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<li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urartu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urartu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Urartu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urartu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maya_stelae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maya_stelae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Maya stelae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maya_stelae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Horn of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_steles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_steles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable steles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_steles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stele</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_(%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="شاهد (لوحة تذكارية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاهد (لوحة تذكارية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="শীলাফলক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শীলাফলক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Стэла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стэла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Стела – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стела" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maen-koun" title="Maen-koun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maen-koun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estela_(monument)" title="Estela (monument) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estela (monument)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9la" title="Stéla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stéla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estela_(monumento)" title="Estela (monumento) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estela (monumento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steleo" title="Steleo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Steleo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estela" title="Estela – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estela" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF" title="سنگ یادبود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ یادبود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A8le" title="Stèle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stèle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AAle" title="Stêle – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stêle" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liag%C3%A1n_greanta" title="Liagán greanta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Liagán greanta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estela_(monumento)" title="Estela (monumento) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estela (monumento)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EB%B9%84" title="석비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Ստելա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստելա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steleo" title="Steleo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Steleo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94" title="אסטלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="სტელა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტელა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Стела – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стела" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableta" title="Tableta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tableta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szt%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Sztélé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztélé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Стела – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стела" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ശിലാഫലകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശിലാഫലകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_basurek" title="Batu basurek – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Batu basurek" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="ကျောက်စာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်စာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%A2%91" title="石碑 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石碑" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%80" title="ចារឹក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចារឹក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estela" title="Estela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stel%C4%83" title="Stelă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stelă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Стела – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стела" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9la" title="Stéla – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stéla" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela_(spomenik)" title="Stela (spomenik) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stela (spomenik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Стела – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стела" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasasti" title="Prasasti – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Prasasti" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steela" title="Steela – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Steela" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="சிற்பத்தூண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிற்பத்தூண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81" title="ศิลาจารึก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลาจารึก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stel" title="Stel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Стела – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стела" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_(ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc)" title="Bia (kiến trúc) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bia (kiến trúc)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estela" title="Estela – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estela" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%91" title="碑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%91" title="碑 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碑" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%91" title="碑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Stone or wooden slab erected as a marker</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stele_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stele (disambiguation)">Stele (disambiguation)</a>. Several terms redirect here. For other uses of "Stela", see <a href="/wiki/Stela_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stela (disambiguation)">Stela (disambiguation)</a>. For the town, see <a href="/wiki/Stelae_(Crete)" title="Stelae (Crete)">Stelae (Crete)</a>. For the battle, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stelai" title="Battle of Stelai">Battle of Stelai</a>. For the Ten Commandments stone tablet, see <a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CopanNSouthCatherwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/CopanNSouthCatherwood.jpg/260px-CopanNSouthCatherwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="449" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/CopanNSouthCatherwood.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Stele N from <a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, depicting King K'ac Yipyaj Chan K'awiil ("Smoke Shell"), as drawn by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Frederick Catherwood</a> in 1839</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8_ligne_infanterie_stele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/8_ligne_infanterie_stele.jpg/220px-8_ligne_infanterie_stele.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/8_ligne_infanterie_stele.jpg/330px-8_ligne_infanterie_stele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/8_ligne_infanterie_stele.jpg/440px-8_ligne_infanterie_stele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Stele to the French 8th Infantry Regiment. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Waterloo_steles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Waterloo steles">One of more than half a dozen</a> steles located on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Waterloo_Battlefield_locations" title="List of Waterloo Battlefield locations">Waterloo battlefield</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>stele</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">STEE</span>-lee</i></a>), from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στήλη</span></span>, <i>stēlē</i>, plural <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στήλαι</span></span> <i>stēlai</i>, <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient world">ancient world</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monument</a>. The surface of the stele often has text, ornamentation, or both. These may be inscribed, carved in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>, or painted. </p><p>Stelae were created for many reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grave" title="Grave">Grave</a> stelae were used for <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funerary</a> or commemorative purposes. Stelae as slabs of stone would also be used as ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> government notices or as <a href="/wiki/Boundary_marker" title="Boundary marker">boundary markers</a> to mark <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boundary_(real_estate)" title="Boundary (real estate)">property lines</a>. Stelae were occasionally erected as memorials to battles. For example, along with other memorials, there are more than half-a-dozen steles erected on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Waterloo_Battlefield_locations" title="List of Waterloo Battlefield locations">battlefield of Waterloo</a> at the locations of notable actions by participants in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A traditional Western <a href="/wiki/Gravestone" title="Gravestone">gravestone</a> (headstone, tombstone, gravestone, or marker) may technically be considered the modern equivalent of ancient stelae, though the term is very rarely applied in this way. Equally, stele-like forms in non-Western cultures may be called by other terms, and the words "stele" and "stelae" are most consistently applied in <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> contexts to objects from Europe, the ancient Near East and Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China, and sometimes Pre-Columbian America. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_stele_of_Thraseas_and_Euandria_Antikensammlung_Berlin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Funerary_stele_of_Thraseas_and_Euandria_Antikensammlung_Berlin_01.jpg/220px-Funerary_stele_of_Thraseas_and_Euandria_Antikensammlung_Berlin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Funerary_stele_of_Thraseas_and_Euandria_Antikensammlung_Berlin_01.jpg/330px-Funerary_stele_of_Thraseas_and_Euandria_Antikensammlung_Berlin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Funerary_stele_of_Thraseas_and_Euandria_Antikensammlung_Berlin_01.jpg/440px-Funerary_stele_of_Thraseas_and_Euandria_Antikensammlung_Berlin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>The funerary stele of Thrasea and Euandria, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 365</span> BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Steles have also been used to publish laws and decrees, to record a ruler's exploits and honors, to mark sacred territories or mortgaged properties, as territorial markers, as the boundary steles of <a href="/wiki/Akhenaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhenaton">Akhenaton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to commemorate military victories.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and, most likely independently, in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, and, independently, by <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> civilisations, notably the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stela_of_Iddi-Sin,_King_of_Simurrum._It_dates_back_to_the_Old-Babylonian_Period._From_Qarachatan_Village,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate,_Iraqi_Kurdistan._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stela_of_Iddi-Sin%2C_King_of_Simurrum._It_dates_back_to_the_Old-Babylonian_Period._From_Qarachatan_Village%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stela_of_Iddi-Sin%2C_King_of_Simurrum._It_dates_back_to_the_Old-Babylonian_Period._From_Qarachatan_Village%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraq.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stela_of_Iddi-Sin%2C_King_of_Simurrum._It_dates_back_to_the_Old-Babylonian_Period._From_Qarachatan_Village%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraq.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4015" data-file-height="6015" /></a><figcaption>Stela of <a href="/wiki/Iddi-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Iddi-Sin">Iddi-Sin</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a>. It dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian Period">Old Babylonian Period</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Qarachatan" title="Qarachatan">Qarachatan</a> Village, Slemani Governorate, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>. Located in the <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Museum" title="Sulaymaniyah Museum">Slemani Museum</a>, Iraq.</figcaption></figure> <p>The large number of stelae, including inscriptions, surviving from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> constitute one of the largest and most significant sources of information on those civilisations, in particular <a href="/wiki/Maya_stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya stela">Maya stelae</a>. The most famous example of an inscribed stela leading to increased understanding is the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>, which led to the breakthrough allowing <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> to be read. An informative stele of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Two steles built into the walls of a church are major documents relating to the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a>. </p><p>Standing stones (<a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhirs</a>), set up without inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, were monuments of pre-literate <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalithic</a> cultures in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Late Stone Age</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pictish_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish stones">Pictish stones</a> of Scotland, often intricately carved, date from between the 6th and 9th centuries. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> is a specialized kind of stele. The <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a> <a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">high crosses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> are <i>specialized steles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">Totem poles</a> of North and South America that are made out of stone may also be considered a specialized type of stele. <a href="/wiki/Gravestone" title="Gravestone">Gravestones</a>, typically with inscribed name and often with inscribed <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a>, are among the most common types of stele seen in Western culture. </p><p>Most recently, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europe" title="Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe">Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, the architect <a href="/wiki/Peter_Eisenman" title="Peter Eisenman">Peter Eisenman</a> created a field of some 2,700 blank steles.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memorial is meant to be read not only as the field, but also as an erasure of data that refer to memory of the Holocaust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt#Stele" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art of ancient Egypt § Stele</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heiroglyphs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Heiroglyphs.jpg/220px-Heiroglyphs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Heiroglyphs.jpg/330px-Heiroglyphs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Heiroglyphs.jpg/440px-Heiroglyphs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian hieroglyphs on an Egyptian funerary stela in <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Museum" title="Manchester Museum">Manchester Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Egyptian steles (or Stelae, Books of Stone)<sup id="cite_ref-Strudwick-2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strudwick-2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been found dating as far back as the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a>. These vertical slabs of stone are used as tombstones, for religious usage, and to mark boundaries,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are most commonly made of limestone and sandstone, or harder kinds of stone such as granite or diorite, but wood was also used in later times.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen-1936_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-1936-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strudwick-2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strudwick-2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stele fulfilled several functions. There were votive, commemorative, and liminal or boundary stelae, but the largest group was the tomb stelae. Their picture area showed the owner of the stele, often with his family, and an inscription listed the name and titles of the deceased after a prayer to one, or several, of the gods of the dead and request for offerings. Less frequently, an autobiographical text provided additional information about the individual's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Strudwick-2006_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strudwick-2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mastaba tombs of the Old Kingdom (2686 - 2181 BC), stelae functioned as false doors, symbolizing passage between the present and the afterlife, which allowed the deceased to receive offerings. These were both real and represented by formulae on the false door.<sup id="cite_ref-Strudwick-2006_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strudwick-2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liminal, or boundary, stele were used to mark size and location of fields and the country's borders. Votive stelae were exclusively erected in temples by pilgrims to pay homage to the gods or sacred animals. Commemorative stelae were placed in temples by the pharaoh, or his senior officials, detailing important events of his reign. Some of the most widely known Egyptian stelae include: the Kamose Stelae, recounting the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Piye" title="Stele of Piye">Victory Stele</a>, describing the campaigns of the Nubian pharaoh Piye as he reconquered the country; the Restoration Stele of Tutankhamun (1336 - 1327 BC), detailing the religious reforms enacted after the Amarna period; and the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a>, which features the first known historical mention of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. In Ptolemaic times (332 - 30 BC), decrees issued by the pharaoh and the priesthood were inscribed on stelae in hieroglyphs, demotic script and Greek, the most famous example of which is the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen-1936_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-1936-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strudwick-2006_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strudwick-2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urartu">Urartu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Urartu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a> steles were freestanding stone obelisks that served a variety of purposes, erected in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> kingdom which existed in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a> of modern <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Some were located within temple complexes, set within monumental rock-cut niches (such as the niche of the Rock of <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Marr" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Marr">Marr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Orbeli" title="Joseph Orbeli">Orbeli</a> in 1916<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or erected beside tombs. Others stood in isolated positions and, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kelashin_Stele" title="Kelashin Stele">Kelashin Stele</a>, had a commemorative function or served as boundary markers. Although sometimes plain, most bore a cuneiform inscription that would detail the stele's function or the reasons for its erection. The stele from Van's "western niche" contained annals of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sarduri_II" title="Sarduri II">Sarduri II</a>, with events detailed yearly and with each year separated by the phrase "For the God <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAaldi" title="Ḫaldi">Haldi</a> I accomplished these deeds".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urartian steles are sometimes found reused as Christian <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> gravestones or as <a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">spolia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenian churches</a> - <a href="/wiki/Christina_Maranci" title="Christina Maranci">Maranci</a> suggests this reuse was a deliberate desire to capitalize on the potency of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have suggested Urartian steles may have influenced the development of the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">khachkar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_of_Arniadas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stele_of_Arniadas.jpg/220px-Stele_of_Arniadas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stele_of_Arniadas.jpg/330px-Stele_of_Arniadas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stele_of_Arniadas.jpg/440px-Stele_of_Arniadas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="2631" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Arniadas" title="Stele of Arniadas">Stele of Arniadas</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Corfu" title="Archaeological Museum of Corfu">Archaeological Museum of Corfu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Greek funerary markers, especially in Attica, had a long and evolutionary history in Athens. From public and extravagant processional funerals to different types of pottery used to store ashes after cremation, visibility has always been a large part of Ancient Greek funerary markers in Athens. Regarding stelai (Greek plural of stele), in the period of the Archaic style in Ancient Athens (600 BC) stele often showed certain archetypes of figures, such as the male athlete.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally their figures were singular, though there are instances of two or more figures from this time period.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moving into the 6th and 5th centuries BC, Greek stelai declined and then rose in popularity again in Athens and evolved to show scenes with multiple figures, often of a family unit or a household scene. One such notable example is the Stele of Hegeso. Typically grave stelai are made of marble and carved in relief, and like most Ancient Greek sculpture they were vibrantly painted.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For more examples of stelai, the Getty Museum's published Catalog of Greek Funerary Sculpture is a valuable resource<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050466.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050466.JPG/220px-Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050466.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050466.JPG/330px-Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050466.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050466.JPG/440px-Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050466.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Bixi_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (mythology)">bixi</a></i>-born <a href="/wiki/Yan_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Temple">Yan Temple</a> Renovation Stele dated Year 9 of <a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Zhizheng era</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (AD 1349), in <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, Shandong, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Composite_kaifeng_stone_inscriptions-1-.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Composite_kaifeng_stone_inscriptions-1-.JPG/200px-Composite_kaifeng_stone_inscriptions-1-.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Composite_kaifeng_stone_inscriptions-1-.JPG/300px-Composite_kaifeng_stone_inscriptions-1-.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Composite_kaifeng_stone_inscriptions-1-.JPG/400px-Composite_kaifeng_stone_inscriptions-1-.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Chinese ink rubbings of the 1489 (left) and 1512 (right) steles left by the <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="China"></span> Steles (Chinese: <i>bēi</i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A2%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:碑">碑</a>) have been a major medium of stone inscription in China, the earliest examples dating from the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese steles are generally rectangular stone tablets upon which <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> are carved <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio (sculpture)">intaglio</a> with a funerary, commemorative, or edifying text. They can commemorate talented writers and officials, inscribe poems, portraits, or maps, and frequently contain the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligraphy</a> of famous historical figures.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to their commemorative value, many Chinese steles are regarded as exemplars of traditional Chinese calligraphic scripts, especially the <a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">clerical script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese steles from before the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> are rare: there are a handful from before the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, roughly a dozen from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a>, 160 from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a>, and several hundred from the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265-420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265-420)">Jin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern dynasties">Northern and Southern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese dynasties">dynasties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkinson437_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson437-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Han dynasty, tomb inscriptions (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">墓誌</span></span>, <i>mùzhì</i>) containing biographical information on deceased people began to be written on stone tablets rather than wooden ones.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkinson81_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson81-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erecting steles at tombs or temples eventually became a widespread social and religious phenomenon. Emperors found it necessary to promulgate laws, regulating the use of funerary steles by the population. The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> laws, instituted in the 14th century by its founder the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>, listed a number of stele types available as status symbols to various ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">nobility</a> and officialdom: the top noblemen and mandarins were eligible for steles installed on top of a <a href="/wiki/Bixi_(tortoise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (tortoise)">stone tortoise</a> and crowned with <a href="/wiki/Chi_(mythology)" title="Chi (mythology)">hornless dragons</a>, while the lower-level officials had to be satisfied with steles with plain rounded tops, standing on simple rectangular pedestals.<sup id="cite_ref-deGroot2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGroot2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steles are found at nearly every significant mountain and historical site in China. The <a href="/wiki/First_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="First Emperor">First Emperor</a> made five tours of his domain in the 3rd century BC and had <a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a> make seven stone inscriptions commemorating and praising his work, of which fragments of two survive.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkinson81_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson81-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous mountain steles is the 13 m (43 ft) high stele at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a> with the personal calligraphy of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong of Tang</a> commemorating his imperial sacrifices there in 725.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkinson81_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson81-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of such stone monuments have preserved the origin and history of China's minority religious communities. The 8th-century Christians of <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> left behind the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a>, which survived adverse events of the later history by being buried underground for several centuries. Steles created by the <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a> in 1489, 1512, and 1663, have survived the repeated flooding of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> that destroyed their synagogue several times, to tell us something about their world. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China's Muslim</a> have a number of steles of considerable antiquity as well, often containing both Chinese and Arabic text. </p><p>Thousands of steles, surplus to the original requirements, and no longer associated with the person they were erected for or to, have been assembled in Xi'an's <a href="/wiki/Stele_Forest" title="Stele Forest">Stele Forest Museum</a>, which is a popular tourist attraction. Elsewhere, many unwanted steles can also be found in selected places in Beijing, such as Dong Yue Miao, the Five Pagoda Temple, and the Bell Tower, again assembled to attract tourists and also as a means of solving the problem faced by local authorities of what to do with them. The long, wordy, and detailed inscriptions on these steles are almost impossible to read for most are lightly engraved on white marble in characters only an inch or so in size, thus being difficult to see since the slabs are often 3m or more tall. </p><p>There are more than 100,000 surviving stone inscriptions in China. However, only approximately 30,000 have been transcribed or had rubbings made, and fewer than those 30,000 have been formally studied.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkinson81_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson81-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:373px;max-width:373px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A relief sculpture showing a richly dressed human figure facing to the left with legs slightly spread. The arms are bent at the elbow with hands raised to chest height. Short vertical columns of hieroglyphs are positioned either side of the head, with another column at bottom left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG/185px-Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG" decoding="async" width="185" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG/278px-Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG/370px-Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="1113" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stela 51 from <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a>, dating to 731, is the best preserved monument from the city. It depicts the king <a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Took%27_K%27awiil" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuknoom Took' K'awiil">Yuknoom Took' K'awiil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinGrube2000113_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinGrube2000113-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copan_St_H.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Intricately carved free standing stone shaft sculpted in the three-dimensional form of a richly dressed human figure, standing in an open grassy area." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Copan_St_H.jpg/180px-Copan_St_H.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Copan_St_H.jpg/270px-Copan_St_H.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Copan_St_H.jpg/360px-Copan_St_H.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="3617" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stela H, a high-relief in-the-round sculpture from <a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maya_stelae">Maya stelae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maya stelae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Maya stelae</a></div> <p>Maya stelae were fashioned by the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. They consist of tall sculpted stone shafts or slabs and are often associated with low circular stones referred to as altars, although their actual function is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller19999_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller19999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many stelae were sculpted in low relief,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuente_et_al.1999187_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuente_et_al.1999187-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although plain monuments are found throughout the Maya region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sculpting of these monuments spread throughout the Maya area during the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology#Classic_Era" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Classic Period</a> (250–900 AD),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller19999_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller19999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these pairings of sculpted stelae and circular altars are considered a hallmark of Classic Maya civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharerTraxler2006235_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharerTraxler2006235-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest dated stela to have been found <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> in the Maya lowlands was recovered from the great city of <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. During the Classic Period almost every Maya kingdom in the southern lowlands raised stelae in its ceremonial centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stelae became closely associated with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">divine kingship</a> and declined at the same time as this institution. The production of stelae by the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> had its origin around 400 BC and continued through to the end of the Classic Period, around 900, although some monuments were reused in the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology#Postclassic_Era" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Postclassic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900</span>–1521). The major city of <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> raised the greatest number of stelae known from any <a href="/wiki/Maya_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya city">Maya city</a>, at least 166, although they are very poorly preserved. </p><p>Hundreds of stelae have been recorded in the Maya region,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart20098_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20098-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> displaying a wide stylistic variation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are upright slabs of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> sculpted on one or more faces,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with available surfaces sculpted with figures carved in relief and with <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">hieroglyphic text</a>. Stelae in a few sites display a much more three-dimensional appearance where locally available stone permits, such as at <a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonin%C3%A1" title="Toniná">Toniná</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plain stelae do not appear to have been painted nor overlaid with <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> decoration,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996158_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1996158-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most Maya stelae were probably brightly painted in red, yellow, black, blue and other colours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharerTraxler2006183_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharerTraxler2006183-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khmer_inscriptions" title="Khmer inscriptions">Khmer inscriptions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:03-National_Museum_of_Cambodia-nX-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/03-National_Museum_of_Cambodia-nX-1.jpg/220px-03-National_Museum_of_Cambodia-nX-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/03-National_Museum_of_Cambodia-nX-1.jpg/330px-03-National_Museum_of_Cambodia-nX-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/03-National_Museum_of_Cambodia-nX-1.jpg/440px-03-National_Museum_of_Cambodia-nX-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="3903" /></a><figcaption>The Sambor Inscription, written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a>. It contains the oldest, firmly dated use of "<a href="/wiki/0" title="0">0</a>" as a decimal figure, seen in the date "<a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">605 Saka era</a>" (683 CE) at the beginning of the text. Found in <a href="/wiki/Krati%C3%A9_province" title="Kratié province">Kratié province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Khmer inscriptions are a corpus of post-5th century historical texts engraved sometimes on steles, but more generally on materials such as stone and metal ware found in a wide range of mainland <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>) and relating to the Khmer civilization. The study of Khmer inscriptions is known as Khmer <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>. </p><p>Khmer inscriptions are the only local written sources for the study of ancient Khmer civilization. </p><p>More than 1,200 Khmer inscriptions of varying length have been collected. There was an 'explosion' of Khmer epigraphy from the seventh century, with the earliest recorded Khmer stone inscription dating from 612 AD at <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Borei_and_Phnom_Da" title="Angkor Borei and Phnom Da">Angkor Borei</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogham_Stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ogham_Stone.jpg/220px-Ogham_Stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ogham_Stone.jpg/330px-Ogham_Stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ogham_Stone.jpg/440px-Ogham_Stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Ogham stone in <a href="/wiki/Ratass_Church" title="Ratass Church">Ratass Church</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> stones are vertical grave and boundary markers, erected at hundreds of sites in Ireland throughout the first millennium AD, bearing inscriptions in the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a> language. They have occasionally been described as "steles."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20-022_20_-_Tiya_Stele_Field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/20-022_20_-_Tiya_Stele_Field.jpg/220px-20-022_20_-_Tiya_Stele_Field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/20-022_20_-_Tiya_Stele_Field.jpg/330px-20-022_20_-_Tiya_Stele_Field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/20-022_20_-_Tiya_Stele_Field.jpg/440px-20-022_20_-_Tiya_Stele_Field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A sword symbol on a stele at <a href="/wiki/Tiya" title="Tiya">Tiya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> contains many stelae. In the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Axumites</a> erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-Eospvo_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eospvo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Tiya_(archaeological_site)" title="Tiya (archaeological site)">Tiya</a> is one of nine megalithic pillar sites in the central Gurage Zone of Ethiopia. As of 1997, 118 stele were reported in the area. Along with the stelae in the Hadiya Zone, the structures are identified by local residents as <i>Yegragn Dingay</i> or "Gran's stone", in reference to Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> (Ahmad "Gurey" or "Gran"), ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukui_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukui-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stelae at Tiya and other areas in central Ethiopia are similar to those on the route between <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti City</a> and Loyada in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>. In the latter area, there are a number of anthropomorphic and phallic stelae, which are associated with graves of rectangular shape flanked by vertical slabs. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-Fattovich_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fattovich-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the ancient northwestern town of <a href="/wiki/Amud" title="Amud">Amud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, whenever an old site had the prefix <i><a href="/wiki/Aw_(father)" title="Aw (father)">Aw</a></i> in its name (such as the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Awbare" title="Awbare">Awbare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awbube" title="Awbube">Awbube</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis90_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis90-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), it denoted the final resting place of a local saint.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveys by A.T. Curle in 1934 on several of these important ruined cities recovered various <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a>, which point to a medieval period of activity at the tail end of the Adal Sultanate's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis90_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis90-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these settlements, Aw Barkhadle is surrounded by a number of ancient stelae.<sup id="cite_ref-Btgpb_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Btgpb-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burial sites near <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> likewise feature old stelae.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaanm_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaanm-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_steles">Notable steles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable steles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stela_aksum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stela_aksum.jpg/140px-Stela_aksum.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stela_aksum.jpg/210px-Stela_aksum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stela_aksum.jpg/280px-Stela_aksum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana</a>'s <a href="/wiki/King_Ezana%27s_Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ezana's Stela">stele</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksum">Aksum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg/140px-Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg/210px-Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg/280px-Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>A victory stele of <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/23rd-century_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd-century BC">23rd-century BC</a> Mesopotamian king.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Vespasian" title="Stele of Vespasian">Stele of Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwanggaeto_Stele" title="Gwanggaeto Stele">Gwanggaeto Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Ezana%27s_Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ezana's Stela">King Ezana's Stela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kul_Tigin" title="Kul Tigin">Kul Tigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnos_stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemnos stela">Lemnos stela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_Niger" title="Lapis Niger">Lapis Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_stele_of_Edessa" title="Pig stele of Edessa">Pig stele of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Terpon" title="Stone of Terpon">Stone of Terpon</a></li> <li>The Doctorate steles at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hanoi" title="Temple of Literature, Hanoi">Temple of Literature, Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng#Ram_Khamhaeng_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">The Ram Khamhaeng stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_stone_stelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian stone stelae">Ukrainian stone stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Tarsilah" title="Batu Tarsilah">Batu Tarsilah</a></li> <li>In Africa: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_of_Nectanebo_I" title="Decree of Nectanebo I">Decree of Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stelae_of_Akhenaten" title="Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten">Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo stone">Palermo stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu" title="Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu">Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oranyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oranyan">The Opa Oranmiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao-Saney" title="Gao-Saney">Gao-Saney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao steles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Guanches" title="Stone of the Guanches">Stone of the Guanches</a></li></ul></li> <li>In the Western Hemisphere: <ul><li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Tres_Zapotes#Stela_C" title="Tres Zapotes">Tres Zapotes Stela C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izapa_Stela_5" title="Izapa Stela 5">Izapa Stela 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Mojarra_Stela_1" title="La Mojarra Stela 1">La Mojarra Stela 1</a></li> <li>Guatemala: Stela 14 from <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a></li> <li>Honduras: Stela H from <a href="/wiki/Copan" class="mw-redirect" title="Copan">Copan</a></li> <li>Peru: <a href="/wiki/Raimondi_Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimondi Stela">Raimondi Stela</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_gallery plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve the section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_galleries" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">removing excessive or indiscriminate images</a> or by <a href="/wiki/MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE">moving relevant images</a> beside adjacent text, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Manual of Style on use of images</a>. <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(October 2018)</i></span></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1060243_Louvre_repas_fun%C3%A9raire_de_la_princesse_Nefertiabet_E15591_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Princess Nefertiabet's funerary slab stele (c. 2575 BC) from Egypt's 4th dynasty"><img alt="Princess Nefertiabet's funerary slab stele (c. 2575 BC) from Egypt's 4th dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/P1060243_Louvre_repas_fun%C3%A9raire_de_la_princesse_Nefertiabet_E15591_rwk.JPG/180px-P1060243_Louvre_repas_fun%C3%A9raire_de_la_princesse_Nefertiabet_E15591_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/P1060243_Louvre_repas_fun%C3%A9raire_de_la_princesse_Nefertiabet_E15591_rwk.JPG/270px-P1060243_Louvre_repas_fun%C3%A9raire_de_la_princesse_Nefertiabet_E15591_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/P1060243_Louvre_repas_fun%C3%A9raire_de_la_princesse_Nefertiabet_E15591_rwk.JPG/360px-P1060243_Louvre_repas_fun%C3%A9raire_de_la_princesse_Nefertiabet_E15591_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1659" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princess <a href="/wiki/Nefertiabet" title="Nefertiabet">Nefertiabet</a>'s funerary <a href="/wiki/Slab_stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab stele">slab stele</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2575</span> BC) from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Egypt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/4th_Egyptian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Egyptian dynasty">4th dynasty</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_Stela_of_Nehemes-Ra-tawy,_ca._760-656_B.C.E._,37.588E.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian grave stela of Nehemes-Ra-tawy, c. 760–656 BC"><img alt="Egyptian grave stela of Nehemes-Ra-tawy, c. 760–656 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grave_Stela_of_Nehemes-Ra-tawy%2C_ca._760-656_B.C.E._%2C37.588E.jpg/139px-Grave_Stela_of_Nehemes-Ra-tawy%2C_ca._760-656_B.C.E._%2C37.588E.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grave_Stela_of_Nehemes-Ra-tawy%2C_ca._760-656_B.C.E._%2C37.588E.jpg/208px-Grave_Stela_of_Nehemes-Ra-tawy%2C_ca._760-656_B.C.E._%2C37.588E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grave_Stela_of_Nehemes-Ra-tawy%2C_ca._760-656_B.C.E._%2C37.588E.jpg/277px-Grave_Stela_of_Nehemes-Ra-tawy%2C_ca._760-656_B.C.E._%2C37.588E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egyptian grave stela of Nehemes-Ra-tawy, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 760</span>–656 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25,_Sion,_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stele #25 (c. 2500 BC) from the Petit Chasseur in Sion, Switzerland"><img alt="Stele #25 (c. 2500 BC) from the Petit Chasseur in Sion, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg/137px-Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg/206px-Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg/275px-Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stele #25 (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500</span> BC) from the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Chasseur" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit Chasseur">Petit Chasseur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion, Switzerland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuamenhirlaconi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A neolithic Sardinian menhir (c. 2500 BC) recovered at Laconi and assigned to the Abealzu-Filigosa culture"><img alt="A neolithic Sardinian menhir (c. 2500 BC) recovered at Laconi and assigned to the Abealzu-Filigosa culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Statuamenhirlaconi.jpg/77px-Statuamenhirlaconi.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Statuamenhirlaconi.jpg/115px-Statuamenhirlaconi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Statuamenhirlaconi.jpg/153px-Statuamenhirlaconi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Giants_of_Monte_Prama" class="mw-redirect" title="Giants of Monte Prama">neolithic Sardinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhir</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500</span> BC) recovered at <a href="/wiki/Laconi" title="Laconi">Laconi</a> and assigned to the Abealzu-Filigosa culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The lunette of the Code of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BC), depicting the king receiving his law from the sun god Shamash"><img alt="The lunette of the Code of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BC), depicting the king receiving his law from the sun god Shamash" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg/145px-Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg/218px-Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg/290px-Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Lunette_(stele)" title="Lunette (stele)">lunette</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span> BC), depicting the <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">king</a> receiving his law from the sun god <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baal with Thunderbolt (c. 14th century BC), an Ugaritic stele from Syria"><img alt="Baal with Thunderbolt (c. 14th century BC), an Ugaritic stele from Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg/77px-Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg/116px-Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg/155px-Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="4011" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baal_with_Thunderbolt" title="Baal with Thunderbolt">Baal with Thunderbolt</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 14th</span> century BC), an <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> stele from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merenptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Merneptah Stele (c. 1200 BC), engraved on the back of a reused stele of Amenhotep III's, with the earliest mention of the name Israel"><img alt="The Merneptah Stele (c. 1200 BC), engraved on the back of a reused stele of Amenhotep III's, with the earliest mention of the name Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Merenptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.jpg/115px-Merenptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Merenptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.jpg/172px-Merenptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Merenptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.jpg/230px-Merenptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> BC), engraved on the back of a reused stele of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>'s, with the earliest mention of the <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Israel">name Israel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0007MAN-Herma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An unusually well-preserved Greek herm (c. 520 BC), used as a boundary marker and to ward off evil"><img alt="An unusually well-preserved Greek herm (c. 520 BC), used as a boundary marker and to ward off evil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/0007MAN-Herma.jpg/74px-0007MAN-Herma.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/0007MAN-Herma.jpg/111px-0007MAN-Herma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/0007MAN-Herma.jpg/148px-0007MAN-Herma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An unusually well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Herm_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herm (Greek)">herm</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520</span> BC), used as a boundary marker and to <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">ward off evil</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Bendis_BM_2155.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A votive stela honoring the Thracian goddess Bendis (c. 400 BC), carved at Athens"><img alt="A votive stela honoring the Thracian goddess Bendis (c. 400 BC), carved at Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Bendis_BM_2155.jpg/180px-Relief_Bendis_BM_2155.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Bendis_BM_2155.jpg/270px-Relief_Bendis_BM_2155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Bendis_BM_2155.jpg/360px-Relief_Bendis_BM_2155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A votive stela honoring the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Thracian goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400</span> BC), carved at <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herma_Demosthenes_Glyptothek_Munich_292.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A herm of Demosthenes, a c. 1520 recreation of the c. 280 BC original located in the Athenian market"><img alt="A herm of Demosthenes, a c. 1520 recreation of the c. 280 BC original located in the Athenian market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Herma_Demosthenes_Glyptothek_Munich_292.jpg/74px-Herma_Demosthenes_Glyptothek_Munich_292.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Herma_Demosthenes_Glyptothek_Munich_292.jpg/111px-Herma_Demosthenes_Glyptothek_Munich_292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Herma_Demosthenes_Glyptothek_Munich_292.jpg/148px-Herma_Demosthenes_Glyptothek_Munich_292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Herm_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herm (Greek)">herm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, a <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span> recreation of the <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 280</span> BC original located in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_of_Athens" title="Ancient Agora of Athens">market</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rosetta Stone (196 BC), establishing the divine cult of Ptolemy V"><img alt="The Rosetta Stone (196 BC), establishing the divine cult of Ptolemy V" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg/140px-Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg/211px-Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg/281px-Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="2066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> (196 BC), establishing the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">divine cult</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy V">Ptolemy V</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Stela_Northern_Wei_period.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Buddhist Stele from China, Northern Wei period, built sometime after 583"><img alt="A Buddhist Stele from China, Northern Wei period, built sometime after 583" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Buddhist_Stela_Northern_Wei_period.jpg/74px-Buddhist_Stela_Northern_Wei_period.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Buddhist_Stela_Northern_Wei_period.jpg/111px-Buddhist_Stela_Northern_Wei_period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Buddhist_Stela_Northern_Wei_period.jpg/148px-Buddhist_Stela_Northern_Wei_period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="2003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Buddhist Stele from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> period, built sometime after 583</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamanoue_stele.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rubbing of the Yamanoue Stele (681) in Takasaki, one of three protected steles in Japan"><img alt="A rubbing of the Yamanoue Stele (681) in Takasaki, one of three protected steles in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Yamanoue_stele.jpg/75px-Yamanoue_stele.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Yamanoue_stele.jpg/112px-Yamanoue_stele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Yamanoue_stele.jpg/150px-Yamanoue_stele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Stone_rubbing" title="Stone rubbing">rubbing</a> of the Yamanoue Stele (681) in <a href="/wiki/Takasaki" title="Takasaki">Takasaki</a>, one of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozuke_Sampi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozuke Sampi (page does not exist)">three</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty,_Special_Historic_Sites_and_Special_Natural_Monuments" title="List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments">protected</a> steles in Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaxchilan_Stela_35.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stele 35 from Yaxchilan (8th century), depicting Lady Eveningstar, the consort of king Shield Jaguar II"><img alt="Stele 35 from Yaxchilan (8th century), depicting Lady Eveningstar, the consort of king Shield Jaguar II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Yaxchilan_Stela_35.jpg/135px-Yaxchilan_Stela_35.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Yaxchilan_Stela_35.jpg/202px-Yaxchilan_Stela_35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Yaxchilan_Stela_35.jpg/270px-Yaxchilan_Stela_35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="2096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stele</a> 35 from <a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan" title="Yaxchilan">Yaxchilan</a> (8th century), depicting <a href="/wiki/Lady_Eveningstar" title="Lady Eveningstar">Lady Eveningstar</a>, the consort of king <a href="/wiki/Itzamnaaj_B%CA%BBalam_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzamnaaj Bʻalam II">Shield Jaguar II</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frits-Holm-Chinas-Foremost-Monument-the-Chingchiaopei.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Xi'an Stele (781) records the success of the missionary Alopen in Tang China in Chinese and Syriac. It is borne by a Bixi and forbidden to travel abroad."><img alt="The Xi'an Stele (781) records the success of the missionary Alopen in Tang China in Chinese and Syriac. It is borne by a Bixi and forbidden to travel abroad." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Frits-Holm-Chinas-Foremost-Monument-the-Chingchiaopei.png/105px-Frits-Holm-Chinas-Foremost-Monument-the-Chingchiaopei.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Frits-Holm-Chinas-Foremost-Monument-the-Chingchiaopei.png/157px-Frits-Holm-Chinas-Foremost-Monument-the-Chingchiaopei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Frits-Holm-Chinas-Foremost-Monument-the-Chingchiaopei.png/209px-Frits-Holm-Chinas-Foremost-Monument-the-Chingchiaopei.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="687" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a> (781) records the success of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">missionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Alopen" title="Alopen">Alopen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> China in <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>. It is borne by a <a href="/wiki/Bixi_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (mythology)">Bixi</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_cultural_relics_forbidden_to_be_exhibited_abroad" title="List of Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad">forbidden to travel abroad</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodney02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rodney's Stone, a slab cross from Early Medieval Scotland"><img alt="Rodney's Stone, a slab cross from Early Medieval Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rodney02.JPG/135px-Rodney02.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rodney02.JPG/202px-Rodney02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rodney02.JPG/270px-Rodney02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rodney%27s_Stone" title="Rodney's Stone">Rodney's Stone</a>, a slab cross from Early Medieval <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forres_sueno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sueno's Stone (c. 9th century) in Forres, Scotland, displaying efforts at modern preservation of the Pictish stones"><img alt="Sueno's Stone (c. 9th century) in Forres, Scotland, displaying efforts at modern preservation of the Pictish stones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Forres_sueno.jpg/135px-Forres_sueno.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Forres_sueno.jpg/202px-Forres_sueno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Forres_sueno.jpg/270px-Forres_sueno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sueno%27s_Stone" title="Sueno's Stone">Sueno's Stone</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9th</span> century) in <a href="/wiki/Forres" title="Forres">Forres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, displaying efforts at modern preservation of the <a href="/wiki/Pictish_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish stones">Pictish stones</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1348_Mogaoku_Stele.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rubbing of the Stele of Sulaiman, Prince of Xining (1348), bearing the Mani in six languages: Nepali, Tibetan, Uyghur, 'Phags-pa, Tangut, and Chinese."><img alt="A rubbing of the Stele of Sulaiman, Prince of Xining (1348), bearing the Mani in six languages: Nepali, Tibetan, Uyghur, 'Phags-pa, Tangut, and Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/1348_Mogaoku_Stele.jpg/130px-1348_Mogaoku_Stele.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/1348_Mogaoku_Stele.jpg/195px-1348_Mogaoku_Stele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/1348_Mogaoku_Stele.jpg/259px-1348_Mogaoku_Stele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="674" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Stone_rubbing" title="Stone rubbing">rubbing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Sulaiman" title="Stele of Sulaiman">Stele of Sulaiman</a>, Prince of Xining (1348), <a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">bearing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Mani</a> in six languages: <a href="/wiki/Lantza" class="mw-redirect" title="Lantza">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script">'Phags-pa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Chinese</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Galle stele left by Zheng He on Sri Lanka in 1409 with trilingual inscriptions in Chinese, Tamil, and Persian"><img alt="The Galle stele left by Zheng He on Sri Lanka in 1409 with trilingual inscriptions in Chinese, Tamil, and Persian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg/125px-Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg/188px-Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg/250px-Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="2073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Galle_Trilingual_Inscription" title="Galle Trilingual Inscription">Galle stele</a> left by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in 1409 with trilingual inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Steles">Steles</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_stelae" title="Cantabrian stelae">Cantabrian stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Headstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_inscription" title="Monumental inscription">Monumental inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ste%C4%87ci" class="mw-redirect" title="Stećci">Stećci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele_of_the_Vultures" title="Stele of the Vultures">Stele of the Vultures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The plural in English is sometimes <b>stelai</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">STEE</span>-lye</i></a> based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes <b>stelae</b> or <b>stelæ</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">STEE</span>-lee</i></a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Declension_of_Greek_nouns_in_Latin" title="Declension of Greek nouns in Latin">inflection of Greek nouns in Latin</a>, and sometimes anglicized to <b>steles</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">STEE</span>-leez</i></a>).) or occasionally <b>stela</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <i>stelas</i> or <i>stelæ</i>) when derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReichKatzenstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Ronny; Katzenstein, Hannah (1992). "Glossary of Archaeological Terms". In Kempinski, Aharon; Reich, Ronny (eds.). <i>The Architecture of Ancient Israel</i>. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-221-013-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-221-013-5"><bdi>978-965-221-013-5</bdi></a>. <q>Stele: Upright slab of stone, worked or unworked, erected for memorial or cuitic purposes. Sometimes inscribed or decorated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Archaeological+Terms&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-965-221-013-5&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Ronny&rft.au=Katzenstein%2C+Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Waterloo_steles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Waterloo steles">Commons:Category:Battle of Waterloo steles</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmermans2012" class="citation web cs1">Timmermans, D. (7 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleon-monuments.eu/Napoleon1er/1815MontUK_EN.htm">"Waterloo Campaign"</a>. <i>The British monuments</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+monuments&rft.atitle=Waterloo+Campaign&rft.date=2012-03-07&rft.aulast=Timmermans&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnapoleon-monuments.eu%2FNapoleon1er%2F1815MontUK_EN.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i> By Egypt Exploration Society Archaeological Survey of Egypt 1908, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g., Piye's victory stela (<a href="/wiki/M._Lichtheim" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Lichtheim">M. Lichtheim</a>, <i>Ancient Egyptian Literature</i> Vol 3, The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a> 1980, pp. 66ff) or Shalmaneser's stela at Saluria (Boardman, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 335)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pool, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pool, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Till (2005): 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strudwick-2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strudwick-2006_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strudwick-2006_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strudwick-2006_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strudwick-2006_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strudwick-2006_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrudwick2006" class="citation book cs1">Strudwick, Helen (2006). <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 214–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-4654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-4654-9"><bdi>978-1-4351-4654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=214-223&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4351-4654-9&rft.aulast=Strudwick&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn" class="citation web cs1">Dunn, Jimmy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/stela.htm">"The Stelae of Ancient Egypt"</a>. <i>Tour Egypt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tour+Egypt&rft.atitle=The+Stelae+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.touregypt.net%2Ffeaturestories%2Fstela.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-1936-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen-1936_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen-1936_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1936" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Thomas George (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2837595">"Egyptian Stelae in Field Museum of Natural History"</a>. <i>Biodiversity Heritage Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Web.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Gordon. The Grove Encyclopedia of Classical Art and Architecture. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grossman, Janet Burnett. Greek Funerary Sculpture : Catalogue of the Collections at the Getty Villa. Los Angeles: JPaul Getty Museum, 2001. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vincent%27s+Calligraphy&rft.atitle=The+Stele+of+Mount+Hua+Temple+at+The+West+Alp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvincentpoon.com%2Fthe-stele-of-mount-hua-temple-at-the-west-alp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkinson437-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson437_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson (2022): 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkinson81-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson81_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson81_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson81_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson81_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson (2022): 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deGroot2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deGroot2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Groot1892" class="citation cs2">de Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1892), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/religioussystem01groogoog#page/n105/mode/1up"><i>The Religious System of China</i></a>, vol. II, Brill Archive, pp. 451–452</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+System+of+China&rft.pages=451-452&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=de+Groot&rft.aufirst=Jan+Jakob+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Freligioussystem01groogoog%23page%2Fn105%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinGrube2000113-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinGrube2000113_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinGrube2000">Martin & Grube 2000</a>, p. 113.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMartinGrube2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller19999-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller19999_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller19999_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1999">Miller 1999</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuente_et_al.1999187-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuente_et_al.1999187_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuente_et_al.1999">Fuente et al. 1999</a>, p. 187.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFuente_et_al.1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996149_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart1996">Stuart 1996</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharerTraxler2006235-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharerTraxler2006235_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharerTraxler2006">Sharer & Traxler 2006</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20098-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart20098_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2009">Stewart 2009</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1996158-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1996158_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart1996">Stuart 1996</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharerTraxler2006183-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharerTraxler2006183_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharerTraxler2006">Sharer & Traxler 2006</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudsward2014" class="citation book cs1">Goudsward, David (5 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yq6DAwAAQBAJ&q=ogham+stele&pg=PA88"><i>Ancient Stone Sites of New England and the Debate Over Early European Exploration</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476604862" title="Special:BookSources/9781476604862"><bdi>9781476604862</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Stone+Sites+of+New+England+and+the+Debate+Over+Early+European+Exploration&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft.isbn=9781476604862&rft.aulast=Goudsward&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyq6DAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dogham%2Bstele%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFelisabetta" class="citation web cs1">elisabetta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001932/https://www.connemara.irish/component/content/article?id=30:rivers-and-lakes">"connemara.irish"</a>. <i>www.connemara.irish</i>. 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Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486319773" title="Special:BookSources/9780486319773"><bdi>9780486319773</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Number+Words+and+Number+Symbols%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Numbers&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft.isbn=9780486319773&rft.aulast=Menninger&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXbCAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dogham%2Bstele%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eospvo-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eospvo_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, Norbert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC"><i>Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931/article_ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Red Sea Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-103-3"><bdi>978-1-56902-103-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Somalis%3A+Popular+Islam+in+a+Clan-based+Society&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-103-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5AZyEhMtbkC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.W.B. Huntingford, "The Town of Amud, Somalia", <i>Azania</i>, <b>13</b> (1978), p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Btgpb-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Btgpb_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2012" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Phillip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC"><i>Somaliland</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-371-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-371-9"><bdi>978-1-84162-371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somaliland&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-371-9&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6NI2FejIuwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaanm-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaanm_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somaliheritage.org/museums.php">"National Museums"</a>. Somali Heritage and Archaeology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Museums&rft.pub=Somali+Heritage+and+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somaliheritage.org%2Fmuseums.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boardman, John, ed. <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>, Part 1, 2nd Edition, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22496-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22496-3">978-0-521-22496-3</a>)</li> <li>Collon, Dominique, et al. "Stele." <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a></i>. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 3 Jun. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T081249">Subscription required</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Miller_(art_historian)" title="Mary Miller (art historian)">Miller, Mary</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mayaartarchitect00mill"><i>Maya Art and Architecture</i></a>. London, UK and New York, US: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20327-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20327-X"><bdi>0-500-20327-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41659173">41659173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=London%2C+UK+and+New+York%2C+US&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41659173&rft.isbn=0-500-20327-X&rft.au=Miller%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmayaartarchitect00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pool, Christopher A. <i>Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2007 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78312-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78312-5">978-0-521-78312-5</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharerTraxler2006" class="citation book cs1">Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar"><i>The Ancient Maya</i></a></span> (6th ed.). Stanford, California, US: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4817-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4817-9"><bdi>0-8047-4817-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57577446">57577446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Maya&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California%2C+US&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57577446&rft.isbn=0-8047-4817-9&rft.au=Sharer%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Loa+P.+Traxler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientmaya0006shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Stewart, Daniel Moroni (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1588/"><i>Parentage Statements and Paired Stelae: Signs of Dynastic Succession for the Classic Maya</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Master's thesis). Provo, Utah, US: <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Parentage+Statements+and+Paired+Stelae%3A+Signs+of+Dynastic+Succession+for+the+Classic+Maya&rft.inst=Brigham+Young+University&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Daniel+Moroni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fetd%2F1588%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/David_Stuart_(Mayanist)" title="David Stuart (Mayanist)">Stuart, David</a> (Spring–Autumn 1996). "Kings of Stone: A Consideration of Stelae in Ancient Maya Ritual and Representation". <i>RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics</i>. 29–30 (29/30 The Pre-Columbian). Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: <a href="/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" title="President and Fellows of Harvard College">President and Fellows of Harvard College</a> acting through the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology</a>: 148–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FRESvn1ms20166947">10.1086/RESvn1ms20166947</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20166947">20166947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193661049">193661049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RES%3A+Anthropology+and+Aesthetics&rft.atitle=Kings+of+Stone%3A+A+Consideration+of+Stelae+in+Ancient+Maya+Ritual+and+Representation&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=29-30&rft.issue=29%2F30+The+Pre-Columbian&rft.pages=148-171&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193661049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20166947%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FRESvn1ms20166947&rft.au=Stuart%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Till, Karen E. <i>The New Berlin: Memory, Politics, Place</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>, 2005</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2022" class="citation cs2">Wilkinson, Endymion (2022), <i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i> (6 ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Harvard University Asia Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674260184" title="Special:BookSources/9780674260184"><bdi>9780674260184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780674260184&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStele" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stele&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/162840"><i>The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture</i></a>, a fully digitized collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on steles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2837598"><i>Egyptian Stelae in Field Museum of Natural History</i></a>, documentation of collection 1936</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178743#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stèles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119386889">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="stély"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph319027&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Estelas (Arqueología)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX529020">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stele (Archaeology)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534033005171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stele&oldid=1258786426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stele&oldid=1258786426</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Steles" title="Category:Steles">Steles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stone_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Stone monuments and memorials">Stone monuments and memorials</a></li><li><a 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