CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cowpox - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6433234a-e4f6-4212-931b-6005080865fc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cowpox","wgTitle":"Cowpox","wgCurRevisionId":1282132843,"wgRevisionId":1282132843,"wgArticleId":51303,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2025","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with 'species' microformats","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","Articles needing additional references from April 2021","All articles needing additional references","Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata","Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages","Animal viral diseases","Bovine diseases","Cat diseases","Chordopoxvirinae","Infectious diseases","Smallpox vaccines","Virus-related cutaneous conditions","Zoonoses"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cowpox","wgRelevantArticleId":51303,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1066011","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cowpox_virus.jpg/1200px-Cowpox_virus.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1637"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cowpox_virus.jpg/960px-Cowpox_virus.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1091"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="873"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cowpox - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpox"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpox"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cowpox rootpage-Cowpox skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cowpox" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cowpox" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cowpox" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cowpox" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Medical use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_vaccination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_vaccination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Opposition to vaccination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_vaccination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>British Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinepox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinepox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kinepox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinepox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cowpox</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1" title="جدري البقر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جدري البقر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_la_verola_bovina" title="Virus de la verola bovina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virus de la verola bovina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhpocken" title="Kuhpocken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kuhpocken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_la_viruela_bovina" title="Virus de la viruela bovina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virus de la viruela bovina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovovariolo" title="Bovovariolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bovovariolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="آبله گاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبله گاوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpox" title="Cowpox – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cowpox" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgach_b%C3%B3" title="Bolgach bó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bolgach bó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%91%90_(%EC%A7%88%EB%B3%91)" title="우두 (질병) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우두 (질병)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpox" title="Cowpox – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cowpox" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacino" title="Vacino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vacino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacar_sapi" title="Cacar sapi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cacar sapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaiolo_bovino" title="Vaiolo bovino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vaiolo bovino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אבעבועות הפרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבעבועות הפרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa_(morbus)" title="Boa (morbus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Boa (morbus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh%C3%A9nhiml%C5%91" title="Tehénhimlő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tehénhimlő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koepokken" title="Koepokken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koepokken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E7%97%98" title="牛痘 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="牛痘" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krowianka" title="Krowianka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krowianka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C3%ADola_bovina" title="Varíola bovina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Varíola bovina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Коровья оспа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коровья оспа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ගව වසූරිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගව වසූරිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpox" title="Cowpox – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cowpox" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goveje_koze" title="Goveje koze – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Goveje koze" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehm%C3%A4rokko" title="Lehmärokko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lehmärokko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoppor" title="Kokoppor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kokoppor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulutong-baka" title="Bulutong-baka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bulutong-baka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1r_%C3%A7i%C3%A7e%C4%9Fi" title="Sığır çiçeği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sığır çiçeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Коров'яча віспа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коров'яча віспа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E7%97%98" title="牛痘 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牛痘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E7%97%98" title="牛痘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="牛痘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1066011#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cowpox" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cowpox" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cowpox"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cowpox"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cowpox" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cowpox" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&oldid=1282132843" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cowpox&id=1282132843&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCowpox"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCowpox"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cowpox&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cowpox" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1066011" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disease of humans and animals</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)">Cowpox virus </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowpox_virus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electron micrograph of three Cowpox virus particles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cowpox_virus.jpg/250px-Cowpox_virus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cowpox_virus.jpg/330px-Cowpox_virus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cowpox_virus.jpg/500px-Cowpox_virus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron micrograph">Electron micrograph</a> of three Cowpox virus particles </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Orthopoxvirus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Realm: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria"><i>Varidnaviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bamfordvirae" title="Bamfordvirae"><i>Bamfordvirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleocytoviricota" title="Nucleocytoviricota"><i>Nucleocytoviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pokkesviricetes" title="Pokkesviricetes"><i>Pokkesviricetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae"><i>Chitovirales</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae"><i>Poxviridae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthopoxvirus" title="Orthopoxvirus"><i>Orthopoxvirus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>Orthopoxvirus cowpox</b></i></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Cowpox</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowpox_eruption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cowpox_eruption.jpg/250px-Cowpox_eruption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cowpox_eruption.jpg/330px-Cowpox_eruption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cowpox_eruption.jpg/500px-Cowpox_eruption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Cowpox lesions on patient's forearm on day 7 after onset of illness. The hemagglutinin gene of the isolate clustered with a Russian cowpox virus strain, and the more distantly, with other cowpox and vaccinia virus strains. The patient's dog had orthopoxvirus-specific antibodies, indicating a possible transmission route.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066011?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Cowpox</b> is an infectious disease caused by Cowpox virus (CPXV).<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_et_al.,_PloS_one_2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_et_al.,_PloS_one_2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It presents with large <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (dermatology)">blisters</a> in the skin, a <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">swollen glands</a>, historically typically following contact with an infected cow, though in the last several decades more often (though overall rarely) from infected cats.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hands and face are most frequently affected and the spots are generally very painful.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The virus, part of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Orthopoxvirus" title="Orthopoxvirus">Orthopoxvirus</a></i>, is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Vaccinia" title="Vaccinia">Vaccinia</a> virus. The virus is <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonotic</a>, meaning that it is transferable between species, such as from cat to human. The transferral of the disease was first observed in dairy workers who touched the <a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udders</a> of infected <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cows</a> and consequently developed the signature pustules on their hands.<sup id="cite_ref-dermnetnz.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dermnetnz.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cowpox is more commonly found in animals other than bovines, such as rodents. Cowpox is similar to, but much milder than, the highly contagious and often deadly <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> disease.<sup id="cite_ref-dermnetnz.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dermnetnz.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its close resemblance to the mild form of smallpox and the observation that dairy farmers<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were immune to smallpox inspired the modern <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">smallpox vaccine</a>, created and administered by English physician <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sc.edu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc.edu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first description of cowpox was given by Jenner in 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ1967_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ1967-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>" is derived from the Latin adjective <i>vaccinus</i>, meaning "of or from the cow".<sup id="cite_ref-Abbas2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbas2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once vaccinated, a patient develops <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> that make them immune to cowpox, but they also develop <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> to the smallpox virus, or <a href="/wiki/Variola_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Variola virus">Variola virus</a>. The cowpox vaccinations and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">later incarnations</a> proved so successful that in 1980, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> announced that smallpox was the first disease to be eradicated by vaccination efforts worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbas2003_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbas2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Orthopox" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopox">orthopox</a> viruses remain prevalent in certain communities and continue to infect humans, such as the cowpox virus in Europe and <a href="/wiki/Monkeypox_virus" title="Monkeypox virus">monkeypox virus</a> in Central and West Africa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naturally occurring cases of cowpox were not common, but it was discovered that the vaccine could be "carried" in humans and reproduced and disseminated human-to-human. Jenner's original vaccination used lymph from the cowpox pustule on a milkmaid, and subsequent "arm-to-arm" vaccinations applied the same principle. As this transfer of human fluids came with its own set of complications, a safer manner of producing the vaccine was first introduced in Italy. The new method used cows to manufacture the vaccine using a process called "retrovaccination", in which a heifer was inoculated with humanized cowpox virus, and it was passed from calf to calf to produce massive quantities efficiently and safely. This then led to the next incarnation, "true animal vaccine", which used the same process but began with naturally-occurring cowpox virus, and not the humanized form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This method of production proved to be lucrative and was taken advantage of by many <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurs">entrepreneurs</a> needing only calves and seed lymph from an infected cow to manufacture crude versions of the vaccine. W. F. Elgin of the National Vaccine Establishment presented his slightly refined technique to the Conference of State and Provincial Boards of Health of North America. A <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>-free calf, stomach shaved, would be bound to an operating table, where incisions would be made on its lower body. Glycerinated lymph from a previously inoculated calf was spread along the cuts. After a few days, the cuts would have scabbed or crusted over. The crust was softened with sterilized water and mixed with glycerin, which disinfected it, then stored hermetically sealed in capillary tubes for later use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At some point, the virus in use was no longer cowpox, but vaccinia. Scientists have not determined exactly when the change or mutation occurred, but the effects of vaccinia and cowpox virus as vaccine are nearly the same.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The virus is found in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and mainly in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>. Human cases today are very rare and most often <a href="/wiki/Feline_zoonosis" title="Feline zoonosis">contracted from</a> domestic <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>. The virus is not commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>; the reservoir hosts for the virus are <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>. From these rodents, domestic cats contract and transmit the virus to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Chomel2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomel2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms in cats include <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a> on the face, neck, forelimbs, and paws, and less commonly upper <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection" title="Respiratory tract infection">respiratory tract infections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansell_2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansell_2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms of infection with cowpox virus in humans are localized, <a href="/wiki/Pustular" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustular">pustular</a> lesions generally found on the hands and limited to the site of introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation period</a> is 9 to 10 days.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The virus is prevalent in late summer and autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowpox_Engraving_(detail).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cowpox_Engraving_%28detail%29.png/220px-Cowpox_Engraving_%28detail%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cowpox_Engraving_%28detail%29.png/330px-Cowpox_Engraving_%28detail%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Cowpox_Engraving_%28detail%29.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Cowpox (variola vaccina) pustules on a cow's udder</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the years from 1770 to 1790, at least six people who had contact with a cow had independently tested the possibility of using the cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans. Among them were the English farmer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jesty" title="Benjamin Jesty">Benjamin Jesty</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> in 1774 and the German teacher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Plett" title="Peter Plett">Peter Plett</a> in 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesty inoculated his wife and two young sons with cowpox, in a successful effort to immunize them to smallpox, an epidemic of which had arisen in their town. His patients who had contracted and recovered from the similar but milder cowpox (mainly milkmaids), seemed to be <a href="/wiki/Immune" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune">immune</a> not only to further cases of cowpox, but also to smallpox. By scratching the fluid from cowpox lesions into the skin of healthy individuals, he was able to immunize those people against smallpox.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reportedly, farmers and people working regularly with cattle and horses were often spared during smallpox outbreaks. Investigations by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in 1790 showed that <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">horse-mounted troops</a> were less infected by smallpox than <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, due to probable exposure to the similar <a href="/wiki/Horsepox" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsepox">horsepox</a> virus (<i>Variola equina</i>). By the early 19th century, more than 100,000 people in Great Britain had been vaccinated. The arm-to-arm method of transfer of the cowpox vaccine was also used to distribute Jenner's vaccine throughout the Spanish Empire. Spanish king <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a>'s daughter had been stricken with smallpox in 1798, and after she recovered, he arranged for the rest of his family to be vaccinated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1803, the king, convinced of the benefits of the vaccine, ordered his personal physician Francis Xavier de Balmis, to deliver it to the Spanish dominions in North and South America. To maintain the vaccine in an available state during the voyage, the physician recruited 22 young boys who had never had cowpox or smallpox before, aged three to nine years, from the orphanages of Spain. During the trip across the Atlantic, de Balmis vaccinated the orphans in a living chain. Two children were vaccinated immediately before departure, and when cowpox pustules had appeared on their arms, material from these lesions was used to vaccinate two more children.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1796, English medical practitioner <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> tested the theory that cowpox could protect someone from being infected by smallpox. There had long been speculation regarding the origins of Jenner's variolae vaccinae, until DNA sequencing data showed close similarities between horsepox and cowpox viruses. Jenner noted that <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farriers</a> sometimes milked cows and that material from the equine disease could produce a vesicular disease in cows from which variolae vaccinae was derived. Contemporary accounts provide support for Jenner's speculation that the vaccine probably originated as an equine disease called "grease".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although cowpox originates on the udder of cows, Jenner took his sample from a milkmaid, Sarah Nelmes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Jenner extracted the pus of one of the lesions formed by cowpox on Nelmes to <a href="/wiki/James_Phipps" title="James Phipps">James Phipps</a>, an eight-year-old boy who had never had smallpox. He eventually developed a scab and fever that was manageable. Approximately six weeks later, Jenner then introduced an active sample of the smallpox virus into Phipps to test the theory. After being observed for an extended amount of time, it was recorded that Phipps did not receive a reaction from it. Although Jenner was not the first person to conceive the notion of cowpox protecting against the smallpox virus, his experiment proved the theory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In later years, Jenner popularized the experiment, calling it a vaccination from the Latin for cow, <i>vacca</i>. The number of vaccinations among people of that era increased drastically. It was widely considered to be a relatively safer procedure compared to the <a href="/wiki/Variolation" title="Variolation">mainstream inoculation</a>. Although Jenner was propelled into the spotlight from the vaccination popularity, he mainly focused on science behind why the cowpox allowed persons to not be infected by smallpox. The honour of the discovery of the vaccination is often attributed to <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jesty" title="Benjamin Jesty">Benjamin Jesty</a>, but he was no scientist and did not repeat or publish his findings. He is considered to be the first to use cowpox as a vaccination, though the term vaccination was not invented yet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the midst of the smallpox outbreak, Jesty transferred pieces of cow udder which he knew had been infected with cowpox into the skin of his family members in the hopes of protecting them. Jesty did not publicize his findings, and Jenner, who performed his first inoculation 22 years later and publicized his findings, assumed credit. It is said that Jenner made this discovery by himself, possibly without knowing previous accounts 20 years earlier. Although Jesty may have been the first to discover it, Jenner made vaccination widely accessible and has therefore been credited for its invention.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genome for the CPXV is over 220kbp. This makes it the largest genome in the Orthopoxviral species. It can be divided into three different regions. There are two end regions called R1 and R2 and a main central region that is roughly half of the size of the genome. There are also inverted terminal repeats that are located at the terminal sites of the genome and measure around 10kbp. These inverted terminal repeats can then be divided into two more distinct regions. The first section is around 7.5kbp long and includes a coding region. The other section includes a terminal region that can be repeated up to as many times as thirty and is composed of 50 nucleotides.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPXV genome encodes only 30-40% of products of which are involved in the pathogenesis of the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPXV genome has the most complete set of genes out of all of the orthopoxviruses. This unique feature of CPXV makes it ideal to be able to mutate into different strains of the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a double stranded DNA virus. The virus does have an envelope that surrounds the virion.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cowpox's genome allows the virus to encode its own transcription machinery along with its own DNA replication machinery. The replication then takes place in the cytoplasm after the virus is in the cell and the virion is uncoated. The virion is then assembled and released from the host cell.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genome is arranged so that both of the ends contain the genes responsible for evading the defenses from the immune system of the host which is only activated in the extracellular portion. These receptors are able to be stopped by cytokine and chemokine secretion by blocking the cytokine and chemokine found extracellularly. This is the process responsible for attachment and entry of the virion into the host cell.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the large size of the genome, it makes the virus more likely and capable to fight back against the immunes system defenses. Out of all of the poxviruses, CPXV has the most cytokine responses that fight back against the immune system. It encodes cytokine receptors such as TNF, CrmB, CrmC, CrmD, and CrmE proteins. Another set of receptors that CPXV have are lymphotoxins such as IL-1ß, IFN-y, IFN 1, β-chemokines, and IL-18. However, not all of the receptors of CPXV are still not known. CPXV also encodes four tumor necrosis factors (TNF) and lymphotoxin which are the biggest group of homologous receptors for the virus. These receptors play a crucial role that are involved with the immune system.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CPXV has two different types of inclusion bodies. All of the poxviruses have basophilic inclusions also called B-type inclusion bodies. The B-type inclusion bodies contain the factory where the virus produces necessary elements for the replication and maturation of the virion. CPXV has another inclusion body that is unique to only some chordopoxviruses called acidophilic inclusion bodies also called A-type inclusion bodies (ATIs). The ATIs are encoded by the cpxv158 gene and is then made the protein ATIP which is a late protein. However, the importance of these ATIs in the life cycle are still not well known or understood and research is still being done to better understand them. It is known that replication can still continue without the cpxv158 gene, and that the replication cycle shows no difference between a fully encoded virion versus the virion that had deleted cwpx158 gene. However, with studies done on mice, the lesions that were caused by the CPXV-BR△ati were able to heal faster due to less tissue that was lost than the CPXV-BR lesions that took longer to heal and lost more tissue. This suggests that this gene helps supports the idea that ATIs are partly involved in how the host responds to the virus infection.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another way that the virus is able to control and infect the host is by regulating cellular signaling pathways. During the infection, CPXV is known to use MEK/ERK/1/2/Egr-1, JNK1/2, and PI3K/Akt pathways. Some of these pathways are not unique only to CPXV, but how they function in response to the host is unique to this virus.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One notable protein in the CPXV is the p28 protein. It is made up of 242 amino acids and contains two domains, and N terminal KilA-N and a C-terminal RING domain. One of those domains, the N-terminal <a href="/wiki/KilA-N_domain" title="KilA-N domain">KilA-N domain</a>, allows for DNA to bind to it. The KilA-N domain facilitates this p28 protein that is translated early in the replication cycle in the cytoplasm and is then located in the cytoplasm for the rest of the life cycle of the virus. There is current research still being done to determine if the p28 protein could be a requital for an essential macrophage factor that is needed for the DNA replication.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_vaccination">Opposition to vaccination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opposition to vaccination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of the population at the time accepted the up-and-coming vaccination. However, there was still opposition from individuals who were reluctant to change from the inoculations. In addition, there became a growing concern from parties who were worried about the unknown repercussions of infecting a human with an animal disease. One way individuals expressed their discontent was to draw comics that sometimes depicted small cows growing from the sites of vaccination. Others publicly advocated for the continuance of the inoculations; however, this was not because of their discontent for the vaccinations. Some of their reluctance had to do with an apprehensiveness for change. They had become so familiar with the process, outcome, positives, and negatives of inoculations that they did not want to be surprised by the outcome or effects of the vaccinations. Jenner soon eased their minds after extensive trials. However, others advocated against vaccinations for different reason. Because of the high price of inoculation, Jenner experienced very few common folk who were not willing to accept the vaccination. Due to this, Jenner found many subjects for his tests. He was able to publish his results in a pamphlet in 1798: <i>An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease, Discovered in some of the Western Counties of England particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the Name of Cow Pox.</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_use">Historical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_cow_pock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_cow_pock.jpg/330px-The_cow_pock.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_cow_pock.jpg/500px-The_cow_pock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_cow_pock.jpg/960px-The_cow_pock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>In <i>The Cow-Pock—or—the Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation!</i> (1802), <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> caricatured recipients of the vaccine developing cow-like appendages.</figcaption></figure> <p>After inoculation, vaccination using the cowpox virus became the primary defense against smallpox. After infection by the cowpox virus, the body (usually) gains the ability to recognize the similar smallpox virus from its <a href="/wiki/Antigens" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigens">antigens</a> and is able to fight the smallpox disease much more efficiently.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cowpox virus contains 222 thousand base pairs of DNA, which contains the information for about 203-204 genes. This makes cowpox one of the most complicated viruses known. A significant number of these genes give instructions for key parts of the human immune system, giving a clue as to why the closely related smallpox is so lethal.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaccinia virus now used for smallpox vaccination is sufficiently different from the cowpox virus found in the wild as to be considered a separate virus.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Parliament">British Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the vaccination's popularity increased exponentially, so did its monetary value. This was realized by the British Parliament, which compensated Jenner 10,000 pounds for the vaccination. In addition, they later compensated Jenner an additional 20,000 pounds. In the coming years, Jenner continued advocacy for his vaccination over the still popular inoculation. Eventually, in 1840, the inoculation became banned in England and was replaced with the cowpox vaccination as the main medical solution to combat smallpox. The cowpox vaccination saved the British Army thousands of soldiers, by making them immune to the effects of smallpox in upcoming wars. The cowpox also saved the United Kingdom thousands of pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinepox">Kinepox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kinepox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kinepox is an alternative term for the <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">smallpox vaccine</a> used in early 19th-century America. Popularized by Jenner in the late 1790s, kinepox was a far safer method for inoculating people against smallpox than the previous method, <a href="/wiki/Variolation" title="Variolation">variolation</a>, which had a 3% fatality rate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a famous letter to <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> in 1803, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> instructed the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> to "carry with you some matter of the kine-pox; inform those of them with whom you may be, of its efficacy as a preservative from the smallpox; & encourage them in the use of it..."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson had developed an interest in protecting <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indians</a> from smallpox, having been aware of <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> during the previous century. A year before his special instructions to Lewis, Jefferson had persuaded a visiting <a href="/wiki/Delegation" title="Delegation">delegation</a> of North American Indian chieftains to be vaccinated with kinepox during the winter of 1801–1802. Unfortunately, Lewis never got the opportunity to use kinepox during the pair's expedition, as it had become inadvertently inactive—a common occurrence in a time before vaccines were <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(chemistry)" title="Stabilizer (chemistry)">stabilized</a> with <a href="/wiki/Preservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservatives">preservatives</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> or kept at refrigeration temperatures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cowpox" title="Special:EditPage/Cowpox">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Today, the virus is found in Europe, mainly in the UK. Human cases are very rare (though in 2010 a laboratory worker contracted cowpox<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and most often <a href="/wiki/Feline_zoonosis" title="Feline zoonosis">contracted from domestic cats</a>. Human infections usually remain localized and self-limiting, but can become fatal in <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressed" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressed">immunosuppressed</a> patients. The virus is not commonly found in cattle; the reservoir hosts for the virus are woodland rodents, particularly voles.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestic cats contract the virus from these rodents. Symptoms in cats include lesions on the face, neck, forelimbs, and paws, and, less commonly, upper respiratory tract infections. Symptoms of infection with cowpox virus in humans are localized, pustular lesions generally found on the hands and limited to the site of introduction. The incubation period is nine to ten days. The virus is most prevalent in late summer and autumn. </p><p>Immunity to cowpox is gained when the smallpox vaccine is administered. Although the vaccine now uses vaccinia virus, the poxviruses are similar enough that the body becomes immune to both cow- and smallpox. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPelkonenTarvainenHynninenKallio2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pelkonen PM, Tarvainen K, Hynninen A, Kallio ER, Henttonen K, Palva A, et al. (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035531">"Cowpox with severe generalized eruption, Finland"</a>. <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>9</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1458–</span>1461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0911.020814">10.3201/eid0911.020814</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035531">3035531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14718092">14718092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Cowpox+with+severe+generalized+eruption%2C+Finland&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1458-%3C%2Fspan%3E1461&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3035531%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14718092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid0911.020814&rft.aulast=Pelkonen&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Tarvainen%2C+K&rft.au=Hynninen%2C+A&rft.au=Kallio%2C+ER&rft.au=Henttonen%2C+K&rft.au=Palva%2C+A&rft.au=Vaheri%2C+A&rft.au=Vapalahti%2C+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3035531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_et_al.,_PloS_one_2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_et_al.,_PloS_one_2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarrollEmersonLiSammons2011" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll DS, Emerson GL, Li Y, Sammons S, Olson V, Frace M, et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152555">"Chasing Jenner's vaccine: revisiting cowpox virus classification"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>6</b> (8): e23086. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...623086C">2011PLoSO...623086C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0023086">10.1371/journal.pone.0023086</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152555">3152555</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21858000">21858000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Chasing+Jenner%27s+vaccine%3A+revisiting+cowpox+virus+classification&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e23086&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3152555%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21858000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0023086&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...623086C&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Emerson%2C+GL&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Sammons%2C+S&rft.au=Olson%2C+V&rft.au=Frace%2C+M&rft.au=Nakazawa%2C+Y&rft.au=Czerny%2C+CP&rft.au=Tryland%2C+M&rft.au=Kolodziejek%2C+J&rft.au=Nowotny%2C+N&rft.au=Olsen-Rasmussen%2C+M&rft.au=Khristova%2C+M&rft.au=Govil%2C+D&rft.au=Karem%2C+K&rft.au=Damon%2C+IK&rft.au=Meyer%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3152555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarlowIrvingMoss2020" class="citation book cs1">Barlow G, Irving WL, Moss PJ (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA517">"20. Infectious disease"</a>. In Feather A, Randall D, Waterhouse M (eds.). <i>Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine</i> (10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-7870-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-7870-5"><bdi>978-0-7020-7870-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=20.+Infectious+disease&rft.btitle=Kumar+and+Clark%27s+Clinical+Medicine&rft.pages=517&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Irving%2C+WL&rft.au=Moss%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsl3sDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman2020_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersenDamon2020" class="citation book cs1">Petersen BW, Damon IK (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2180">"348. Smallpox, monkeypox and other poxvirus infections"</a>. In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). <i>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</i>. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Elsevier. pp. <span class="nowrap">2180–</span>2183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-53266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-53266-2"><bdi>978-0-323-53266-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=348.+Smallpox%2C+monkeypox+and+other+poxvirus+infections&rft.btitle=Goldman-Cecil+Medicine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2180-%3C%2Fspan%3E2183&rft.edition=26th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-323-53266-2&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=BW&rft.au=Damon%2C+IK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pKqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dermnetnz.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dermnetnz.org_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dermnetnz.org_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dermnetnz.org/viral/cowpox.html">Vanessa Ngan, "Viral and Skin Infections"</a>, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrink2018" class="citation news cs1">Brink, Susan (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/02/01/582370199/whats-the-real-story-about-the-milkmaid-and-the-smallpox-vaccine">"What's The Real Story About The Milkmaid And The Smallpox Vaccine?"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=What%27s+The+Real+Story+About+The+Milkmaid+And+The+Smallpox+Vaccine%3F&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft.aulast=Brink&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fgoatsandsoda%2F2018%2F02%2F01%2F582370199%2Fwhats-the-real-story-about-the-milkmaid-and-the-smallpox-vaccine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sc.edu-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc.edu_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/nathist/jenner.html">Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina: "Edward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccination"</a>, exhibition, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJ1967-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BMJ1967_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748782">"Cowpox and paravaccinia"</a>. <i>British Medical Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (5575): <span class="nowrap">308–</span>309. November 1967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.4.5575.308">10.1136/bmj.4.5575.308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748782">1748782</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4293285">4293285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Cowpox+and+paravaccinia&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5575&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.date=1967-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1748782%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4293285&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.4.5575.308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1748782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbas2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbas2003_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbas2003_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2003" class="citation book cs1">Abbas AK (2003). <i>Cellular and Molecular Immunology</i> (Fifth ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0008-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0008-6"><bdi>978-0-7216-0008-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cellular+and+Molecular+Immunology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-0008-6&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=AK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillrich2011" class="citation book cs1">Willrich M (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poxamericanhisto0000will"><i>Pox</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pox&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Willrich&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoxamericanhisto0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomel2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chomel2014_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChomel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chomel BB (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494318">"Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonoses of Dogs and Cats"</a>. <i>Animals</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">434–</span>445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fani4030434">10.3390/ani4030434</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494318">4494318</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26480316">26480316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animals&rft.atitle=Emerging+and+Re-Emerging+Zoonoses+of+Dogs+and+Cats&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E434-%3C%2Fspan%3E445&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4494318%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26480316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fani4030434&rft.aulast=Chomel&rft.aufirst=BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4494318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mansell_2005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mansell_2005_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMansellRees2006" class="citation book cs1">Mansell, Joanne K.; Rees, Christine A. (2006). "Cutaneous Manifestations of Viral Disease". <i>Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-72-160423-4%2F50005-6">10.1016/B0-72-160423-4/50005-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0423-7"><bdi>978-0-7216-0423-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cutaneous+Manifestations+of+Viral+Disease&rft.btitle=Consultations+in+Feline+Internal+Medicine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-72-160423-4%2F50005-6&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-0423-7&rft.aulast=Mansell&rft.aufirst=Joanne+K.&rft.au=Rees%2C+Christine+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJahrling2011" class="citation book cs1">Jahrling, Peter B. (2011). "Smallpox and Related Orthopoxviral Infections". <i>Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">369–</span>377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-7020-3935-5.00057-4">10.1016/B978-0-7020-3935-5.00057-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3935-5"><bdi>978-0-7020-3935-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smallpox+and+Related+Orthopoxviral+Infections&rft.btitle=Tropical+Infectious+Diseases%3A+Principles%2C+Pathogens+and+Practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E377&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-7020-3935-5.00057-4&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-3935-5&rft.aulast=Jahrling&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruneauTaziRothenburg2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bruneau, Ryan C.; Tazi, Loubna; Rothenburg, Stefan (8 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9953750">"Cowpox Viruses: A Zoo Full of Viral Diversity and Lurking Threats"</a>. <i>Biomolecules</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiom13020325">10.3390/biom13020325</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9953750">9953750</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36830694">36830694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomolecules&rft.atitle=Cowpox+Viruses%3A+A+Zoo+Full+of+Viral+Diversity+and+Lurking+Threats&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=325&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9953750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36830694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbiom13020325&rft.aulast=Bruneau&rft.aufirst=Ryan+C.&rft.au=Tazi%2C+Loubna&rft.au=Rothenburg%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9953750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlettSchmidt2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Plett, Peter C.; Schmidt, J. G. (2006). "Peter Plett und die übrigen Entdecker der Kuhpockenimpfung vor Edward Jenner" [Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner]. <i>Sudhoffs Archiv</i> (in German). <b>90</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>232. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20778029">20778029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17338405">17338405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudhoffs+Archiv&rft.atitle=Peter+Plett+und+die+%C3%BCbrigen+Entdecker+der+Kuhpockenimpfung+vor+Edward+Jenner&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20778029%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17338405&rft.aulast=Plett&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation journal cs1">Williams N (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.02.024">"Pox precursors"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>17</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">R150 –</span> <span class="nowrap">R151</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CBio...17.R150W">2007CBio...17.R150W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.02.024">10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17387780">17387780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Pox+precursors&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER150+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER151%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17387780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.02.024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CBio...17.R150W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2007.02.024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatowary2020" class="citation web cs1">Patowary K (2020-12-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amusingplanet.com/2020/12/balmis-expedition-how-orphans-took.html">"Balmis Expedition - How Orphans Took The Smallpox Vaccine Around The World"</a>. <i>Amusing Planet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amusing+Planet&rft.atitle=Balmis+Expedition+-+How+Orphans+Took+The+Smallpox+Vaccine+Around+The+World&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft.aulast=Patowary&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amusingplanet.com%2F2020%2F12%2Fbalmis-expedition-how-orphans-took.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2001" class="citation book cs1">Tucker JB (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scourgeoncefu00tuck/page/31"><i>Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox</i></a>. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scourgeoncefu00tuck/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-830-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-830-9"><bdi>978-0-87113-830-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scourge%3A+The+Once+and+Future+Threat+of+Smallpox&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-830-9&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscourgeoncefu00tuck%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoyceLedermanEvans2018" class="citation journal cs1">Noyce RS, Lederman S, Evans DH (2018-01-19). Thiel V (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5774680">"Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragments"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>13</b> (1): e0188453. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1388453N">2018PLoSO..1388453N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0188453">10.1371/journal.pone.0188453</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5774680">5774680</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351298">29351298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Construction+of+an+infectious+horsepox+virus+vaccine+from+chemically+synthesized+DNA+fragments&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0188453&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5774680%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29351298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0188453&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1388453N&rft.aulast=Noyce&rft.aufirst=RS&rft.au=Lederman%2C+S&rft.au=Evans%2C+DH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5774680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBynum1994" class="citation book cs1">Bynum, W. F. (1994). <i>Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27205-6"><bdi>978-0-521-27205-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+the+Practice+of+Medicine+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27205-6&rft.aulast=Bynum&rft.aufirst=W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPickupInkParsonsHu1984" class="citation journal cs1">Pickup DJ, Ink BS, Parsons BL, Hu W, Joklik WK (November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC392023">"Spontaneous deletions and duplications of sequences in the genome of cowpox virus"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>81</b> (21): <span class="nowrap">6817–</span>6821. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PNAS...81.6817P">1984PNAS...81.6817P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.81.21.6817">10.1073/pnas.81.21.6817</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC392023">392023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6093123">6093123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Spontaneous+deletions+and+duplications+of+sequences+in+the+genome+of+cowpox+virus&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6817-%3C%2Fspan%3E6821&rft.date=1984-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC392023%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6093123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.81.21.6817&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PNAS...81.6817P&rft.aulast=Pickup&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Ink%2C+BS&rft.au=Parsons%2C+BL&rft.au=Hu%2C+W&rft.au=Joklik%2C+WK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC392023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarrollEmersonLiSammons2011" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll DS, Emerson GL, Li Y, Sammons S, Olson V, Frace M, et al. (2011-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152555">"Chasing Jenner's vaccine: revisiting cowpox virus classification"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>6</b> (8): e23086. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...623086C">2011PLoSO...623086C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0023086">10.1371/journal.pone.0023086</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152555">3152555</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21858000">21858000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Chasing+Jenner%27s+vaccine%3A+revisiting+cowpox+virus+classification&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e23086&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3152555%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21858000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0023086&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...623086C&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Emerson%2C+GL&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Sammons%2C+S&rft.au=Olson%2C+V&rft.au=Frace%2C+M&rft.au=Nakazawa%2C+Y&rft.au=Czerny%2C+CP&rft.au=Tryland%2C+M&rft.au=Kolodziejek%2C+J&rft.au=Nowotny%2C+N&rft.au=Olsen-Rasmussen%2C+M&rft.au=Khristova%2C+M&rft.au=Govil%2C+D&rft.au=Karem%2C+K&rft.au=Damon%2C+IK&rft.au=Meyer%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3152555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXuZikosOsterriederTischer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Xu Z, Zikos D, Osterrieder N, Tischer BK (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3911729">"Generation of a complete single-gene knockout bacterial artificial chromosome library of cowpox virus and identification of its essential genes"</a>. <i>Journal of Virology</i>. <b>88</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">490–</span>502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.02385-13">10.1128/JVI.02385-13</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3911729">3911729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24155400">24155400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&rft.atitle=Generation+of+a+complete+single-gene+knockout+bacterial+artificial+chromosome+library+of+cowpox+virus+and+identification+of+its+essential+genes&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E490-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3911729%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24155400&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.02385-13&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Zikos%2C+D&rft.au=Osterrieder%2C+N&rft.au=Tischer%2C+BK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3911729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne1986" class="citation journal cs1">Payne, L. G. (March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01314150">"The existence of an envelope on extracellular cowpox virus and its antigenic relationship to the vaccinia envelope"</a>. <i>Archives of Virology</i>. <b>90</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01314150">10.1007/BF01314150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3729722">3729722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Virology&rft.atitle=The+existence+of+an+envelope+on+extracellular+cowpox+virus+and+its+antigenic+relationship+to+the+vaccinia+envelope&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=1986-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01314150&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3729722&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=L.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF01314150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlzhanovaFrüh2010" class="citation journal cs1">Alzhanova D, Früh K (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500136">"Modulation of the host immune response by cowpox virus"</a>. <i>Microbes and Infection</i>. <b>12</b> (<span class="nowrap">12–</span>13): <span class="nowrap">900–</span>909. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.micinf.2010.07.007">10.1016/j.micinf.2010.07.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500136">3500136</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20673807">20673807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbes+and+Infection&rft.atitle=Modulation+of+the+host+immune+response+by+cowpox+virus&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E900-%3C%2Fspan%3E909&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3500136%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20673807&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.micinf.2010.07.007&rft.aulast=Alzhanova&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Fr%C3%BCh%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3500136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoaresLeiteAndradeTorres2009" class="citation journal cs1">Soares JA, Leite FG, Andrade LG, Torres AA, De Sousa LP, Barcelos LS, et al. (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2698574">"Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway early during vaccinia and cowpox virus infections is required for both host survival and viral replication"</a>. <i>Journal of Virology</i>. <b>83</b> (13): <span class="nowrap">6883–</span>6899. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.00245-09">10.1128/JVI.00245-09</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2698574">2698574</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19386722">19386722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&rft.atitle=Activation+of+the+PI3K%2FAkt+pathway+early+during+vaccinia+and+cowpox+virus+infections+is+required+for+both+host+survival+and+viral+replication&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6883-%3C%2Fspan%3E6899&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2698574%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19386722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.00245-09&rft.aulast=Soares&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Leite%2C+FG&rft.au=Andrade%2C+LG&rft.au=Torres%2C+AA&rft.au=De+Sousa%2C+LP&rft.au=Barcelos%2C+LS&rft.au=Teixeira%2C+MM&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+PC&rft.au=Kroon%2C+EG&rft.au=Souto-Padr%C3%B3n%2C+T&rft.au=Bonjardim%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2698574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanusSmithRaySmith2002" class="citation journal cs1">Panus JF, Smith CA, Ray CA, Smith TD, Patel DD, Pickup DJ (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123070">"Cowpox virus encodes a fifth member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family: a soluble, secreted CD30 homologue"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>99</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">8348–</span>8353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.122238599">10.1073/pnas.122238599</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123070">123070</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12034885">12034885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Cowpox+virus+encodes+a+fifth+member+of+the+tumor+necrosis+factor+receptor+family%3A+a+soluble%2C+secreted+CD30+homologue&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8348-%3C%2Fspan%3E8353&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC123070%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12034885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.122238599&rft.aulast=Panus&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Smith%2C+CA&rft.au=Ray%2C+CA&rft.au=Smith%2C+TD&rft.au=Patel%2C+DD&rft.au=Pickup%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC123070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeiteda_Fonsecade_Souza_TrindadeAbrahão2011" class="citation journal cs1">Leite JA, da Fonseca FG, de Souza Trindade G, Abrahão JS, Arantes RM, de Almeida-Leite CM, et al. (April 2011). "A-type inclusion bodies: a factor influencing cowpox virus lesion pathogenesis". <i>Archives of Virology</i>. <b>156</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">617–</span>628. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-010-0900-0">10.1007/s00705-010-0900-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21212997">21212997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Virology&rft.atitle=A-type+inclusion+bodies%3A+a+factor+influencing+cowpox+virus+lesion+pathogenesis&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E617-%3C%2Fspan%3E628&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00705-010-0900-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21212997&rft.aulast=Leite&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=da+Fonseca%2C+FG&rft.au=de+Souza+Trindade%2C+G&rft.au=Abrah%C3%A3o%2C+JS&rft.au=Arantes%2C+RM&rft.au=de+Almeida-Leite%2C+CM&rft.au=dos+Santos%2C+JR&rft.au=Guedes%2C+MI&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+BM&rft.au=Bonjardim%2C+CA&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+PC&rft.au=Kroon%2C+EG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalgadoSoares-MartinsAndradeAlbarnaz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Salgado AP, Soares-Martins JA, Andrade LG, Albarnaz JD, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, Bonjardim CA (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3970603">"Study of vaccinia and cowpox viruses' replication in Rac1-N17 dominant-negative cells"</a>. <i>Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz</i>. <b>108</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">554–</span>562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs0074-02762013000500004">10.1590/s0074-02762013000500004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3970603">3970603</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23903969">23903969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mem%C3%B3rias+do+Instituto+Oswaldo+Cruz&rft.atitle=Study+of+vaccinia+and+cowpox+viruses%27+replication+in+Rac1-N17+dominant-negative+cells&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E554-%3C%2Fspan%3E562&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3970603%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23903969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2Fs0074-02762013000500004&rft.aulast=Salgado&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Soares-Martins%2C+JA&rft.au=Andrade%2C+LG&rft.au=Albarnaz%2C+JD&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+PC&rft.au=Kroon%2C+EG&rft.au=Bonjardim%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3970603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBourquainSchrickTischerOsterrieder2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bourquain D, Schrick L, Tischer BK, Osterrieder K, Schaade L, Nitsche A (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8381512">"Replication of cowpox virus in macrophages is dependent on the host range factor p28/N1R"</a>. <i>Virology Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12985-021-01640-x">10.1186/s12985-021-01640-x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8381512">8381512</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34425838">34425838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virology+Journal&rft.atitle=Replication+of+cowpox+virus+in+macrophages+is+dependent+on+the+host+range+factor+p28%2FN1R&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=173&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8381512%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34425838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12985-021-01640-x&rft.aulast=Bourquain&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Schrick%2C+L&rft.au=Tischer%2C+BK&rft.au=Osterrieder%2C+K&rft.au=Schaade%2C+L&rft.au=Nitsche%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8381512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindemann" class="citation book cs1">Lindemann M. <i>Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.aulast=Lindemann&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenner" class="citation book cs1">Jenner E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2559001R-bk"><i>An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae: a disease discovered in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of the cow pox</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+inquiry+into+the+causes+and+effects+of+the+variolae+vaccinae%3A+a+disease+discovered+in+some+of+the+western+counties+of+England%2C+particularly+Gloucestershire%2C+and+known+by+the+name+of+the+cow+pox&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcatalog%2Fnlm%3Anlmuid-2559001R-bk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore2001" class="citation book cs1">Moore P (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killergermsrogue00moor"><i>Killer Germs: Rogue Diseases of the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. London: Carlton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84222-150-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84222-150-1"><bdi>978-1-84222-150-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killer+Germs%3A+Rogue+Diseases+of+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Carlton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84222-150-1&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkillergermsrogue00moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYuan1999" class="citation web cs1">Yuan J (17 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/pox/history.html">"The Small Pox Story"</a>. <i>Human Biology, Class of 1998</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology%2C+Class+of+1998&rft.atitle=The+Small+Pox+Story&rft.date=1999-02-17&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fvirus%2Fpox%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Riedel S (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696">"Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination"</a>. <i>Proceedings</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2005.11928028">10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696">1200696</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16200144">16200144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Edward+Jenner+and+the+history+of+smallpox+and+vaccination&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1200696%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16200144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08998280.2005.11928028&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1200696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807100953/http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/jefflett.html">"Jefferson's Instructions to Lewis and Clark (1803)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/jefflett.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+Instructions+to+Lewis+and+Clark+%281803%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.csi.cuny.edu%2Fdept%2Fhistory%2Flavender%2Fjefflett.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCollumAustinNawrockiHowland2012" class="citation journal cs1">McCollum, Andrea M.; Austin, Connie; Nawrocki, John; Howland, Julia; Pryde, Julie; Vaid, Awais; Holmes, David; Weil, M. Ryan; Li, Yu; Wilkins, Kimberly; Zhao, Hui; Smith, Scott K.; Karem, Kevin; Reynolds, Mary G.; Damon, Inger K. (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905985">"Investigation of the First Laboratory-Acquired Human Cowpox Virus Infection in the United States"</a>. <i>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>206</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjis302">10.1093/infdis/jis302</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905985">11905985</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22539811">22539811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+the+First+Laboratory-Acquired+Human+Cowpox+Virus+Infection+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=206&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11905985%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22539811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjis302&rft.aulast=McCollum&rft.aufirst=Andrea+M.&rft.au=Austin%2C+Connie&rft.au=Nawrocki%2C+John&rft.au=Howland%2C+Julia&rft.au=Pryde%2C+Julie&rft.au=Vaid%2C+Awais&rft.au=Holmes%2C+David&rft.au=Weil%2C+M.+Ryan&rft.au=Li%2C+Yu&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Kimberly&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Hui&rft.au=Smith%2C+Scott+K.&rft.au=Karem%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Mary+G.&rft.au=Damon%2C+Inger+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11905985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span> Lay summary in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1">Roos, Robert (27 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/smallpox/cowpox-infection-us-lab-worker-called-first">"Cowpox infection in US lab worker called a first"</a>. <i>Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy</i> (Press release).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cowpox+infection+in+US+lab+worker+called+a+first&rft.date=2012-04-27&rft.aulast=Roos&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidrap.umn.edu%2Fsmallpox%2Fcowpox-infection-us-lab-worker-called-first&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurthWibbeltGerberPetschaelis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kurth A, Wibbelt G, Gerber HP, Petschaelis A, Pauli G, Nitsche A (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570944">"Rat-to-elephant-to-human transmission of cowpox virus"</a>. <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">670–</span>671. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1404.070817">10.3201/eid1404.070817</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570944">2570944</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18394293">18394293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Rat-to-elephant-to-human+transmission+of+cowpox+virus&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E670-%3C%2Fspan%3E671&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2570944%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18394293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1404.070817&rft.aulast=Kurth&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Wibbelt%2C+G&rft.au=Gerber%2C+HP&rft.au=Petschaelis%2C+A&rft.au=Pauli%2C+G&rft.au=Nitsche%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2570944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeck2002" class="citation book cs1">Peck DR (2002). <i>Or Perish in the Attempt: Wilderness Medicine in the Lewis & Clark Expedition</i>. Farcountry Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56037-226-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56037-226-4"><bdi>978-1-56037-226-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Or+Perish+in+the+Attempt%3A+Wilderness+Medicine+in+the+Lewis+%26+Clark+Expedition&rft.pub=Farcountry+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56037-226-4&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACowpox" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066011" class="extiw" title="d:Q1066011">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1205745537">1E72</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: B08.0</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10-CM" title="ICD-10-CM">10-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=B08.010">B08.010</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=051.01">051.01</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D015605">D015605</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/70090004">70090004</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skin_infections,_symptoms_and_signs_related_to_viruses71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viral_cutaneous_conditions" title="Template:Viral cutaneous conditions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viral_cutaneous_conditions" title="Template talk:Viral cutaneous conditions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viral_cutaneous_conditions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viral cutaneous conditions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Skin_infections,_symptoms_and_signs_related_to_viruses71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skin_infection" title="Skin infection">Skin infections</a>, symptoms and signs related to <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Alphaherpesvirinae" title="Alphaherpesvirinae">Alpha.</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetic_whitlow" title="Herpetic whitlow">Herpetic whitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_gladiatorum" title="Herpes gladiatorum">Herpes gladiatorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">Herpes simplex keratitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpetic sycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal herpes simplex">Neonatal herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_herpes" title="Genital herpes">Genital herpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_sore" title="Cold sore">Cold sore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eczema_herpeticum" title="Eczema herpeticum">Eczema herpeticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_esophagitis" title="Herpes esophagitis">Herpetiform esophagitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetic_gingivostomatitis" title="Herpetic gingivostomatitis">Herpetic gingivostomatitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/B_virus" title="B virus">B virus</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_virus" title="B virus">B virus infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virus" title="Varicella zoster virus">VZV</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Chickenpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingles" title="Shingles">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Herpes zoster oticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster_ophthalmicus" title="Herpes zoster ophthalmicus">Ophthalmic zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Disseminated herpes zoster">Disseminated herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postherpetic_neuralgia" title="Postherpetic neuralgia">Zoster-associated pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_varicella-like_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified varicella-like syndrome">Modified varicella-like syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Betaherpesvirinae" title="Betaherpesvirinae">Beta.</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_herpesvirus_6" title="Human herpesvirus 6">Human herpesvirus 6</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Roseolovirus" title="Roseolovirus">Roseolovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roseola" title="Roseola">Exanthema subitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseola_vaccinia" title="Roseola vaccinia">Roseola vaccinia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalic inclusion disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Gammaherpesvirinae" title="Gammaherpesvirinae">Gamma.</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Orthopoxvirus" title="Orthopoxvirus">Ortho.</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Variola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Alastrim">Alastrim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeypox_virus" title="Monkeypox virus">Monkeypox virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mpox" title="Mpox">Monkeypox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cowpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinia virus">Vaccinia virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinia" title="Vaccinia">Vaccinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_vaccinia" title="Generalized vaccinia">Generalized vaccinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eczema_vaccinatum" title="Eczema vaccinatum">Eczema vaccinatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_vaccinia" title="Progressive vaccinia">Progressive vaccinia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalopox" title="Buffalopox">Buffalopox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Parapoxvirus" title="Parapoxvirus">Para.</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmyard_pox" title="Farmyard pox">Farmyard pox</a>: <a href="/wiki/Milker%27s_nodule" title="Milker's nodule">Milker's nodule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_papular_stomatitis" title="Bovine papular stomatitis">Bovine papular stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravaccinia_virus" title="Paravaccinia virus">Pseudocowpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orf_(disease)" title="Orf (disease)">Orf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealpox" title="Sealpox">Sealpox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yatapoxvirus" title="Yatapoxvirus">Yatapoxvirus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tanapox" title="Tanapox">Tanapox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaba_monkey_tumor_virus" title="Yaba monkey tumor virus">Yaba monkey tumor virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum_virus" title="Molluscum contagiosum virus">Molluscum contagiosum virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">Papillomaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="HPV94" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">HPV</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a>/<a href="/wiki/Plantar_wart" title="Plantar wart">plantar wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heck%27s_disease" title="Heck's disease">Heck's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_wart" title="Genital wart">Genital wart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_condyloma_acuminatum" title="Giant condyloma acuminatum">giant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_papillomatosis" title="Laryngeal papillomatosis">Laryngeal papillomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher%27s_wart" title="Butcher's wart">Butcher's wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowenoid_papulosis" title="Bowenoid papulosis">Bowenoid papulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermodysplasia_verruciformis" title="Epidermodysplasia verruciformis">Epidermodysplasia verruciformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_wart" title="Flat wart">Verruca plana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmented_wart" title="Pigmented wart">Pigmented wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucae_palmares_et_plantares" title="Verrucae palmares et plantares">Verrucae palmares et plantares</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_papillomavirus" title="Bovine papillomavirus">Bovine papillomavirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_sarcoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine sarcoid">Equine sarcoid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Parvoviridae" title="Parvoviridae">Parvoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parvovirus_B19" title="Parvovirus B19">Parvovirus B19</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_disease" title="Fifth disease">Erythema infectiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocytopenia" title="Reticulocytopenia">Reticulocytopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papular_purpuric_gloves_and_socks_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome">Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Polyomaviridae" title="Polyomaviridae">Polyomaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">Merkel cell polyomavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel cell carcinoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles morbillivirus">MeV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rubivirus" title="Rubivirus">Matonaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubella_virus" title="Rubella virus">Rubella virus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">Rubella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome" title="Congenital rubella syndrome">Congenital rubella syndrome</a> ("German measles")</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Alphavirus" title="Alphavirus">Togaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphavirus_infection" title="Alphavirus infection">Alphavirus infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya" title="Chikungunya">Chikungunya fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Picornavirus" title="Picornavirus">Picornaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_A_virus" title="Coxsackie A virus">Coxsackie A virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand,_foot,_and_mouth_disease" title="Hand, foot, and mouth disease">Hand, foot, and mouth disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpangina" title="Herpangina">Herpangina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease_virus" title="Foot-and-mouth disease virus">Foot-and-mouth disease virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_exanthem_disease" title="Boston exanthem disease">Boston exanthem disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_periflexural_exanthem_of_childhood" title="Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood">Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-vaccination_follicular_eruption" title="Post-vaccination follicular eruption">Post-vaccination follicular eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipsch%C3%BCtz_ulcer" title="Lipschütz ulcer">Lipschütz ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruptive_pseudoangiomatosis" title="Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis">Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichodysplasia_spinulosa" title="Trichodysplasia spinulosa">Viral-associated trichodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianotti%E2%80%93Crosti_syndrome" title="Gianotti–Crosti syndrome">Gianotti–Crosti syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1083" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1083" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Cowpox virus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12418974" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q12418974">Q12418974</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cowpox_virus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cowpox virus">Cowpox virus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/Z354">Z354</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/540225">540225</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11459545">11459545</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=10243">10243</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox600" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066011#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kravské neštovice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph387198&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&oldid=1282132843">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&oldid=1282132843</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_viral_diseases" title="Category:Animal viral diseases">Animal viral diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bovine_diseases" title="Category:Bovine diseases">Bovine diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cat_diseases" title="Category:Cat diseases">Cat diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chordopoxvirinae" title="Category:Chordopoxvirinae">Chordopoxvirinae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infectious_diseases" title="Category:Infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Smallpox_vaccines" title="Category:Smallpox vaccines">Smallpox vaccines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virus-related_cutaneous_conditions" title="Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions">Virus-related cutaneous conditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zoonoses" title="Category:Zoonoses">Zoonoses</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2025">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2021">Articles needing additional references from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_desynced_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata">Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_on_possible_non-taxon_pages" title="Category:Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages">Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 March 2025, at 15:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowpox&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cowpox</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>31 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f7c94ff49-t69r2","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.832","walltime":"1.047","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7937,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":223564,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10406,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":175621,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 940.812 1 -total"," 29.48% 277.348 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.62% 231.606 9 Template:Navbox"," 17.55% 165.151 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 17.33% 163.063 21 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.91% 130.829 2 Template:Hlist"," 11.76% 110.640 1 Template:Virusbox"," 9.62% 90.487 1 Template:ICD11"," 8.63% 81.214 11 Template:Fix"," 8.40% 79.025 9 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.559","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21930413,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-xttkr","timestamp":"20250409121229","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cowpox","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cowpox","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1066011","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1066011","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-04T16:49:21Z","dateModified":"2025-03-24T15:05:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fc\/Cowpox_virus.jpg","headline":"human disease caused by infection with the Vaccinia virus"}</script> </body> </html>