CINXE.COM
Gulf Research Program (GRP) | The National Academies Press
<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"/> <title>Gulf Research Program (GRP) | The National Academies Press</title> <meta name="description" content="Browse all the reports by the Gulf Research Program (GRP) available to read, download, and purchase from the National Academies Press."> <link rel="canonical" href="http://nap.nationalacademies.org/author/author/GRP/gulf-research-program"> <script> // if (document.location.hostname.search(/nap\.edu$/) < 0) { // url = "http://www.na" + "p.edu" + document.location.pathname + document.location.search // document.location.replace(url); // } </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="/includes/js/svg4everybody.ie8.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <meta name="alexaVerifyID" content="02J2SepmgvpkhVXcfeE98cX3HKs" /> <link href="//nap.nationalacademies.org/stylesheets/nasem-nap.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="//nap.nationalacademies.org/stylesheets/topnav-lite-min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//nap.nationalacademies.org/stylesheets/component.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if gte IE 5]> <style type="text/css"> #blanket {filter:alpha(opacity=65);}</style><![endif]--> <script src="/includes/js/jquery-3.5.1.min.js"></script> <script src="/includes/js/jquery.dotdotdot.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!--<script src="https://www.nationalacademies.org//_cache_4662/_themesdelivery/nasuwTheme/assets/vendor.js"></script>--> <!-- <script src="/includes/js/jquery.min-3.1.0.js"></script> --> <!-- MC Goal Tracking --> <script type="text/javascript"> var $mcGoal = {'settings':{'uuid':'eaea39b6442dc4e0d08e6aa4a','dc':'us4'}}; (function() { var sp = document.createElement('script'); sp.type = 'text/javascript'; sp.async = true; sp.defer = true; sp.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://s3.amazonaws.com/downloads.mailchimp.com' : 'http://downloads.mailchimp.com') + '/js/goal.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(sp, s); })(); </script> <!-- Data Layer --> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];dataLayer.push({ 'pageTitle' : "Gulf Research Program (GRP)", 'loginStatus' : "guest", 'form' : "subscribe" }); </script> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-N9MJ23');</script> <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google AdWords: 1071160892 --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=AW-1071160892"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'AW-1071160892'); gtag('config', 'AW-1071160892'); </script> <script id="mcjs">!function(c,h,i,m,p){m=c.createElement(h),p=c.getElementsByTagName(h)[0],m.async=1,m.src=i,p.parentNode.insertBefore(m,p)}(document,"script","https://chimpstatic.com/mcjs-connected/js/users/eaea39b6442dc4e0d08e6aa4a/208cb1a4b431cae38b54bdb6f.js");</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/vendor/bootstrap-3.0.3/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/naphome.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/authors.css"> <style> .bg-white { background: #fff !important; } .author-nav-list li { font-size: 12px; } .reports-header { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; } .nav-wrap { margin: 50px auto; background-color: transparent; border-top: 1px solid rgb(255,255,255); border-bottom: none; } #local-nav-nap { margin: 0 auto; list-style: none; position: relative; width: 100%; } #local-nav-nap li { display: inline; } #local-nav-nap li a { color: rgb(51,51,51); color: var(--color-neutral--jet); display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; min-width: 3em; max-width: 200px; padding: 1.5em 2.2em; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; transition: color .15s; white-space: nowrap; float: left; } #local-nav-nap li a:hover { color: #3a85b3; } #magic-line { position: absolute; bottom: -2px; left: 0; width: 100px; height: 7px; background: #1e1541; } .local-nav { border-color: rgb(204,204,204); border-color: var(--color-neutral--pastel); border-width: 1px 0 0; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex;local-nav-nap -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; max-width: 100%; padding-top: .4rem; } .local-nav__link { color: rgb(51,51,51); color: var(--color-neutral--jet); display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; min-width: 4rem; max-width: 200px; padding: .75rem 1.75rem; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; transition: color .15s; white-space: nowrap; } .local-nav__link.is-active::after, .local-nav__link.is-hovered::after { background-color: #3a85b3; } .local-nav__link::after { content: ""; background-color: transparent; display: block; height: 7px; left: -2px; position: absolute; top: -1em; transition: background-color .15s; width: 101%; } /*set bg colors for NAM/NAS/NAE*/ #bg-NAS { color: #000; background: rgb(209,173,81); background: -moz-linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(209,173,81,1) 0%, rgba(243,218,154,1) 100%); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(209,173,81,1) 0%, rgba(243,218,154,1) 100%); background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(209,173,81,1) 0%, rgba(243,218,154,1) 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr="#d1ad51",endColorstr="#f3da9a",GradientType=1); } #bg-NAM { /* Permalink - use to edit and share this gradient: https://colorzilla.com/gradient-editor/#344847+0,316568+52 */ background: #344847; /* Old browsers */ background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #344847 0%, #316568 52%); /* FF3.6-15 */ background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #344847 0%,#316568 52%); /* Chrome10-25,Safari5.1-6 */ background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #344847 0%,#316568 52%); /* W3C, IE10+, FF16+, Chrome26+, Opera12+, Safari7+ */ filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#344847', endColorstr='#316568',GradientType=0 ); /* IE6-9 */ color: white; } #bg-NAE { color: #fff; background: rgb(49,84,112); background: -moz-linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(49,84,112,1) 0%, rgba(71,120,159,1) 100%); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(49,84,112,1) 0%, rgba(71,120,159,1) 100%); background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(49,84,112,1) 0%, rgba(71,120,159,1) 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr="#315470",endColorstr="#47789f",GradientType=1); } #bg-NAM h1, #bg-NAE h1 { color: #fff; } #bg-NAS h1 { color: #000; } #bg-NAM #local-nav-nap li a, #bg-NAS #local-nav-nap li a, #bg-NAE #local-nav-nap li a { color: #fff; } #bg-NAS #local-nav-nap li a { color: #000; } #bg-NAM #magic-line, #bg-NAS #magic-line, #bg-NAE #magic-line { position: absolute; bottom: -2px; left: 0; width: 100px; height: 7px; background: #fff; } #bg-NAM li.link-board, #bg-NAS li.link-board, #bg-NAE li.link-board { border: 1px solid; padding: 10px; background: none; color: #fff } #bg-NAM li.link-board { border: 1px solid #fff; padding: 10px; background: none; color: #fff } #bg-NAM li.link-board.active, #bg-NAS li.link-board.active, #bg-NAE li.link-board.active { opacity: .5; color:#000 } #bg-NAM li.link-board.active { opacity: .5; color:#fff } #bg-NAM li.link-board:hover, #bg-NAE li.link-board:hover, #bg-NAS li.link-board:hover { background: rgba(0,0,0,.2); } .bg-NAE.container-wide-lightblue, .bg-NAS.container-wide-lightblue, .bg-NAM.container-wide-lightblue { width: 100%; background: none; } .bg-NAE .container.ft, .bg-NAM .container.ft, { background: #fff; margin-top: 2rem; } .bg-NAS.container.ft { background: none; margin-top: 2rem; } .disclaimer { background: #dfdfdc; padding: 2rem; } /*Hide blank dropdown*/ #bg-NAS .dropdown, #bg-NAM .dropdown{ display: none; } /*Perspectives Row*/ .d-flex { display: flex; flex-direction: row; } .flex-card { flex-basis: 100%; padding: 2rem; col-gap: 10px; margin: 10px; margin-right: 10px; align-items: center } .flex-card:first-child { margin-left: 0px; } .flex-card:last-child { margin-right: 0px; } .flex-card .date { line-height: 2; margin-top: 1rem; } .displaytext-NAM.showtxt, .displaytext-NAS.showtxt, .displaytext-NAE.showtxt { display: block; } .showtxt { display: none; } @media (max-width: 768px){ .d-flex { flex-direction: column; display: block; } .flex-card { margin: 0; margin-bottom: 10px; } .btn.btn-secondary { background: #fff; } .bg-NAE .d-flex, .bg-NAM .d-flex { flex-direction: row; display: inline-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; } .bg-NAE .flex-card, .bg-NAM .flex-card { width: 50%; flex-basis: 50% } } </style> <style>pre { background-color: transparent !important; }</style> </head> <body> <!-- Google Tag Manager (nos cript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-N9MJ23" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <a name="top" id="top"></a> <a href="#content" class="sr-only sr-only-focusable">Skip to main content</a> <style> body { overflow-x: hidden; } #lowerMenu { background: #fff } .global-nav--local .mega-menu { display: block; -webkit-transform: translateY(0em); transform: translateY(0em); } .global-nav--local.search-is-hidden .mega-menu { display: none; -webkit-transform: translateY(0em); transform: translateY(0em); } .global-nav .container:not(.mega-menu__header) { padding: 0rem; padding-top: 0rem; padding-right: 0rem; padding-top: 0.5rem; padding-right: 1rem; } .global-nav__controls { top: .3rem; padding-right: 20px; } .global-nav--local .global-nav__links { -webkit-transform: translateY(0); transform: translateY(0); max-width: 75%; float: right; background: #fff; } .global-nav__links ul { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: flex-end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-top: .5rem; } .global-nav--local.menu-is-hidden .global-nav__links { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(0.5em); transform: translateY(0.5em); visibility: hidden; } #header-large { max-width: 1180px; margin: 0; padding: 0 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; -moz-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; flex-wrap: nowrap; position: absolute; top: 113px; text-align: right; width: 100%; right: 0; } #header-large .user-links { white-space: nowrap; display: inline-flex; margin: 0; padding: 0; background: #fff; z-index: 0; list-style: none; min-width:500px; } .user-links li { margin-right: 7%; } .user-links li a { font-size: 10px; text-align: left; text-transform: uppercase; color: #000; } #header-large a.site-links { margin-right: 15px; color: #000; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 5px; font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; } .site-links:hover { text-decoration: underline; } nav#sitelinks-wide { position: absolute; top: 16px; } #sitelinks-wide ul { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0; padding: 0; } #sitelinks-wide ul li { #sitelinks-mobile { display: none; } white-space: nowrap; } #sitelinks-mobile { display: none; } .user-links li a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .dropdown-menu { position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 10px; z-index: 9999999; display: none; float: left; min-width: 160px; padding: 5px 0; margin: 2px 0 0; list-style: none; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175); box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175); background-clip: padding-box; } #dropdownMenuButton { border: 1px solid #ccc; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; } .dropdown #dropdownMenuButton:after { content: '\02795'; /* Unicode character for "plus" sign (+) */ font-size: 13px; color: #777; float: right; margin-left: 5px; } .dropdown.open #dropdownMenuButton:after { content: "\2796"; /* Unicode character for "minus" sign (-) */ } li.naphelp { display: block;} @media (max-width: 930px) { #header-large { right: 80px; } #header-large .user-links { min-width:100px; } nav#sitelinks-wide { display: none; } #sitelinks-mobile { display: block; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: 107px; } #sitelinks-wide ul { display: block; } #sitelinks-wide ul li { margin-right: 0%; white-space: nowrap; } .dropdown-item { display: block; width: 100%; padding: .25rem 1.5rem; clear: both; font-weight: 400; color: #212529; text-align: inherit; white-space: nowrap; background-color: transparent; border: 0; text-align: left; } .dropdown.nap-mega-menu.mega-dropdown { display: none;} li.naphelp { display: none;} } .global-nav__links { display: none; opacity: 1; transition: opacity .15s, -webkit-transform .15s; transition: opacity .15s, transform .15s; transition: opacity .15s, transform .15s, -webkit-transform .15s; } .global-nav--local .global-nav__links { -webkit-transform: translateY(0); transform: translateY(0); } .global-nav--local.menu-is-hidden .global-nav__links { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(0.5em); transform: translateY(0.5em); } .global-nav__links ul { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: flex-end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-top: 1rem; } .global-nav__links li:hover .global-nav__link>span::before, .global-nav__links li:focus-within .global-nav__link>span::before, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link.is-active>span::before, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:hover>span::before, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:focus>span::before { background-color: #1C143D; ; } .global-nav__links li:hover .global-nav__link>span::before::after, .global-nav__links li:focus-within .global-nav__link>span::before::after, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link.is-active>span::before::after, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:hover>span::before::after, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:focus>span::before::after { opacity: 1; } @media screen and (min-width: 65em) { .global-nav__links { display: block; } .global-nav__links>ul>li:last-of-type .global-nav__link { margin-right: -1.25em; } } .global-nav__link { position: relative; display: block; padding: .75em 1.5em .5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: var(--color-neutral--charcoal); border-bottom: 5px solid transparent; /*font-size: .885rem;*/ font-weight: 700; font-weight: var(--lato--bold); text-decoration: none; transition: color .15s; } .global-nav__link>span { position: relative; } .global-nav__link>span::before { content: ""; position: absolute; bottom: -.5em; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 5px; background-color: transparent; transition: background-color .15s; } .global-nav__dropdown { position: absolute; top: calc(100% + 1em); left: 50%; display: none; width: 600px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: var(--color-neutral--white); box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(34, 34, 34, .25); box-shadow: 0 5px 15px var(--box-shadow--charcoal); -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%); transform: translateX(-50%); z-index: 20; } .global-nav__dropdown::before { content: ""; position: absolute; top: -1em; left: 0; display: block; width: 100%; height: 1em; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left { position: relative; min-height: 260px; width: 40%; padding: 1.5rem; background: rgb(255,255,255); background: -moz-linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,1) 0%, rgba(73,69,104,1) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,1) 100%, rgba(195,228,228,1) 100%); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,1) 0%, rgba(73,69,104,1) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,1) 100%, rgba(195,228,228,1) 100%); background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,1) 0%, rgba(73,69,104,1) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,1) 100%, rgba(195,228,228,1) 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr="#ffffff",endColorstr="#c3e4e4",GradientType=1); } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a { display: block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: var(--color-neutral--white); font-weight: 400; font-weight: var(--lato--regular); transition: color .15s; font-size: 16px; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a:hover, .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a:focus, .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a:active { color: rgb(246,210,0); color: var(--color-yellow--pure); } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left ul { -webkit-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left li a { padding: .5em 0; line-height: 1.4; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left--default { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; overflow: hidden; background-color: rgb(243, 241, 235); background-color: var(--color-brown--bone); } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left--default img { width: 100%; height: auto; /* stylelint-disable max-nesting-depth */ /* stylelint-enable max-nesting-depth */ } @supports (object-fit: cover) { .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left--default img { height: 100%; object-fit: cover; } } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right { width: 60%; padding: 1.5rem; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right .button { margin-top: 2em; text-shadow: none; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right a { color: rgb(0, 89, 145); color: var(--color-blue--bahama); text-decoration: none; transition: color .15s; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right a:hover, .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right a:focus { color: rgb(33,23,71); color: var(--color-blue--imperial); text-decoration: underline; } .rm-dropdown:hover::after, .rm-dropdown:focus::after { visibility: hidden; } .has-dropdown { position: relative; } .has-dropdown::after { content: ""; position: absolute; top: calc(100% + 3px); left: 50%; width: 26px; height: 15px; background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,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); background-repeat: no-repeat; -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%); transform: translateX(-50%); visibility: hidden; } .has-dropdown:hover::after, .has-dropdown:focus::after { visibility: visible; } .has-dropdown:hover .global-nav__dropdown { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; } .has-dropdown:focus-within .global-nav__dropdown { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; } .has-dropdown:nth-last-of-type(-n+3) .global-nav__dropdown { left: auto; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .has-dropdown:nth-last-of-type(3) .global-nav__dropdown { right: -200%; } .has-dropdown:nth-last-of-type(2) .global-nav__dropdown { right: -90%; } .has-dropdown:last-of-type .global-nav__dropdown { right: 5%; } .global-nav__links { z-index: 5; } header.global-nav { height: 150px; } .button.button--secondary.button--outline.button--icon { font-size: 12px; padding-right: 40px; } .button.button--icon svg { height: 2.5em; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 60%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 24px; } .controls__search, .controls__menu, .controls__nav { font-size: 12px; } .global-nav__menus--upper { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: space-between; justify-content: space-between; margin-bottom: 2rem; } .global-nav__link { font-size: 16px; } .global-nav__links ul { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: flex-end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-top: 5px; list-style: none; } .invert { background: #000; color: #fff; } .controls__nav .menu-off { display: inline; } .controls__nav .menu-on { display: none; } .controls__nav.invert .menu-off { display: none } .controls__nav.invert .menu-on { display: inline; } .mega-menu { background-color: rgb(243, 241, 235); background-color: var(--color-brown--bone); position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; overflow: scroll; z-index: 9999999; } .mega-menu .mega-menu__header { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: space-between; justify-content: space-between; -webkit-align-items: center; align-items: center; padding-top: 1rem; } .mega-menu__content .search-form__container { position: relative; max-width: 70em; margin: 0 auto; } #search .global-nav__logo { position: absolute; top: 1em; } .sf-top { margin-top: 50px; } #searchFormNAP { display: block; height: 100px; } a:hover, a:focus { color: #1C143D; text-decoration: underline; } #fixedfooter a:hover, #fixedfooter a:focus { color: #fff; text-decoration: underline; } .btn-blueflat.btn-searchhome.hide-xs { display: none; } .mega-menu__content { margin-top: 50px; margin-left: 7px; } .accordion__title.faq__accordion__title .flex.justify-between { display: inherit; } .global-nav__logo { margin: 0px !important; position: absolute; left: 15px; top: 25px; height: 55px; } .global-nav__link:hover { text-decoration: none; } @media screen and (min-width: 65em) { .mega-menu__content .search-form { padding: 1em 0px 3em 0em; } } @media (min-width: 45rem) { .global-nav__logo {} } @media (max-width: 480px) { .global-nav__logo { margin: 0px !important; position: absolute; left: 15px; top: 12px; } } /* Style the buttons that are used to open and close the accordion panel */ #mobile-menu button.accordion, #mobile-menu button.no-accordion { letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: left; color: #4148C2; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: 700 !important; font-family: 'lato', helvetica, sans-serif; padding: 15px 0px 15px 0px; border-top: none !important; border-bottom: .5px solid rgb(221, 213, 199) !important; cursor: pointer; width: 100%; } .mega-menu__content .accordion { border: 0; font-weight: 700; } #mobile-menu .accordion:after { content: '\02795'; /* Unicode character for "plus" sign (+) */ font-size: 13px; color: #777; float: right; margin-left: 5px; } #mobile-menu button.active:after { content: "\2796"; /* Unicode character for "minus" sign (-) */ } /* Add a background color to the button if it is clicked on (add the .active class with JS), and when you move the mouse over it (hover) */ #mobile-menu button.active, #mobile-menu button.accordion:hover { background-color: transparent; } /* Style the accordion panel. Note: hidden by default */ #mobile-menu .panel { padding: 0 0; background-color: transparent; max-height: 0; box-shadow: 0 !important; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.2s ease-out; margin: 0px !important; border: 0 !important; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li { margin: 0px 0px; padding-left: 0px; } #mobile-menu .panel ul { margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li { line-height: 2; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li a { color: #000; text-decoration: underline; cursor: pointer; } .controls__menu-mobile { text-transform: uppercase; } .controls__menu-mobile svg { fill: #222; fill: var(--color-neutral--charcoal); width: 1.75rem; height: 1.75rem; } .cart-badge { display: inline-block; text-align: center; line-height: 1; background: #7899F2; color: white; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 20px; padding: 3px 6px; margin-left: 3px; } @media screen and (min-width: 65em) { #mobile-menu .controls__menu { display: inline; } } @media screen and (max-width: 65em) { #mobile-menu .controls__menu svg { display: inline; } } /*NAP mega menu dropdown*/ li.nap-mega-menu.mega-dropdown { position: static !important; width:100% !important; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu { padding: 20px 0px; box-shadow: none; -webkit-box-shadow: none; margin-top: 10px !important; box-shadow: 0 5px 15px var(--box-shadow--charcoal); transform: none !important; top: 100% !important; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul.browse-col { padding: 0; margin: 0; width: 100%; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul > li { list-style: none; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul > li > a { display: block; padding: 3px 20px; clear: both; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.428571429; color: #4148C2; white-space: normal; font-size: 14px; text-transform: none; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li ul > li > a:hover, .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li ul > li > a:focus { text-decoration: none; color: #444; background-color: #f5f5f5; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu .dropdown-header a { color: #4148C2; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 900 !important; text-align: left; text-transform: uppercase !important; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 7px; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu form { margin:3px 20px; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu .form-group { margin-bottom: 3px; } .nap-mega-menu .vertical-divider { border-left: 1px solid #ccc; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li.d-flex { display: inline-flex !important; margin-right: 0 !important; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: nowrap !important; flex-direction: row !important; } #nap-mega-menu-inner { justify-content: space-between; align-content:start; } #nap-mega-menu-inner li.browse-col { width: 22%; } </style> <header class="global-nav global-nav--local menu-is-hidden search-is-hidden" id="lowerMenu"> <div class="container flex justify-between"> <!--Mega menu start --> <div aria-hidden="true" class="mega-menu" id="search"> <div data-lock=""> <div class="container mega-menu__header"> <div class="global-nav__logo"> <a class="navbar-brand js-scroll-trigger" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="nasemLogo" data-name="nasemLogo" viewBox="0 0 360 66.64"> <defs/> <path d="m4.26 8.63 19.56 20.49V1.72h-3.47v18.93L.8.16v27.32h3.46V8.63zM32.55 27.48h3.83l8.15-19.2 7.93 18.99.09.21h3.82L44.62 0 32.55 27.48zM175.05 27.48h3.83l8.16-19.2 7.93 18.99.08.21h3.83L187.12 0l-12.07 27.48zM68.23 27.48h3.47V5.03h7.72V1.72H60.51v3.31h7.72v22.45zM90.08 1.72h3.46v25.76h-3.46z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M157.14 38.67A13.39 13.39 0 1 0 143.75 52a13.21 13.21 0 0 0 13.39-13.33Zm-3.54 0a9.85 9.85 0 1 1-9.85-10 9.93 9.93 0 0 1 9.85 10Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="m146.56 8.63 19.56 20.49V1.72h-3.47v18.93L143.1.16v27.32h3.46V8.63zM210.95 1.72h-3.46v25.76h13.8v-3.31h-10.34V1.72z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M67.41 63A13.13 13.13 0 0 0 54 76.37a13 13 0 0 0 13.26 13.24A13.48 13.48 0 0 0 75 87.1l.14-.1v-4.46l-.58.58a10.91 10.91 0 0 1-2.81 2 10 10 0 0 1-4.51 1.13c-6.74 0-9.77-5.78-9.77-9.89a9.82 9.82 0 0 1 9.74-10.11 10.44 10.44 0 0 1 4.18.94 12 12 0 0 1 3.17 2.27l.58.58v-4.41l-.13-.1a12.1 12.1 0 0 0-7.6-2.53ZM130 66.4a14 14 0 0 0-9.47-3h-5.45v25.75h5.42c4.25 0 6.88-.83 9.39-3a12.32 12.32 0 0 0 4.52-9.89A12.54 12.54 0 0 0 130 66.4Zm-2.39 17.26a10.37 10.37 0 0 1-7 2.18h-2.11V66.7h2.11c6.21 0 10.22 3.77 10.22 9.59a9.23 9.23 0 0 1-3.25 7.37Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="M119.94 65.11h15.33V61.8h-11.86v-9.07h10.38v-3.31h-10.38v-6.76h11.86v-3.32h-15.33v25.77zM201.26 65.11h15.33V61.8h-11.86v-9.07h10.37v-3.31h-10.37v-6.76h11.86v-3.32h-15.33v25.77zM158.66 58.65l-9.79-21.53-4.42 27.99h3.56l2.36-16.59 8.25 18.12 8.35-18.12 2.25 16.59h3.56l-4.14-28.03-9.98 21.57zM184.29 39.34h3.46V65.1h-3.46z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M263.7 76.76a12.7 12.7 0 0 0-4-2.44l-2.42-1a8 8 0 0 1-2.53-1.51 2.32 2.32 0 0 1-.83-1.94c0-2.11 1.56-3.53 3.87-3.53a4.18 4.18 0 0 1 2.61.79 5.51 5.51 0 0 1 1.37 1.77l.17.34 2.8-1.85-.14-.27a7.79 7.79 0 0 0-2.56-2.91 7.16 7.16 0 0 0-4.18-1.21c-4.34 0-7.37 2.8-7.37 6.8a5.53 5.53 0 0 0 1.83 4.35 10.74 10.74 0 0 0 3.24 2l2.44 1.17a10.81 10.81 0 0 1 2.94 1.68 3.39 3.39 0 0 1 1.13 2.68A4.8 4.8 0 0 1 254 85a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-1.42-3l-.05-.39-3.4.94.07.32a9.51 9.51 0 0 0 2.43 4.61 7.73 7.73 0 0 0 5.69 2.13 7.9 7.9 0 0 0 8.28-8 6.38 6.38 0 0 0-1.9-4.85Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="M0 65.11h3.83l8.16-19.21 7.92 19 .09.21h3.83L12.07 37.63 0 65.11zM57.37 65.11h3.83l8.15-19.21 7.93 19 .08.21h3.83L69.44 37.63 57.37 65.11z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M292 26.45a3.91 3.91 0 0 0-1.07-.14 2.94 2.94 0 0 0-1.74.52 1.71 1.71 0 0 0-.72 1.47 2.36 2.36 0 0 0 .63 1.7 9.45 9.45 0 0 0 1.9 1.38 15.52 15.52 0 0 1 1.45 1 4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .94 1.12 2.87 2.87 0 0 1 .38 1.51 3.57 3.57 0 0 1-.57 2 3.79 3.79 0 0 1-1.6 1.34 5.79 5.79 0 0 1-2.39.47 9.63 9.63 0 0 1-2.22-.25 4.15 4.15 0 0 1-1.41-.52l.39-2.49H287l.11 1.84a2.93 2.93 0 0 0 .92.39 5 5 0 0 0 1.16.14 3.39 3.39 0 0 0 2-.6 1.94 1.94 0 0 0 .83-1.68 2.25 2.25 0 0 0-.56-1.54 7.66 7.66 0 0 0-1.7-1.32c-.6-.39-1.1-.75-1.51-1.07a4.43 4.43 0 0 1-1-1.2 2.94 2.94 0 0 1-.43-1.59 3.08 3.08 0 0 1 .57-1.85 3.58 3.58 0 0 1 1.55-1.23 5.17 5.17 0 0 1 2.13-.43 7.84 7.84 0 0 1 2 .21 4 4 0 0 1 1.25.51l-.4 2.31h-.95l-.14-1.68a2.39 2.39 0 0 0-.83-.32ZM300.27 29.79a2.2 2.2 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.15 4.15 0 0 0-1.06 1.74 8 8 0 0 0-.38 2.55 4.11 4.11 0 0 0 .5 2.24 1.6 1.6 0 0 0 1.42.74 2.71 2.71 0 0 0 1.25-.27 5.56 5.56 0 0 0 1.15-.81l.35.64a4.42 4.42 0 0 1-1.31 1.08 3.78 3.78 0 0 1-2 .5 2.76 2.76 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.51 4.51 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .6-2.87 6 6 0 0 1 1.77-2.38 4.27 4.27 0 0 1 2.77-.95 5.7 5.7 0 0 1 1.06.11 3.31 3.31 0 0 1 .92.3l-.48 1.7-.29-.11a2.91 2.91 0 0 0-1.6-.93ZM306.13 37.31a.54.54 0 0 0 .08.33.22.22 0 0 0 .2.11.74.74 0 0 0 .39-.12 2.88 2.88 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.34 3.34 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.23.4 1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.89-.27.9.9 0 0 1-.26-.81c0-.3.18-1.43.46-3.41q.24-1.59.6-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.38.19-1.17 8.25Zm-.08-10.8a1 1 0 0 1-.27-.69 1.24 1.24 0 0 1 .34-.89 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .82-.37.94.94 0 0 1 .7.27.93.93 0 0 1 .26.66 1.35 1.35 0 0 1-.33.92 1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.88.38.9.9 0 0 1-.64-.28ZM315.15 38.24a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.45 3.45 0 0 1-2-.53 3.23 3.23 0 0 1-1.15-1.41 4.83 4.83 0 0 1-.36-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .67-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.92-2.33 4.33 4.33 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.64 2.64 0 0 1 1.88.6 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.66 2.66 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.62 6.62 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 9.48 9.48 0 0 1-2.46.45 3.85 3.85 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.68 1.68 0 0 0 1.6.91 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.41 4.41 0 0 0 1.39-1l.38.65a4.39 4.39 0 0 1-1.48 1.23Zm-2.41-8a4.82 4.82 0 0 0-1 1.65 7.41 7.41 0 0 0-.44 1.94 5.85 5.85 0 0 0 1.86-.39 4.34 4.34 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.33-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.88-.35 2 2 0 0 0-1.46.67ZM323.42 29.32a3.62 3.62 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.93 2.93 0 0 1 .53 1.95 16.77 16.77 0 0 1-.39 2.68l-.07.4-.14.85a12.6 12.6 0 0 0-.28 2.12c0 .32.08.47.23.47a1.35 1.35 0 0 0 .82-.44l.21.46a1.7 1.7 0 0 1-.36.4 2.81 2.81 0 0 1-.7.45 1.92 1.92 0 0 1-.9.2c-.74 0-1.11-.35-1.11-1.07a14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.63.21-1.18.28-1.66a9 9 0 0 0 .1-1.32 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.12 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.3 2.63 2.63 0 0 0-1.57.69 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.34H319l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.67 2.14-.39.37.2-.23 2.1a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.73-1.66ZM334.3 29.79a2.22 2.22 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.14 4.14 0 0 0-1 1.74 7.68 7.68 0 0 0-.38 2.55 4.11 4.11 0 0 0 .49 2.24 1.61 1.61 0 0 0 1.42.74 2.78 2.78 0 0 0 1.26-.27 5.52 5.52 0 0 0 1.14-.81l.36.64a4.56 4.56 0 0 1-1.31 1.08 3.85 3.85 0 0 1-2 .5 2.79 2.79 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.57 4.57 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.19 7.19 0 0 1 .61-2.87 5.94 5.94 0 0 1 1.77-2.38 4.24 4.24 0 0 1 2.76-.95 5.7 5.7 0 0 1 1.06.11 3.2 3.2 0 0 1 .92.3l-.47 1.7-.3-.11a2.91 2.91 0 0 0-1.66-.93ZM343.32 38.24a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.42 3.42 0 0 1-1.95-.53A3.17 3.17 0 0 1 338 36.9a4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.53 7.53 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.36 4.36 0 0 1 2.63-.88 2.65 2.65 0 0 1 1.88.6 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.69 2.69 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.66 6.66 0 0 1-2.38 1.28 9.33 9.33 0 0 1-2.46.45 4 4 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.68 1.68 0 0 0 1.6.91 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.37 4.37 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.43 4.43 0 0 1-1.48 1.23Zm-2.4-8a4.67 4.67 0 0 0-1 1.65 7 7 0 0 0-.44 1.94 5.79 5.79 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.25 4.25 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.32-1.05 1.17 1.17 0 0 0-.89-.35 1.93 1.93 0 0 0-1.45.67ZM351.91 29.91a3.08 3.08 0 0 0-1.24-.24 2.15 2.15 0 0 0-1.3.35 1.18 1.18 0 0 0-.49 1 1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .4 1.06 6.17 6.17 0 0 0 1.13 1c.42.33.76.61 1 .85a3.35 3.35 0 0 1 .67.87 2.38 2.38 0 0 1 .3 1.2 2.4 2.4 0 0 1-1 2.07 4.21 4.21 0 0 1-2.53.73 7.55 7.55 0 0 1-1.57-.17 2.73 2.73 0 0 1-1-.39l.29-1.21a3.77 3.77 0 0 0 1 .5 3.94 3.94 0 0 0 1.36.24 2.47 2.47 0 0 0 1.31-.33 1.14 1.14 0 0 0 .55-1.06 1.58 1.58 0 0 0-.43-1.09 8 8 0 0 0-1.26-1 3.53 3.53 0 0 1-1.81-2.86 2.43 2.43 0 0 1 .46-1.45 2.92 2.92 0 0 1 1.25-1 4.48 4.48 0 0 1 1.75-.34 7.2 7.2 0 0 1 1.29.12 4.56 4.56 0 0 1 .92.22l-.3 1.33a1.83 1.83 0 0 0-.75-.4ZM287 50.81h8.32l-.12 2.79h-1l-.28-1.84-4-.14-.67 5 4.07-.14-.12 1.32-4-.14-.81 5.34 4.95-.21 1-2.12 1 .19-.71 3h-9.33l.07-.68 1.32-.21 1.4-11.19-1.19-.2ZM301.65 54.52a3.52 3.52 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .53 1.94 16.85 16.85 0 0 1-.39 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.07.47.23.47a1.41 1.41 0 0 0 .82-.44l.14.49a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.17 3.17 0 0 1-.69.45 2 2 0 0 1-.9.2A1 1 0 0 1 303 63a14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.18 9.18 0 0 0 .1-1.33 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33h-1.67l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.68-1.71ZM313.74 66.64a4.23 4.23 0 0 1-1.77 1.2 5.86 5.86 0 0 1-2 .37 7.37 7.37 0 0 1-1.13-.09 4.89 4.89 0 0 1-.87-.22l.37-1.42a6.44 6.44 0 0 0 1 .39 4.29 4.29 0 0 0 1.22.18 2.62 2.62 0 0 0 1.66-.43 2.58 2.58 0 0 0 .71-1.62l.33-2.33a4.25 4.25 0 0 1-1.18 1 3 3 0 0 1-1.52.39 2.52 2.52 0 0 1-2.17-1 4.5 4.5 0 0 1-.72-2.68 7.33 7.33 0 0 1 .66-3 6.45 6.45 0 0 1 1.95-2.49 4.73 4.73 0 0 1 3-1 5.1 5.1 0 0 1 1 .11 5.19 5.19 0 0 1 .91.28l1.09-.39-1.58 10.63a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.96 2.12ZM313 54.81a2.66 2.66 0 0 0-2 .85 5.43 5.43 0 0 0-1.22 2.11 7.91 7.91 0 0 0-.4 2.46 3.81 3.81 0 0 0 .42 2 1.31 1.31 0 0 0 1.17.71 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 1.37-.44 3.83 3.83 0 0 0 1-1l.93-6.28a2.13 2.13 0 0 0-1.27-.41ZM320.16 62.51a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.24.24 0 0 0 .2.12.8.8 0 0 0 .4-.12 4.16 4.16 0 0 0 .5-.41l.23.42a3.57 3.57 0 0 1-.78.78 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.4 1.32 1.32 0 0 1-.89-.27.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.82c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.4.16-1.07.36-2.48.59-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.39.19-1.18 8.25Zm-.08-10.81a.93.93 0 0 1-.27-.68 1.25 1.25 0 0 1 .35-.89 1 1 0 0 1 .81-.37.93.93 0 0 1 .7.27.9.9 0 0 1 .27.66 1.36 1.36 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.88.37.87.87 0 0 1-.64-.28ZM328.56 54.52a3.54 3.54 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .53 1.94 16.85 16.85 0 0 1-.39 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.08.47.23.47a1.41 1.41 0 0 0 .82-.44l.23.49a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.17 3.17 0 0 1-.69.45 2 2 0 0 1-.9.2 1 1 0 0 1-1.16-1.05 14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.18 9.18 0 0 0 .1-1.33 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33h-1.67l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.71-1.71ZM340.41 63.44a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-1.95-.54 3 3 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .67-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.29 4.29 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.62 2.62 0 0 1 1.88.6 2 2 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.63 2.63 0 0 1-1 2.1 6.47 6.47 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 9.38 9.38 0 0 1-2.46.46A4 4 0 0 0 337 62a1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.27 4.27 0 0 0 1.39-1l.39.65a4.68 4.68 0 0 1-1.51 1.25Zm-2.4-8a4.53 4.53 0 0 0-1 1.65 6.69 6.69 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.13 6.13 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.25 4.25 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.32-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.46.68ZM349.39 63.44a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-2-.54 3.09 3.09 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .68-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.25 4.25 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.65 2.65 0 0 1 1.88.6 2 2 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.66 2.66 0 0 1-1 2.1 6.51 6.51 0 0 1-2.31 1.28 9.38 9.38 0 0 1-2.46.46 3.94 3.94 0 0 0 .43 2.13 1.66 1.66 0 0 0 1.59.9 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.34 4.34 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.68 4.68 0 0 1-1.49 1.24Zm-2.4-8a4.67 4.67 0 0 0-1 1.65 7 7 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.07 6.07 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.38 4.38 0 0 0 1.61-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.33-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.44.68ZM356.34 55.24a4.21 4.21 0 0 1 1.13-1 2.81 2.81 0 0 1 1.4-.38.93.93 0 0 1 .56.12l-.37 1.86a1.64 1.64 0 0 0-.86-.18 2.68 2.68 0 0 0-1.48.5 3.31 3.31 0 0 0-1.14 1.4l-.8 6.24h-1.69l1.11-8.45-.88-.44.12-.65 2.07-.4.35.21-.12 1.56-.08.7a3.9 3.9 0 0 1 .68-1.09ZM362.32 62.51a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.23.23 0 0 0 .2.12.8.8 0 0 0 .4-.12 4.16 4.16 0 0 0 .5-.41l.22.42a3.18 3.18 0 0 1-.78.78 2 2 0 0 1-1.23.4 1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.89-.27.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.82c0-.29.17-1.43.45-3.4.17-1.07.36-2.48.6-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.38.19-1.17 8.25Zm-.08-10.81a.93.93 0 0 1-.24-.7 1.24 1.24 0 0 1 .34-.89 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .82-.37.94.94 0 0 1 .7.27.93.93 0 0 1 .26.66 1.35 1.35 0 0 1-.33.92 1.12 1.12 0 0 1-.88.37.86.86 0 0 1-.67-.26ZM370.36 54.52a3.55 3.55 0 0 1 2-.64 1.91 1.91 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .52 1.94 17.7 17.7 0 0 1-.38 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.07.47.22.47a1.4 1.4 0 0 0 .83-.44l.21.46a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.74 3.74 0 0 1-.69.45 2.13 2.13 0 0 1-.91.2 1 1 0 0 1-1.1-1.07 14.1 14.1 0 0 1 .31-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.12-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.27 9.27 0 0 0 .11-1.33 1.88 1.88 0 0 0-.24-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.83-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33H366l1.12-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.72 6.72 0 0 1 1.68-1.66ZM382.46 66.64a4.23 4.23 0 0 1-1.77 1.2 5.87 5.87 0 0 1-2 .37 7.34 7.34 0 0 1-1.12-.09 4.82 4.82 0 0 1-.88-.22l.37-1.42a6.58 6.58 0 0 0 1 .39 4.24 4.24 0 0 0 1.22.18 2.57 2.57 0 0 0 1.65-.43 2.53 2.53 0 0 0 .72-1.62l.33-2.33a4.25 4.25 0 0 1-1.18 1 3.07 3.07 0 0 1-1.52.39 2.52 2.52 0 0 1-2.17-1 4.5 4.5 0 0 1-.73-2.68 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .67-3 6.27 6.27 0 0 1 1.95-2.51 4.71 4.71 0 0 1 3-1 5.1 5.1 0 0 1 1 .11 5.47 5.47 0 0 1 .91.28l1.09-.39-1.58 10.63a3.86 3.86 0 0 1-.96 2.14Zm-.7-11.83a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-2 .85 5.31 5.31 0 0 0-1.22 2.11 7.93 7.93 0 0 0-.41 2.46 3.7 3.7 0 0 0 .43 2 1.31 1.31 0 0 0 1.17.71 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 1.37-.44 3.79 3.79 0 0 0 1-1l.93-6.28a2.08 2.08 0 0 0-1.27-.41ZM295.85 80.3q1.44-3.12 1.89-4.29h3.76l-.07.75-1.56.19-.34 11.2 1.49.21-.02.64h-4.82l.07-.68 1.6-.21.4-7.76.23-3.56L297.1 80l-4.1 9.08-.94.12-1.44-9-.55-3.33-.71 3.4-1.88 7.9 1.77.21-.07.68h-4.53l.07-.68 1.46-.21L289 77l-1.62-.19.11-.75h4.07l1.35 8.56.23 1.79.77-1.76q.49-1.22 1.94-4.35ZM308 88.64a4.35 4.35 0 0 1-2.23.59 3.38 3.38 0 0 1-2-.53 3.26 3.26 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.87 4.87 0 0 1-.36-1.87 7.34 7.34 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.91-2.29 4.32 4.32 0 0 1 2.62-.87 2.63 2.63 0 0 1 1.88.59 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.65 2.65 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.62 6.62 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 10 10 0 0 1-2.46.46 3.89 3.89 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.3 4.3 0 0 0 1.39-1l.38.65a4.52 4.52 0 0 1-1.47 1.19Zm-2.41-8a4.68 4.68 0 0 0-1 1.64 7.5 7.5 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.11 6.11 0 0 0 1.86-.38 4.61 4.61 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.47 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.32-1 1.15 1.15 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.45.64ZM318.78 87.71c0 .29.09.44.26.44a1.42 1.42 0 0 0 .81-.44l.24.44a3.31 3.31 0 0 1-.76.71 1.9 1.9 0 0 1-1.15.36c-.69 0-1-.38-1-1.13v-.38a4.57 4.57 0 0 1-1.23 1.07 3.18 3.18 0 0 1-1.65.44 2.46 2.46 0 0 1-2.14-1 4.54 4.54 0 0 1-.72-2.68 7.24 7.24 0 0 1 .67-3 6.3 6.3 0 0 1 1.89-2.48 4.67 4.67 0 0 1 3-1 4.42 4.42 0 0 1 1.31.21l.48-3.16-1.16-.3.14-.61 2.47-.32.39.23-1.83 12.4a.59.59 0 0 0-.02.2Zm-2-7.7a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-2 .85 5.14 5.14 0 0 0-1.21 2.1 8 8 0 0 0-.4 2.47 3.83 3.83 0 0 0 .42 2 1.27 1.27 0 0 0 1.16.7 2.39 2.39 0 0 0 1.4-.46 3.7 3.7 0 0 0 1-1l.95-6.19a2.2 2.2 0 0 0-1.32-.48ZM324.44 87.71a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.25.25 0 0 0 .21.12.79.79 0 0 0 .39-.13 3.18 3.18 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.35 3.35 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.41 1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.89-.28.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.81c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.41.16-1.06.36-2.47.59-4.22l-1.08-.41.1-.59 2.49-.41.39.2-1.18 8.24Zm-.07-10.81a1 1 0 0 1-.28-.68 1.29 1.29 0 0 1 .35-.9 1.1 1.1 0 0 1 .81-.37.92.92 0 0 1 1 .93 1.29 1.29 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.87.38.84.84 0 0 1-.67-.28ZM332.76 80.18a2.22 2.22 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.15 4.15 0 0 0-1.06 1.74 8 8 0 0 0-.37 2.55 4.09 4.09 0 0 0 .49 2.24 1.59 1.59 0 0 0 1.42.75 2.71 2.71 0 0 0 1.29-.28 5.56 5.56 0 0 0 1.15-.81l.35.65a4.84 4.84 0 0 1-1.3 1.08 3.94 3.94 0 0 1-2 .5 2.78 2.78 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.49 4.49 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .6-2.87 6.1 6.1 0 0 1 1.72-2.45 4.26 4.26 0 0 1 2.77-.94 5.66 5.66 0 0 1 1.06.1 3.31 3.31 0 0 1 .92.3l-.47 1.7-.3-.1a2.88 2.88 0 0 0-1.6-.88ZM338.88 87.71a.56.56 0 0 0 .12.29.23.23 0 0 0 .2.12.82.82 0 0 0 .4-.13 3.18 3.18 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.56 3.56 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.41 1.32 1.32 0 0 1-.89-.28.9.9 0 0 1-.25-.81c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.41.16-1.06.36-2.47.59-4.22l-1.09-.41.11-.59 2.49-.41.39.2-1.18 8.24Zm-.08-10.81a1 1 0 0 1-.27-.68 1.29 1.29 0 0 1 .35-.9 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .81-.37.92.92 0 0 1 1 .93 1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.88.38.87.87 0 0 1-.67-.28ZM347.19 79.72a3.54 3.54 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.59 2.93 2.93 0 0 1 .53 2 16.77 16.77 0 0 1-.39 2.68l-.07.41-.14.84a12.6 12.6 0 0 0-.28 2.12c0 .32.08.48.23.48a1.38 1.38 0 0 0 .82-.44l.21.45a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.36.41 3.11 3.11 0 0 1-.7.44 1.93 1.93 0 0 1-.9.21 1 1 0 0 1-1.11-1.07 14.24 14.24 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.85.07-.42c.11-.63.21-1.18.28-1.66a9 9 0 0 0 .1-1.32 1.87 1.87 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.66 2.66 0 0 0-1.57.69 6.48 6.48 0 0 0-1.48 1.68l-.89 6.24h-1.66l1.12-8.49-.86-.42.14-.67 2.14-.38.37.19-.23 2.1a6.52 6.52 0 0 1 1.71-1.61ZM359 88.64a4.35 4.35 0 0 1-2.23.59 3.34 3.34 0 0 1-1.95-.53 3.19 3.19 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.69 4.69 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.34 7.34 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.9-2.29 4.35 4.35 0 0 1 2.63-.87 2.61 2.61 0 0 1 1.87.59 2 2 0 0 1 .64 1.56 2.68 2.68 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.75 6.75 0 0 1-2.38 1.28 9.81 9.81 0 0 1-2.46.46 4.08 4.08 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.37 4.37 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.57 4.57 0 0 1-1.51 1.19Zm-2.4-8a4.54 4.54 0 0 0-1 1.64 6.76 6.76 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6 6 0 0 0 1.85-.38 4.52 4.52 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.47 1.49 1.49 0 0 0-.32-1 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.41.64Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> </svg> </a></div> <div class="global-nav__controls"><button class="controls__search" style="display: none;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path d="M13.8 21.6a7.8 7.8 0 110-15.6 7.8 7.8 0 010 15.6zm0-2a5.8 5.8 0 100-11.6 5.8 5.8 0 000 11.6z"></path><path d="M17.899 19.325l1.414-1.414 4.322 4.322-1.414 1.414z"></path></svg></button> <button class="controls__close" onclick="toggleSearch()"><span class="menus__close-label"> Close </span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M20.728 8l1.818 1.818-5.455 5.455 5.455 5.455-1.818 1.818-5.455-5.455-5.455 5.455L8 20.728l5.455-5.455L8 9.818 9.818 8l5.455 5.455z"></path></svg></button></div></div> <div class="mega-menu__content"> <div class="search-form sf-top" > <div class="search-form__container"> <label for="inputsearch"> Search for Publications Only </label> <form id="searchFormNAP" action="/search" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded"> <input id="inputsearch" name="term" type="text" placeholder="Type a title, topic, ISBN, or DOI and hit enter"> <input type="hidden" name="v:project" value="uweb_proj_ext"> <button class="search-form__submit"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""> <path d="M13.8 21.6a7.8 7.8 0 110-15.6 7.8 7.8 0 010 15.6zm0-2a5.8 5.8 0 100-11.6 5.8 5.8 0 000 11.6z"></path> <path d="M17.899 19.325l1.414-1.414 4.322 4.322-1.414 1.414z"></path> </svg> </button> </form> </div> <!----></div> <div class="search-form"> <div class="search-form__container"> <label for="globalSearch"> Search All</label> <form id="searchForm" action="https://sparck.nationalacademies.org/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded"> <input id="globalSearch" name="query" type="text" placeholder="Type anything and hit enter"> <input type="hidden" name="v:project" value="uweb_proj_ext"> <button class="search-form__submit"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""> <path d="M13.8 21.6a7.8 7.8 0 110-15.6 7.8 7.8 0 010 15.6zm0-2a5.8 5.8 0 100-11.6 5.8 5.8 0 000 11.6z"></path> <path d="M17.899 19.325l1.414-1.414 4.322 4.322-1.414 1.414z"></path> </svg> </button> </form> </div> <!----></div> <!----></div> </div> <div tabindex="0" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <!--Mega menu end --> <!--Mobile menu start --> <div aria-hidden="true" class="mega-menu" id="mobile-menu" style="display: none;"> <div data-lock=""> <div class="mega-menu__header"> <div class="global-nav__logo" style="padding-left: 10px;"> <a class="navbar-brand js-scroll-trigger" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="nasemLogo" data-name="nasemLogo" viewBox="0 0 360 66.64"> <defs/> <path d="m4.26 8.63 19.56 20.49V1.72h-3.47v18.93L.8.16v27.32h3.46V8.63zM32.55 27.48h3.83l8.15-19.2 7.93 18.99.09.21h3.82L44.62 0 32.55 27.48zM175.05 27.48h3.83l8.16-19.2 7.93 18.99.08.21h3.83L187.12 0l-12.07 27.48zM68.23 27.48h3.47V5.03h7.72V1.72H60.51v3.31h7.72v22.45zM90.08 1.72h3.46v25.76h-3.46z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M157.14 38.67A13.39 13.39 0 1 0 143.75 52a13.21 13.21 0 0 0 13.39-13.33Zm-3.54 0a9.85 9.85 0 1 1-9.85-10 9.93 9.93 0 0 1 9.85 10Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="m146.56 8.63 19.56 20.49V1.72h-3.47v18.93L143.1.16v27.32h3.46V8.63zM210.95 1.72h-3.46v25.76h13.8v-3.31h-10.34V1.72z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M67.41 63A13.13 13.13 0 0 0 54 76.37a13 13 0 0 0 13.26 13.24A13.48 13.48 0 0 0 75 87.1l.14-.1v-4.46l-.58.58a10.91 10.91 0 0 1-2.81 2 10 10 0 0 1-4.51 1.13c-6.74 0-9.77-5.78-9.77-9.89a9.82 9.82 0 0 1 9.74-10.11 10.44 10.44 0 0 1 4.18.94 12 12 0 0 1 3.17 2.27l.58.58v-4.41l-.13-.1a12.1 12.1 0 0 0-7.6-2.53ZM130 66.4a14 14 0 0 0-9.47-3h-5.45v25.75h5.42c4.25 0 6.88-.83 9.39-3a12.32 12.32 0 0 0 4.52-9.89A12.54 12.54 0 0 0 130 66.4Zm-2.39 17.26a10.37 10.37 0 0 1-7 2.18h-2.11V66.7h2.11c6.21 0 10.22 3.77 10.22 9.59a9.23 9.23 0 0 1-3.25 7.37Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="M119.94 65.11h15.33V61.8h-11.86v-9.07h10.38v-3.31h-10.38v-6.76h11.86v-3.32h-15.33v25.77zM201.26 65.11h15.33V61.8h-11.86v-9.07h10.37v-3.31h-10.37v-6.76h11.86v-3.32h-15.33v25.77zM158.66 58.65l-9.79-21.53-4.42 27.99h3.56l2.36-16.59 8.25 18.12 8.35-18.12 2.25 16.59h3.56l-4.14-28.03-9.98 21.57zM184.29 39.34h3.46V65.1h-3.46z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M263.7 76.76a12.7 12.7 0 0 0-4-2.44l-2.42-1a8 8 0 0 1-2.53-1.51 2.32 2.32 0 0 1-.83-1.94c0-2.11 1.56-3.53 3.87-3.53a4.18 4.18 0 0 1 2.61.79 5.51 5.51 0 0 1 1.37 1.77l.17.34 2.8-1.85-.14-.27a7.79 7.79 0 0 0-2.56-2.91 7.16 7.16 0 0 0-4.18-1.21c-4.34 0-7.37 2.8-7.37 6.8a5.53 5.53 0 0 0 1.83 4.35 10.74 10.74 0 0 0 3.24 2l2.44 1.17a10.81 10.81 0 0 1 2.94 1.68 3.39 3.39 0 0 1 1.13 2.68A4.8 4.8 0 0 1 254 85a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-1.42-3l-.05-.39-3.4.94.07.32a9.51 9.51 0 0 0 2.43 4.61 7.73 7.73 0 0 0 5.69 2.13 7.9 7.9 0 0 0 8.28-8 6.38 6.38 0 0 0-1.9-4.85Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="M0 65.11h3.83l8.16-19.21 7.92 19 .09.21h3.83L12.07 37.63 0 65.11zM57.37 65.11h3.83l8.15-19.21 7.93 19 .08.21h3.83L69.44 37.63 57.37 65.11z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M292 26.45a3.91 3.91 0 0 0-1.07-.14 2.94 2.94 0 0 0-1.74.52 1.71 1.71 0 0 0-.72 1.47 2.36 2.36 0 0 0 .63 1.7 9.45 9.45 0 0 0 1.9 1.38 15.52 15.52 0 0 1 1.45 1 4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .94 1.12 2.87 2.87 0 0 1 .38 1.51 3.57 3.57 0 0 1-.57 2 3.79 3.79 0 0 1-1.6 1.34 5.79 5.79 0 0 1-2.39.47 9.63 9.63 0 0 1-2.22-.25 4.15 4.15 0 0 1-1.41-.52l.39-2.49H287l.11 1.84a2.93 2.93 0 0 0 .92.39 5 5 0 0 0 1.16.14 3.39 3.39 0 0 0 2-.6 1.94 1.94 0 0 0 .83-1.68 2.25 2.25 0 0 0-.56-1.54 7.66 7.66 0 0 0-1.7-1.32c-.6-.39-1.1-.75-1.51-1.07a4.43 4.43 0 0 1-1-1.2 2.94 2.94 0 0 1-.43-1.59 3.08 3.08 0 0 1 .57-1.85 3.58 3.58 0 0 1 1.55-1.23 5.17 5.17 0 0 1 2.13-.43 7.84 7.84 0 0 1 2 .21 4 4 0 0 1 1.25.51l-.4 2.31h-.95l-.14-1.68a2.39 2.39 0 0 0-.83-.32ZM300.27 29.79a2.2 2.2 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.15 4.15 0 0 0-1.06 1.74 8 8 0 0 0-.38 2.55 4.11 4.11 0 0 0 .5 2.24 1.6 1.6 0 0 0 1.42.74 2.71 2.71 0 0 0 1.25-.27 5.56 5.56 0 0 0 1.15-.81l.35.64a4.42 4.42 0 0 1-1.31 1.08 3.78 3.78 0 0 1-2 .5 2.76 2.76 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.51 4.51 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .6-2.87 6 6 0 0 1 1.77-2.38 4.27 4.27 0 0 1 2.77-.95 5.7 5.7 0 0 1 1.06.11 3.31 3.31 0 0 1 .92.3l-.48 1.7-.29-.11a2.91 2.91 0 0 0-1.6-.93ZM306.13 37.31a.54.54 0 0 0 .08.33.22.22 0 0 0 .2.11.74.74 0 0 0 .39-.12 2.88 2.88 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.34 3.34 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.23.4 1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.89-.27.9.9 0 0 1-.26-.81c0-.3.18-1.43.46-3.41q.24-1.59.6-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.38.19-1.17 8.25Zm-.08-10.8a1 1 0 0 1-.27-.69 1.24 1.24 0 0 1 .34-.89 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .82-.37.94.94 0 0 1 .7.27.93.93 0 0 1 .26.66 1.35 1.35 0 0 1-.33.92 1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.88.38.9.9 0 0 1-.64-.28ZM315.15 38.24a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.45 3.45 0 0 1-2-.53 3.23 3.23 0 0 1-1.15-1.41 4.83 4.83 0 0 1-.36-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .67-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.92-2.33 4.33 4.33 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.64 2.64 0 0 1 1.88.6 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.66 2.66 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.62 6.62 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 9.48 9.48 0 0 1-2.46.45 3.85 3.85 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.68 1.68 0 0 0 1.6.91 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.41 4.41 0 0 0 1.39-1l.38.65a4.39 4.39 0 0 1-1.48 1.23Zm-2.41-8a4.82 4.82 0 0 0-1 1.65 7.41 7.41 0 0 0-.44 1.94 5.85 5.85 0 0 0 1.86-.39 4.34 4.34 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.33-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.88-.35 2 2 0 0 0-1.46.67ZM323.42 29.32a3.62 3.62 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.93 2.93 0 0 1 .53 1.95 16.77 16.77 0 0 1-.39 2.68l-.07.4-.14.85a12.6 12.6 0 0 0-.28 2.12c0 .32.08.47.23.47a1.35 1.35 0 0 0 .82-.44l.21.46a1.7 1.7 0 0 1-.36.4 2.81 2.81 0 0 1-.7.45 1.92 1.92 0 0 1-.9.2c-.74 0-1.11-.35-1.11-1.07a14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.63.21-1.18.28-1.66a9 9 0 0 0 .1-1.32 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.12 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.3 2.63 2.63 0 0 0-1.57.69 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.34H319l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.67 2.14-.39.37.2-.23 2.1a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.73-1.66ZM334.3 29.79a2.22 2.22 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.14 4.14 0 0 0-1 1.74 7.68 7.68 0 0 0-.38 2.55 4.11 4.11 0 0 0 .49 2.24 1.61 1.61 0 0 0 1.42.74 2.78 2.78 0 0 0 1.26-.27 5.52 5.52 0 0 0 1.14-.81l.36.64a4.56 4.56 0 0 1-1.31 1.08 3.85 3.85 0 0 1-2 .5 2.79 2.79 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.57 4.57 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.19 7.19 0 0 1 .61-2.87 5.94 5.94 0 0 1 1.77-2.38 4.24 4.24 0 0 1 2.76-.95 5.7 5.7 0 0 1 1.06.11 3.2 3.2 0 0 1 .92.3l-.47 1.7-.3-.11a2.91 2.91 0 0 0-1.66-.93ZM343.32 38.24a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.42 3.42 0 0 1-1.95-.53A3.17 3.17 0 0 1 338 36.9a4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.53 7.53 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.36 4.36 0 0 1 2.63-.88 2.65 2.65 0 0 1 1.88.6 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.69 2.69 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.66 6.66 0 0 1-2.38 1.28 9.33 9.33 0 0 1-2.46.45 4 4 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.68 1.68 0 0 0 1.6.91 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.37 4.37 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.43 4.43 0 0 1-1.48 1.23Zm-2.4-8a4.67 4.67 0 0 0-1 1.65 7 7 0 0 0-.44 1.94 5.79 5.79 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.25 4.25 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.32-1.05 1.17 1.17 0 0 0-.89-.35 1.93 1.93 0 0 0-1.45.67ZM351.91 29.91a3.08 3.08 0 0 0-1.24-.24 2.15 2.15 0 0 0-1.3.35 1.18 1.18 0 0 0-.49 1 1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .4 1.06 6.17 6.17 0 0 0 1.13 1c.42.33.76.61 1 .85a3.35 3.35 0 0 1 .67.87 2.38 2.38 0 0 1 .3 1.2 2.4 2.4 0 0 1-1 2.07 4.21 4.21 0 0 1-2.53.73 7.55 7.55 0 0 1-1.57-.17 2.73 2.73 0 0 1-1-.39l.29-1.21a3.77 3.77 0 0 0 1 .5 3.94 3.94 0 0 0 1.36.24 2.47 2.47 0 0 0 1.31-.33 1.14 1.14 0 0 0 .55-1.06 1.58 1.58 0 0 0-.43-1.09 8 8 0 0 0-1.26-1 3.53 3.53 0 0 1-1.81-2.86 2.43 2.43 0 0 1 .46-1.45 2.92 2.92 0 0 1 1.25-1 4.48 4.48 0 0 1 1.75-.34 7.2 7.2 0 0 1 1.29.12 4.56 4.56 0 0 1 .92.22l-.3 1.33a1.83 1.83 0 0 0-.75-.4ZM287 50.81h8.32l-.12 2.79h-1l-.28-1.84-4-.14-.67 5 4.07-.14-.12 1.32-4-.14-.81 5.34 4.95-.21 1-2.12 1 .19-.71 3h-9.33l.07-.68 1.32-.21 1.4-11.19-1.19-.2ZM301.65 54.52a3.52 3.52 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .53 1.94 16.85 16.85 0 0 1-.39 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.07.47.23.47a1.41 1.41 0 0 0 .82-.44l.14.49a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.17 3.17 0 0 1-.69.45 2 2 0 0 1-.9.2A1 1 0 0 1 303 63a14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.18 9.18 0 0 0 .1-1.33 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33h-1.67l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.68-1.71ZM313.74 66.64a4.23 4.23 0 0 1-1.77 1.2 5.86 5.86 0 0 1-2 .37 7.37 7.37 0 0 1-1.13-.09 4.89 4.89 0 0 1-.87-.22l.37-1.42a6.44 6.44 0 0 0 1 .39 4.29 4.29 0 0 0 1.22.18 2.62 2.62 0 0 0 1.66-.43 2.58 2.58 0 0 0 .71-1.62l.33-2.33a4.25 4.25 0 0 1-1.18 1 3 3 0 0 1-1.52.39 2.52 2.52 0 0 1-2.17-1 4.5 4.5 0 0 1-.72-2.68 7.33 7.33 0 0 1 .66-3 6.45 6.45 0 0 1 1.95-2.49 4.73 4.73 0 0 1 3-1 5.1 5.1 0 0 1 1 .11 5.19 5.19 0 0 1 .91.28l1.09-.39-1.58 10.63a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.96 2.12ZM313 54.81a2.66 2.66 0 0 0-2 .85 5.43 5.43 0 0 0-1.22 2.11 7.91 7.91 0 0 0-.4 2.46 3.81 3.81 0 0 0 .42 2 1.31 1.31 0 0 0 1.17.71 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 1.37-.44 3.83 3.83 0 0 0 1-1l.93-6.28a2.13 2.13 0 0 0-1.27-.41ZM320.16 62.51a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.24.24 0 0 0 .2.12.8.8 0 0 0 .4-.12 4.16 4.16 0 0 0 .5-.41l.23.42a3.57 3.57 0 0 1-.78.78 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.4 1.32 1.32 0 0 1-.89-.27.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.82c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.4.16-1.07.36-2.48.59-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.39.19-1.18 8.25Zm-.08-10.81a.93.93 0 0 1-.27-.68 1.25 1.25 0 0 1 .35-.89 1 1 0 0 1 .81-.37.93.93 0 0 1 .7.27.9.9 0 0 1 .27.66 1.36 1.36 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.88.37.87.87 0 0 1-.64-.28ZM328.56 54.52a3.54 3.54 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .53 1.94 16.85 16.85 0 0 1-.39 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.08.47.23.47a1.41 1.41 0 0 0 .82-.44l.23.49a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.17 3.17 0 0 1-.69.45 2 2 0 0 1-.9.2 1 1 0 0 1-1.16-1.05 14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.18 9.18 0 0 0 .1-1.33 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33h-1.67l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.71-1.71ZM340.41 63.44a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-1.95-.54 3 3 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .67-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.29 4.29 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.62 2.62 0 0 1 1.88.6 2 2 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.63 2.63 0 0 1-1 2.1 6.47 6.47 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 9.38 9.38 0 0 1-2.46.46A4 4 0 0 0 337 62a1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.27 4.27 0 0 0 1.39-1l.39.65a4.68 4.68 0 0 1-1.51 1.25Zm-2.4-8a4.53 4.53 0 0 0-1 1.65 6.69 6.69 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.13 6.13 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.25 4.25 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.32-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.46.68ZM349.39 63.44a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-2-.54 3.09 3.09 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .68-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.25 4.25 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.65 2.65 0 0 1 1.88.6 2 2 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.66 2.66 0 0 1-1 2.1 6.51 6.51 0 0 1-2.31 1.28 9.38 9.38 0 0 1-2.46.46 3.94 3.94 0 0 0 .43 2.13 1.66 1.66 0 0 0 1.59.9 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.34 4.34 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.68 4.68 0 0 1-1.49 1.24Zm-2.4-8a4.67 4.67 0 0 0-1 1.65 7 7 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.07 6.07 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.38 4.38 0 0 0 1.61-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.33-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.44.68ZM356.34 55.24a4.21 4.21 0 0 1 1.13-1 2.81 2.81 0 0 1 1.4-.38.93.93 0 0 1 .56.12l-.37 1.86a1.64 1.64 0 0 0-.86-.18 2.68 2.68 0 0 0-1.48.5 3.31 3.31 0 0 0-1.14 1.4l-.8 6.24h-1.69l1.11-8.45-.88-.44.12-.65 2.07-.4.35.21-.12 1.56-.08.7a3.9 3.9 0 0 1 .68-1.09ZM362.32 62.51a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.23.23 0 0 0 .2.12.8.8 0 0 0 .4-.12 4.16 4.16 0 0 0 .5-.41l.22.42a3.18 3.18 0 0 1-.78.78 2 2 0 0 1-1.23.4 1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.89-.27.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.82c0-.29.17-1.43.45-3.4.17-1.07.36-2.48.6-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.38.19-1.17 8.25Zm-.08-10.81a.93.93 0 0 1-.24-.7 1.24 1.24 0 0 1 .34-.89 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .82-.37.94.94 0 0 1 .7.27.93.93 0 0 1 .26.66 1.35 1.35 0 0 1-.33.92 1.12 1.12 0 0 1-.88.37.86.86 0 0 1-.67-.26ZM370.36 54.52a3.55 3.55 0 0 1 2-.64 1.91 1.91 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .52 1.94 17.7 17.7 0 0 1-.38 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.07.47.22.47a1.4 1.4 0 0 0 .83-.44l.21.46a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.74 3.74 0 0 1-.69.45 2.13 2.13 0 0 1-.91.2 1 1 0 0 1-1.1-1.07 14.1 14.1 0 0 1 .31-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.12-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.27 9.27 0 0 0 .11-1.33 1.88 1.88 0 0 0-.24-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.83-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33H366l1.12-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.72 6.72 0 0 1 1.68-1.66ZM382.46 66.64a4.23 4.23 0 0 1-1.77 1.2 5.87 5.87 0 0 1-2 .37 7.34 7.34 0 0 1-1.12-.09 4.82 4.82 0 0 1-.88-.22l.37-1.42a6.58 6.58 0 0 0 1 .39 4.24 4.24 0 0 0 1.22.18 2.57 2.57 0 0 0 1.65-.43 2.53 2.53 0 0 0 .72-1.62l.33-2.33a4.25 4.25 0 0 1-1.18 1 3.07 3.07 0 0 1-1.52.39 2.52 2.52 0 0 1-2.17-1 4.5 4.5 0 0 1-.73-2.68 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .67-3 6.27 6.27 0 0 1 1.95-2.51 4.71 4.71 0 0 1 3-1 5.1 5.1 0 0 1 1 .11 5.47 5.47 0 0 1 .91.28l1.09-.39-1.58 10.63a3.86 3.86 0 0 1-.96 2.14Zm-.7-11.83a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-2 .85 5.31 5.31 0 0 0-1.22 2.11 7.93 7.93 0 0 0-.41 2.46 3.7 3.7 0 0 0 .43 2 1.31 1.31 0 0 0 1.17.71 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 1.37-.44 3.79 3.79 0 0 0 1-1l.93-6.28a2.08 2.08 0 0 0-1.27-.41ZM295.85 80.3q1.44-3.12 1.89-4.29h3.76l-.07.75-1.56.19-.34 11.2 1.49.21-.02.64h-4.82l.07-.68 1.6-.21.4-7.76.23-3.56L297.1 80l-4.1 9.08-.94.12-1.44-9-.55-3.33-.71 3.4-1.88 7.9 1.77.21-.07.68h-4.53l.07-.68 1.46-.21L289 77l-1.62-.19.11-.75h4.07l1.35 8.56.23 1.79.77-1.76q.49-1.22 1.94-4.35ZM308 88.64a4.35 4.35 0 0 1-2.23.59 3.38 3.38 0 0 1-2-.53 3.26 3.26 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.87 4.87 0 0 1-.36-1.87 7.34 7.34 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.91-2.29 4.32 4.32 0 0 1 2.62-.87 2.63 2.63 0 0 1 1.88.59 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.65 2.65 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.62 6.62 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 10 10 0 0 1-2.46.46 3.89 3.89 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.3 4.3 0 0 0 1.39-1l.38.65a4.52 4.52 0 0 1-1.47 1.19Zm-2.41-8a4.68 4.68 0 0 0-1 1.64 7.5 7.5 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.11 6.11 0 0 0 1.86-.38 4.61 4.61 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.47 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.32-1 1.15 1.15 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.45.64ZM318.78 87.71c0 .29.09.44.26.44a1.42 1.42 0 0 0 .81-.44l.24.44a3.31 3.31 0 0 1-.76.71 1.9 1.9 0 0 1-1.15.36c-.69 0-1-.38-1-1.13v-.38a4.57 4.57 0 0 1-1.23 1.07 3.18 3.18 0 0 1-1.65.44 2.46 2.46 0 0 1-2.14-1 4.54 4.54 0 0 1-.72-2.68 7.24 7.24 0 0 1 .67-3 6.3 6.3 0 0 1 1.89-2.48 4.67 4.67 0 0 1 3-1 4.42 4.42 0 0 1 1.31.21l.48-3.16-1.16-.3.14-.61 2.47-.32.39.23-1.83 12.4a.59.59 0 0 0-.02.2Zm-2-7.7a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-2 .85 5.14 5.14 0 0 0-1.21 2.1 8 8 0 0 0-.4 2.47 3.83 3.83 0 0 0 .42 2 1.27 1.27 0 0 0 1.16.7 2.39 2.39 0 0 0 1.4-.46 3.7 3.7 0 0 0 1-1l.95-6.19a2.2 2.2 0 0 0-1.32-.48ZM324.44 87.71a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.25.25 0 0 0 .21.12.79.79 0 0 0 .39-.13 3.18 3.18 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.35 3.35 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.41 1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.89-.28.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.81c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.41.16-1.06.36-2.47.59-4.22l-1.08-.41.1-.59 2.49-.41.39.2-1.18 8.24Zm-.07-10.81a1 1 0 0 1-.28-.68 1.29 1.29 0 0 1 .35-.9 1.1 1.1 0 0 1 .81-.37.92.92 0 0 1 1 .93 1.29 1.29 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.87.38.84.84 0 0 1-.67-.28ZM332.76 80.18a2.22 2.22 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.15 4.15 0 0 0-1.06 1.74 8 8 0 0 0-.37 2.55 4.09 4.09 0 0 0 .49 2.24 1.59 1.59 0 0 0 1.42.75 2.71 2.71 0 0 0 1.29-.28 5.56 5.56 0 0 0 1.15-.81l.35.65a4.84 4.84 0 0 1-1.3 1.08 3.94 3.94 0 0 1-2 .5 2.78 2.78 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.49 4.49 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .6-2.87 6.1 6.1 0 0 1 1.72-2.45 4.26 4.26 0 0 1 2.77-.94 5.66 5.66 0 0 1 1.06.1 3.31 3.31 0 0 1 .92.3l-.47 1.7-.3-.1a2.88 2.88 0 0 0-1.6-.88ZM338.88 87.71a.56.56 0 0 0 .12.29.23.23 0 0 0 .2.12.82.82 0 0 0 .4-.13 3.18 3.18 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.56 3.56 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.41 1.32 1.32 0 0 1-.89-.28.9.9 0 0 1-.25-.81c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.41.16-1.06.36-2.47.59-4.22l-1.09-.41.11-.59 2.49-.41.39.2-1.18 8.24Zm-.08-10.81a1 1 0 0 1-.27-.68 1.29 1.29 0 0 1 .35-.9 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .81-.37.92.92 0 0 1 1 .93 1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.88.38.87.87 0 0 1-.67-.28ZM347.19 79.72a3.54 3.54 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.59 2.93 2.93 0 0 1 .53 2 16.77 16.77 0 0 1-.39 2.68l-.07.41-.14.84a12.6 12.6 0 0 0-.28 2.12c0 .32.08.48.23.48a1.38 1.38 0 0 0 .82-.44l.21.45a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.36.41 3.11 3.11 0 0 1-.7.44 1.93 1.93 0 0 1-.9.21 1 1 0 0 1-1.11-1.07 14.24 14.24 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.85.07-.42c.11-.63.21-1.18.28-1.66a9 9 0 0 0 .1-1.32 1.87 1.87 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.66 2.66 0 0 0-1.57.69 6.48 6.48 0 0 0-1.48 1.68l-.89 6.24h-1.66l1.12-8.49-.86-.42.14-.67 2.14-.38.37.19-.23 2.1a6.52 6.52 0 0 1 1.71-1.61ZM359 88.64a4.35 4.35 0 0 1-2.23.59 3.34 3.34 0 0 1-1.95-.53 3.19 3.19 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.69 4.69 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.34 7.34 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.9-2.29 4.35 4.35 0 0 1 2.63-.87 2.61 2.61 0 0 1 1.87.59 2 2 0 0 1 .64 1.56 2.68 2.68 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.75 6.75 0 0 1-2.38 1.28 9.81 9.81 0 0 1-2.46.46 4.08 4.08 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.37 4.37 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.57 4.57 0 0 1-1.51 1.19Zm-2.4-8a4.54 4.54 0 0 0-1 1.64 6.76 6.76 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6 6 0 0 0 1.85-.38 4.52 4.52 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.47 1.49 1.49 0 0 0-.32-1 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.41.64Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="global-nav__controls"><button class="controls__menu"> Close <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M20.728 8l1.818 1.818-5.455 5.455 5.455 5.455-1.818 1.818-5.455-5.455-5.455 5.455L8 20.728l5.455-5.455L8 9.818 9.818 8l5.455 5.455z"></path></svg> </button> </div></div> <div class="mega-menu__content"><div> <button class="accordion">About Us</button> <div class="panel"><ul><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about"> About Us </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/organization"> Our Program Divisions </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/the-national-academies"> Our Three Academies </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/leadership"> Leadership </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/newsroom"> Newsroom </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/ocga"> Government Affairs </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/giving"> Giving </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/statement-on-diversity-and-inclusion"> Statement on Diversity and Inclusion </a></li></ul> </div> <button class="no-accordion"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/events">Events</a></button> <button class="accordion">Our Work</button> <div class="panel"><ul><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work"> Our Work </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/our-study-process"> Our Study Process </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/conflict-of-interest-policies-and-procedures"> Conflict of Interest Policies and Procedures </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/project-comments-and-information"> Project Comments and Information </a></li></ul> </div> <button class="accordion">Publications</button> <div class="panel"> <ul><li><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/" target="_self"> Read Our Expert Reports and Published Proceedings </a></li><li><a href="https://www.pnas.org/" target="_self"> Explore PNAS, the Flagship Scientific Journal of NAS </a></li><li><a href="http://pubsindex.trb.org" target="_self"> Access Transportation Research Board Publications </a></li></ul> </div> <button class="accordion">Topics</button> <div class="panel"> <ul><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/covid-19-resources"> Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/resources-on-diversity-equity-and-inclusion"> Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/climate"> Climate </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/economic-recovery"> Economic Recovery </a></li></ul> </div> <button class="no-accordion"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/engagement">Engagement</a></button> <button class="accordion">Opportunities</button> <div class="panel"> <ul><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/careers"> Careers </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/fellowships-and-grants"> Fellowships and Grants </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/volunteers"> Volunteers </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/sponsors"> Sponsors </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/members"> Members </a></li></ul> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <!--Mobile menu end --> </div> <div class="container flex justify-between"> <div class="global-nav__logo" > <a class="navbar-brand js-scroll-trigger" aria-label="Logo of The National Academies" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/home"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 315.11 58.33"> <defs><style>.cls-2{fill:#211747;}</style></defs><g id="Layer_2" data-name="Layer 2"><g id="Layer_1-2" data-name="Layer 1"><polygon class="cls-2" points="3.73 7.55 20.84 25.49 20.84 1.5 17.81 1.5 17.81 18.08 0.7 0.14 0.7 24.06 3.73 24.06 3.73 7.55"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="28.49 24.06 31.84 24.06 38.98 7.25 45.92 23.87 45.99 24.06 49.34 24.06 39.05 0 28.49 24.06"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="153.23 24.06 156.58 24.06 163.72 7.25 170.66 23.87 170.73 24.06 174.08 24.06 163.79 0 153.23 24.06"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="59.72 24.06 62.76 24.06 62.76 4.41 69.52 4.41 69.52 1.5 52.96 1.5 52.96 4.41 59.72 4.41 59.72 24.06"/><rect class="cls-2" x="78.85" y="1.5" width="3.03" height="22.55"/><path class="cls-2" d="M115.69,12.8a11.72,11.72,0,0,0-23.44,0,11.72,11.72,0,0,0,23.44,0m-3.09,0A8.63,8.63,0,1,1,104,4a8.7,8.7,0,0,1,8.63,8.76"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="128.29 7.55 145.4 25.49 145.4 1.5 142.37 1.5 142.37 18.08 125.25 0.14 125.25 24.06 128.29 24.06 128.29 7.55"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="184.65 1.5 181.62 1.5 181.62 24.06 193.7 24.06 193.7 21.16 184.65 21.16 184.65 1.5"/><path class="cls-2" d="M37.15,34.08A11.48,11.48,0,0,0,25.37,45.8,11.36,11.36,0,0,0,37,57.38a11.77,11.77,0,0,0,6.79-2.19l.13-.09V51.2l-.51.51A9.77,9.77,0,0,1,41,53.5a8.9,8.9,0,0,1-3.95,1A8.75,8.75,0,0,1,37,37a9.09,9.09,0,0,1,3.66.82,10.71,10.71,0,0,1,2.78,2l.51.5V36.4l-.12-.09a10.62,10.62,0,0,0-6.67-2.23"/><path class="cls-2" d="M91.91,37.08a12.19,12.19,0,0,0-8.29-2.64H78.85V57h4.74c3.72,0,6-.73,8.22-2.61a10.75,10.75,0,0,0,4-8.65,11,11,0,0,0-3.86-8.65m-2.09,15.1a9.11,9.11,0,0,1-6.1,1.91H81.88V37.34h1.84c5.44,0,9,3.29,9,8.39a8.09,8.09,0,0,1-2.85,6.45"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="104.99 56.99 118.4 56.99 118.4 54.09 108.02 54.09 108.02 46.16 117.11 46.16 117.11 43.26 108.02 43.26 108.02 37.34 118.4 37.34 118.4 34.44 104.99 34.44 104.99 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="176.17 56.99 189.58 56.99 189.58 54.09 179.2 54.09 179.2 46.16 188.28 46.16 188.28 43.26 179.2 43.26 179.2 37.34 189.58 37.34 189.58 34.44 176.17 34.44 176.17 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="138.88 51.34 130.31 32.49 126.44 56.99 129.55 56.99 131.62 42.47 138.84 58.33 146.15 42.47 148.13 56.99 151.23 56.99 147.61 32.45 138.88 51.34"/><rect class="cls-2" x="161.31" y="34.44" width="3.03" height="22.55"/><path class="cls-2" d="M209,46.15A10.78,10.78,0,0,0,205.49,44l-2.12-.92a6.8,6.8,0,0,1-2.21-1.33,2,2,0,0,1-.73-1.69A3.07,3.07,0,0,1,203.82,37a3.62,3.62,0,0,1,2.28.69,4.87,4.87,0,0,1,1.2,1.55l.15.3,2.45-1.62-.12-.24a7,7,0,0,0-2.24-2.55,6.34,6.34,0,0,0-3.69-1c-3.8,0-6.45,2.45-6.45,6a4.86,4.86,0,0,0,1.6,3.8,9.51,9.51,0,0,0,2.84,1.78l2.15,1a9.5,9.5,0,0,1,2.56,1.46,3,3,0,0,1,1,2.35,4.2,4.2,0,0,1-7.06,2.92,4.93,4.93,0,0,1-1.24-2.64l-.05-.33-3,.82.06.28a8.32,8.32,0,0,0,2.13,4,6.74,6.74,0,0,0,5,1.87,6.91,6.91,0,0,0,7.24-7A5.58,5.58,0,0,0,209,46.15"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="0 56.99 3.35 56.99 10.49 40.18 17.43 56.81 17.5 56.99 20.86 56.99 10.56 32.93 0 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="50.21 56.99 53.57 56.99 60.71 40.18 67.64 56.81 67.72 56.99 71.07 56.99 60.78 32.93 50.21 56.99"/><path class="cls-2" d="M233.74,2.1a3.34,3.34,0,0,0-.93-.11,2.53,2.53,0,0,0-1.52.45,1.48,1.48,0,0,0-.63,1.28,2,2,0,0,0,.54,1.44,7.94,7.94,0,0,0,1.64,1.26,13.5,13.5,0,0,1,1.26.89,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,.83,1,2.62,2.62,0,0,1,.33,1.33,3.06,3.06,0,0,1-.5,1.74,3.26,3.26,0,0,1-1.4,1.18,5.06,5.06,0,0,1-2.09.41,8.3,8.3,0,0,1-1.94-.22,3.51,3.51,0,0,1-1.24-.46l.34-2.18h.92l.09,1.62a2.53,2.53,0,0,0,.81.33,3.86,3.86,0,0,0,1,.13,2.93,2.93,0,0,0,1.77-.53,1.68,1.68,0,0,0,.73-1.47,1.91,1.91,0,0,0-.49-1.34,6.42,6.42,0,0,0-1.49-1.16c-.52-.34-1-.65-1.32-.94a3.76,3.76,0,0,1-.9-1,2.64,2.64,0,0,1-.37-1.4,2.64,2.64,0,0,1,.5-1.62,3.23,3.23,0,0,1,1.35-1.08,4.58,4.58,0,0,1,1.86-.37,7,7,0,0,1,1.72.18,3.31,3.31,0,0,1,1.09.45l-.35,2h-.83l-.12-1.47a2.39,2.39,0,0,0-.68-.3"/><path class="cls-2" d="M241,5a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.66,3.66,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,1.95,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a3.84,3.84,0,0,1-1.14.95,3.43,3.43,0,0,1-1.76.43,2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54A6.43,6.43,0,0,1,237.34,7a5.3,5.3,0,0,1,1.55-2.08,3.74,3.74,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3.09,3.09,0,0,1,.81.26l-.42,1.49-.26-.09A2.53,2.53,0,0,0,241,5"/><path class="cls-2" d="M246.1,11.61a.56.56,0,0,0,.07.29.21.21,0,0,0,.18.1.65.65,0,0,0,.34-.11,2.64,2.64,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.31-2.16.52-3.7l-1-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22ZM246,2.15a.84.84,0,0,1-.23-.59,1.13,1.13,0,0,1,.3-.79.94.94,0,0,1,.71-.32.79.79,0,0,1,.61.24.77.77,0,0,1,.23.57,1.15,1.15,0,0,1-.29.81,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.75.75,0,0,1-.56-.25"/><path class="cls-2" d="M254,12.43a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.72-.47,2.74,2.74,0,0,1-1-1.23A4,4,0,0,1,249,9.62a6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.08,5.08,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.27,2.27,0,0,1,1.64.52A1.79,1.79,0,0,1,255.72,6a2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84,5.79,5.79,0,0,1-2.08,1.12,8.1,8.1,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.42,3.42,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57A4,4,0,0,1,254,12.43m-2.11-7A4.1,4.1,0,0,0,251,6.88a5.9,5.9,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,1.62-.33,4,4,0,0,0,1.41-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-2" d="M261.24,4.62A3.14,3.14,0,0,1,263,4.06a1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.52,2.61,2.61,0,0,1,.46,1.71,15.44,15.44,0,0,1-.34,2.34l-.06.36-.13.74a11.51,11.51,0,0,0-.24,1.85c0,.28.06.42.2.42a1.22,1.22,0,0,0,.72-.39l.18.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.36,2.92,2.92,0,0,1-.61.39,1.73,1.73,0,0,1-.79.17.84.84,0,0,1-1-.93,12.88,12.88,0,0,1,.27-1.88l.14-.73.06-.37c.1-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.17,8.17,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.67,1.67,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.33,2.33,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.75,5.75,0,0,0-1.3,1.47l-.75,5.54h-1.46l1-7.43L257.62,5l.12-.58,1.88-.34.32.17-.2,1.84a5.72,5.72,0,0,1,1.5-1.45"/><path class="cls-2" d="M270.77,5a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.66,3.66,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,1.95,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a3.84,3.84,0,0,1-1.14.95,3.43,3.43,0,0,1-1.76.43,2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54A6.43,6.43,0,0,1,267.13,7a5.3,5.3,0,0,1,1.55-2.08,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3,3,0,0,1,.81.26l-.42,1.49-.26-.09A2.53,2.53,0,0,0,270.77,5"/><path class="cls-2" d="M278.66,12.43a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-2,.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52A1.82,1.82,0,0,1,280.38,6a2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84,5.79,5.79,0,0,1-2.08,1.12,8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87A1.48,1.48,0,0,0,277,12a3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-2" d="M286.18,5.13a2.75,2.75,0,0,0-1.09-.21,1.85,1.85,0,0,0-1.13.31,1,1,0,0,0-.43.89,1.43,1.43,0,0,0,.34.93,6.08,6.08,0,0,0,1,.88,10.43,10.43,0,0,1,.88.74,3.1,3.1,0,0,1,.6.76,2.15,2.15,0,0,1,.26,1.05,2.09,2.09,0,0,1-.9,1.81,3.71,3.71,0,0,1-2.22.64,6.32,6.32,0,0,1-1.37-.15,2.1,2.1,0,0,1-.9-.34l.24-1.06a3.41,3.41,0,0,0,.88.44,3.37,3.37,0,0,0,1.18.21,2.21,2.21,0,0,0,1.15-.29,1,1,0,0,0,.48-.92,1.37,1.37,0,0,0-.38-1,6.83,6.83,0,0,0-1.1-.89,3.07,3.07,0,0,1-1.58-2.5,2.16,2.16,0,0,1,.4-1.27,2.64,2.64,0,0,1,1.09-.84,3.81,3.81,0,0,1,1.54-.3,6.32,6.32,0,0,1,1.13.1,4.07,4.07,0,0,1,.8.19l-.26,1.17a1.55,1.55,0,0,0-.6-.39"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="229.34 23.43 236.61 23.43 236.51 25.87 235.6 25.87 235.35 24.25 231.87 24.13 231.29 28.48 234.85 28.36 234.74 29.51 231.21 29.38 230.58 34.05 234.91 33.87 235.77 32.01 236.63 32.18 236.01 34.84 227.85 34.84 227.91 34.24 229.06 34.05 230.29 24.25 229.24 24.09 229.34 23.43"/><path class="cls-2" d="M242.18,26.67a3.16,3.16,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.51,2.51,0,0,1,.46,1.7,14.42,14.42,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.12.74a10.81,10.81,0,0,0-.25,1.86c0,.27.07.41.2.41a1.15,1.15,0,0,0,.72-.38l.19.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.35,2.46,2.46,0,0,1-.61.39,1.76,1.76,0,0,1-.79.18c-.65,0-1-.31-1-.94a11.94,11.94,0,0,1,.28-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.1-.55.18-1,.24-1.45a8.14,8.14,0,0,0,.1-1.16,1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.38.61,5.67,5.67,0,0,0-1.29,1.46l-.76,5.55h-1.45l1-7.44-.76-.36.13-.59,1.87-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-2" d="M252.77,37.29a4,4,0,0,1-1.55,1.05,5.36,5.36,0,0,1-1.78.32,5.69,5.69,0,0,1-1-.09,3.45,3.45,0,0,1-.76-.19l.32-1.24a5,5,0,0,0,.9.34,3.56,3.56,0,0,0,1.06.17,2.22,2.22,0,0,0,1.45-.39,2.12,2.12,0,0,0,.63-1.41l.29-2a3.73,3.73,0,0,1-1,.84A2.61,2.61,0,0,1,250,35a2.16,2.16,0,0,1-1.89-.88,3.9,3.9,0,0,1-.64-2.35,6.52,6.52,0,0,1,.58-2.6A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,249.73,27a4.15,4.15,0,0,1,2.61-.87,4.47,4.47,0,0,1,.87.1,5.15,5.15,0,0,1,.8.24l1-.34-1.38,9.31a3.37,3.37,0,0,1-.81,1.87m-.61-10.36a2.36,2.36,0,0,0-1.75.74,4.82,4.82,0,0,0-1.07,1.85,7.16,7.16,0,0,0-.35,2.15,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.37,1.72,1.16,1.16,0,0,0,1,.62,2.09,2.09,0,0,0,1.2-.39,3.12,3.12,0,0,0,.9-.87l.82-5.5a1.85,1.85,0,0,0-1.15-.32"/><path class="cls-2" d="M258.39,33.67a.45.45,0,0,0,.07.28.19.19,0,0,0,.17.1.6.6,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.13,3.13,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a3.17,3.17,0,0,1-.69.68,1.77,1.77,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.24.82.82,0,0,1-.22-.71c0-.26.16-1.25.4-3,.15-.93.32-2.17.52-3.7l-.95-.36.09-.52,2.19-.35.33.17-1,7.21Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.09,1.09,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.72-.33.81.81,0,0,1,.61.24.82.82,0,0,1,.23.58,1.17,1.17,0,0,1-.29.8,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.76.76,0,0,1-.56-.24"/><path class="cls-2" d="M265.74,26.67a3.11,3.11,0,0,1,1.72-.56,1.65,1.65,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.5,2.5,0,0,1,.47,1.7,15.68,15.68,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.13.74a11.6,11.6,0,0,0-.24,1.86c0,.27.06.41.2.41a1.2,1.2,0,0,0,.72-.38l.18.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.35,2.28,2.28,0,0,1-.61.39,1.73,1.73,0,0,1-.79.18.84.84,0,0,1-1-.94,12.8,12.8,0,0,1,.27-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.1-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.07,8.07,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.27,2.27,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.7,5.7,0,0,0-1.3,1.46l-.75,5.55h-1.46l1-7.44-.75-.36.12-.59,1.88-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-2" d="M276.11,34.48a3.7,3.7,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.46,2.87,2.87,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.24,4.24,0,0,1-.32-1.64,6.53,6.53,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.53,1.76,1.76,0,0,1,.55,1.36,2.31,2.31,0,0,1-.88,1.84A5.83,5.83,0,0,1,274.87,31a9.08,9.08,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.49,3.49,0,0,0,.36,1.86,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.16,3.16,0,0,0,1.35-.31,3.9,3.9,0,0,0,1.22-.9l.33.57a3.93,3.93,0,0,1-1.27,1.1m-2.1-7a4.12,4.12,0,0,0-.88,1.44,6.37,6.37,0,0,0-.38,1.7,5.17,5.17,0,0,0,1.62-.34,3.78,3.78,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.74,1.74,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.31,1.31,0,0,0-.28-.91,1,1,0,0,0-.78-.32,1.68,1.68,0,0,0-1.27.58"/><path class="cls-2" d="M284,34.48a3.7,3.7,0,0,1-2,.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.46,2.87,2.87,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.24,4.24,0,0,1-.32-1.64,6.53,6.53,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.26,5.26,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.79,3.79,0,0,1,2.3-.77,2.31,2.31,0,0,1,1.64.53,1.76,1.76,0,0,1,.55,1.36,2.31,2.31,0,0,1-.88,1.84A5.74,5.74,0,0,1,282.73,31a9.08,9.08,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.4,3.4,0,0,0,.37,1.86,1.45,1.45,0,0,0,1.39.79,3.2,3.2,0,0,0,1.36-.31,3.86,3.86,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.28,1.1m-2.1-7a4.12,4.12,0,0,0-.88,1.44,6.37,6.37,0,0,0-.38,1.7,5.17,5.17,0,0,0,1.62-.34,3.7,3.7,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.74,1.74,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.31,1.31,0,0,0-.28-.91,1,1,0,0,0-.78-.32,1.7,1.7,0,0,0-1.27.58"/><path class="cls-2" d="M290.05,27.3a3.77,3.77,0,0,1,1-.83,2.34,2.34,0,0,1,1.22-.34.83.83,0,0,1,.5.11l-.33,1.62a1.45,1.45,0,0,0-.75-.15,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.29.44,2.89,2.89,0,0,0-1,1.22l-.7,5.47h-1.48l1-7.41-.77-.38.11-.57,1.81-.35.31.18-.11,1.37-.08.61a4.09,4.09,0,0,1,.6-1"/><path class="cls-2" d="M295.29,33.67a.45.45,0,0,0,.07.28.19.19,0,0,0,.17.1.6.6,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.13,3.13,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a3.17,3.17,0,0,1-.69.68,1.77,1.77,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.24.82.82,0,0,1-.22-.71c0-.26.16-1.25.4-3,.15-.93.32-2.17.52-3.7l-.95-.36.09-.52,2.19-.35.33.17-1,7.21Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.09,1.09,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.72-.33.81.81,0,0,1,.61.24.82.82,0,0,1,.23.58,1.17,1.17,0,0,1-.29.8,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.76.76,0,0,1-.56-.24"/><path class="cls-2" d="M302.33,26.67a3.14,3.14,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.56,2.56,0,0,1,.46,1.7,15.68,15.68,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.12.74a10.81,10.81,0,0,0-.25,1.86c0,.27.07.41.2.41a1.2,1.2,0,0,0,.72-.38l.19.4a1.64,1.64,0,0,1-.33.35,2.22,2.22,0,0,1-.6.39,1.76,1.76,0,0,1-.79.18c-.65,0-1-.31-1-.94a12.8,12.8,0,0,1,.27-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.11-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.07,8.07,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.73,1.73,0,0,0-.2-1,.88.88,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.38.61,5.7,5.7,0,0,0-1.3,1.46l-.75,5.55h-1.46l1-7.44-.75-.36.13-.59,1.87-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-2" d="M312.92,37.29a4,4,0,0,1-1.55,1.05,5.36,5.36,0,0,1-1.78.32,5.69,5.69,0,0,1-1-.09,3.57,3.57,0,0,1-.77-.19l.33-1.24a5,5,0,0,0,.9.34,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,1.06.17,2.22,2.22,0,0,0,1.45-.39,2.11,2.11,0,0,0,.62-1.41l.3-2a3.73,3.73,0,0,1-1,.84,2.63,2.63,0,0,1-1.33.34,2.16,2.16,0,0,1-1.89-.88,3.9,3.9,0,0,1-.64-2.35,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.58-2.6A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,309.88,27a4.11,4.11,0,0,1,2.61-.87,4.56,4.56,0,0,1,.87.1,5.15,5.15,0,0,1,.8.24l.95-.34-1.38,9.31a3.37,3.37,0,0,1-.81,1.87m-.62-10.36a2.35,2.35,0,0,0-1.74.74,4.7,4.7,0,0,0-1.07,1.85,7.16,7.16,0,0,0-.35,2.15,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.37,1.72,1.14,1.14,0,0,0,1,.62,2,2,0,0,0,1.19-.39,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.91-.87l.82-5.5a1.88,1.88,0,0,0-1.16-.32"/><path class="cls-2" d="M237.11,49.24c.83-1.82,1.39-3.07,1.65-3.76h3.29l-.06.66-1.37.17-.29,9.8,1.31.18-.07.6h-4.22l.06-.6,1.4-.18.35-6.79.2-3.12L238.2,49l-3.57,8-.83.11-1.26-7.89-.47-2.92-.63,3-1.64,6.91,1.55.18-.06.6h-4l.06-.6,1.28-.18,2.47-9.8-1.41-.17.09-.66h3.56L234.56,53l.2,1.57.67-1.53c.28-.69.84-1.95,1.68-3.77"/><path class="cls-2" d="M247.75,56.54a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.55,1.37,2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84A5.79,5.79,0,0,1,246.5,53a8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87A1.76,1.76,0,0,0,248,50.2a1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-2" d="M257.17,55.72q0,.39.24.39a1.19,1.19,0,0,0,.7-.39l.22.39a3.42,3.42,0,0,1-.67.62,1.68,1.68,0,0,1-1,.31c-.6,0-.9-.32-.9-1v-.34a3.94,3.94,0,0,1-1.08.94,2.72,2.72,0,0,1-1.44.38,2.13,2.13,0,0,1-1.87-.88,4,4,0,0,1-.63-2.34,6.41,6.41,0,0,1,.58-2.62A5.56,5.56,0,0,1,253,49a4.1,4.1,0,0,1,2.61-.86,4,4,0,0,1,1.15.18l.41-2.76-1-.26.13-.54,2.16-.28.34.2-1.6,10.84a.79.79,0,0,0,0,.17M255.42,49a2.32,2.32,0,0,0-1.74.75,4.64,4.64,0,0,0-1.06,1.84,7.15,7.15,0,0,0-.34,2.16,3.44,3.44,0,0,0,.36,1.72,1.12,1.12,0,0,0,1,.61,2.06,2.06,0,0,0,1.23-.41,3.11,3.11,0,0,0,.9-.91l.83-5.42a1.94,1.94,0,0,0-1.2-.34"/><path class="cls-2" d="M262.14,55.72a.57.57,0,0,0,.06.29.24.24,0,0,0,.18.1.71.71,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.84,3.84,0,0,0,.44-.35l.19.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.19,1.19,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.32-2.16.52-3.7l-.95-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.12,1.12,0,0,1,.3-.78,1,1,0,0,1,.71-.32.83.83,0,0,1,.62.24.81.81,0,0,1,.23.57,1.2,1.2,0,0,1-.29.81,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.73.73,0,0,1-.56-.25"/><path class="cls-2" d="M269.42,49.14a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.6,3.6,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,2,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.14,1A3.43,3.43,0,0,1,268,57a2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54,6.43,6.43,0,0,1,.53-2.51A5.3,5.3,0,0,1,267.33,49a3.69,3.69,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3.09,3.09,0,0,1,.81.26L271.07,50l-.26-.09a2.53,2.53,0,0,0-1.39-.78"/><path class="cls-2" d="M274.77,55.72a.56.56,0,0,0,.07.29.24.24,0,0,0,.18.1.71.71,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.15,3.15,0,0,0,.43-.35l.2.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.19,1.19,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.32-2.16.52-3.7l-1-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22Zm-.07-9.46a.85.85,0,0,1-.23-.6,1.12,1.12,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.71-.32.79.79,0,0,1,.61.24.78.78,0,0,1,.24.57,1.16,1.16,0,0,1-.3.81,1,1,0,0,1-.76.33.75.75,0,0,1-.57-.25"/><path class="cls-2" d="M282,48.73a3.09,3.09,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.65,1.65,0,0,1,1.32.52,2.54,2.54,0,0,1,.46,1.7,15.09,15.09,0,0,1-.33,2.35l-.07.36-.12.73a11.6,11.6,0,0,0-.24,1.86c0,.28.06.42.19.42a1.22,1.22,0,0,0,.73-.39l.18.4a1.77,1.77,0,0,1-.32.36,3.21,3.21,0,0,1-.61.39,1.86,1.86,0,0,1-.79.17c-.64,0-1-.31-1-.93a13.42,13.42,0,0,1,.28-1.88l.14-.73.06-.37c.1-.56.18-1,.25-1.45a8.17,8.17,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.67,1.67,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.31,2.31,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.58,5.58,0,0,0-1.3,1.47l-.75,5.54H278.2l1-7.43-.75-.37.12-.58,1.87-.34.33.17-.2,1.84A5.85,5.85,0,0,1,282,48.73"/><path class="cls-2" d="M292.42,56.54a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63A6.35,6.35,0,0,1,288,51a5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.55,1.37,2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84A5.79,5.79,0,0,1,291.17,53a8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/></g></g> </svg> </a> </div> <div class='global-nav-nap-menu' id="header-large"> <div class="dropdown" id="sitelinks-mobile"> <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle" type="button" id="dropdownMenuButton" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="hidden-xxs">Navigate to</span> </button> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuButton"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/content/help">Help</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/content/help-with-ordering">Ordering Information</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/new" >New Releases</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/author">Browse by Division</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/topic" class="site-links"> Browse by Topic</a> </div> </div> <ul class="user-links"> <li><a href="/"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon=""> </span> NAP Home</a></li> <li class="dropdown nap-mega-menu mega-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon=""> </span> Browse <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu row" id="nap-mega-menu-inner"> <li class="d-flex" > <ul class="browse-col" > <li class="dropdown-header"><a href="/author">Publications by Division</a></li> <li><a href="/author/DBASSE/">Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education</a> </li> <li><a href="/author/DELS/">Division on Earth and Life Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/author/DEPS/">Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences</a> </li> <li><a href="/author/GRP/">Gulf Research Program</a></li> <li><a href="/author/HMD/">Health and Medicine Division</a></li> <li><a href="/author/PGA/">Policy and Global Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/author/TRB/">Transportation Research Board</a></li> <li><hr style="margin-left: 21px; margin-right: 20px;"></li> <li><a href="/author/NAS">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/author/NAE">National Academy of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/author/NAM">National Academy of Medicine</a></li> </ul> <ul class="browse-col" > <li class="dropdown-header"><a href="/topic">Publications by Topic</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/276">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/277">Behavioral and Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/292">Biography and Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/278">Biology and Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/279">Computers and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/280">Conflict and Security Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/281">Earth Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/282">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/283">Energy and Energy Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/284">Engineering and Technology</a></li> </ul> <ul class="browse-col"> <li><br> </li> <li><a href="/topic/285">Environment and Environmental Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/287">Food and Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/288">Health and Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/289">Industry and Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/290">Math, Chemistry, and Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/423">Policy for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/293">Space and Aeronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/478">Surveys and Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/294">Transportation and Infrastructure</a></li> </ul> <ul class="browse-col vertical-divider"> <li class="dropdown-header"><br></li> <li><a href="/collection">Searchable Collections</a></li> <li><a href="/new">New Releases</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon=""> </span> MyNAP <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="/login.php" class="userOff"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon=""> </span> Login</a></li> <li><a href="/login.php?action=new" class="register"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon=""> </span> Register</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="naphelp"><a href="/content/help"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon=""> </span> HELP</a></li> <li> <a href="/cart/cart.php"> <span class="icon-menu" data-icon=""> </span> Cart </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-nav__menus"> <div class="global-nav__menus--upper"> <div class="global-nav__controls"> <div class="controls__social"><!----></div> <button aria-label="Search" class="controls__search" onclick="toggleSearch()"><span class="search__label"> Search </span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""> <path d="M13.8 21.6a7.8 7.8 0 110-15.6 7.8 7.8 0 010 15.6zm0-2a5.8 5.8 0 100-11.6 5.8 5.8 0 000 11.6z"></path> <path d="M17.899 19.325l1.414-1.414 4.322 4.322-1.414 1.414z"></path> </svg> </button> <button class="controls__menu"> Menu <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8 23h15v-2.5H8V23zm0-6.25h15v-2.5H8v2.5zM8 8v2.5h15V8H8z"></path> </svg> </button> <button class="controls__nav" onclick="toggleMenu(); myMenu(this)"> Global Menu <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="menu-off"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8 23h15v-2.5H8V23zm0-6.25h15v-2.5H8v2.5zM8 8v2.5h15V8H8z"></path> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="menu-on"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M20.728 8l1.818 1.818-5.455 5.455 5.455 5.455-1.818 1.818-5.455-5.455-5.455 5.455L8 20.728l5.455-5.455L8 9.818 9.818 8l5.455 5.455z"></path></svg> <!----></button> </div> </div> <div class="global-nav__menus--lower" > <nav role="navigation" class="global-nav__links " > <ul role="menu"> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> About Us </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"> <ul class="global-nav__links-widget" type="nas-nav-links-widget"> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about" target="_self"> About Us </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/organization" target="_self"> Our Program Divisions </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/the-national-academies" target="_self"> Our Three Academies </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/leadership" target="_self"> Leadership </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/newsroom" target="_self"> Newsroom </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/ocga" target="_self"> Government Affairs </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/giving" target="_self"> Giving </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/statement-on-diversity-and-inclusion" target="_self"> Statement on Diversity and Inclusion </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p> <p>The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and world. Our work helps shape sound policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine.</p> </p> <a rel="" title="Learn More" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> Learn More <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/events" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Events </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"><span class="dropdown__left--default"><img src="https://nasemoceprodcomm-nationalacademies.cec.ocp.oraclecloud.com/content/published/api/v1.1/assets/CONTC88C4C0CA7CE4E7FA8630DEF6E1B3A8F/native/NAS+Building.jpg?cb=_cache_a061&channelToken=d2dc71410b56f1d61406108f1738d0f4" alt=""></span></div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p> <p>Throughout any given year, the National Academies convene hundreds of conferences, workshops, symposia, forums, roundtables, and other gatherings that attract the finest minds in academia and the public and private sectors. These venues for discussion and debate are essential for allowing the scientific process to unfold.</p> </p> <a rel="" title="See All Events" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/events" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> See All Events <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Our Work </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"> <ul class="global-nav__links-widget" type="nas-nav-links-widget"> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work" target="_self"> Our Work </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/our-study-process" target="_self"> Our Study Process </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/conflict-of-interest-policies-and-procedures" target="_self"> Conflict of Interest Policies and Procedures </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/project-comments-and-information" target="_self"> Project Comments and Information </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p> <p>The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are the nation's pre-eminent source of high-quality, objective advice on science, engineering, and health matters. <br> <br> Top experts participate in our projects, activities, and studies to examine and assemble evidence-based findings to address some of society's greatest challenges.</p> </p> <a rel="" title="Learn More" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> Learn More <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Publications </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"> <ul class="global-nav__links-widget" loadchildren="true" type="nas-nav-links-widget"> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/" target="_self"> Read Our Expert Reports and Published Proceedings </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.pnas.org/" target="_self"> Explore PNAS, the Flagship Scientific Journal of NAS </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="http://pubsindex.trb.org/" target="_self"> Access Transportation Research Board Publications </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p>Our peer-reviewed reports present the evidence-based consensus of committees of experts. Published proceedings record the presentations and discussions that take place at hundreds of conferences, workshops, symposia, forums, roundtables, and other gatherings every year. And, our prestigious journals publish the latest scientific findings on a wide range of topics.</p> <a rel="" title="Learn More" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> Learn More <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Topics </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"> <ul class="global-nav__links-widget" type="nas-nav-links-widget"> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/covid-19-resources" target="_self"> Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/resources-on-diversity-equity-and-inclusion" target="_self"> Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/climate" target="_self"> Climate </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/economic-recovery" target="_self"> Economic Recovery </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p> <p>Discover what the National Academies are doing in various topic areas to strengthen the fields of science, engineering, and medicine and their capacity to contribute to the well-being of our nation and the world.</p> </p> <a rel="" title="See All Topics" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> See All Topics <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/engagement" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Engagement </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"><span class="dropdown__left--default"><img src="https://nasemoceprodcomm-nationalacademies.ocecdn.oraclecloud.com/content/published/api/v1.1/assets/CONTC267CED7812243AB86410D548C73D067/native/engagement-nav.jpg?cb=_cache_a061&channelToken=d2dc71410b56f1d61406108f1738d0f4" alt=""></span></div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p> <p>A powerful way to foster appreciation for the impact of science and critical and innovative thinking is through art and the humanities. Learn more about the National Academies’ various programs designed to connect, engage, and inspire.</p> </p> <a rel="" title="Learn More" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/engagement" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> Learn More <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/opportunities" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Opportunities </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"> <ul class="global-nav__links-widget" type="nas-nav-links-widget"> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/careers" target="_self"> Careers </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/fellowships-and-grants" target="_self"> Fellowships and Grants </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/volunteers" target="_self"> Volunteers </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/sponsors" target="_self"> Sponsors </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/members" target="_self"> Members </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p>Make a real impact on the scientific, engineering, and health-related challenges facing society. Whether as a sponsor or donor, a member or volunteer, or an employee or fellow, you can make a difference.</p> <a rel="" title="Learn More" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/opportunities" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> Learn More <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <!----></header> <a name="content"></a> <script> $(".controls__menu").click(function(){ $("#mobile-menu").toggle(); }); function toggleMenu() { var element = document.getElementById("lowerMenu"); element.classList.toggle("menu-is-hidden"); } function myMenu(x) { x.classList.toggle("invert"); } function toggleSearch() { var element = document.getElementById("lowerMenu"); element.classList.toggle("search-is-hidden"); } </script> <!--accordion--> <script> var acc = document.getElementsByClassName("accordion"); var i; for (i = 0; i < acc.length; i++) { acc[i].addEventListener("click", function() { this.classList.toggle("active"); var panel = this.nextElementSibling; if (panel.style.maxHeight) { panel.style.maxHeight = null; } else { panel.style.maxHeight = panel.scrollHeight + "px"; } }); } </script> <div class="author-top" > <div class="container-fluid" id="bg-GRP"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 mx-auto"> <h1 class="title smaller-head">Gulf Research Program</h1> <p class="displaytext-GRP showtxt">GRP publications offer expertise and insights from a range of perspectives designed to spur thoughtful discussion. These publications include evidence-based consensus study reports of committees of experts; presentations from GRP members and other experts; and GRP Perspectives offered by individual experts.</p> <div class="author-nav hidden-xs" style="padding-bottom: 3em;"> <nav class="nav-wrap"> <ul class="group" id="local-nav-nap"> <li > <a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/gulf/gulf-research-program"> Unit Home</a></li> <li> <a class="toggleboard collapsed local-nav__link" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapseExample" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample"> GRP Units</a></li> <li class="current_page_item"><a href="#" class="local-nav__link">Publications</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="orgsearch" class="collapse in"> <form class="search-form" role="form" action="//nap.nationalacademies.org/search" method="GET" title="Search NAP Books" > <div > <label class="sr-only" for="inputsearch">Search Books</label> <div class="input-group" > <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Search within titles from GRP" required value="" name="term" id="inputsearch"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button type="submit" class="btn-blueflat btn-searchhome"> <span class="visible-xxs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M 19 3 C 13.488281 3 9 7.488281 9 13 C 9 15.394531 9.839844 17.589844 11.25 19.3125 L 3.28125 27.28125 L 4.71875 28.71875 L 12.6875 20.75 C 14.410156 22.160156 16.605469 23 19 23 C 24.511719 23 29 18.511719 29 13 C 29 7.488281 24.511719 3 19 3 Z M 19 5 C 23.429688 5 27 8.570313 27 13 C 27 17.429688 23.429688 21 19 21 C 14.570313 21 11 17.429688 11 13 C 11 8.570313 14.570313 5 19 5 Z"/></svg></span> <span class="hidden-xxs">SEARCH</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="collapse" id="collapseExample"> <div class="well"> <ul id="author-board-list"> <li class="link-board"> <a href="/author/GHRB">Gulf Health and Resilience Board</a> </li> </ul> <ul id="author-board-list"> <li class="link-board"> <a href="/author/GOESB">Gulf Offshore Energy Safety Board</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="author-nav visible-xs" style="padding-bottom: 3em;"> <div id="orgsearch" class="tab-content"> <div class=" searchouter"> <form class="search-form" role="form" action="//nap.nationalacademies.org/search" method="GET" title="Search NAP Books"> <div class="searchinput"> <label class="sr-only" for="inputsearch">Search Books</label> <input type="hidden" name="author" value="GRP"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="text" name="term" id="inputsearch" placeholder="Search within titles from GRP" required value=""> <div class="input-group-append"> <button type="submit" class="btn-blueflat btn-searchhome"> <span class="visible-xxs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M 19 3 C 13.488281 3 9 7.488281 9 13 C 9 15.394531 9.839844 17.589844 11.25 19.3125 L 3.28125 27.28125 L 4.71875 28.71875 L 12.6875 20.75 C 14.410156 22.160156 16.605469 23 19 23 C 24.511719 23 29 18.511719 29 13 C 29 7.488281 24.511719 3 19 3 Z M 19 5 C 23.429688 5 27 8.570313 27 13 C 27 17.429688 23.429688 21 19 21 C 14.570313 21 11 17.429688 11 13 C 11 8.570313 14.570313 5 19 5 Z"/></svg></span> <span class="hidden-xxs">SEARCH</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown" style="margin-left: 10px"> <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle" type="button" id="dropdownMenuButton" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> GRP Units </button> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuButton"> <a href="/author/GHRB" class="dropdown-item">Gulf Health and Resilience Board</a> <a href="/author/GOESB" class="dropdown-item">Gulf Offshore Energy Safety Board</a> </div> <button class="btn btn-secondary" type="button" role="button"> <a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/gulf/gulf-research-program" > GRP Home</a> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Start Top Downloads --> <div class="bg-GRP container-wide-lightblue"> <div class="container ft"> <div class="book-row row" data-title="Most Downloaded in GRP"> <div class="col-md-10"> <h2 class="row-title ft"> Most Downloaded in GRP <small> (last 30 days)</small> </h2> </div> <div class="books-flex-row"> <div class="book-tile col-sm-2 col-xs-5 "> <div class="well"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27170/compounding-disasters-in-gulf-coast-communities-2020-2021-impacts-findings" data-title="Compounding Disasters in Gulf Coast Communities 2020-2021: Impacts, Findings, and Lessons Learned" data-alias="cover"> <div class="img-container"> <img class="img-responsive" src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27170/200" alt="Cover Image: Compounding Disasters in Gulf Coast Communities 2020-2021"> </div> </a> <h4 class="truncate"><a class="book-title truncate" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27170/compounding-disasters-in-gulf-coast-communities-2020-2021-impacts-findings" data-title="Compounding Disasters in Gulf Coast Communities 2020-2021: Impacts, Findings, and Lessons Learned" data-alias="title">Compounding Disasters in Gulf Coast Communities 2020-2021: Impacts, Findings, and Lessons Learned</a></h4> </div> </div> <div class="book-tile col-sm-2 col-xs-5 "> <div class="well"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27057/advancing-health-and-resilience-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-region" data-title="Advancing Health and Resilience in the Gulf of Mexico Region: A Roadmap for Progress" data-alias="cover"> <div class="img-container"> <img class="img-responsive" src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27057/200" alt="Cover Image: Advancing Health and Resilience in the Gulf of Mexico Region"> </div> </a> <h4 class="truncate"><a class="book-title truncate" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27057/advancing-health-and-resilience-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-region" data-title="Advancing Health and Resilience in the Gulf of Mexico Region: A Roadmap for Progress" data-alias="title">Advancing Health and Resilience in the Gulf of Mexico Region: A Roadmap for Progress</a></h4> </div> </div> <div class="book-tile col-sm-2 col-xs-5 "> <div class="well"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26347/offshore-situation-room-enhancing-resilience-to-offshore-oil-disasters-in" data-title="Offshore Situation Room: Enhancing Resilience to Offshore Oil Disasters in the Gulf of Mexico: Proceedings of a Workshop" data-alias="cover"> <div class="img-container"> <img class="img-responsive" src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/26347/200" alt="Cover Image: Offshore Situation Room"> </div> </a> <h4 class="truncate"><a class="book-title truncate" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26347/offshore-situation-room-enhancing-resilience-to-offshore-oil-disasters-in" data-title="Offshore Situation Room: Enhancing Resilience to Offshore Oil Disasters in the Gulf of Mexico: Proceedings of a Workshop" data-alias="title">Offshore Situation Room: Enhancing Resilience to Offshore Oil Disasters in the Gulf of Mexico: Proceedings of a Workshop</a></h4> </div> </div> <div class="book-tile col-sm-2 col-xs-5 "> <div class="well"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26873/advancing-understanding-of-offshore-oil-and-gas-systemic-risk-in-the-us-gulf-of-mexico" data-title="Advancing Understanding of Offshore Oil and Gas Systemic Risk in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Current State and Safety Reforms Since the Macondo Well–Deepwater Horizon Blowout" data-alias="cover"> <div class="img-container"> <img class="img-responsive" src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/26873/200" alt="Cover Image: Advancing Understanding of Offshore Oil and Gas Systemic Risk in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico"> </div> </a> <h4 class="truncate"><a class="book-title truncate" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26873/advancing-understanding-of-offshore-oil-and-gas-systemic-risk-in-the-us-gulf-of-mexico" data-title="Advancing Understanding of Offshore Oil and Gas Systemic Risk in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Current State and Safety Reforms Since the Macondo Well–Deepwater Horizon Blowout" data-alias="title">Advancing Understanding of Offshore Oil and Gas Systemic Risk in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Current State and Safety Reforms Since the Macondo Well–Deepwater Horizon Blowout</a></h4> </div> </div> <div class="book-tile col-sm-2 col-xs-5 hidden-xs"> <div class="well"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27848/bridging-diverse-knowledge-systems-on-flooding-and-flood-related-disasters-in-northeast-houston-communities" data-title="Bridging Diverse Knowledge Systems on Flooding and Flood-Related Disasters in Northeast Houston Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief" data-alias="cover"> <div class="img-container"> <img class="img-responsive" src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27848/200" alt="Cover Image: Bridging Diverse Knowledge Systems on Flooding and Flood-Related Disasters in Northeast Houston Communities"> </div> </a> <h4 class="truncate"><a class="book-title truncate" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27848/bridging-diverse-knowledge-systems-on-flooding-and-flood-related-disasters-in-northeast-houston-communities" data-title="Bridging Diverse Knowledge Systems on Flooding and Flood-Related Disasters in Northeast Houston Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief" data-alias="title">Bridging Diverse Knowledge Systems on Flooding and Flood-Related Disasters in Northeast Houston Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief</a></h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container bg-white" style="margin-top: 2em"> <div class="row reports-header"> Publications by the Gulf Research Program (listed by most recent release) </div> <div class="row pagination-row pagination-row-top"> <div class="col-md-7 col-sm-6"> <h3 class="topics-results-hdr text-center">Viewing 1 - 10 of 30</h3> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-4 pager-column"> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="active"><span>1</span></li> <li><a href="?author=GRP&n=10&start=10">2</a></li> <li><a href="?author=GRP&n=10&start=20">3</a></li> <li><a title="next page" href="?author=GRP&n=10&start=10">›</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="recentreleases"> <div class="list-row row"> <div class=" col-xs-2"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27170/compounding-disasters-in-gulf-coast-communities-2020-2021-impacts-findings"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150 " src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27170/200" alt="Compounding Disasters in Gulf Coast Communities 2020-2021: Impacts, Findings, and Lessons Learned"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27170/200" /> </a> </div> <div class=" col-xs-8"> <div class="results-author results-report-type"> <span data-placement="right" class="report-type" data-toggle="tooltip" data-container="body" title="Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task."><em>Consensus Study Report </em> </span> </div> <h4 class="results-title"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27170/compounding-disasters-in-gulf-coast-communities-2020-2021-impacts-findings">Compounding Disasters in Gulf Coast Communities 2020-2021: Impacts, Findings, and Lessons Learned</a> (2024) </h4> <div class="results-metadata"> <div class="results-author"> <span class="icon-menu filter-icon pull-left" aria-hidden="true" data-icon=""></span> <div class="author-list">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Gulf Research Program; Gulf Health and Resilience Board; Committee on Compounding Disasters in Gulf Coast Communities, 2020-2021: Impacts, Findings, and Lessons Learned</div> </div> </div> <div class="results-actions"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/27170" class="readit">Read Online</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=27170&page=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fdownload%2F27170" class="dloadit"> <span>Download Free PDF</span><span class="label downloads-label">1,307<span> downloads</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="list-row row"> <div class=" col-xs-2"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27848/bridging-diverse-knowledge-systems-on-flooding-and-flood-related-disasters-in-northeast-houston-communities"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150 " src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27848/200" alt="Bridging Diverse Knowledge Systems on Flooding and Flood-Related Disasters in Northeast Houston Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27848/200" /> </a> </div> <div class=" col-xs-8"> <div class="results-author results-report-type"> <span data-placement="right" class="report-type" data-toggle="tooltip" data-container="body" title="Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies."><em>Proceedings </em> </span> </div> <h4 class="results-title"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27848/bridging-diverse-knowledge-systems-on-flooding-and-flood-related-disasters-in-northeast-houston-communities">Bridging Diverse Knowledge Systems on Flooding and Flood-Related Disasters in Northeast Houston Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief</a> (2024) </h4> <div class="results-metadata"> <div class="results-author"> <span class="icon-menu filter-icon pull-left" aria-hidden="true" data-icon=""></span> <div class="author-list">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Gulf Research Program; Policy and Global Affairs; Taylor Kate Brown and Francisca Flores, Rapporteurs</div> </div> </div> <div class="results-actions"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/27848" class="readit">Read Online</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=27848&page=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fdownload%2F27848" class="dloadit"> <span>Download Free PDF</span><span class="label downloads-label">167<span> downloads</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="list-row row"> <div class=" col-xs-2"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27868/gulf-research-program-annual-report-2022"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150 " src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27868/200" alt="Gulf Research Program Annual Report 2022"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27868/200" /> </a> </div> <div class=" col-xs-8"> <h4 class="results-title"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27868/gulf-research-program-annual-report-2022">Gulf Research Program Annual Report 2022</a> (2024) </h4> <div class="results-metadata"> <div class="results-author"> <span class="icon-menu filter-icon pull-left" aria-hidden="true" data-icon=""></span> <div class="author-list">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Gulf Research Program</div> </div> </div> <div class="results-actions"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/27868" class="readit">Read Online</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=27868&page=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fdownload%2F27868" class="dloadit"> <span>Download Free PDF</span><span class="label downloads-label">144<span> downloads</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="list-row row"> <div class=" col-xs-2"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27057/advancing-health-and-resilience-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-region"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150 " src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27057/200" alt="Advancing Health and Resilience in the Gulf of Mexico Region: A Roadmap for Progress"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27057/200" /> </a> </div> <div class=" col-xs-8"> <div class="results-author results-report-type"> <span data-placement="right" class="report-type" data-toggle="tooltip" data-container="body" title="Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task."><em>Consensus Study Report </em> </span> </div> <h4 class="results-title"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27057/advancing-health-and-resilience-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-region">Advancing Health and Resilience in the Gulf of Mexico Region: A Roadmap for Progress</a> (2023) </h4> <div class="results-metadata"> <div class="results-author"> <span class="icon-menu filter-icon pull-left" aria-hidden="true" data-icon=""></span> <div class="author-list">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Gulf Research Program; Health and Medicine Division; Committee on Progress Toward Human Health and Community Resilience in the Gulf of Mexico Region; Maureen Lichtveld, Scott Wollek, and Jennifer Cohen, Editors</div> </div> </div> <div class="results-actions"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/27057" class="readit">Read Online</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=27057&page=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fdownload%2F27057" class="dloadit"> <span>Download Free PDF</span><span class="label downloads-label">652<span> downloads</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="list-row row"> <div class=" col-xs-2"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27102/navigating-the-energy-transition-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-proceedings"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150 " src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27102/200" alt="Navigating the Energy Transition in the Gulf of Mexico: Proceedings of a Workshop"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27102/200" /> </a> </div> <div class=" col-xs-8"> <div class="results-author results-report-type"> <span data-placement="right" class="report-type" data-toggle="tooltip" data-container="body" title="Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies."><em>Proceedings </em> </span> </div> <h4 class="results-title"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27102/navigating-the-energy-transition-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-proceedings">Navigating the Energy Transition in the Gulf of Mexico: Proceedings of a Workshop</a> (2023) </h4> <div class="results-metadata"> <div class="results-author"> <span class="icon-menu filter-icon pull-left" aria-hidden="true" data-icon=""></span> <div class="author-list">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Gulf Research Program; Gulf Offshore Energy Safety Board; Yee San Su, Rapporteur</div> </div> </div> <div class="results-actions"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/27102" class="readit">Read Online</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=27102&page=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fdownload%2F27102" class="dloadit"> <span>Download Free PDF</span><span class="label downloads-label">313<span> downloads</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="list-row row"> <div class=" col-xs-2"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27171/gulf-research-program-annual-report-2021"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150 " src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27171/200" alt="Gulf Research Program Annual Report 2021"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/27171/200" /> </a> </div> <div class=" col-xs-8"> <h4 class="results-title"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27171/gulf-research-program-annual-report-2021">Gulf Research Program Annual Report 2021</a> (2023) </h4> <div class="results-metadata"> <div class="results-author"> <span class="icon-menu filter-icon pull-left" aria-hidden="true" data-icon=""></span> <div class="author-list">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Gulf Research Program</div> </div> </div> <div class="results-actions"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/27171" class="readit">Read Online</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=27171&page=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fdownload%2F27171" class="dloadit"> <span>Download Free PDF</span><span class="label downloads-label">138<span> downloads</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="list-row row"> <div class=" col-xs-2"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26873/advancing-understanding-of-offshore-oil-and-gas-systemic-risk-in-the-us-gulf-of-mexico"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150 " src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/26873/200" alt="Advancing Understanding of Offshore Oil and Gas Systemic Risk in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Current State and Safety Reforms Since the Macondo Well–Deepwater Horizon Blowout"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/26873/200" /> </a> </div> <div class=" col-xs-8"> <div class="results-author results-report-type"> <span data-placement="right" class="report-type" data-toggle="tooltip" data-container="body" title="Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task."><em>Consensus Study Report </em> </span> </div> <h4 class="results-title"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26873/advancing-understanding-of-offshore-oil-and-gas-systemic-risk-in-the-us-gulf-of-mexico">Advancing Understanding of Offshore Oil and Gas Systemic Risk in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Current State and Safety Reforms Since the Macondo Well–Deepwater Horizon Blowout</a> (2023) </h4> <div class="results-metadata"> <div class="results-author"> <span class="icon-menu filter-icon pull-left" aria-hidden="true" data-icon=""></span> <div class="author-list">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Gulf Research Program; A Report Series on Progress and Opportunities Toward Decreasing the Risk of Offshore Energy Operations; Committee on Progress and Opportunities Toward Decreasing the Risk of Offshore Energy Operations</div> </div> </div> <div class="results-actions"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/26873" class="readit">Read Online</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=26873&page=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fdownload%2F26873" class="dloadit"> <span>Download Free PDF</span><span class="label downloads-label">1,107<span> downloads</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="list-row row"> <div class=" col-xs-2"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26335/an-approach-for-assessing-us-gulf-coast-ecosystem-restoration-a"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150 " src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/26335/200" alt="An Approach for Assessing U.S. Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration: A Gulf Research Program Environmental Monitoring Report"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/26335/200" /> </a> </div> <div class=" col-xs-8"> <div class="results-author results-report-type"> <span data-placement="right" class="report-type" data-toggle="tooltip" data-container="body" title="Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task."><em>Consensus Study Report </em> </span> </div> <h4 class="results-title"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26335/an-approach-for-assessing-us-gulf-coast-ecosystem-restoration-a">An Approach for Assessing U.S. Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration: A Gulf Research Program Environmental Monitoring Report</a> (2022) </h4> <div class="results-metadata"> <div class="results-author"> <span class="icon-menu filter-icon pull-left" aria-hidden="true" data-icon=""></span> <div class="author-list">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Gulf Research Program; Committee on Long-Term Environmental Trends in the Gulf of Mexico</div> </div> </div> <div class="results-actions"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/26335" class="readit">Read Online</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=26335&page=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fdownload%2F26335" class="dloadit"> <span>Download Free PDF</span><span class="label downloads-label">1,506<span> downloads</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="list-row row"> <div class=" col-xs-2"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26559/investing-in-resilient-infrastructure-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-proceedings"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150 " src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/26559/200" alt="Investing in Resilient Infrastructure in the Gulf of Mexico: Proceedings of a Workshop"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/26559/200" /> </a> </div> <div class=" col-xs-8"> <div class="results-author results-report-type"> <span data-placement="right" class="report-type" data-toggle="tooltip" data-container="body" title="Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies."><em>Proceedings </em> </span> </div> <h4 class="results-title"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26559/investing-in-resilient-infrastructure-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-proceedings">Investing in Resilient Infrastructure in the Gulf of Mexico: Proceedings of a Workshop</a> (2022) </h4> <div class="results-metadata"> <div class="results-author"> <span class="icon-menu filter-icon pull-left" aria-hidden="true" data-icon=""></span> <div class="author-list">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs; Gulf Research Program; Office of Special Projects; Micah Lowenthal, Editor; Erin Mohres, Rapporteur</div> </div> </div> <div class="results-actions"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/26559" class="readit">Read Online</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=26559&page=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fdownload%2F26559" class="dloadit"> <span>Download Free PDF</span><span class="label downloads-label">526<span> downloads</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="list-row row"> <div class=" col-xs-2"> <a class="book-cover" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26347/offshore-situation-room-enhancing-resilience-to-offshore-oil-disasters-in"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150 " src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/26347/200" alt="Offshore Situation Room: Enhancing Resilience to Offshore Oil Disasters in the Gulf of Mexico: Proceedings of a Workshop"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/26347/200" /> </a> </div> <div class=" col-xs-8"> <div class="results-author results-report-type"> <span data-placement="right" class="report-type" data-toggle="tooltip" data-container="body" title="Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies."><em>Proceedings </em> </span> </div> <h4 class="results-title"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26347/offshore-situation-room-enhancing-resilience-to-offshore-oil-disasters-in">Offshore Situation Room: Enhancing Resilience to Offshore Oil Disasters in the Gulf of Mexico: Proceedings of a Workshop</a> (2021) </h4> <div class="results-metadata"> <div class="results-author"> <span class="icon-menu filter-icon pull-left" aria-hidden="true" data-icon=""></span> <div class="author-list">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Gulf Research Program; Gulf Offshore Energy Safety Board; Yee San Su, Kate Fisher, Joel Silverman, Jamie Biglow, Riddhi Suva, Sydney Steward, and Karina Khazmutdinova, Rapporteurs</div> </div> </div> <div class="results-actions"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/26347" class="readit">Read Online</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=26347&page=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fdownload%2F26347" class="dloadit"> <span>Download Free PDF</span><span class="label downloads-label">854<span> downloads</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row pagination-row pagination-row-bottom"> <div class="col-md-10 text-center"> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="active"><span>1</span></li> <li><a href="?author=GRP&n=10&start=10">2</a></li> <li><a href="?author=GRP&n=10&start=20">3</a></li> <li><a title="next page" href="?author=GRP&n=10&start=10">›</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal fade" id="type-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="typeModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title">Types of Publications</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p><strong>Proceedings: </strong><br> Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.</p> <p><strong>Consensus Study Reports: </strong><br> Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.</p> <p><strong>Rapid Expert Consultation:</strong><br> Rapid Expert Consultations published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are authored by subject-matter experts on narrowly focused topics that can be supported by a body of evidence. The discussions contained in rapid expert consultations are considered those of the authors and do not contain policy recommendations. Rapid expert consultations are reviewed by the institution before release.</p> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--start NAP footer --> <footer class="global-footer" style="background: #211747; border-top: none" id="global-footer-nap"> <div class="container"> <div class="global-footer__orgs"> <div class="global-footer__logo"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org"><img src="/images/footer-nap-text.png" alt="National Academies Press: Washington, DC | Home" class="img-responsive"></a> </div> <div> <form id="subscribe-form" action="/updates/" method="POST"> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"> <div class="input-group"> <label for="email" class="sr-only">Email Address</label> <input type="hidden" name="SOURCE" value="homepage"> <input class="subscribe-input form-control" type="text" name="EMAIL" id="email" placeholder="Sign up for e-mail updates" title="Enter your e-mail address to subscribe to updates from NAP."> <span class="subscribe-button"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-subscribe">Subscribe</button> </span> </div> </form></div></div> <div class="global-footer__links"> <ul class="global-footer__nav"> <li> <h6>NAP Quick Links</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/content/about-the-national-academies-press">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://notes.nap.edu/">Notes from NAP</a></li> </ul> <h6>Request A</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/content/request-desk-copies">Desk Copy</a> </li> <li><a href="/content/request/exam_copy.html">Exam Copy </a></li> <li><a href="/content/request-review-copies">Review Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/content/request-rights-and-permissions">Reprint Permission</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <h6>Browse Publications</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/author">By Division</a></li> <li><a href="/new/">By New Releases</a></li> <li><a href="/collection">By Searchable Collections</a></li> <li><a href="/topic">By Topic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <h6>NAP Ordering</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/content/contact-customer-service">Contact Customer Service</a></li> </ul> <h6>Using NAP.edu</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/content/searching-nap-publications">Tips for Searching</a> </li> <li><a href="/content/using-mynap">Help With MyNAP</a></li> <li><a href="/content/about-pdfs">Downloading and Reading PDFs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <h6>NAP Information</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/content/help-with-discounts">Discounts</a></li> <li><a href="/content/information-for-book-trade-customers">Book Trade Customers</a></li> <li><a href="/content/request-rights-and-permissions">Rights and Permissions</a></li> <li><a href="/content/international-ordering-and-distribution">International Ordering and Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/content/translation-rights">Translation Rights</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></div></footer> <!--start NASEM footer --> <footer class="global-footer" style="background: #666; border-top: none"><div class="container"><div class="global-footer__orgs"><div class="global-footer__logo"> <a aria-label="Logo of The National Academies" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/home"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 315.11 58.33"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#fff;}</style></defs><g id="Layer_2" data-name="Layer 2"><g id="Layer_1-2" data-name="Layer 1"><polygon class="cls-1" points="3.73 7.55 20.84 25.49 20.84 1.5 17.81 1.5 17.81 18.08 0.7 0.14 0.7 24.06 3.73 24.06 3.73 7.55"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="28.49 24.06 31.84 24.06 38.98 7.25 45.92 23.87 45.99 24.06 49.34 24.06 39.05 0 28.49 24.06"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="153.23 24.06 156.58 24.06 163.72 7.25 170.66 23.87 170.73 24.06 174.08 24.06 163.79 0 153.23 24.06"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="59.72 24.06 62.76 24.06 62.76 4.41 69.52 4.41 69.52 1.5 52.96 1.5 52.96 4.41 59.72 4.41 59.72 24.06"/><rect class="cls-1" x="78.85" y="1.5" width="3.03" height="22.55"/><path class="cls-1" d="M115.69,12.8a11.72,11.72,0,0,0-23.44,0,11.72,11.72,0,0,0,23.44,0m-3.09,0A8.63,8.63,0,1,1,104,4a8.7,8.7,0,0,1,8.63,8.76"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="128.29 7.55 145.4 25.49 145.4 1.5 142.37 1.5 142.37 18.08 125.25 0.14 125.25 24.06 128.29 24.06 128.29 7.55"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="184.65 1.5 181.62 1.5 181.62 24.06 193.7 24.06 193.7 21.16 184.65 21.16 184.65 1.5"/><path class="cls-1" d="M37.15,34.08A11.48,11.48,0,0,0,25.37,45.8,11.36,11.36,0,0,0,37,57.38a11.77,11.77,0,0,0,6.79-2.19l.13-.09V51.2l-.51.51A9.77,9.77,0,0,1,41,53.5a8.9,8.9,0,0,1-3.95,1A8.75,8.75,0,0,1,37,37a9.09,9.09,0,0,1,3.66.82,10.71,10.71,0,0,1,2.78,2l.51.5V36.4l-.12-.09a10.62,10.62,0,0,0-6.67-2.23"/><path class="cls-1" d="M91.91,37.08a12.19,12.19,0,0,0-8.29-2.64H78.85V57h4.74c3.72,0,6-.73,8.22-2.61a10.75,10.75,0,0,0,4-8.65,11,11,0,0,0-3.86-8.65m-2.09,15.1a9.11,9.11,0,0,1-6.1,1.91H81.88V37.34h1.84c5.44,0,9,3.29,9,8.39a8.09,8.09,0,0,1-2.85,6.45"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="104.99 56.99 118.4 56.99 118.4 54.09 108.02 54.09 108.02 46.16 117.11 46.16 117.11 43.26 108.02 43.26 108.02 37.34 118.4 37.34 118.4 34.44 104.99 34.44 104.99 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="176.17 56.99 189.58 56.99 189.58 54.09 179.2 54.09 179.2 46.16 188.28 46.16 188.28 43.26 179.2 43.26 179.2 37.34 189.58 37.34 189.58 34.44 176.17 34.44 176.17 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="138.88 51.34 130.31 32.49 126.44 56.99 129.55 56.99 131.62 42.47 138.84 58.33 146.15 42.47 148.13 56.99 151.23 56.99 147.61 32.45 138.88 51.34"/><rect class="cls-1" x="161.31" y="34.44" width="3.03" height="22.55"/><path class="cls-1" d="M209,46.15A10.78,10.78,0,0,0,205.49,44l-2.12-.92a6.8,6.8,0,0,1-2.21-1.33,2,2,0,0,1-.73-1.69A3.07,3.07,0,0,1,203.82,37a3.62,3.62,0,0,1,2.28.69,4.87,4.87,0,0,1,1.2,1.55l.15.3,2.45-1.62-.12-.24a7,7,0,0,0-2.24-2.55,6.34,6.34,0,0,0-3.69-1c-3.8,0-6.45,2.45-6.45,6a4.86,4.86,0,0,0,1.6,3.8,9.51,9.51,0,0,0,2.84,1.78l2.15,1a9.5,9.5,0,0,1,2.56,1.46,3,3,0,0,1,1,2.35,4.2,4.2,0,0,1-7.06,2.92,4.93,4.93,0,0,1-1.24-2.64l-.05-.33-3,.82.06.28a8.32,8.32,0,0,0,2.13,4,6.74,6.74,0,0,0,5,1.87,6.91,6.91,0,0,0,7.24-7A5.58,5.58,0,0,0,209,46.15"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="0 56.99 3.35 56.99 10.49 40.18 17.43 56.81 17.5 56.99 20.86 56.99 10.56 32.93 0 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="50.21 56.99 53.57 56.99 60.71 40.18 67.64 56.81 67.72 56.99 71.07 56.99 60.78 32.93 50.21 56.99"/><path class="cls-1" d="M233.74,2.1a3.34,3.34,0,0,0-.93-.11,2.53,2.53,0,0,0-1.52.45,1.48,1.48,0,0,0-.63,1.28,2,2,0,0,0,.54,1.44,7.94,7.94,0,0,0,1.64,1.26,13.5,13.5,0,0,1,1.26.89,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,.83,1,2.62,2.62,0,0,1,.33,1.33,3.06,3.06,0,0,1-.5,1.74,3.26,3.26,0,0,1-1.4,1.18,5.06,5.06,0,0,1-2.09.41,8.3,8.3,0,0,1-1.94-.22,3.51,3.51,0,0,1-1.24-.46l.34-2.18h.92l.09,1.62a2.53,2.53,0,0,0,.81.33,3.86,3.86,0,0,0,1,.13,2.93,2.93,0,0,0,1.77-.53,1.68,1.68,0,0,0,.73-1.47,1.91,1.91,0,0,0-.49-1.34,6.42,6.42,0,0,0-1.49-1.16c-.52-.34-1-.65-1.32-.94a3.76,3.76,0,0,1-.9-1,2.64,2.64,0,0,1-.37-1.4,2.64,2.64,0,0,1,.5-1.62,3.23,3.23,0,0,1,1.35-1.08,4.58,4.58,0,0,1,1.86-.37,7,7,0,0,1,1.72.18,3.31,3.31,0,0,1,1.09.45l-.35,2h-.83l-.12-1.47a2.39,2.39,0,0,0-.68-.3"/><path class="cls-1" d="M241,5a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.66,3.66,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,1.95,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a3.84,3.84,0,0,1-1.14.95,3.43,3.43,0,0,1-1.76.43,2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54A6.43,6.43,0,0,1,237.34,7a5.3,5.3,0,0,1,1.55-2.08,3.74,3.74,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3.09,3.09,0,0,1,.81.26l-.42,1.49-.26-.09A2.53,2.53,0,0,0,241,5"/><path class="cls-1" d="M246.1,11.61a.56.56,0,0,0,.07.29.21.21,0,0,0,.18.1.65.65,0,0,0,.34-.11,2.64,2.64,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.31-2.16.52-3.7l-1-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22ZM246,2.15a.84.84,0,0,1-.23-.59,1.13,1.13,0,0,1,.3-.79.94.94,0,0,1,.71-.32.79.79,0,0,1,.61.24.77.77,0,0,1,.23.57,1.15,1.15,0,0,1-.29.81,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.75.75,0,0,1-.56-.25"/><path class="cls-1" d="M254,12.43a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.72-.47,2.74,2.74,0,0,1-1-1.23A4,4,0,0,1,249,9.62a6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.08,5.08,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.27,2.27,0,0,1,1.64.52A1.79,1.79,0,0,1,255.72,6a2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84,5.79,5.79,0,0,1-2.08,1.12,8.1,8.1,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.42,3.42,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57A4,4,0,0,1,254,12.43m-2.11-7A4.1,4.1,0,0,0,251,6.88a5.9,5.9,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,1.62-.33,4,4,0,0,0,1.41-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-1" d="M261.24,4.62A3.14,3.14,0,0,1,263,4.06a1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.52,2.61,2.61,0,0,1,.46,1.71,15.44,15.44,0,0,1-.34,2.34l-.06.36-.13.74a11.51,11.51,0,0,0-.24,1.85c0,.28.06.42.2.42a1.22,1.22,0,0,0,.72-.39l.18.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.36,2.92,2.92,0,0,1-.61.39,1.73,1.73,0,0,1-.79.17.84.84,0,0,1-1-.93,12.88,12.88,0,0,1,.27-1.88l.14-.73.06-.37c.1-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.17,8.17,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.67,1.67,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.33,2.33,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.75,5.75,0,0,0-1.3,1.47l-.75,5.54h-1.46l1-7.43L257.62,5l.12-.58,1.88-.34.32.17-.2,1.84a5.72,5.72,0,0,1,1.5-1.45"/><path class="cls-1" d="M270.77,5a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.66,3.66,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,1.95,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a3.84,3.84,0,0,1-1.14.95,3.43,3.43,0,0,1-1.76.43,2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54A6.43,6.43,0,0,1,267.13,7a5.3,5.3,0,0,1,1.55-2.08,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3,3,0,0,1,.81.26l-.42,1.49-.26-.09A2.53,2.53,0,0,0,270.77,5"/><path class="cls-1" d="M278.66,12.43a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-2,.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52A1.82,1.82,0,0,1,280.38,6a2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84,5.79,5.79,0,0,1-2.08,1.12,8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87A1.48,1.48,0,0,0,277,12a3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-1" d="M286.18,5.13a2.75,2.75,0,0,0-1.09-.21,1.85,1.85,0,0,0-1.13.31,1,1,0,0,0-.43.89,1.43,1.43,0,0,0,.34.93,6.08,6.08,0,0,0,1,.88,10.43,10.43,0,0,1,.88.74,3.1,3.1,0,0,1,.6.76,2.15,2.15,0,0,1,.26,1.05,2.09,2.09,0,0,1-.9,1.81,3.71,3.71,0,0,1-2.22.64,6.32,6.32,0,0,1-1.37-.15,2.1,2.1,0,0,1-.9-.34l.24-1.06a3.41,3.41,0,0,0,.88.44,3.37,3.37,0,0,0,1.18.21,2.21,2.21,0,0,0,1.15-.29,1,1,0,0,0,.48-.92,1.37,1.37,0,0,0-.38-1,6.83,6.83,0,0,0-1.1-.89,3.07,3.07,0,0,1-1.58-2.5,2.16,2.16,0,0,1,.4-1.27,2.64,2.64,0,0,1,1.09-.84,3.81,3.81,0,0,1,1.54-.3,6.32,6.32,0,0,1,1.13.1,4.07,4.07,0,0,1,.8.19l-.26,1.17a1.55,1.55,0,0,0-.6-.39"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="229.34 23.43 236.61 23.43 236.51 25.87 235.6 25.87 235.35 24.25 231.87 24.13 231.29 28.48 234.85 28.36 234.74 29.51 231.21 29.38 230.58 34.05 234.91 33.87 235.77 32.01 236.63 32.18 236.01 34.84 227.85 34.84 227.91 34.24 229.06 34.05 230.29 24.25 229.24 24.09 229.34 23.43"/><path class="cls-1" d="M242.18,26.67a3.16,3.16,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.51,2.51,0,0,1,.46,1.7,14.42,14.42,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.12.74a10.81,10.81,0,0,0-.25,1.86c0,.27.07.41.2.41a1.15,1.15,0,0,0,.72-.38l.19.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.35,2.46,2.46,0,0,1-.61.39,1.76,1.76,0,0,1-.79.18c-.65,0-1-.31-1-.94a11.94,11.94,0,0,1,.28-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.1-.55.18-1,.24-1.45a8.14,8.14,0,0,0,.1-1.16,1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.38.61,5.67,5.67,0,0,0-1.29,1.46l-.76,5.55h-1.45l1-7.44-.76-.36.13-.59,1.87-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-1" d="M252.77,37.29a4,4,0,0,1-1.55,1.05,5.36,5.36,0,0,1-1.78.32,5.69,5.69,0,0,1-1-.09,3.45,3.45,0,0,1-.76-.19l.32-1.24a5,5,0,0,0,.9.34,3.56,3.56,0,0,0,1.06.17,2.22,2.22,0,0,0,1.45-.39,2.12,2.12,0,0,0,.63-1.41l.29-2a3.73,3.73,0,0,1-1,.84A2.61,2.61,0,0,1,250,35a2.16,2.16,0,0,1-1.89-.88,3.9,3.9,0,0,1-.64-2.35,6.52,6.52,0,0,1,.58-2.6A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,249.73,27a4.15,4.15,0,0,1,2.61-.87,4.47,4.47,0,0,1,.87.1,5.15,5.15,0,0,1,.8.24l1-.34-1.38,9.31a3.37,3.37,0,0,1-.81,1.87m-.61-10.36a2.36,2.36,0,0,0-1.75.74,4.82,4.82,0,0,0-1.07,1.85,7.16,7.16,0,0,0-.35,2.15,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.37,1.72,1.16,1.16,0,0,0,1,.62,2.09,2.09,0,0,0,1.2-.39,3.12,3.12,0,0,0,.9-.87l.82-5.5a1.85,1.85,0,0,0-1.15-.32"/><path class="cls-1" d="M258.39,33.67a.45.45,0,0,0,.07.28.19.19,0,0,0,.17.1.6.6,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.13,3.13,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a3.17,3.17,0,0,1-.69.68,1.77,1.77,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.24.82.82,0,0,1-.22-.71c0-.26.16-1.25.4-3,.15-.93.32-2.17.52-3.7l-.95-.36.09-.52,2.19-.35.33.17-1,7.21Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.09,1.09,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.72-.33.81.81,0,0,1,.61.24.82.82,0,0,1,.23.58,1.17,1.17,0,0,1-.29.8,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.76.76,0,0,1-.56-.24"/><path class="cls-1" d="M265.74,26.67a3.11,3.11,0,0,1,1.72-.56,1.65,1.65,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.5,2.5,0,0,1,.47,1.7,15.68,15.68,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.13.74a11.6,11.6,0,0,0-.24,1.86c0,.27.06.41.2.41a1.2,1.2,0,0,0,.72-.38l.18.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.35,2.28,2.28,0,0,1-.61.39,1.73,1.73,0,0,1-.79.18.84.84,0,0,1-1-.94,12.8,12.8,0,0,1,.27-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.1-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.07,8.07,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.27,2.27,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.7,5.7,0,0,0-1.3,1.46l-.75,5.55h-1.46l1-7.44-.75-.36.12-.59,1.88-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-1" d="M276.11,34.48a3.7,3.7,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.46,2.87,2.87,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.24,4.24,0,0,1-.32-1.64,6.53,6.53,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.53,1.76,1.76,0,0,1,.55,1.36,2.31,2.31,0,0,1-.88,1.84A5.83,5.83,0,0,1,274.87,31a9.08,9.08,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.49,3.49,0,0,0,.36,1.86,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.16,3.16,0,0,0,1.35-.31,3.9,3.9,0,0,0,1.22-.9l.33.57a3.93,3.93,0,0,1-1.27,1.1m-2.1-7a4.12,4.12,0,0,0-.88,1.44,6.37,6.37,0,0,0-.38,1.7,5.17,5.17,0,0,0,1.62-.34,3.78,3.78,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.74,1.74,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.31,1.31,0,0,0-.28-.91,1,1,0,0,0-.78-.32,1.68,1.68,0,0,0-1.27.58"/><path class="cls-1" d="M284,34.48a3.7,3.7,0,0,1-2,.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.46,2.87,2.87,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.24,4.24,0,0,1-.32-1.64,6.53,6.53,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.26,5.26,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.79,3.79,0,0,1,2.3-.77,2.31,2.31,0,0,1,1.64.53,1.76,1.76,0,0,1,.55,1.36,2.31,2.31,0,0,1-.88,1.84A5.74,5.74,0,0,1,282.73,31a9.08,9.08,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.4,3.4,0,0,0,.37,1.86,1.45,1.45,0,0,0,1.39.79,3.2,3.2,0,0,0,1.36-.31,3.86,3.86,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.28,1.1m-2.1-7a4.12,4.12,0,0,0-.88,1.44,6.37,6.37,0,0,0-.38,1.7,5.17,5.17,0,0,0,1.62-.34,3.7,3.7,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.74,1.74,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.31,1.31,0,0,0-.28-.91,1,1,0,0,0-.78-.32,1.7,1.7,0,0,0-1.27.58"/><path class="cls-1" d="M290.05,27.3a3.77,3.77,0,0,1,1-.83,2.34,2.34,0,0,1,1.22-.34.83.83,0,0,1,.5.11l-.33,1.62a1.45,1.45,0,0,0-.75-.15,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.29.44,2.89,2.89,0,0,0-1,1.22l-.7,5.47h-1.48l1-7.41-.77-.38.11-.57,1.81-.35.31.18-.11,1.37-.08.61a4.09,4.09,0,0,1,.6-1"/><path class="cls-1" d="M295.29,33.67a.45.45,0,0,0,.07.28.19.19,0,0,0,.17.1.6.6,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.13,3.13,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a3.17,3.17,0,0,1-.69.68,1.77,1.77,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.24.82.82,0,0,1-.22-.71c0-.26.16-1.25.4-3,.15-.93.32-2.17.52-3.7l-.95-.36.09-.52,2.19-.35.33.17-1,7.21Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.09,1.09,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.72-.33.81.81,0,0,1,.61.24.82.82,0,0,1,.23.58,1.17,1.17,0,0,1-.29.8,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.76.76,0,0,1-.56-.24"/><path class="cls-1" d="M302.33,26.67a3.14,3.14,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.56,2.56,0,0,1,.46,1.7,15.68,15.68,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.12.74a10.81,10.81,0,0,0-.25,1.86c0,.27.07.41.2.41a1.2,1.2,0,0,0,.72-.38l.19.4a1.64,1.64,0,0,1-.33.35,2.22,2.22,0,0,1-.6.39,1.76,1.76,0,0,1-.79.18c-.65,0-1-.31-1-.94a12.8,12.8,0,0,1,.27-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.11-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.07,8.07,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.73,1.73,0,0,0-.2-1,.88.88,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.38.61,5.7,5.7,0,0,0-1.3,1.46l-.75,5.55h-1.46l1-7.44-.75-.36.13-.59,1.87-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-1" d="M312.92,37.29a4,4,0,0,1-1.55,1.05,5.36,5.36,0,0,1-1.78.32,5.69,5.69,0,0,1-1-.09,3.57,3.57,0,0,1-.77-.19l.33-1.24a5,5,0,0,0,.9.34,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,1.06.17,2.22,2.22,0,0,0,1.45-.39,2.11,2.11,0,0,0,.62-1.41l.3-2a3.73,3.73,0,0,1-1,.84,2.63,2.63,0,0,1-1.33.34,2.16,2.16,0,0,1-1.89-.88,3.9,3.9,0,0,1-.64-2.35,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.58-2.6A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,309.88,27a4.11,4.11,0,0,1,2.61-.87,4.56,4.56,0,0,1,.87.1,5.15,5.15,0,0,1,.8.24l.95-.34-1.38,9.31a3.37,3.37,0,0,1-.81,1.87m-.62-10.36a2.35,2.35,0,0,0-1.74.74,4.7,4.7,0,0,0-1.07,1.85,7.16,7.16,0,0,0-.35,2.15,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.37,1.72,1.14,1.14,0,0,0,1,.62,2,2,0,0,0,1.19-.39,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.91-.87l.82-5.5a1.88,1.88,0,0,0-1.16-.32"/><path class="cls-1" d="M237.11,49.24c.83-1.82,1.39-3.07,1.65-3.76h3.29l-.06.66-1.37.17-.29,9.8,1.31.18-.07.6h-4.22l.06-.6,1.4-.18.35-6.79.2-3.12L238.2,49l-3.57,8-.83.11-1.26-7.89-.47-2.92-.63,3-1.64,6.91,1.55.18-.06.6h-4l.06-.6,1.28-.18,2.47-9.8-1.41-.17.09-.66h3.56L234.56,53l.2,1.57.67-1.53c.28-.69.84-1.95,1.68-3.77"/><path class="cls-1" d="M247.75,56.54a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.55,1.37,2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84A5.79,5.79,0,0,1,246.5,53a8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87A1.76,1.76,0,0,0,248,50.2a1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-1" d="M257.17,55.72q0,.39.24.39a1.19,1.19,0,0,0,.7-.39l.22.39a3.42,3.42,0,0,1-.67.62,1.68,1.68,0,0,1-1,.31c-.6,0-.9-.32-.9-1v-.34a3.94,3.94,0,0,1-1.08.94,2.72,2.72,0,0,1-1.44.38,2.13,2.13,0,0,1-1.87-.88,4,4,0,0,1-.63-2.34,6.41,6.41,0,0,1,.58-2.62A5.56,5.56,0,0,1,253,49a4.1,4.1,0,0,1,2.61-.86,4,4,0,0,1,1.15.18l.41-2.76-1-.26.13-.54,2.16-.28.34.2-1.6,10.84a.79.79,0,0,0,0,.17M255.42,49a2.32,2.32,0,0,0-1.74.75,4.64,4.64,0,0,0-1.06,1.84,7.15,7.15,0,0,0-.34,2.16,3.44,3.44,0,0,0,.36,1.72,1.12,1.12,0,0,0,1,.61,2.06,2.06,0,0,0,1.23-.41,3.11,3.11,0,0,0,.9-.91l.83-5.42a1.94,1.94,0,0,0-1.2-.34"/><path class="cls-1" d="M262.14,55.72a.57.57,0,0,0,.06.29.24.24,0,0,0,.18.1.71.71,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.84,3.84,0,0,0,.44-.35l.19.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.19,1.19,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.32-2.16.52-3.7l-.95-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.12,1.12,0,0,1,.3-.78,1,1,0,0,1,.71-.32.83.83,0,0,1,.62.24.81.81,0,0,1,.23.57,1.2,1.2,0,0,1-.29.81,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.73.73,0,0,1-.56-.25"/><path class="cls-1" d="M269.42,49.14a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.6,3.6,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,2,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.14,1A3.43,3.43,0,0,1,268,57a2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54,6.43,6.43,0,0,1,.53-2.51A5.3,5.3,0,0,1,267.33,49a3.69,3.69,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3.09,3.09,0,0,1,.81.26L271.07,50l-.26-.09a2.53,2.53,0,0,0-1.39-.78"/><path class="cls-1" d="M274.77,55.72a.56.56,0,0,0,.07.29.24.24,0,0,0,.18.1.71.71,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.15,3.15,0,0,0,.43-.35l.2.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.19,1.19,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.32-2.16.52-3.7l-1-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22Zm-.07-9.46a.85.85,0,0,1-.23-.6,1.12,1.12,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.71-.32.79.79,0,0,1,.61.24.78.78,0,0,1,.24.57,1.16,1.16,0,0,1-.3.81,1,1,0,0,1-.76.33.75.75,0,0,1-.57-.25"/><path class="cls-1" d="M282,48.73a3.09,3.09,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.65,1.65,0,0,1,1.32.52,2.54,2.54,0,0,1,.46,1.7,15.09,15.09,0,0,1-.33,2.35l-.07.36-.12.73a11.6,11.6,0,0,0-.24,1.86c0,.28.06.42.19.42a1.22,1.22,0,0,0,.73-.39l.18.4a1.77,1.77,0,0,1-.32.36,3.21,3.21,0,0,1-.61.39,1.86,1.86,0,0,1-.79.17c-.64,0-1-.31-1-.93a13.42,13.42,0,0,1,.28-1.88l.14-.73.06-.37c.1-.56.18-1,.25-1.45a8.17,8.17,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.67,1.67,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.31,2.31,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.58,5.58,0,0,0-1.3,1.47l-.75,5.54H278.2l1-7.43-.75-.37.12-.58,1.87-.34.33.17-.2,1.84A5.85,5.85,0,0,1,282,48.73"/><path class="cls-1" d="M292.42,56.54a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63A6.35,6.35,0,0,1,288,51a5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.55,1.37,2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84A5.79,5.79,0,0,1,291.17,53a8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/></g></g></svg> </a> </div> <div><a href="http://www.nasonline.org/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class="global-footer__org"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="NAS Logo" width="17" height="17"> <span> National Academy of Sciences </span></a> <a href="https://www.nae.edu/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class="global-footer__org"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="NAE Logo" width="17" height="17"> <span> National Academy of Engineering </span></a> <a href="https://nam.edu/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class="global-footer__org"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="NAM Logo" width="17" height="17"> <span> National Academy of Medicine </span></a></div></div> <div class="global-footer__links"><ul class="global-footer__nav"><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/about" target="_self"> About Us </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/our-work" target="_self"> Our Work </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/events" target="_self"> Events </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/contact-us" target="_self"> Contact Us </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/opportunities" target="_self"> Opportunities </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/publications" target="_self"> Publications </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/about/visiting-us" target="_self"> Visit </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/about/operating-status" target="_self"> Current Operating Status </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/subscribe" target="_self"> E-Newsletters </a></li></ul> <div class="global-footer__social"><p> Connect With Us </p> <ul><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NationalAcademies/" target="_self" class="connect-facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M20 9.375h-2.222c-.334 0-1.111.531-1.111 1.125v2.25H20v3.375h-3.333V24h-3.334v-7.875H10V12.75h3.333V10.5c0-2.482 2.18-4.5 4.515-4.5H20v3.375"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/TheNASEM" target="_self" class="connect-twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M24 9.775a7.238 7.238 0 01-2.121.598 3.787 3.787 0 001.625-2.096 7.253 7.253 0 01-2.347.92A3.65 3.65 0 0018.461 8c-2.04 0-3.695 1.697-3.695 3.787 0 .298.033.586.096.863-3.07-.157-5.793-1.665-7.615-3.956a3.853 3.853 0 00-.499 1.904c0 1.313.853 2.472 1.845 3.151-.606-.02-1.473-.191-1.473-.475v.05c0 1.833 1.072 3.363 2.761 3.712-.31.086-.736.133-1.072.133a3.99 3.99 0 01-.746-.07c.47 1.505 1.81 2.6 3.425 2.632A7.343 7.343 0 016 21.299 10.277 10.277 0 0011.66 23c6.795 0 10.51-5.77 10.51-10.774 0-.163-.005-.328-.013-.491A7.588 7.588 0 0024 9.775"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-national-academies" target="_self" class="connect-linkedin"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 23V10.533h3.4V23H7zm12.467-12.467c2.558 0 4.533 2.034 4.533 5.665V23h-3.4v-6.347c0-1.586-.779-2.679-2.192-2.679-1.082 0-1.94.736-2.223 1.443-.097.251-.118.608-.118.959V23h-3.4s.088-11.333.035-12.467h3.365l-.04 2.267c.516-1.133 1.335-2.267 3.44-2.267zM10.4 7.7a1.7 1.7 0 11-3.4 0 1.7 1.7 0 013.4 0z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="http://www.nationalacademies.org/news.xml" target="_self" title="Share our site" class="connect-rss"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path d="M11.85 20.537a2.425 2.425 0 11-4.85 0 2.425 2.425 0 014.85 0zm6.65 1.79c-.316-5.854-5.005-10.548-10.864-10.865a.605.605 0 00-.636.605v1.82c0 .32.246.586.564.607a8.484 8.484 0 017.904 7.904c.02.318.288.564.607.564h1.82c.346 0 .624-.29.605-.636zm5.462.01C23.644 13.484 16.52 6.32 7.625 6A.605.605 0 007 6.606v1.82c0 .327.259.593.585.606 7.238.297 13.048 6.108 13.345 13.345.013.326.28.585.606.585h1.82a.605.605 0 00.606-.625z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="//www.nationalacademies.org/subscribe" target="_self" title="Subscribe" class="connect-email"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6 12.964v4.569c0 .296.197.386.439.2l2.822-2.15c.243-.184.243-.484 0-.669l-2.822-2.15c-.242-.185-.439-.095-.439.2zM7.125 9C6.506 9 6 9.601 6 10.071l8.514 6.455a.775.775 0 00.882.002L24 10.07C24 9.601 23.494 9 22.875 9H7.125zm13.613 6.584l2.822 2.15c.243.185.44.095.44-.201v-4.569c0-.295-.197-.385-.44-.2l-2.822 2.15c-.242.185-.242.485 0 .67zM18.26 16.8l-2.822 2.15a.764.764 0 01-.879 0l-2.822-2.15a.765.765 0 00-.88-.001L6 20.495v.29c0 .471.506 1.072 1.125 1.072h15.75c.619 0 1.125-.6 1.125-1.071v-.29L19.141 16.8a.767.767 0 00-.88.001z"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div> <div class="global-footer__legal"><div><button class="button button--icon button--reverse button--secondary"> <a href="https://www8.nationalacademies.org/AcademyGiving/nas/nasform.aspx ">Donate Today</a> <span class="button__icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path><path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path></svg></span></button></div> <div><ul><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/legal/privacy" target="_self"> Privacy Statement </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/legal/policy" target="_self"> DMCA Policy </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/legal/terms" target="_self"> Terms of Use </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/site-map" target="_self"> Site Map </a></li></ul> <p class="copyright"><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/legal" target="_self"> Copyright © <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var d = new Date(); var n = d.getFullYear(); document.write(n) //--> </script> National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserved. </a></p></div></div></div></div></footer> <script src="//nap.nationalacademies.org/includes/js/jquery.dlmenu.js"></script> <script src="//nap.nationalacademies.org/includes/js/jquery.placeholder.js"></script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <script> // Save to MyNAP handler $('a.saveit').one('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $.getJSON('/napsave.php', { type: 'shelf', r: $(this).data('recordid') }, function(response) { $(e.target) .toggleClass('saveit saveit_active') .attr('href', '/mynap.php') .text('Added to Bookshelf'); }); }); </script> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice start for nap.nationalacademies.org --> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="5639f7b9-d1de-4e1d-9f2f-e86c3f24727b" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice end for nap.nationalacademies.org --> <script src="/includes/js/jquery.dotdotdot.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/includes/js/typeahead.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="/includes/js/nap-typeahead.js"></script> <script src="/includes/js/vendor/bootstrap/3.3.7/bootstrap-3.3.7.js"></script> <script> $("[data-toggle=tooltip").tooltip(); $('#dl-menu').dlmenu({ animationClasses: { classin: 'dl-animate-in-5', classout: 'dl-animate-out-5' } }); $('#local-nav a').hover( function(){ $(this).addClass('is-hovered') }, function(){ $(this).removeClass('is-hovered') } ) $('.truncate').dotdotdot({ watch: 'window', lastCharacter: { remove: [' ', ',', ';', '.', '!', '?'] } }); $(window).on('load', function() { $('.truncate').trigger('update'); }); var $input = $('#searchtopic #inputsearch'); var $parameters = { division: 'GRP' }; initTypeahead($input, $parameters); $('#searchtopic .btn-searchhome').appendTo('.twitter-typeahead'); $("#link-author").on('click', function() { var position = $("#aboutauthor").offset().top; $("HTML, BODY").animate({ scrollTop: position }, 1000); }); </script> <script> var acc = document.getElementsByClassName("collapselink"); var i; for (i = 0; i < acc.length; i++) { acc[i].addEventListener("click", function() { this.classList.toggle("active"); var panel = this.nextElementSibling; if (panel.style.maxHeight) { panel.style.maxHeight = null; } else { panel.style.maxHeight = panel.scrollHeight + "px"; } }); } </script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.5.2/jquery.min.js"></script> <script> $(function() { var $el, leftPos, newWidth, $mainNav = $("#local-nav-nap"); $mainNav.append("<li id='magic-line'></li>"); var $magicLine = $("#magic-line"); $magicLine .width($(".current_page_item").width()) .css("left", $(".current_page_item a").position().left) .data("origLeft", $magicLine.position().left) .data("origWidth", $magicLine.width()); $("#local-nav-nap li a").hover(function() { $el = $(this); leftPos = $el.position().left; newWidth = $el.parent().width(); $magicLine.stop().animate({ left: leftPos, width: newWidth }); }, function() { $magicLine.stop().animate({ left: $magicLine.data("origLeft"), width: $magicLine.data("origWidth") }); }); });</script> <link ref="preload" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=napdigops" as="script"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=napdigops"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> dataLayer.push({'addevent': true}); addthis.layers({ 'theme' : 'transparent', 'share' : { 'position' : 'left', 'numPreferredServices' : 4, 'services': 'facebook,twitter,linkedin,email,more' }, 'responsive' : { 'maxWidth': '1210px' } }); </script> <!-- 144.171.19.9 --> </body> </html>