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</button> <ul id="toc-Vocal_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Purr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Meow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chirrup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chirrup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Chirrup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chirrup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chirp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chirp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Chirp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chirp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Call" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Call</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growl,_spit,_hiss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growl,_spit,_hiss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Growl, spit, hiss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growl,_spit,_hiss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Howl,_moan,_and_wail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Howl,_moan,_and_wail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Howl, moan, and wail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Howl,_moan,_and_wail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Visual communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Visual_communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Visual communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Visual_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Body_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Body language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ears</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Panting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactile_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactile_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tactile communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactile_communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tactile communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tactile_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grooming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grooming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Grooming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grooming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kneading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kneading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kneading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kneading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Biting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olfactory_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfactory_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Olfactory communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfactory_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Socialization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Socialization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Socialization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Socialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Social learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dominance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cat communication</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3_felina" title="Comunicació felina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunicació felina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikation_der_Hauskatze" title="Kommunikation der Hauskatze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kommunikation der Hauskatze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ارتباط گربه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتباط گربه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%96%91%EC%9D%B4_%EC%9D%98%EC%82%AC%EC%86%8C%ED%86%B5" title="고양이 의사소통 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고양이 의사소통" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_kucing" title="Komunikasi kucing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komunikasi kucing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicatio_felium" title="Communicatio felium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Communicatio felium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_macska_kommunik%C3%A1ci%C3%B3ja" title="A macska kommunikációja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A macska kommunikációja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikacja_u_kot%C3%B3w" title="Komunikacja u kotów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komunikacja u kotów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Язык общения кошек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Язык общения кошек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedilerde_ileti%C5%9Fim" title="Kedilerde iletişim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kedilerde iletişim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_ti%E1%BA%BFp_%E1%BB%9F_m%C3%A8o" title="Giao tiếp ở mèo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao tiếp ở mèo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Feline means of exchanging information</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cats_Jip_and_Noah_communicating_28022008(004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two cats crouch, facing each other, on either side of a door. Both cats ears are angled back." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cats_Jip_and_Noah_communicating_28022008%28004%29.jpg/290px-Cats_Jip_and_Noah_communicating_28022008%28004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cats_Jip_and_Noah_communicating_28022008%28004%29.jpg/435px-Cats_Jip_and_Noah_communicating_28022008%28004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cats_Jip_and_Noah_communicating_28022008%28004%29.jpg/580px-Cats_Jip_and_Noah_communicating_28022008%28004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A primary form of cat communication is <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>, such as the position of the ears.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Cats</a> communicate for a variety of reasons, including to show happiness, express anger, solicit attention, and observe potential prey. Additionally, they collaborate, play, and share resources. When cats communicate with humans, they do so to get what they need or want, such as food, water, attention, or play. As such, <b>cat communication</b> methods have been significantly altered by <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that domestic cats tend to meow much more than <a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">feral cats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They rarely meow to communicate with fellow cats or other animals. Cats can socialize with each other and are known to form "<a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social ladders</a>," where a dominant cat is leading a few lesser cats. This is common in multi-cat households. </p><p>Cats can use a range of communication methods, including vocal, visual, <a href="/wiki/Tactile_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactile communication">tactile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">olfactory communication</a>. Up to 21 different cat vocalizations have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use visual signals, or <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>, to express emotions like relaxation, fear, and aggression. Cats use several types of tactile behaviors to communicate, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_grooming" title="Social grooming">grooming</a> or biting each other. They also use olfactory communication, such as <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">marking their territory</a> via urine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocal_communication">Vocal communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vocal communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Other_noises"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Meow.ogg" title="File:Meow.ogg">A cat meowing</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Meow.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Meow.ogg/Meow.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Meow.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=en-gb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en-GB" label="British English ‪(en-gb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMeow.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thurston_Waffles.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Thurston_Waffles.jpeg/220px-Thurston_Waffles.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Thurston_Waffles.jpeg/330px-Thurston_Waffles.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Thurston_Waffles.jpeg/440px-Thurston_Waffles.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Siberian_cat" title="Siberian cat">Siberian cat</a> vocalizing</figcaption></figure> <p>Cat vocalizations have been categorized according to a range of characteristics. In 1944, Mildred Moelk published the first phonetic study of cat sounds<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and classified the 16 different vocal patterns into three main classes: </p> <ol><li>sounds produced with the mouth closed (murmurs – <a href="/wiki/Purr" title="Purr">purring</a>, trilling)</li> <li>sounds produced when the mouth is first opened and then gradually closed (meowing, howling, yowling)</li> <li>sounds produced with the mouth held tensely open in the same position (growls, snarls, hisses, spits, chattering, and chirping).</li></ol> <p>Moelk used a phonetic alphabet to transcribe or write down the different sounds. She claimed that cats had six different forms of meows to represent friendliness, confidence, dissatisfaction, anger, fear, and pain. Moelk classified eight other sounds involved in mating and fighting. </p><p>Brown et al. categorized the vocal responses of cats based on the behavioral context. These contexts include situations such as the separation of kittens from mother cats, instances of food deprivation, pain responses, occurrences before or during threatening or aggressive behaviors (e.g., disputes over territory or food), episodes of acute stress or pain (e.g., routine <a href="/wiki/Prophylactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylactic">prophylactic</a> injections), and instances of kitten deprivation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less common calls from mature cats included purring, <a href="/wiki/Biological_specificity" title="Biological specificity">conspecific</a> greeting calls or murmurs, extended vocal dialogues between cats in separate cages, "frustration" calls during training, or extinction of conditioned responses. </p><p>Owens et al. categorized cat vocalizations based on their acoustic structures. There are three categories: tonal sounds, pulse sounds, and broadband sounds. Tonal sounds are further categorized into groups of harmonically structured sounds or regular tonal sounds. Pulse vocalizations are separated into pulse bursts and hybrid pulse bursts with tonal endings. Broadband sounds are separated into four groups: non-tonal broadband sounds, broadband sounds with tonal beginnings, broadband sounds with short tonal elements, and broadband sounds with long tonal endings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miller classified vocalizations into categories according to the sound produced: the purr, meow, chirrup, chirp, call, and growl/snarl/hiss, and the howl/moan/wail.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purr">Purr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purr" title="Purr">Purr</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm/220px--Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="56" data-mwtitle="Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm/Orange_tabby_cat_grooming_and_purring_close-up.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of a cat purring</figcaption></figure> <p>The purr is a continuous, soft, vibrating sound made in the throat by most species of <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">felines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the reason why cats purr is still uncertain. Cats may purr for a variety of reasons, including when they are hungry, happy, or anxious.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, purring is thought to be a sign of contentment and encouragement for further interaction. Purring is believed to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals#Cats" title="Emotion in animals">positive emotional state</a>, but cats sometimes purr when they are ill, tense, or experiencing traumatic or painful moments such as giving birth.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that purring can act as a soothing mechanism and can promote healing.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> researching cat vocalizations found that the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynxes</a> made a purring sound when air was passed through them, meaning that muscle contraction is not required. Instead, the sounds were made possible by connective tissue embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal folds</a> that lowered the frequency of the sounds they produced.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an animal purrs, its vocal cords vibrate at a low frequency, which creates a distinctive rumbling sound produced with <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a>. One hypothesis, supported by <a href="/wiki/Electromyographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromyographic">electromyographic</a> studies, is that cats produce the purring noise by using the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal folds">vocal folds</a> and/or the muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> to alternately dilate and constrict the <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> rapidly, causing air vibrations during inhalation and exhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purring is sometimes accompanied by other sounds, though this varies between individual cats. Some may only purr, while others emit low-level outbursts, sometimes called "lurps" or "yowps". It was once believed that only cats of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i> could purr, but researchers now know that members of genus <i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i> (tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards) can produce sounds similar to purring, albeit only when exhaling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meow">Meow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Meow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meow" title="Meow">Meow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siam_blue_point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Siam_blue_point.jpg/220px-Siam_blue_point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Siam_blue_point.jpg/330px-Siam_blue_point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Siam_blue_point.jpg/440px-Siam_blue_point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>A cat meowing for attention</figcaption></figure> <p>The most familiar sounds of adult cats are "meow" or "miaow" (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>). The meow can be assertive, plaintive, friendly, bold, welcoming, attention-soliciting, demanding, or complaining. It can even be silent, where the cat opens its mouth but does not produce any sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mew is a high-pitched meow that is often produced by domestic kittens.<sup id="cite_ref-Schotz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schotz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is apparently used to solicit attention from their mother,<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they are also used by adult cats.<sup id="cite_ref-Schotz_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schotz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By around three to four weeks of age, kittens do not mew when at least one <a href="/wiki/Litter_(zoology)" title="Litter (zoology)">littermate</a> is present, and at four to five months of age, kittens stop mewing altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult cats rarely meow to each other, and so adult meowing to human beings is likely to be a post-domestication extension of mewing by kittens.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although videos which seemingly show cats speaking in human language are frequently shared on the internet, differences in cats' vocal tract prevent them from vocalising human language exactly.<sup id="cite_ref-rennex_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rennex-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Animal_behavior_consultant" title="Animal behavior consultant">animal behaviour experts</a> explain they are modifying the "meow" vocalisation to mimic certain human words.<sup id="cite_ref-rennex_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rennex-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a cat which frequently hears its owner say "no" may learn to use "mow" in a low tone.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chirrup">Chirrup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chirrup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chirr or chirrup sounds like a meow rolled on the tongue. It is commonly used by mother cats to call their kittens inside the nest. As such, kittens recognize their own mother's chirp, but they do not respond to the chirps of other mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Szenczi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szenczi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used in a friendly manner by cats when they are greeted by another cat or a human. Therefore, people can mimic the sound to reassure and greet pet cats.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chirp">Chirp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chirp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm/220px--Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm/Cat_making_noises_at_the_birds_outside.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A cat chattering at birds</figcaption></figure> <p>Cats sometimes make excited chirping or chattering noises when observing or stalking prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Schötz_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schötz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sounds range from quiet clicking sounds to a loud but sustained chirping mixed with an occasional meow. </p><p>An article from <i>The Spruce Pets</i> argues that chattering and chirping mimic <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">prey</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>. It is used as a hunting strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Call">Call</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Call"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The call is a loud, rhythmic sound, that is made with the mouth closed. It is primarily associated with female cats soliciting males, and sometimes occurs in males when fighting with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>caterwaul</i> is the cry of a cat <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">in heat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASPCA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASPCA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growl,_spit,_hiss"><span id="Growl.2C_spit.2C_hiss"></span>Growl, spit, hiss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Growl, spit, hiss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The growl, spit, and hiss are sounds associated with either offensive or defensive aggression. They are usually accompanied by a postural display intended to have a visual effect on the perceived threat. Cats growl, hiss, and spit as a display of defense against both cats and other species, such as dogs. If the hiss and growl warning does not remove the threat, an attack may follow. It's also used to scare off intruders into their territory. Kittens as young as two to three weeks may hiss and spit when first picked up by a human.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spitting is a shorter but louder and more emphatic version of hissing.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Howl,_moan,_and_wail"><span id="Howl.2C_moan.2C_and_wail"></span>Howl, moan, and wail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Howl, moan, and wail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The howl, moan, and wail sounds are commonly vocalized during threatening situations. <a href="/wiki/Howl_(sound)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howl (sound)">Howls</a> are more tonal, while moans are long and slowly modulated. On the other hand, anger wails are combined with growls, while yowls are similar to howls but longer.<sup id="cite_ref-Schotz-2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schotz-2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_communication">Visual communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gato_enervado_pola_presencia_dun_can.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gato_enervado_pola_presencia_dun_can.jpg/200px-Gato_enervado_pola_presencia_dun_can.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gato_enervado_pola_presencia_dun_can.jpg/300px-Gato_enervado_pola_presencia_dun_can.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gato_enervado_pola_presencia_dun_can.jpg/400px-Gato_enervado_pola_presencia_dun_can.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="935" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A cat hissing and arching its back to make itself appear larger to ward off a threat</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surprised_cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Surprised_cat.jpg/200px-Surprised_cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Surprised_cat.jpg/300px-Surprised_cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Surprised_cat.jpg/400px-Surprised_cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Surprised cats have enlarged pupils and erect ears held slightly backward</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arched_Cyprus_and_Tabby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Arched_Cyprus_and_Tabby.jpg/200px-Arched_Cyprus_and_Tabby.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Arched_Cyprus_and_Tabby.jpg/300px-Arched_Cyprus_and_Tabby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Arched_Cyprus_and_Tabby.jpg/400px-Arched_Cyprus_and_Tabby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Tabby cat hissing at a <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_cat" title="Cyprus cat">Cyprus cat</a>; the Cyprus cat is arched with erect hair to appear larger and threatening</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abby_playing_in_basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Abby_playing_in_basket.jpg/200px-Abby_playing_in_basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Abby_playing_in_basket.jpg/300px-Abby_playing_in_basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Abby_playing_in_basket.jpg/400px-Abby_playing_in_basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3436" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The hairs on the tail of this <a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell_cat" title="Tortoiseshell cat">tortoiseshell cat</a> are erect, indicating excitement or curiosity.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_Cuddle_Grey_Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cat_Cuddle_Grey_Brown.jpg/200px-Cat_Cuddle_Grey_Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cat_Cuddle_Grey_Brown.jpg/300px-Cat_Cuddle_Grey_Brown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cat_Cuddle_Grey_Brown.jpg/400px-Cat_Cuddle_Grey_Brown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3693" data-file-height="3492" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">These two cats are lying in close contact with each other that conserves each cat's body heat; their lying on their belly and side, respectively, signals relaxation.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Cats use body language and movement to communicate a wide range of feelings and information. There are various responses such as when cats arch their backs, erect their hairs and adopt a sideward posture to communicate fear or aggression. Other visual communication can be a single behavioral change (as perceived by humans) such as slowly blinking to signal relaxation and comfort in their environment. Domestic cats frequently use visual communication with their eyes, ears, mouths, tails, coats and body postures. The change in a cat's facial features can be a strong indicator of their communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_language">Body language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Body language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cat's posture can be friendly or aggressive, depending on the situation. Some of the most basic and familiar cat postures include:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Relaxed</b> – The cat is seen lying on the side or sitting. Its breathing is slow to normal, with legs bent, or hind legs laid out or extended. Its tail is loosely wrapped, extended, or held up; when a cat is standing but calm (<i>i.e.</i>, at a moderately low level of neurobiological arousal), its tail tends to be still and may hang down loosely.</li> <li><b>Fearful</b> – The cat is lying on its belly or crouching directly on top of its paws. Its entire body may be shaking and very near the ground when standing up; Breathing is also fast, with its legs bent near the surface, and its tail curled and very close to its body when standing on all fours. As such, a fearfully defensive cat makes itself smaller, lowers itself toward the ground, arches its back and leans its body away from the threat rather than forward. Fighting usually occurs only when escape is impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Terrified</b> – The cat is crouched directly on top of its paws, with visible shaking seen in some parts of the body. Its tail is close to the body, and might be propped up, together with its hair on the back. The legs are very stiff or bent to increase their size. Typically, cats avoid contact when they feel threatened, although they can resort to varying degrees of aggression when they feel cornered, or when escape is impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Aggressive</b> – The hind legs stiffen, the rump elevated, but the back stays flat; while tail hairs are erected. The nose is pushed forward and the ears are pulled back slightly. And because cats have both claws and teeth, they can easily cause injury if they become involved in a fight, so this posture is an attempt to elicit deference from a competitor without fighting. The aggressor may attempt to make the challengers retreat and will pursue them if they do not flee.</li> <li><b>Confident</b> – The cat may walk around in a more comfortable manner with its tail up to the sky. Cats often walk through houses with their tails standing up high above them, making them look grander and more elegant.</li> <li><b>Alert</b> – The cat is lying on its belly, or it may be sitting; Its back is almost horizontal when standing and moving; Its breathing normal, with its legs bent or extended (when standing); Its tail is curved back or straight upward and may twitch when positioned downward.</li> <li><b>Tense</b> – The cat is lying on its belly, with the back of its body lower than its upper body (slinking) when standing or moving back; Its hind legs are bent and front legs are extended when standing, and the tail is close to the body, tensed or curled downward; there can be twitching when the cat is standing up.</li> <li><b>Anxious/ovulating</b> – The cat is lying on its belly, while the back of the body is more visibly lower than the front part when the cat is standing or moving. Its breathing may be fast, and its legs are tucked under its body. The tail is close to the body and maybe curled forward (or close to the body when standing), with the tip of the tail moving up and down (or side to side). The tail is also moved to the side when ready to be mounted by the male cat.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Stretching</b> – This posture also indicates that the cat is relaxed. When cats lie on their back with their bellies exposed, they are in a position of vulnerability. Therefore, this position may communicate a feeling of trust<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or comfort. They may also roll onto their backs to defend themselves with their claws or to bask in areas of bright sunlight.</li> <li><b>Yawning</b> – Sometimes combined with a stretch, this is another posture of a relaxed cat. Having the mouth open and no teeth exposed indicates playfulness.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ears">Ears</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ears"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats can change the position of their ears very quickly, and continuously. They are erect when the cat is alert and focused, slightly relaxed when the cat is calm, and flattened against the head when extremely defensive or aggressive.<sup id="cite_ref-catwatch_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catwatch-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cats, flattened ears generally indicate that it feels threatened and may attack used as a defense or attack posture.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyes">Eyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A direct stare by a cat usually communicates a challenge or threat and is more likely to be seen in high-ranking cats; lower-ranking cats usually withdraw in response.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direct stare is often used during <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> or for territorial reasons. In contrast to a direct stare, cats will lower their eyelids or slowly blink them to show trust and affection to their owners.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tail">Tail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats often use their tails to communicate. For example, a cat holding its tail vertically generally indicates positive emotions such as happiness or confidence; the vertical tail is often used as a friendly gesture toward people or other cats. Additionally, a cat may twitch its tail when playing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A half-raised tail can indicate less pleasure, and discontent is indicated with a tail held low. A cat's tail may swing from side to side, and if this motion is slow and "lazy", it generally indicates that the cat is in a relaxed state. Cats will twitch the tip of their tails when hunting, alert, or playful. A stalking domestic cat will typically hold its tail low to the ground while in a crouch, and twitch it quickly from side to side. This tail behavior is also observed when a cat becomes "irritated" and is about to lash out and attack typically done by biting or scratching with the claws extended. </p><p>When playing, a cat, usually a kitten, may raise the base of its tail high and stiffen all but the tip into a shape like an upside-down "U". This signals great excitement, to the point of hyperactivity. It may also be seen when younger cats chase each other, or when they run around by themselves. When greeting their owners, cats often hold their tails straight up with a quivering motion that indicates extreme happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scared or surprised cat may erect the hairs on its tail and back. It may stand more upright and turn its body sideways to increase its apparent size as a threat. Tailless cats, such as the <a href="/wiki/Manx_(cat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx (cat)">Manx</a>, which possess only a small stub of a tail, move the stub around as if they have a full tail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panting">Panting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Panting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Una_gata_jadeando.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Una_gata_jadeando.JPG/220px-Una_gata_jadeando.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Una_gata_jadeando.JPG/330px-Una_gata_jadeando.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Una_gata_jadeando.JPG/440px-Una_gata_jadeando.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4509" data-file-height="2823" /></a><figcaption>A cat panting</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike dogs, <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">panting</a> is a rare occurrence in cats, except in warm weather environments, or after delivery. Some cats may pant in response to anxiety, fear or excitement. It can also be caused by play, exercise, or stress from stimuli, such as car rides. Panting in cat-moms after delivery is normal and not related to temperature, female cats may pant for several days up to weeks postpartum.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, if panting is excessive or the cat appears in distress, it may be a symptom of a more serious condition, such as a nasal blockage, <a href="/wiki/Heartworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartworm">heartworm</a> disease, head <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a>, or drug <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, feline panting, especially if accompanied by other symptoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">coughing</a> or shallow breathing (<a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>), is considered to be abnormal and is treated as a medical emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactile_communication">Tactile communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tactile communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grooming">Grooming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Grooming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm/220px--Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm/Cat_Self-Cleaning_1_2016-07-26.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Cat grooming itself</figcaption></figure> <p>Cats often lick other cats as <a href="/wiki/Social_grooming" title="Social grooming">social grooming</a> or to bond (this grooming is usually done between familiar cats). They also sometimes lick humans, which may indicate affection. Oral grooming for domestic and feral cats is a common behavior. Domestic cats spend about 8% of waking time grooming themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grooming is extremely important not only to clean themselves but also to control ectoparasites. Fleas tend to be the most common ectoparasite in cats and some studies show indirect evidence that grooming in cats is effective in dislodging fleas from the head and neck. Cats may also use grooming to scratch itchy areas of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kneading">Kneading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kneading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kneading_(cats)" title="Kneading (cats)">Kneading (cats)</a></div> <p>Cats sometimes repeatedly tread their front paws on humans or soft objects with a <a href="/wiki/Kneading_(cats)" title="Kneading (cats)">kneading action</a>. This is instinctive to kittens and adults and is presumably derived from the action used to stimulate <a href="/wiki/Lactation#Milk_ejection_reflex" title="Lactation">milk let-down</a> from the mother during nursing. Kittens "knead" the breast while suckling, using the forelimbs one at a time in an alternating pattern to push against the mammary glands to stimulate lactation. Cats have scent glands on the underside of their paws and when they knead or scratch objects or people, it is likely these <a href="/wiki/Pheromones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheromones">pheromones</a> are transferred to the person or object being kneaded or scratched. </p><p>Cats carry these infantile behaviors beyond nursing and into adulthood. Some cats "nurse", that is, suck on clothing or bedding during kneading. The cat exerts firm downward pressure with its paw, spreading its toes to expose its claws, then curls its toes as it lifts its paw. The process takes place with alternate paws at intervals of one to two seconds. They may knead while sitting on their owner's lap, which may be painful if the cat has sharp claws. </p><p>Since most of the preferred "domestic traits" are <a href="/wiki/Neoteny#Domestication" title="Neoteny">neotenous</a> or juvenile traits that persist in the adults, kneading may be a relic juvenile behavior retained in adult domestic cats.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also <a href="/wiki/Stimulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulate">stimulate</a> the cat and make it feel good, similar to a human <a href="/wiki/Stretching" title="Stretching">stretching</a>. Kneading is often a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleeping</a>, and many cats <a href="/wiki/Purr" title="Purr">purr</a> while kneading, usually taken to indicate contentment and affection. They also purr mostly when newborn, when feeding, or when trying to feed on their mother's teat. The common association between the two behaviors may confirm the evidence in favor of the origin of kneading as a remnant instinct.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bunting">Bunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats sometimes "head-bump" humans or other cats with the front part of the head; this action is referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Bunting_(animal_behavior)" title="Bunting (animal behavior)">bunting</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This communication might have an olfactory component as there are scent glands in this area of the body, and is possibly for seeking attention when the cat turns its head down or to the side.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cats also rub their faces on humans as a friendly greeting or indicating affection. This tactile action is combined with olfactory communication as the contact leaves scent around the mouth and cheeks. </p><p>Head-bumping and cheek rubbing may be displays of social dominance as they are often exhibited by a dominant cat toward a subordinate.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Touching noses, sometimes referred to as "sniffing noses", as a sign of affection and to mark territory.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biting">Biting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gentle biting (often accompanied by purring and kneading) can communicate affection or playfulness, directed at the human owner or another cat. Stronger bites that are often accompanied by hissing or growling usually communicate aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When cats mate, the tom bites the scruff of the female's neck as she assumes a <a href="/wiki/Lordosis_behavior" title="Lordosis behavior">lordosis</a> position which communicates that she is receptive to mating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olfactory_communication">Olfactory communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Olfactory communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Scent"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubbing_herself_on_a_lilac_bush_(5625025069).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rubbing_herself_on_a_lilac_bush_%285625025069%29.jpg/220px-Rubbing_herself_on_a_lilac_bush_%285625025069%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rubbing_herself_on_a_lilac_bush_%285625025069%29.jpg/330px-Rubbing_herself_on_a_lilac_bush_%285625025069%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rubbing_herself_on_a_lilac_bush_%285625025069%29.jpg/440px-Rubbing_herself_on_a_lilac_bush_%285625025069%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scent_rubbing" title="Scent rubbing">Scent rubbing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cats communicate through scent using <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, and chemicals or <a href="/wiki/Cat_pheromone" title="Cat pheromone">pheromones</a> from glands located around the mouth, chin, forehead, cheeks, lower back, tail and paws.<sup id="cite_ref-vetwest_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vetwest-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their rubbing and head-bumping behaviors are methods of depositing these scents on substrates, including humans. The cat rubs its cheeks on prominent objects in the preferred territory, depositing a chemical pheromone produced in glands in the cheeks. This is known as a contentment pheromone. Synthetic versions of the feline facial pheromone are available commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cats have nine different scent glands in their body. These are the pinna (outer ear flaps), temporal (on their temples), cheek (on the sides of their face), perioral (on the mouth corners), submandibular (under the jaw), interdigital (between toes), anal (on the sides of the anus), caudal (all along tail), and supra-caudal (at the base of tail).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Urine_spraying" class="mw-redirect" title="Urine spraying">Urine spraying</a> is also a <a href="/wiki/Territorial_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial marking">territorial marking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cats urinate by squatting onto a horizontal surface, while standing up. Unlike a <a href="/wiki/Dog%27s_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog's penis">dog's penis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat's penis">cat's penis</a> points backward. Although cats may mark with both sprayed and non-sprayed urine, the spray is usually more thick and oily than normally deposited urine, and may contain additional secretions from anal sacs that help the cat make a stronger communication. While cats mark their territory both by rubbing the scent glands, by urine and fecal deposits, spraying seems to be the "loudest" feline olfactory communication. It is most frequently observed in intact male cats in competition with other males. Males neutered in adulthood may still spray after neutering. Female cats also sometimes spray.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cat that urinates outside the litter box may indicate dissatisfaction with the box, due to a variety of factors such as substrate texture, cleanliness, and privacy. It can also be a sign of <a href="/wiki/Feline_lower_urinary_tract_disease" title="Feline lower urinary tract disease">urinary tract problems.</a> Male cats on poor diets are susceptible to crystal formation in the urine which can block the urethra and lead to health problems. </p><p>The urine of mature male cats in particular contains the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Felinine" title="Felinine">felinine</a> which is a precursor to <a href="/wiki/3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol" class="mw-redirect" title="3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol">3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol</a> (MMB), the sulfur-containing compound that gives cat urine its characteristically strong odor. Felinine is produced in the urine from 3-methylbutanol-cysteinylglycine (3-MBCG) that is excreted <a href="/wiki/Peptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptidase">peptidase</a> <a href="/wiki/Cauxin" title="Cauxin">cauxin</a>. It then slowly degrades via bacterial <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">lyase</a> into the more-volatile chemical MMB.<sup id="cite_ref-felinine_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felinine-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felinine is a possible <a href="/wiki/Cat_pheromone" title="Cat pheromone">cat pheromone</a>. </p> <table style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Felinine_chemical_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of felinine"><img alt="Chemical structure of felinine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Felinine_chemical_structure.svg/180px-Felinine_chemical_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Felinine_chemical_structure.svg/270px-Felinine_chemical_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Felinine_chemical_structure.svg/360px-Felinine_chemical_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></td> <td>→ <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol"><img alt="Chemical structure of 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol.svg/110px-3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol.svg/165px-3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol.svg/220px-3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="131" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"> <td>Felinine</td> <td>MMB </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socialization">Socialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Socialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats, domestic or wild, participate in social behaviors, even though it is thought that most cat species (besides lions) are solitary, non-social animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These behaviors include socialization between humans and other cats, social learning, and conflicts. </p><p>There are 52 measured cat personality traits in cats, with one study showing that five reliable personality factors were found using principal-axis factor-analysis: neuroticism, extroversion, dominance, impulsiveness and agreeableness.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humans">Humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats between the age of three and nine weeks are sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Human_interaction_with_cats" title="Human interaction with cats">human socialization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this period, socialization can be less effective.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that the earlier the kitten is handled by people, the less fearful the kitten will be toward people.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors that can enhance socialization are having many people handle the kitten frequently, the presence of the mother, and feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of the mother is important because cats are observational learners. For example, a mother that is comfortable around humans can reduce anxiety in the kitten and promote the kitten-human relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of problematic behaviors that affect the human–cat relationship. One behavior is when cats attack people by scratching and biting.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often occurs spontaneously or could be triggered by sudden movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another problematic behavior is the "petting-and-biting syndrome", which involves the cat being petted and then suddenly attacking and running away.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other problems are house soiling, scratching furniture, and bringing dead prey into the house.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is these kinds of behaviors that put a strain on the relationship between cats and people. </p><p>Feral kittens around two to seven weeks old can be socialized usually within a month of capture.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of cats cannot be socialized because of factors such as genetic influence and in some cases specific learning experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best way to get a kitten to socialize is to handle the kitten for many hours a week.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process is made easier if there is another socialized cat present but not necessarily in the same space as the one being socialized. If the handler can get a cat to urinate in the litter tray, then the others in a litter will usually follow. Initial contact with thick gloves is highly recommended until trust is established, usually within the first week. On the other hand, it is a challenge to socialize an adult cat. This is because socialized adult feral cats tend to trust only those who they trusted in their socialization period, and therefore can be very fearful around strangers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_learning">Social learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Social learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats are <a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">observational learners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of learning emerges early in a cat's life,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been shown in many laboratory studies. Young kittens learn to hunt from their mothers by observing their techniques when catching prey.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mother ensures their kittens learn hunting techniques by first bringing dead prey to the litter, followed by live prey. With the live prey, she demonstrates the techniques required for successful capture.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prey-catching behavior of kittens improves at higher levels over time when their mothers are present.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Observational learning for cats can be described in terms of the drive to complete the behavior, the cue that initiates the behavior, the response to the cue, and the reward for completing the behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is shown when cats learn predatory behavior from their mothers. The drive is hunger, the cue is the prey, the response is to catch the prey, and the reward is to relieve the hunger sensation. </p><p>Kittens also show observational learning when they are socializing with humans. They are more likely to initiate socialization with humans when their mothers are exhibiting non-aggressive and non-defensive behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though mothers spend more time with their kittens, male cats play an important role by breaking up fights among littermates.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Observational learning is not limited to kitten-hood – it can also be observed during adulthood. Studies have shown that adult cats that see others performing a task, such as pressing a lever after a visual cue, learn to perform the same task faster than those who did not witness another cat at that task.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominance">Dominance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dominance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fighting_cat_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fighting_cat_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Fighting_cat_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fighting_cat_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Fighting_cat_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fighting_cat_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Fighting_cat_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>Two cats fighting</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tomcats_conflict.webm/220px--Tomcats_conflict.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Tomcats_conflict.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tomcats_conflict.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Tomcats_conflict.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Tomcats_conflict.webm/Tomcats_conflict.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Tomcats_conflict.webm/Tomcats_conflict.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Tomcats_conflict.webm/Tomcats_conflict.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Tomcats_conflict.webm/Tomcats_conflict.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A conflict situation of one tomcat meeting another, making loud calls</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Domestic_catfight.webm/220px--Domestic_catfight.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Domestic_catfight.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Domestic_catfight.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Domestic_catfight.webm/Domestic_catfight.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Domestic_catfight.webm/Domestic_catfight.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Domestic_catfight.webm/Domestic_catfight.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Domestic_catfight.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Domestic_catfight.webm/Domestic_catfight.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Domestic_catfight.webm/Domestic_catfight.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Domestic_catfight.webm/Domestic_catfight.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Domestic_catfight.webm/Domestic_catfight.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Domestic cats fighting shortly after being introduced to each other</figcaption></figure> <p>Dominance can be seen among domestic cats in multi-cat households. "Subordinate" cats submit to the "dominant" cat. Dominance includes such behaviors as the submissive cats walking around the dominant cat, waiting for the dominant cat to walk past them, avoiding eye contact, crouching, lying on their side (defensive posture), and retreating when the dominant cat approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant cats present a specific body posture as well. The cat displays ears straight up, the base of its tail will be arched, and it looks directly at subordinate cats.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dominant cats are usually not aggressive, but if a subordinate cat blocks the food source they may become aggressive.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this aggressive behavior occurs, it could also lead to the dominant cat preventing subordinate cats from eating and using the litter box.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can cause the subordinate cat to defecate somewhere else and create problems with human interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually, when strange cats meet, one of them makes a sudden move that puts the other cat into a defensive mode. The cat will then draw in on itself and prepare to attack if needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The submissive cat will usually run away before a physical altercation ensues. This is not always the case, and what is known as a "tomcat duel" may follow.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominance is also seen as an underlying factor that depict how <a href="/wiki/Biological_specificity" title="Biological specificity">conspecifics</a> interact with each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict">Conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social conflict among cats depends solely on the behavior of the cats. Some research has shown that cats rarely pick fights, but when they do, it is usually for protecting food and/or litters, and defending their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fights can happen between two females or between a male and a female. Cats may need to be reintroduced or separated to avoid fights in a closed household. </p><p>The first sign of an imminent tomcat duel is when both cats draw themselves up high on their legs, all hair along the middle of their backs is raised straight up, and they mew and howl loudly as they approach one another.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The steps the cats make become slower and shorter, as they get closer to one another. Once they are close enough to attack, they pause slightly, and then one cat leaps and tries to bite the nape of the other cat.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other cat has no choice but to retaliate and both cats roll aggressively on the ground. During such confrontations both cats produce loud intense screams.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some time, the cats separate and stand face to face to begin the attack all over again. This can go on for some time until one remains seated, showing defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeated cat does not move until the victor completes sniffing the area and moves outside the fighting area. Once this happens, the defeated cat leaves the area, ending the fight.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_pheromone" title="Cat pheromone">Cat pheromone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">Dog communication</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_communication&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurnerBateson2000" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Dennis C.; Bateson, Paul Patrick Gordon (2000-06-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kO5y0fnLUD4C"><i>The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour</i></a>. 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Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. pp. 78, <span class="nowrap">198–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/085198715X" title="Special:BookSources/085198715X"><bdi>085198715X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Behaviour+of+the+Domestic+Cat&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=78%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=085198715X&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=John+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2007" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Sarah E. (2007). "Behaviour Problems and Welfare". <i>The Welfare of Cats</i>. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402032271" title="Special:BookSources/9781402032271"><bdi>9781402032271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Behaviour+Problems+and+Welfare&rft.btitle=The+Welfare+of+Cats&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Dordrecht&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781402032271&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Sarah+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaseyBradshaw2008" class="citation journal cs1">Casey, Rachel; Bradshaw, John (November 2008). "The effects of additional socialisation for kittens in a rescue centre on their behaviour and suitability as a pet". <i>Applied Animal Behaviour Science</i>. <b>114</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">196–</span>205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.applanim.2008.01.003">10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Animal+Behaviour+Science&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+additional+socialisation+for+kittens+in+a+rescue+centre+on+their+behaviour+and+suitability+as+a+pet&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.applanim.2008.01.003&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Bradshaw%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_60-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_60-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_60-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowell-Davis2007" class="citation book cs1">Crowell-Davis, Sharon L. (2007). "Cat Behaviour: Social Organization, Communication & Development". <i>The Welfare of Cats</i>. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402032271" title="Special:BookSources/9781402032271"><bdi>9781402032271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cat+Behaviour%3A+Social+Organization%2C+Communication+%26+Development&rft.btitle=The+Welfare+of+Cats&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781402032271&rft.aulast=Crowell-Davis&rft.aufirst=Sharon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlder1955" class="citation journal cs1">Alder, H. E. (1955). "Some Factors of Observational Learning". <i>The Journal of Genetic Psychology</i>. <b>86</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00221325.1955.10532903">10.1080/00221325.1955.10532903</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14354164">14354164</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1297110751">1297110751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Genetic+Psychology&rft.atitle=Some+Factors+of+Observational+Learning&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00221325.1955.10532903&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14354164&rft.aulast=Alder&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro1980" class="citation journal cs1">Caro, T. M. (1980). "Effects of the Mother, Object Play, and Adult Experience on Predation in Cats". <i>Behavioral and Neural Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0163-1047%2880%2992456-5">10.1016/S0163-1047(80)92456-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7387584">7387584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Neural+Biology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+the+Mother%2C+Object+Play%2C+and+Adult+Experience+on+Predation+in+Cats&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0163-1047%2880%2992456-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7387584&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeadle1977" class="citation book cs1">Beadle, Muriel (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cathistorybiolog00bead/page/100"><i>The Cat: History, Biology, and Behaviour</i></a></span>. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cathistorybiolog00bead/page/100">100–111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671224516" title="Special:BookSources/9780671224516"><bdi>9780671224516</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cat%3A+History%2C+Biology%2C+and+Behaviour&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100-111&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780671224516&rft.aulast=Beadle&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcathistorybiolog00bead%2Fpage%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_64-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_64-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeyhausen1979" class="citation book cs1">Leyhausen, Paul (1979). <i>Cat Behaviour: The Predatory & Social Behaviour of Domestic & Wild Cats</i>. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>216, <span class="nowrap">227–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824070175" title="Special:BookSources/9780824070175"><bdi>9780824070175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cat+Behaviour%3A+The+Predatory+%26+Social+Behaviour+of+Domestic+%26+Wild+Cats&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E216%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780824070175&rft.aulast=Leyhausen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Felinology">Felinology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_anatomy" title="Cat anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_genetics" title="Cat genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_cat" title="Dwarf cat">Dwarf cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitten" title="Kitten">Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd-eyed_cat" title="Odd-eyed cat">Odd-eyed cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squitten" title="Squitten">Squitten</a></li> <li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cat_coat_genetics" title="Cat coat genetics">Coat genetics</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicolor_cat" title="Bicolor cat">Bicolor cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">Black cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_cat" title="Calico cat">Calico cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabby_cat" title="Tabby cat">Tabby cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell_cat" title="Tortoiseshell cat">Tortoiseshell cat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cat_health" title="Cat health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_in_cats" title="Aging in cats">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychectomy" title="Onychectomy">Declawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_food" title="Cat food">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_health_diets_for_cats" title="Dental health diets for cats">dental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_cat_diet" title="Senior cat diet">senior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_vaccination" title="Feline vaccination">Vaccination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cat_behavior" title="Cat behavior">Behavior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%E2%80%93dog_relationship" title="Cat–dog relationship">Cat–dog relationship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catnip" title="Catnip">Catnip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">valerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meow" title="Meow">Meow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purr" title="Purr">Purr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneading_(cats)" title="Kneading (cats)">Kneading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_intelligence" title="Cat intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_play_and_toys" title="Cat play and toys">Play and toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_righting_reflex" title="Cat righting reflex">Righting reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_senses" title="Cat senses">Senses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_interaction_with_cats" title="Human interaction with cats">Human–cat<br />interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailurophobia" title="Ailurophobia">Ailurophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_caf%C3%A9" title="Cat café">Cat cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cat_killers" title="Category:Cat killers">Cat killers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_massage" title="Cat massage">Cat massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_show" title="Cat show">Cat show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Cats in ancient Egypt">Cats in ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_cats" title="Cultural depictions of cats">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_felines" title="List of fictional felines">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_and_the_Internet" title="Cats and the Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog-like_cat" title="Dog-like cat">Dog-like cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">Feral cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_cats" title="Islam and cats">Cats and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolcat" title="Lolcat">Lolcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cat_Day" title="National Cat Day">National Cat Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_cat" title="Working cat">Working cat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodega_cat" title="Bodega cat">Bodega cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_cat" title="Farm cat">Farm cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_cat" title="Library cat">Library cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_cat" title="Ship's cat">Ship's cat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_zoonosis" title="Feline zoonosis">Zoonosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cat_registry" title="Cat registry">Registries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Cat_Fanciers_Association" title="American Cat Fanciers Association">American Cat Fanciers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associazione_Nazionale_Felina_Italiana" title="Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana">Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Cat_Federation" title="Australian Cat Federation">Australian Cat Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cat_Association" title="Canadian Cat Association">Canadian Cat Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Aficionado_Association" title="Cat Aficionado Association">Cat Aficionado Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Fanciers%27_Association" title="Cat Fanciers' Association">Cat Fanciers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_F%C3%A9line" title="Fédération Internationale Féline">Fédération Internationale Féline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governing_Council_of_the_Cat_Fancy" title="Governing Council of the Cat Fancy">Governing Council of the Cat Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Cat_Fancy" title="New Zealand Cat Fancy">New Zealand Cat Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa_Cat_Council" title="Southern Africa Cat Council">Southern Africa Cat Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Cat_Association" title="The International Cat Association">The International Cat Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cat_Congress" title="World Cat Congress">World Cat Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cat_Federation" title="World Cat Federation">World Cat Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breeds<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">full list</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_cat_breeds" title="List of experimental cat breeds">experimental</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fully<br />domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_cat" title="Abyssinian cat">Abyssinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Curl" title="American Curl">American Curl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Shorthair" title="American Shorthair">American Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cat" title="Balinese cat">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Shorthair" title="Brazilian Shorthair">Brazilian Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Shorthair" title="British Shorthair">British Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birman" title="Birman">Birman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_cat" title="Bombay cat">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cat" title="Burmese cat">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmilla" title="Burmilla">Burmilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Spangled" title="California Spangled">California Spangled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartreux" title="Chartreux">Chartreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Li" title="Dragon Li">Chinese Li Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpoint_Shorthair" title="Colorpoint Shorthair">Colorpoint Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Rex" title="Cornish Rex">Cornish Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymric_cat" title="Cymric cat">Cymric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Rex" title="Devon Rex">Devon Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donskoy_cat" title="Donskoy cat">Donskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Mau" title="Egyptian Mau">Egyptian Mau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Shorthair" title="European Shorthair">European Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_Shorthair" title="Exotic Shorthair">Exotic Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldex_cat" title="Foldex cat">Foldex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Rex" title="German Rex">German Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_cat" title="Himalayan cat">Himalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Bobtail" title="Japanese Bobtail">Japanese Bobtail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cat" title="Javanese cat">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_Manee" title="Khao Manee">Khao Manee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korat" title="Korat">Korat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurilian_Bobtail" title="Kurilian Bobtail">Kurilian Bobtail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykoi" title="Lykoi">Lykoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Coon" title="Maine Coon">Maine Coon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_cat" title="Manx cat">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munchkin_cat" title="Munchkin cat">Munchkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva_Masquerade" title="Neva Masquerade">Neva Masquerade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Forest_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Forest cat">Norwegian Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocicat" title="Ocicat">Ocicat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojos_Azules" title="Ojos Azules">Ojos Azules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Shorthair" title="Oriental Shorthair">Oriental Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_cat" title="Persian cat">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterbald" title="Peterbald">Peterbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie-bob" title="Pixie-bob">Pixie-bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragdoll" title="Ragdoll">Ragdoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_cat" title="Ragamuffin cat">Ragamuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Blue" title="Russian Blue">Russian Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Fold" title="Scottish Fold">Scottish Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkirk_Rex" title="Selkirk Rex">Selkirk Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_cat" title="Siamese cat">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_cat" title="Siberian cat">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapura_cat" title="Singapura cat">Singapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_cat" title="Snowshoe cat">Snowshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cat" title="Somali cat">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphynx_cat" title="Sphynx cat">Sphynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cat" title="Thai cat">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian" title="Traditional Persian">Traditional Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkinese_cat" title="Tonkinese cat">Tonkinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyger" title="Toyger">Toyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Turkish Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Van" title="Turkish Van">Turkish Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausie" title="Chausie">Chausie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_cat" title="Highlander cat">Highlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_cat" title="Savannah cat">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti_cat" title="Serengeti cat">Serengeti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landraces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_cat" title="Aegean cat">Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_cat" title="Cyprus cat">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellas_cat" title="Kellas cat">Kellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoke" title="Sokoke">Sokoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_cat" title="Van cat">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feline_diseases" title="List of feline diseases">Diseases and<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feline_acne" title="Feline acne">Acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_asthma" title="Feline asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_calicivirus" title="Feline calicivirus">Calicivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_sensorineural_deafness_in_cats" title="Congenital sensorineural deafness in cats">Congenital sensorineural deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_corneal_sequestrum" title="Feline corneal sequestrum">Feline corneal sequestrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_flea" title="Cat flea">Flea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">Coccidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">Heartworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_hepatic_lipidosis" title="Feline hepatic lipidosis">Hepatic lipidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy#Related_disorders" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Feline immunodeficiency virus">Immunodeficiency virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_infectious_peritonitis" title="Feline infectious peritonitis">Infectious peritonitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_leukemia_virus" title="Feline leukemia virus">Leukemia virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_lower_urinary_tract_disease" title="Feline lower urinary tract disease">Lower urinary tract disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_protoparvovirus_1" title="Carnivore protoparvovirus 1">Panleukopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydactyl_cat" title="Polydactyl cat">Polydactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">Rabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Ringworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritrichomonas_foetus" title="Tritrichomonas foetus">Tritrichomonas foetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocara_cati" title="Toxocara cati">Roundworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_skin_disorders" title="Cat skin disorders">Skin disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">Tick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_viral_rhinotracheitis" title="Feline viral rhinotracheitis">Viral rhinotracheitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_by_country" title="Category:Cats by country">Cats by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_Australia" title="Cats in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_in_Canada" title="Category:Cats in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_in_Japan" title="Category:Cats in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_New_Zealand" title="Cats in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Cats in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_the_United_States" title="Cats in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_cats" title="List of individual cats">List of individual cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_cats" title="List of longest-living cats">List of longest-living cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cat_folklore" title="Category:Cat folklore">Cats in folklore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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