Companions of the Prophet" authored by linda L. Kim"</a>. <i>noormags</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=noormags&rft.atitle=reviewing+of+the+article+%22Companions+of+the+Prophet%22+authored+by+linda+L.+Kim&rft.aulast=Taqi+poor&rft.aufirst=Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noormags.ir%2Fview%2Ffa%2Farticlepage%2F692830%2F%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C-%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8-%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B5%3Fq%3D%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587%2520%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%2520%25D9%2586%25D8%25B8%25D8%25B1%2520%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%2520%25D9%2588%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D9%2584%2520%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%2520%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%26score%3D39.710552%26rownumber%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation</i> by Amin Ahsan Islahi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahá'u'lláh189x" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> (189x). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html"><i>The Kitáb-i-Íqán</i></a> (1989 pocket-size ed.). US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108183525/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-29</span></span> – via Bahá'í Reference Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n&rft.edition=1989+pocket-size&rft.pub=US+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=189&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fb%2FKI%2Fki-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzpatrick-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrickWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Coeli; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Hani_Walker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Hani Walker (page does not exist)">Walker, Adam Hani</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA566"><i>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 566. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-178-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-178-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-178-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=566&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-178-9&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Coeli&rft.au=Walker%2C+Adam+Hani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2AtvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Afsaruddin-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Afsaruddin_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAfsaruddin" class="citation web cs1">Afsaruddin, Asma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919043405/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1101">"Companions of the Prophet (2008)"</a>. <i>oxford islamic studies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1101">the original</a> on September 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxford+islamic+studies&rft.atitle=Companions+of+the+Prophet+%282008%29&rft.aulast=Afsaruddin&rft.aufirst=Asma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe1101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muslimah.or.id-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muslimah.or.id_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNur_Baits2014" class="citation web cs1">Nur Baits, Ammi (10 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimah.or.id/5494-muawiyah-gerbang-kehormatan-sahabat-2.html">"Muawiyah, Gerbang Kehormatan Sahabat (2)"</a> [Muawiyah, the Gate of Honor for Companions(2); quoting various sources including Al-Bidayah wa An-Nihayah, Ibnu Katsir, 8:139]. <i>Muslimah.or.id</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslimah.or.id&rft.atitle=Muawiyah%2C+Gerbang+Kehormatan+Sahabat+%282%29&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft.aulast=Nur+Baits&rft.aufirst=Ammi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslimah.or.id%2F5494-muawiyah-gerbang-kehormatan-sahabat-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton1898" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Sir Richard (1898). <i>The Jew the Gypsy and El Islam</i>. San Francisco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jew+the+Gypsy+and+El+Islam&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Sir+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRazwy" class="citation book cs1">Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. <i>A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims</i>. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Restatement+of+the+History+of+Islam+%26+Muslims&rft.pages=276&rft.aulast=Razwy&rft.aufirst=Sayed+Ali+Asgher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noormags_02-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noormags_02_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadi" class="citation web cs1">Hadi, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/300525/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85?q=%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%20%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%20%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&score=355.3409&rownumber=1">"Companions of the Prophet in view of Quran and Imams"</a>. <i>noormags</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=noormags&rft.atitle=Companions+of+the+Prophet+in+view+of+Quran+and+Imams&rft.aulast=Hadi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noormags.ir%2Fview%2Ffa%2Farticlepage%2F300525%2F%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-%25D9%2586%25D8%25B8%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A2%25D9%2586-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2587%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%3Fq%3D%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587%2520%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%2520%25D9%2586%25D8%25B8%25D8%25B1%2520%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%2520%25D9%2588%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D9%2584%2520%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%2520%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%26score%3D355.3409%26rownumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompanions+of+the+Prophet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Osman, Amr, Companions, in <i>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God</i> (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d_al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi">Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi</a>, Muhammad – <i>The book of The Major Classes</i>, only partially translated into English; see <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Men_of_Medina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Men of Medina (page does not exist)">Men of Medina</a></i> and <i>Women of Medina</i> published by Ta-Ha Publishers, and first two volumes as published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_Bhavan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab Bhavan (page does not exist)">Kitab Bhavan</a>, New Delhi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Succession_to_Muhammad_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Succession to Muhammad (book)">The Succession to Muhammad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Rodinson" title="Maxime Rodinson">Maxime Rodinson</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_(book)" title="Muhammad (book)">Muhammad</a></i>, 1961, as translated into English and published in 1980 by Pantheon Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">William Montgomery Watt</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at_Medina_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at Medina (book)">Muhammad at Medina</a></i>, Oxford University Press 1956.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companions_of_the_Prophet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Companions_of_the_Prophet" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Companions of the Prophet">Companions of the Prophet</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimnames.com/male-sahabi-names">List of Male Sahaba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimnames.com/female-sahabi-names">List of Female Sahaba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171959/http://sahaba.net/">Sahaba: Companions of the Prophet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/then-i-was-guided-muhammad-al-tijani-al-samawi/companions-prophet-seen-shi%E2%80%99-and-sunnis">The Companions of the Prophet as seen by the Shi'a and the Sunnis </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/nahj">Sermons of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali b. 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> 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