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<span>Program origins and objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_origins_and_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Team</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Team-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spacecraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reentry_module" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reentry_module"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reentry module</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reentry_module-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adapter_module" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adapter_module"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Adapter module</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adapter_module-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retro_module" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retro_module"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Retro module</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retro_module-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_module" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_module"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Equipment module</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_module-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Launch vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronauts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronauts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Astronauts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Astronauts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Astronauts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Astronauts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crew_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Crew selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gemini-Titan_launches_and_serial_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemini-Titan_launches_and_serial_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gemini-Titan launches and serial numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemini-Titan_launches_and_serial_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Program cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_location_of_hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_location_of_hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Current location of hardware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_location_of_hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current location of hardware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_location_of_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trainers_and_boilerplates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trainers_and_boilerplates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Trainers and boilerplates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trainers_and_boilerplates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mockups_and_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mockups_and_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Mockups and models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mockups_and_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_extensions_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_extensions_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Proposed extensions and applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_extensions_and_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed extensions and applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_extensions_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advanced_Gemini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_Gemini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Advanced Gemini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_Gemini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_Gemini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Gemini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Big Gemini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Gemini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Military applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Project Gemini</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini-program" title="Gemini-program – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gemini-program" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="مشروع جمناي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشروع جمناي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Gemini" title="Programa Gemini – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Programa Gemini" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_layih%C9%99si" title="Gemini layihəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gemini layihəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Джемини (космическа програма) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джемини (космическа програма)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_%22Gemini%22" title="Program "Gemini" – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Program "Gemini"" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Gemini" title="Programa Gemini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa Gemini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Gemini" title="Program Gemini – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Program Gemini" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini-programmet" title="Gemini-programmet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gemini-programmet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini-Programm" title="Gemini-Programm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemini-Programm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_programm" title="Gemini programm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gemini programm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_Gemini" title="Πρόγραμμα Gemini – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόγραμμα Gemini" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Gemini" title="Programa Gemini – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa Gemini" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekto_Gemini" title="Projekto Gemini – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Projekto Gemini" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_programa" title="Gemini programa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gemini programa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="پروژه جمینای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروژه جمینای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Gemini" title="Programme Gemini – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme Gemini" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tionscadal_Gemini" title="Tionscadal Gemini – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tionscadal Gemini" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Gemini" title="Programa Gemini – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Programa Gemini" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="제미니 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제미니 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Project Gemini" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80)" title="Ջեմինի (ծրագիր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեմինի (ծրագիր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="परियोजना जेमिनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परियोजना जेमिनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Gemini" title="Program Gemini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Program Gemini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyek_Gemini" title="Proyek Gemini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proyek Gemini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini-geimfer%C3%B0a%C3%A1%C3%A6tlunin" title="Gemini-geimferðaáætlunin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gemini-geimferðaáætlunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Gemini" title="Programma Gemini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Gemini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="תוכנית ג'מיני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית ג'מיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(kosmiskais_projekts)" title="Gemini (kosmiskais projekts) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gemini (kosmiskais projekts)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini-Programm" title="Gemini-Programm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gemini-Programm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini" title="Gemini – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gemini" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini-program" title="Gemini-program – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gemini-program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ജെമിനി പദ്ധതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെമിനി പദ്ധതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projek_Gemini" title="Projek Gemini – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Projek Gemini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျီမီနီ စီမံကိန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျီမီနီ စီမံကိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminiprogramma" title="Geminiprogramma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geminiprogramma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="ジェミニ計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェミニ計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini-programmet" title="Gemini-programmet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gemini-programmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Gemini" title="Program Gemini – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Gemini" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeto_Gemini" title="Projeto Gemini – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Projeto Gemini" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programul_Gemini" title="Programul Gemini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Programul Gemini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Джемини (космическая программа) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джемини (космическая программа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Gemini" title="Program Gemini – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Program Gemini" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_Gemini" title="Projekt Gemini – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Projekt Gemini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="پڕۆژەی جێمینا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پڕۆژەی جێمینا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(avaruusohjelma)" title="Gemini (avaruusohjelma) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gemini (avaruusohjelma)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminiprogrammet" title="Geminiprogrammet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geminiprogrammet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜெமினி திட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெமினி திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Projesi" title="Gemini Projesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gemini Projesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Джеміні (космічна програма) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеміні (космічна програма)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Gemini" title="Chương trình Gemini – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chương trình Gemini" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%A7%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="双子座计划 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="双子座计划" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q214996#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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searchaux" style="display:none">1961–1966 US human spaceflight program</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the NASA spaceflight program. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini_(film)" title="Project Gemini (film)"><i>Project Gemini</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Project Gemini</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GeminiPatch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GeminiPatch.png/170px-GeminiPatch.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GeminiPatch.png/255px-GeminiPatch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GeminiPatch.png/340px-GeminiPatch.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Crewed orbital flight</li><li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">Rendezvous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of spacecraft">docking</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Completed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>$1.3 billion (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-lafleur20100308_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafleur20100308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>$9.1 billion (2023)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">1961–1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_1" title="Gemini 1">Gemini 1</a></li><li>April 8, 1964<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1964-04-08</span>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First crewed flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a></li><li>March 23, 1965<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1965-03-23</span>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini 12</a></li><li>November 11, 1966<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966-11-11</span>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successes</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partial failures</th><td class="infobox-data">2 (<a href="/wiki/Gemini_8" title="Gemini 8">Gemini 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">Gemini 9A</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_19" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 19">LC-19</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Vehicle information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crewed vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Spacecraft">Gemini capsule</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan II GLV</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Space program of the United States">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding: 0 0.2em; font-size: 120%"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States space program</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/90px-NASA_logo.svg.png" 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/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px; font-size: 95%"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Human spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Robotic spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">CRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">GLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_program" class="mw-redirect" title="New Millennium program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-37</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Spaceports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">Western Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems#United_States" title="List of orbital launch systems">Space launch vehicles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha"><i>Alpha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_III" title="Minotaur III"><i>III</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus" title="Northrop Grumman Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">National security space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States Space Command</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Civil space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">Department of Energy national laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">Office of Commercial Space Transportation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Prediction_Center" title="Space Weather Prediction Center">Space Weather Prediction Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_Growth,_Energy,_and_the_Environment" title="Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment">Department of State Office of Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Commercial space industry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(American_spaceflight_company)" title="Astra (American spaceflight company)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Intelligence_%26_Space" title="Raytheon Intelligence & Space">Raytheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Innovation_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems">Northrop Grumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSL_(company)" title="SSL (company)">SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Orbit" title="Virgin Orbit">Virgin Orbit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Template:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Template talk:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Project Gemini</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) was the second United States <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> program to fly. Conducted after the first American crewed space program, <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> was still in early development, Gemini was conceived in 1961 and concluded in 1966. The Gemini spacecraft carried a two-astronaut crew. Ten Gemini crews and 16 individual astronauts flew <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) missions during 1965 and 1966. </p><p>Gemini's objective was the development of space travel techniques to support the Apollo mission to <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">land astronauts on the Moon</a>. In doing so, it allowed the United States to catch up and overcome the lead in <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> capability the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had obtained in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>, by demonstrating mission endurance up to just under 14 days, longer than the eight days required for a round trip to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; methods of performing <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA) without tiring; and the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">orbital maneuvers</a> necessary to achieve <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">rendezvous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of spacecraft">docking</a> with another spacecraft. This left Apollo free to pursue its prime mission without spending time developing these techniques. </p><p>All Gemini flights were <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket launch">launched</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_19" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 19">Launch Complex 19</a> (LC-19) at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Kennedy_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Kennedy Air Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a> in Florida. Their <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan II GLV</a>, a modified <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-two_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gemini was the first program to use the newly built <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a> at the Houston <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> for <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller#NASA's_flight_controllers" title="Flight controller">flight control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-control_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-control-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project also used the <a href="/wiki/Agena_target_vehicle" title="Agena target vehicle">Agena target vehicle</a>, a modified <a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Atlas-Agena</a> upper stage, used to develop and practice orbital rendezvous and docking techniques. </p><p>The astronaut corps that supported Project Gemini included the "<a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a>", "<a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2" title="NASA Astronaut Group 2">The New Nine</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="NASA Astronaut Group 3">The Fourteen</a>". During the program, three astronauts died in air crashes during training, including both members of the prime crew for Gemini 9. The backup crew flew this mission. </p><p>Gemini was robust enough that the United States Air Force planned to use it for the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbital_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned Orbital Laboratory">Manned Orbital Laboratory</a> (MOL) program, which was later canceled. Gemini's chief designer, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Chamberlin" title="Jim Chamberlin">Jim Chamberlin</a>, also made detailed plans for <a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Cislunar_space" title="Outer space">cislunar</a> and lunar landing missions in late 1961. He believed Gemini spacecraft could fly in lunar operations before Project Apollo, and cost less. NASA's administration did not approve those plans. In 1969, Lukas Bingham proposed a "<a href="/wiki/Big_Gemini" title="Big Gemini">Big Gemini</a>" that could have been used to shuttle up to 12 astronauts to the planned space stations in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Applications Project">Apollo Applications Project</a> (AAP). The only AAP project funded was <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> (The first American space station) – which used existing spacecraft and hardware – thereby eliminating the need for Big Gemini. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constellation for which the project was named is commonly pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, the last syllable rhyming with <i>eye</i>. However, staff of the Manned Spacecraft Center, including the astronauts, tended to pronounce the name <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>, rhyming with <i>knee</i>. NASA's public affairs office then issued a statement in 1965 declaring "Jeh'-mih-nee" the "official" pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTFirstMan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTFirstMan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a>, acting as Houston <a href="/wiki/Capsule_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule communicator">capsule communicator</a> when <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> performed his spacewalk on <a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a>, is heard on flight recordings pronouncing the spacecraft's call sign "Jeh-mih-nee 4", and the NASA pronunciation is used in the 2018 film <i><a href="/wiki/First_Man_(film)" title="First Man (film)">First Man</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTFirstMan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTFirstMan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_origins_and_objectives">Program origins and objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Program origins and objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> was conceived in early 1960 as a three-man spacecraft to follow <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jim_Chamberlin" title="Jim Chamberlin">Jim Chamberlin</a>, the head of engineering at the <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (STG), was assigned in February 1961 to start working on a bridge program between Mercury and Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGainor200193,_97–99_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGainor200193,_97–99-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presented two initial versions of a two-man spacecraft, then designated Mercury Mark II, at a NASA retreat at Wallops Island in March 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGainor200193,_97–99_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGainor200193,_97–99-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scale models were shown in July 1961 at the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft Corporation</a>'s offices in St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGainor200193,_97–99_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGainor200193,_97–99-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Apollo was chartered to land men on the Moon by <a href="/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="President John F. Kennedy">President John F. Kennedy</a> on May 25, 1961, it became evident to NASA officials that a follow-on to the Mercury program was required to develop certain spaceflight capabilities in support of Apollo. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> approved the two-man / two-vehicle program rechristened Project Gemini (Latin for "twins"), in reference to <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(constellation)" title="Gemini (constellation)">the third constellation of the Zodiac</a> with its twin stars <a href="/wiki/Castor_(star)" title="Castor (star)">Castor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollux_(star)" title="Pollux (star)">Pollux</a>, on December 7, 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGainor200193,_97–99_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGainor200193,_97–99-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McDonnell Aircraft was contracted to build it on December 22, 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood1977XV,_75_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood1977XV,_75-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was publicly announced on January 3, 1962, with these major objectives:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoff2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoff2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>To demonstrate endurance of humans and equipment in spaceflight for extended periods, at least eight days required for a Moon landing, to a maximum of two weeks</li> <li>To effect <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">rendezvous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of spacecraft">docking</a> with another vehicle, and to maneuver the combined spacecraft using the propulsion system of the target vehicle</li> <li>To demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">Extra-Vehicular Activity</a> (EVA), or space-"walks" outside the protection of the spacecraft, and to evaluate the astronauts' ability to perform tasks there</li> <li>To perfect techniques of atmospheric reentry and touchdown at a pre-selected location on land<sup id="cite_ref-reentry_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reentry-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Team">Team</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Team"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chamberlin designed the Gemini capsule, which carried a crew of two. He was previously the chief <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamicist">aerodynamicist</a> on <a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada" title="Avro Canada">Avro Canada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow"> CF-105 Arrow</a> fighter interceptor program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayCox198933–34_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayCox198933–34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlin joined NASA along with 25 senior Avro engineers after cancellation of the Canadian Arrow program, and became head of the U.S. Space Task Group's engineering division in charge of Gemini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayCox198933–34_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayCox198933–34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReguly19657_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReguly19657-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime contractor was McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, which was also the prime contractor for the <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a> capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood197775_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood197775-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a> was heavily involved in the development and design of the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini spacecraft">Gemini spacecraft</a>. What other Mercury astronauts dubbed "Gusmobile" was so designed around Grissom's 5'6" body that, when NASA discovered in 1963 that 14 of 16 astronauts would not fit in the spacecraft, the interior had to be redesigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgle1998_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgle1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grissom wrote in his posthumous 1968 book <i>Gemini!</i> that the realization of <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a>'s end and the unlikelihood of his having another flight in that program prompted him to focus all his efforts on the upcoming Gemini program.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gemini program was managed by the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>, under direction of the Office of Manned Space Flight, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Headquarters, Washington, D.C. Dr. <a href="/wiki/George_E._Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Mueller">George E. Mueller</a>, Associate Administrator of NASA for Manned Space Flight, served as acting director of the Gemini program. William C. Schneider, Deputy Director of Manned Space Flight for Mission Operations served as mission director on all Gemini flights beginning with Gemini 6A. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Wendt" class="mw-redirect" title="Guenter Wendt">Guenter Wendt</a> was a McDonnell engineer who supervised launch preparations for both the Mercury and Gemini programs and would go on to do the same when the Apollo program launched crews. His team was responsible for completion of the complex pad close-out procedures just prior to spacecraft launch, and he was the last person the astronauts would see prior to closing the hatch. The astronauts appreciated his taking absolute authority over, and responsibility for, the condition of the spacecraft and developed a good-humored rapport with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarmerHamblin200451–54_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmerHamblin200451–54-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gemini_spacecraft.jpg/220px-Gemini_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gemini_spacecraft.jpg/330px-Gemini_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gemini_spacecraft.jpg/440px-Gemini_spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption>A cutaway illustration of the Gemini spacecraft. The Adapter module in white, the Reentry module in grey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASM-A19680273000-NASM2019-10008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NASM-A19680273000-NASM2019-10008.jpg/220px-NASM-A19680273000-NASM2019-10008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NASM-A19680273000-NASM2019-10008.jpg/330px-NASM-A19680273000-NASM2019-10008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NASM-A19680273000-NASM2019-10008.jpg/440px-NASM-A19680273000-NASM2019-10008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6200" data-file-height="8272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini 7</a> capsule</figcaption></figure> <p>NASA selected <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft</a>, which had been the prime contractor for the <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a> capsule, in 1961 to build the Gemini capsule, the first of which was delivered in 1963. The spacecraft was 18 feet 5 inches (5.61 m) long and 10 feet (3.0 m) wide, with a launch weight varying from 7,100 to 8,350 pounds (3,220 to 3,790 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatland197642_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatland197642-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gemini crew capsule (referred to as the Reentry Module) was essentially an enlarged version of the Mercury capsule. Unlike Mercury, the <a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorockets</a>, electrical power, propulsion systems, oxygen, and water were located in a detachable Adapter Module behind the Reentry Module which would burn up on reentry. A major design improvement in Gemini was to locate all internal spacecraft systems in modular components, which could be independently tested and replaced when necessary, without removing or disturbing other already tested components. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reentry_module">Reentry module</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reentry module"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many components in the capsule itself were reachable through their own small access doors. Unlike Mercury, Gemini used completely solid-state electronics, and its modular design made it easy to repair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDryden1964362_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDryden1964362-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gemini's emergency <a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system" title="Launch escape system">launch escape system</a> did not use an escape tower powered by a <a href="/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-fuel rocket">solid-fuel rocket</a>, but instead used aircraft-style <a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">ejection seats</a>. The tower was heavy and complicated, and NASA engineers reasoned that they could do away with it as the Titan II's <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic propellants</a> would burn immediately on contact. A Titan II booster explosion had a smaller blast effect and flame than on the cryogenically fueled Atlas and Saturn. Ejection seats were sufficient to separate the astronauts from a malfunctioning launch vehicle. At higher altitudes, where the ejection seats could not be used, the astronauts would return to Earth inside the spacecraft, which would separate from the launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDryden1964364_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDryden1964364-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main proponent of using ejection seats was Chamberlin, who had never liked the Mercury escape tower and wished to use a simpler alternative that would also reduce weight. He reviewed several films of Atlas and Titan II ICBM failures, which he used to estimate the approximate size of a fireball produced by an exploding launch vehicle and from this he gauged that the Titan II would produce a much smaller explosion, thus the spacecraft could get away with ejection seats. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_heat_shield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gemini_heat_shield.jpg/150px-Gemini_heat_shield.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gemini_heat_shield.jpg/225px-Gemini_heat_shield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gemini_heat_shield.jpg/300px-Gemini_heat_shield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Unablated Gemini heat shield</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_Spacecraft_Heat_Shield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gemini_Spacecraft_Heat_Shield.jpg/150px-Gemini_Spacecraft_Heat_Shield.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gemini_Spacecraft_Heat_Shield.jpg/225px-Gemini_Spacecraft_Heat_Shield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gemini_Spacecraft_Heat_Shield.jpg/300px-Gemini_Spacecraft_Heat_Shield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Ablated Gemini heat shield</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Faget" title="Maxime Faget">Maxime Faget</a>, the designer of the Mercury LES, was on the other hand less-than-enthusiastic about this setup. Aside from the possibility of the ejection seats seriously injuring the astronauts, they would also only be usable for about 40 seconds after liftoff, by which point the booster would be attaining Mach 1 speed and ejection would no longer be possible. He was also concerned about the astronauts being launched through the Titan's exhaust plume if they ejected in-flight and later added, "The best thing about Gemini was that they never had to make an escape."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gemini ejection system was never tested with the Gemini cabin pressurized with pure oxygen, as it was prior to launch. In January 1967, the fatal <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> fire demonstrated that pressurizing a spacecraft with pure oxygen created an extremely dangerous fire hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1997 oral history, astronaut <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a> commented on the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini 6">Gemini 6</a> launch abort in December 1965, when he and command pilot <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a> nearly ejected from the spacecraft: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So it turns out what we would have seen, had we had to do that, would have been two Roman candles going out, because we were 15 or 16 psi, pure oxygen, soaking in that for an hour and a half. You remember the tragic fire we had at the Cape. (...) Jesus, with that fire going off and that, it would have burned the suits. Everything was soaked in oxygen. So thank God. That was another thing: NASA never tested it under the conditions that they would have had if they would have had to eject. They did have some tests at China Lake where they had a simulated mock-up of Gemini capsule, but what they did is fill it full of nitrogen. They didn't have it filled full of oxygen in the sled test they had.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gemini was the first astronaut-carrying spacecraft to include an onboard computer, the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Guidance_Computer" title="Gemini Guidance Computer">Gemini Guidance Computer</a>, to facilitate management and control of mission maneuvers. This computer, sometimes called the Gemini Spacecraft On-Board Computer (OBC), was very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Launch_Vehicle_Digital_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Launch Vehicle Digital Computer">Saturn Launch Vehicle Digital Computer</a>. The Gemini Guidance Computer weighed 58.98 pounds (26.75 kg). Its <a href="/wiki/Core_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Core memory">core memory</a> had 4096 <a href="/wiki/Memory_address" title="Memory address">addresses</a>, each containing a 39-bit <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">word</a> composed of three 13-bit "syllables". All numeric data was <a href="/wiki/26-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="26-bit">26-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Two%27s-complement" class="mw-redirect" title="Two's-complement">two's-complement</a> integers (sometimes used as <a href="/wiki/Fixed-point_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed-point number">fixed-point numbers</a>), either stored in the first two syllables of a word or in the <a href="/wiki/Accumulator_(computing)" title="Accumulator (computing)">accumulator</a>. <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">Instructions</a> (always with a 4-bit <a href="/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode">opcode</a> and 9 bits of operand) could go in any syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomayko198810–19_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomayko198810–19-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkey2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkey2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Mercury, Gemini used in-flight <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">artificial horizon</a>, similar to those used in the aviation industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomayko198810–19_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomayko198810–19-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Mercury, Gemini used a <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a> to give the astronauts manual control of <a href="/wiki/Yaw,_pitch,_and_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaw, pitch, and roll">yaw, pitch, and roll</a>. Gemini added control of the spacecraft's <a href="/wiki/Translation_(geometry)#Translations_in_physics" title="Translation (geometry)">translation</a> (forward, backward, up, down, and sideways) with a pair of T-shaped handles (one for each crew member). Translation control enabled <a href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of spacecraft">rendezvous and docking</a>, and crew control of the flight path. The same controller types were also used in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo spacecraft">Apollo spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgle1998_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgle1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_paraglider.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gemini_paraglider.JPG/220px-Gemini_paraglider.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gemini_paraglider.JPG/330px-Gemini_paraglider.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Gemini_paraglider.JPG 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Gemini paraglider during tests at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> in August 1964.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original intention for Gemini was to land on solid ground instead of at sea, using a <a href="/wiki/Rogallo_wing" title="Rogallo wing">Rogallo wing</a> rather than a parachute, with the crew seated upright controlling the forward motion of the craft. To facilitate this, the airfoil did not attach just to the nose of the craft, but to an additional attachment point for balance near the heat shield. This cord was covered by a strip of metal which ran between the twin hatches.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design was ultimately dropped, and parachutes were used to make a sea landing as in Mercury. The capsule was suspended at an angle closer to horizontal, so that a side of the heat shield contacted the water first. This eliminated the need for the landing bag cushion used in the Mercury capsule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adapter_module">Adapter module</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adapter module"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adapter module in turn was separated into a Retro module and an Equipment module. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retro_module">Retro module</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Retro module"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Retro module contained four solid-fuel TE-M-385 <a href="/wiki/Star_(rocket_stage)" title="Star (rocket stage)">Star-13</a>E retrorockets, each spherical in shape except for its rocket nozzle, which were structurally attached to two beams that reached across the diameter of the retro module, crossing at right angles in the center.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Re-entry began with the retrorockets firing one at a time. Abort procedures at certain periods during lift-off would cause them to fire at the same time, thrusting the Descent module away from the Titan rocket. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equipment_module">Equipment module</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Equipment module"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gemini was equipped with an <a href="/wiki/Orbit_attitude_and_maneuvering_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbit attitude and maneuvering system">Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System</a> (OAMS), containing sixteen thrusters for <a href="/wiki/Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">translation</a> control in all three perpendicular axes (forward/backward, left/right, up/down), in addition to <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> (pitch, yaw, and roll angle orientation) as in Mercury. Translation control allowed changing <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">orbital inclination</a> and altitude, necessary to perform <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">space rendezvous</a> with other craft, and <a href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of spacecraft">docking</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Agena_target_vehicle" title="Agena target vehicle">Agena Target Vehicle</a> (ATV), with its own rocket engine which could be used to perform greater orbit changes. </p><p>Early short-duration missions had their electrical power supplied by batteries; later endurance missions used the first <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> in crewed spacecraft. </p><p>Gemini was in some regards more advanced than Apollo because the latter program began almost a year earlier. It became known as a "pilot's spacecraft" due to its assortment of jet fighter-like features, in no small part due to Gus Grissom's influence over the design, and it was at this point where the US crewed space program clearly began showing its superiority over that of the Soviet Union with long duration flight, rendezvous, and extravehicular capability.<sup id="cite_ref-advanced_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advanced-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union during this period was developing the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> spacecraft intended to take cosmonauts to the Moon, but political and technical problems began to get in the way, leading to the ultimate end of their crewed lunar program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_vehicle">Launch vehicle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Launch vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan II GLV</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Titan_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan II">Titan II</a> debuted in 1962 as the Air Force's second-generation ICBM to replace the Atlas. By using hypergolic fuels, it could be stored longer and be easily readied for launch in addition to being a simpler design with fewer components. The only caveat was the propellant mix (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen tetroxide">nitrogen tetroxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>) were extremely toxic compared to the Atlas' liquid oxygen/RP-1. However, the Titan had considerable difficulty being man-rated due to early problems with <a href="/wiki/Pogo_oscillation" title="Pogo oscillation">pogo oscillation</a>. The launch vehicle used a radio guidance system that was unique to launches from Cape Kennedy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronauts">Astronauts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Astronauts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronauts_White_and_McDivitt_Inside_Gemini_IV_Spacecraft_-_GPN-2002-000031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Astronauts_White_and_McDivitt_Inside_Gemini_IV_Spacecraft_-_GPN-2002-000031.jpg/220px-Astronauts_White_and_McDivitt_Inside_Gemini_IV_Spacecraft_-_GPN-2002-000031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Astronauts_White_and_McDivitt_Inside_Gemini_IV_Spacecraft_-_GPN-2002-000031.jpg/330px-Astronauts_White_and_McDivitt_Inside_Gemini_IV_Spacecraft_-_GPN-2002-000031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Astronauts_White_and_McDivitt_Inside_Gemini_IV_Spacecraft_-_GPN-2002-000031.jpg/440px-Astronauts_White_and_McDivitt_Inside_Gemini_IV_Spacecraft_-_GPN-2002-000031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption>Astronauts White and McDivitt inside the Gemini 4 spacecraft, 1965</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini8.1966.ws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gemini8.1966.ws.jpg/220px-Gemini8.1966.ws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gemini8.1966.ws.jpg/330px-Gemini8.1966.ws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gemini8.1966.ws.jpg/440px-Gemini8.1966.ws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>Gemini 8 prime crew and other astronauts at prelaunch breakfast, 1966</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>, as director of flight crew operations, had primary responsibility for assigning crews for the Gemini program. Each flight had a primary crew and backup crew, and the backup crew would rotate to primary crew status three flights later. Slayton intended for first choice of mission commands to be given to the four remaining active astronauts of the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a>, Grissom, Cooper, and Schirra. (<a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> had retired from NASA in January 1964 and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a>, who was blamed by some in NASA management for the problematic reentry of <i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7" title="Mercury-Atlas 7">Aurora 7</a></i>, was on leave to participate in the Navy's <a href="/wiki/SEALAB_(United_States_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="SEALAB (United States Navy)">SEALAB</a> project and was grounded from flight in July 1964 due to an arm injury sustained in a motorbike accident. Slayton himself continued to be grounded due to a heart problem.) As for Shepard, during training on the Gemini Project, his inner ear deficiency due to <a href="/wiki/Meni%C3%A8re%27s_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Menière's Disease">Menière's Disease</a> would effectively ground him as well and keep him removed from the flight roster until he underwent corrective surgery and would not fly on Gemini at all, but return to flight with <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a> as Commander. </p><p>Titles used for the left-hand (command) and right-hand (pilot) seat crew positions were taken from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_aeronautical_rating" title="U.S. Air Force aeronautical rating">U.S. Air Force pilot ratings</a>, <i>Command Pilot</i> and <i>Pilot</i>. Sixteen astronauts flew on 10 crewed Gemini missions: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_4_Astronauts_Meet_Yuri_Gagarin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gemini_4_Astronauts_Meet_Yuri_Gagarin.jpg/220px-Gemini_4_Astronauts_Meet_Yuri_Gagarin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gemini_4_Astronauts_Meet_Yuri_Gagarin.jpg/330px-Gemini_4_Astronauts_Meet_Yuri_Gagarin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gemini_4_Astronauts_Meet_Yuri_Gagarin.jpg/440px-Gemini_4_Astronauts_Meet_Yuri_Gagarin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2819" data-file-height="2198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> shakes hand with Gemini 4 astronauts, 1965</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media 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<tbody><tr> <th>Group </th> <th>Astronaut </th> <th>Service </th> <th>Mission, prime crew position </th> <th>Mission, backup crew position </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Astronaut Group 1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">USAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">Gemini 5</a> Command Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 12 Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Virgil "Gus" Grissom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a> Command Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 6A Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Walter M. Schirra</a> </td> <td>USN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">Gemini 6A</a> Command Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 3 Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Group_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Group 2">Astronaut Group 2</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Civilian<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_8" title="Gemini 8">Gemini 8</a> Command Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 5 Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gemini 11 Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> </td> <td>USAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini 7</a> Command Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 4 Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Charles "Pete" Conrad</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">USN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">Gemini 5</a> Pilot </td> <td rowspan="2">Gemini 8 Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_11" title="Gemini 11">Gemini 11</a> Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">USN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini 7</a> Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 4 Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini 12</a> Command Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 9A Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">James McDivitt</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">USAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a> Command Pilot </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">Gemini 6A</a> Pilot </td> <td rowspan="2">Gemini 3 Pilot<sup id="cite_ref-stafford_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stafford-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">Gemini 9A</a> Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a> Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 7 Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">USN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a> Pilot </td> <td rowspan="2">Gemini 6A Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_10" title="Gemini 10">Gemini 10</a> Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Group_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Group 3">Astronaut Group 3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin</a> </td> <td>USAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini 12</a> Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 9A Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a> </td> <td>USN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">Gemini 9A</a> Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 12 Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> </td> <td>USAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_10" title="Gemini 10">Gemini 10</a> Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 7 Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard F. Gordon</a> </td> <td>USN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_11" title="Gemini 11">Gemini 11</a> Pilot </td> <td>Gemini 8 Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> </td> <td>USAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_8" title="Gemini 8">Gemini 8</a> Pilot </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Astronauts selected but did not fly </th></tr> <tr> <td>Astronaut Group 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> </td> <td>USN </td> <td>Gemini 3 Command Pilot<sup id="cite_ref-Shepard_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepard-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Astronaut Group 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elliot_See" title="Elliot See">Elliot See</a> </td> <td>Civilian<sup id="cite_ref-See_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-See-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Gemini 9 Command Pilot<sup id="cite_ref-nine_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Gemini 5 Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Astronaut Group 3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">USAF </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Gemini 11 Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bassett" title="Charles Bassett">Charles Bassett</a> </td> <td>Gemini 9 Pilot<sup id="cite_ref-nine_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> </td> <td>USN </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Gemini 10 Command Pilot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Williams" title="Clifton Williams">Clifton Williams</a> </td> <td>USMC </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Gemini 10 Pilot </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crew_selection">Crew selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crew selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 1963, Slayton selected Shepard and Stafford for Gemini 3, McDivitt and White for Gemini 4, and Schirra and Young for Gemini 5 (which was to be the first Agena rendezvous mission). The backup crew for Gemini 3 was Grissom and Borman, who were also slated for <a href="/wiki/Gemini_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini 6">Gemini 6</a>, to be the first long-duration mission. Finally Conrad and Lovell were assigned as the backup crew for <a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a>. </p><p>Delays in the production of the Agena Target Vehicle caused the first rearrangement of the crew rotation. The Schirra and Young mission was bumped to Gemini 6 and they became the backup crew for Shepard and Stafford. Grissom and Borman then had their long-duration mission assigned to Gemini 5. </p><p>The second rearrangement occurred when Shepard developed <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a>, an inner ear problem. Grissom was then moved to command Gemini 3. Slayton felt that Young was a better personality match with Grissom and switched Stafford and Young. Finally, Slayton tapped Cooper to command the long-duration Gemini 5. Again for reasons of compatibility, he moved Conrad from backup commander of Gemini 4 to pilot of Gemini 5, and Borman to backup command of Gemini 4. Finally he assigned Armstrong and <a href="/wiki/Elliot_See" title="Elliot See">Elliot See</a> to be the backup crew for Gemini 5. The third rearrangement of crew assignment occurred when Slayton felt that See wasn't up to the physical demands of EVA on Gemini 8. He reassigned See to be the prime commander of Gemini 9 and put Scott as pilot of Gemini 8 and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bassett" title="Charles Bassett">Charles Bassett</a> as the pilot of Gemini 9. </p><p>The fourth and final rearrangement of the Gemini crew assignment occurred after the deaths of See and Bassett when their trainer jet crashed, coincidentally into a McDonnell building which held their Gemini 9 capsule in St. Louis. The backup crew of Stafford and Cernan was then moved up to the new prime crew of Gemini 9A. Lovell and Aldrin were moved from being the backup crew of Gemini 10 to be the backup crew of Gemini 9. This cleared the way through the crew rotation for Lovell and Aldrin to become the prime crew of Gemini 12. </p><p>Along with the deaths of Grissom, White, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Chaffee">Roger Chaffee</a> in the fire of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a>, this final arrangement helped determine the makeup of the first seven Apollo crews, and who would be in position for a chance to be the first to walk on the Moon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions">Missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_5_control_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gemini_5_control_room.jpg/220px-Gemini_5_control_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gemini_5_control_room.jpg/330px-Gemini_5_control_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gemini_5_control_room.jpg/440px-Gemini_5_control_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4295" data-file-height="3157" /></a><figcaption>Gemini Mission Control in Houston during Gemini 5</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1964 and January 1965, two Gemini missions were flown without crews to test systems and the heat shield. These were followed by 10 flights with crews in 1965 and 1966. All were launched by Titan II launch vehicles. Some highlights from the Gemini program: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a> (Grissom and Young) was the first crewed Gemini mission, first multi-crewed US mission, and the first crewed spacecraft to use thrusters to change its orbit.</li> <li>On <a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> became the first American to make an <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA, or "spacewalk") on June 3, 1965.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">Gemini 5</a> (August 21–29, 1965) demonstrated the 8-day endurance necessary for an Apollo lunar mission with the first use of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> to generate its electrical power.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">Gemini 6A</a> accomplished the first <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">space rendezvous</a> with its sister craft <a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini 7</a> in December 1965, with Gemini 7 setting a 14-day endurance record for its flight.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_8" title="Gemini 8">Gemini 8</a> achieved the first <a href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of spacecraft">space docking</a> with an uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Agena_target_vehicle" title="Agena target vehicle">Agena target vehicle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_10" title="Gemini 10">Gemini 10</a> established that radiation at high altitude was not a problem, further demonstrated the ability to rendezvous with a passive object, and was the first Gemini mission to fire the Agena's own rocket. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> would be the first person to meet another spacecraft in orbit, during his second successful EVA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_11" title="Gemini 11">Gemini 11</a> first direct-ascent (first orbit) rendezvous with an Agena Target Vehicle, docking with it 1 hour 34 minutes after launch. Set a crewed Earth orbital altitude record of 739.2 nautical miles (1,369.0 km) in September 1966, using the Agena target vehicle's propulsion system. This record was broken in September 2024 by the <a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a> mission.</li> <li>On <a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin</a> became the first space traveler to prove that useful work (<a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVA</a>) could be done outside a spacecraft without life-threatening exhaustion, due to newly implemented footholds, handholds, and scheduled rest periods.</li></ul> <p>Rendezvous in orbit is not a straightforward maneuver. Should a spacecraft increase its speed to catch up with another, the result is that it goes into a higher and slower orbit and the distance thereby increases. The right procedure is to go to a lower orbit first and which increases relative speed, and then approach the target spacecraft from below and decrease orbital speed to meet it.<sup id="cite_ref-rendezAldrin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rendezAldrin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To practice these maneuvers, special rendezvous and docking simulators were built for the astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-rendezSim_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rendezSim-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_White_with_Space_Gun_maneuvering_unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edward White during spacewalk, Gemini 4, June 1965"><img alt="Edward White during spacewalk, Gemini 4, June 1965" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ed_White_with_Space_Gun_maneuvering_unit.jpg/171px-Ed_White_with_Space_Gun_maneuvering_unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ed_White_with_Space_Gun_maneuvering_unit.jpg/256px-Ed_White_with_Space_Gun_maneuvering_unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ed_White_with_Space_Gun_maneuvering_unit.jpg/341px-Ed_White_with_Space_Gun_maneuvering_unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5664" data-file-height="5976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Edward White during spacewalk, Gemini 4, June 1965</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rendezvous of Gemini 6A and 7, December 1965"><img alt="Rendezvous of Gemini 6A and 7, December 1965" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg/180px-Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg/270px-Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg/360px-Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="4069" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rendezvous of Gemini 6A and 7, December 1965</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_Docking_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001344.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First docking; Agena target is seen from Gemini 8, March 1966"><img alt="First docking; Agena target is seen from Gemini 8, March 1966" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_First_Docking_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001344.jpg/180px-The_First_Docking_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001344.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_First_Docking_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001344.jpg/270px-The_First_Docking_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001344.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_First_Docking_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001344.jpg/360px-The_First_Docking_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001344.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3174" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First docking; Agena target is seen from Gemini 8, March 1966</div> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mission </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">LV</a> serial N<sup>o</sup> </th> <th>Spacecraft Nº </th> <th>Command Pilot </th> <th>Pilot </th> <th>Mission dates </th> <th>Launch time </th> <th>Duration </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_1" title="Gemini 1">Gemini 1</a> </td> <td>GLV-1 12556 </td> <td>SC1 </td> <td>Uncrewed </td> <td>Uncrewed </td> <td>8–12 April 1964 </td> <td>16:00 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> </td> <td>03d 23h<sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">First test flight of Gemini; spacecraft was intentionally destroyed during re-entry<br /><small>1: The mission duration was 4h 50m, sufficient to achieve all of the mission aims in three orbits; the spacecraft remained in orbit for 3d 23h.</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_2" title="Gemini 2">Gemini 2</a> </td> <td>GLV-2 12557 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_SC-2" title="Gemini SC-2">SC2</a> </td> <td>Uncrewed </td> <td>Uncrewed </td> <td>19 January 1965 </td> <td>14:04 UTC </td> <td>00d 00h 18m 16s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Suborbital flight</a> to test heat shield </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gemini3.png/45px-Gemini3.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gemini3.png/68px-Gemini3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gemini3.png/90px-Gemini3.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>GLV-3 12558 </td> <td>SC3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Grissom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">Young</a> </td> <td>23 March 1965 </td> <td>14:24 UTC </td> <td>00d 04h 52m 31s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">First crewed Gemini flight, three orbits. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini IV</a> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_Four_patch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gemini_Four_patch.jpg/45px-Gemini_Four_patch.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gemini_Four_patch.jpg/68px-Gemini_Four_patch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gemini_Four_patch.jpg/90px-Gemini_Four_patch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="474" /></a></span> </td> <td>GLV-4 12559 </td> <td>SC4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">McDivitt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">White</a> </td> <td>3–7 June 1965 </td> <td>15:16 UTC </td> <td>04d 01h 56m 12s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Included first <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA) by an American; White's "space walk" was a 22-minute EVA exercise. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">Gemini V</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini5insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gemini5insignia.png/45px-Gemini5insignia.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gemini5insignia.png/68px-Gemini5insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gemini5insignia.png/90px-Gemini5insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span> </td> <td>GLV-5 12560 </td> <td>SC5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Cooper</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Conrad</a> </td> <td>21–29 August 1965 </td> <td>14:00 UTC </td> <td>07d 22h 55m 14s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">First week-long flight; first use of fuel cells for electrical power; evaluated guidance and navigation system for future rendezvous missions. Completed 120 orbits. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini VII</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_VII_patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gemini_VII_patch.png/45px-Gemini_VII_patch.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gemini_VII_patch.png/68px-Gemini_VII_patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gemini_VII_patch.png/90px-Gemini_VII_patch.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="677" /></a></span> </td> <td>GLV-7 12562 </td> <td>SC7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Borman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Lovell</a> </td> <td>4–18 December 1965 </td> <td>19:30 UTC </td> <td>13d 18h 35m 01s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">When the original Gemini VI mission was scrubbed because the launch of the Agena docking target failed, Gemini VII was used as the rendezvous target instead. Primary objective was to determine whether humans could live in space for 14 days. Completed 206 orbits. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">Gemini VI-A</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_6A_patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gemini_6A_patch.png/45px-Gemini_6A_patch.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gemini_6A_patch.png/68px-Gemini_6A_patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gemini_6A_patch.png/90px-Gemini_6A_patch.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="831" /></a></span> </td> <td>GLV-6 12561 </td> <td>SC6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Schirra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Stafford</a> </td> <td>15–16 December 1965 </td> <td>13:37 UTC </td> <td>01d 01h 51m 24s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Rescheduled from October to rendezvous with Gemini VII after the original Agena Target Vehicle launch failed. First space rendezvous accomplished, station-keeping for over five hours at distances from 1 to 300 feet (0.30 to 91 m). First musical instruments played in space; crew played "<a href="/wiki/Jingle_Bells" title="Jingle Bells">Jingle Bells</a>" on a harmonica and a ring of small bells as part of a jocular <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> sighting.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_8" title="Gemini 8">Gemini VIII</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ge08Patch_orig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ge08Patch_orig.png/45px-Ge08Patch_orig.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ge08Patch_orig.png/68px-Ge08Patch_orig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ge08Patch_orig.png/90px-Ge08Patch_orig.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="194" /></a></span> </td> <td>GLV-8 12563 </td> <td>SC8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Armstrong</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">Scott</a> </td> <td>16–17 March 1966 </td> <td>16:41 UTC </td> <td>00d 10h 41m 26s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Accomplished first docking with another space vehicle, an uncrewed Agena Target Vehicle. While docked, a Gemini spacecraft thruster malfunction caused near-fatal tumbling of the craft, which, after undocking, Armstrong was able to overcome; the crew effected the first emergency landing of a crewed U.S. space mission. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">Gemini IX-A</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ge09Patch_orig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ge09Patch_orig.png/45px-Ge09Patch_orig.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ge09Patch_orig.png/68px-Ge09Patch_orig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ge09Patch_orig.png/90px-Ge09Patch_orig.png 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="2708" /></a></span> </td> <td>GLV-9 12564 </td> <td>SC9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Stafford</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Cernan</a> </td> <td>3–6 June 1966 </td> <td>13:39 UTC </td> <td>03d 00h 20m 50s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Rescheduled from May to rendezvous and dock with the <a href="/wiki/Augmented_Target_Docking_Adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Augmented Target Docking Adapter">Augmented Target Docking Adapter</a> (ATDA) after the original Agena Target Vehicle launch failed. The ATDA shroud did not completely separate, making docking impossible (right). Three different types of rendezvous, two hours of EVA, and 44 orbits were completed.</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_9_Docking_target.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gemini_9_Docking_target.jpg/100px-Gemini_9_Docking_target.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gemini_9_Docking_target.jpg/150px-Gemini_9_Docking_target.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gemini_9_Docking_target.jpg/200px-Gemini_9_Docking_target.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1574" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_10" title="Gemini 10">Gemini X</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_10_mission_patch_original.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gemini_10_mission_patch_original.png/45px-Gemini_10_mission_patch_original.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gemini_10_mission_patch_original.png/68px-Gemini_10_mission_patch_original.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gemini_10_mission_patch_original.png/90px-Gemini_10_mission_patch_original.png 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="2330" /></a></span> </td> <td>GLV-10 12565 </td> <td>SC10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">Young</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Collins</a> </td> <td>18–21 July 1966 </td> <td>22:20 UTC </td> <td>02d 22h 46m 39s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">First use of the Agena Target Vehicle's propulsion systems. The spacecraft also rendezvoused with the Agena Target Vehicle from Gemini VIII. Collins had 49 minutes of EVA standing in the hatch and 39 minutes of EVA to retrieve experiments from the Agena. 43 orbits completed. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_11" title="Gemini 11">Gemini XI</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_11_patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gemini_11_patch.png/45px-Gemini_11_patch.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gemini_11_patch.png/68px-Gemini_11_patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gemini_11_patch.png/90px-Gemini_11_patch.png 2x" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="6970" /></a></span> </td> <td>GLV-11 12566 </td> <td>SC11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Conrad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Gordon</a> </td> <td>12–15 September 1966 </td> <td>14:42 UTC </td> <td>02d 23h 17m 09s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Gemini record altitude with <a href="/wiki/Apogee" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a> of 739.2 nautical miles (1,369.0 km)<sup id="cite_ref-Dumoulin_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumoulin-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reached using the Agena Target Vehicle propulsion system after first orbit rendezvous and docking. Gordon made a 33-minute EVA and two-hour standup EVA. 44 orbits. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini XII</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_12_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gemini_12_insignia.png/45px-Gemini_12_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gemini_12_insignia.png/68px-Gemini_12_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gemini_12_insignia.png/90px-Gemini_12_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="915" /></a></span> </td> <td>GLV-12 12567 </td> <td>SC12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Lovell</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Aldrin</a> </td> <td>11–15 November 1966 </td> <td>20:46 UTC </td> <td>03d 22h 34m 31s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Final Gemini flight. Rendezvoused and docked manually with the target Agena and kept station with it during EVA. Aldrin set an EVA record of 5 hours and 30 minutes for one space walk and two stand-up exercises, and demonstrated solutions to previous EVA problems. 59 orbits completed </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gemini-Titan_launches_and_serial_numbers">Gemini-Titan launches and serial numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gemini-Titan launches and serial numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan II GLV</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:398px;max-width:398px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_Profiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="All Gemini Launches from GT-1 through GT-12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gemini_Profiles.jpg/290px-Gemini_Profiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gemini_Profiles.jpg/435px-Gemini_Profiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gemini_Profiles.jpg/580px-Gemini_Profiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPN-2000-000612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="USAF serial number location on Titan II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/GPN-2000-000612.jpg/100px-GPN-2000-000612.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/GPN-2000-000612.jpg/150px-GPN-2000-000612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/GPN-2000-000612.jpg/200px-GPN-2000-000612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: All Gemini launches from GT-1 through GT-12. Right: USAF serial number location on Titan II</div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Gemini-Titan II</a> launch vehicle was adapted by NASA from the U.S. Air Force <a href="/wiki/LGM-25C_Titan_II" title="LGM-25C Titan II">Titan II ICBM</a>. (Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">Mercury-Atlas</a> launch vehicle had been adapted from the USAF <a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">Atlas missile</a>.) The Gemini-Titan II rockets were assigned Air Force serial numbers, which were painted in four places on each Titan II (on opposite sides on each of the first and second stages). USAF crews maintained Launch Complex 19 and prepared and launched all of the Gemini-Titan II launch vehicles. Data and experience operating the Titans was of value to both the U.S. Air Force and NASA. </p><p>The USAF serial numbers assigned to the Gemini-Titan launch vehicles are given in the tables above. Fifteen Titan IIs were ordered in 1962 so the serial is "62-12XXX", but only "12XXX" is painted on the Titan II. The order for the last three of the 15 launch vehicles was canceled on July 30, 1964, and they were never built. Serial numbers were, however, assigned to them prospectively: <i>12568</i> - GLV-13; <i>12569</i> - GLV-14; and <i>12570</i> - GLV-15. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_cost">Program cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Program cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1962 to 1967, Gemini cost $1.3 billion in 1967 dollars ($9.07 billion in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-lafleur20100308_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafleur20100308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1969, a NASA report to the US Congress estimating the costs for Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo (through the first crewed Moon landing) included $1.2834 billion for Gemini: $797.4 million for spacecraft, $409.8 million for launch vehicles, and $76.2 million for support.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_location_of_hardware">Current location of hardware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Current location of hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_2">Spacecraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gemini 1: Intentionally disintegrated upon re-entry to the atmosphere</li> <li>Gemini 2: <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Space_and_Missile_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space and Missile Museum">Air Force Space and Missile Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>, Florida</li> <li>Gemini III: Grissom Memorial, <a href="/wiki/Spring_Mill_State_Park" title="Spring Mill State Park">Spring Mill State Park</a>, Mitchell, Indiana</li> <li>Gemini IV: <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>, Washington, D.C.</li> <li>Gemini V: <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>, NASA, Houston, Texas</li> <li>Gemini VI: <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="Stafford Air & Space Museum">Stafford Air & Space Museum</a>, Weatherford, Oklahoma</li> <li>Gemini VII: <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a>, Chantilly, Virginia</li> <li>Gemini VIII: <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Air_and_Space_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Armstrong Air and Space Museum">Armstrong Air and Space Museum</a>, Wapakoneta, Ohio</li> <li>Gemini IX: <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, NASA, Merritt Island, Florida</li> <li>Gemini X: <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center">Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center</a>, Hutchinson, Kansas</li> <li>Gemini XI: <a href="/wiki/California_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="California Museum of Science and Industry">California Museum of Science and Industry</a>, Los Angeles, California</li> <li>Gemini XII: <a href="/wiki/Adler_Planetarium" title="Adler Planetarium">Adler Planetarium</a>, Chicago, Illinois</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini2x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini 2 at Air Force Space and Missile Museum in 2006"><img alt="Gemini 2 at Air Force Space and Missile Museum in 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gemini2x.jpg/240px-Gemini2x.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gemini2x.jpg/360px-Gemini2x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gemini2x.jpg/480px-Gemini2x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini 2</i> at Air Force Space and Missile Museum in 2006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini3_Capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini III at Grissom Memorial in 2011"><img alt="Gemini III at Grissom Memorial in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gemini3_Capsule.jpg/240px-Gemini3_Capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gemini3_Capsule.jpg/360px-Gemini3_Capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gemini3_Capsule.jpg/480px-Gemini3_Capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini III</i> at Grissom Memorial in 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_IV_Capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini IV at National Air and Space Museum in 2009"><img alt="Gemini IV at National Air and Space Museum in 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gemini_IV_Capsule.jpg/240px-Gemini_IV_Capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gemini_IV_Capsule.jpg/360px-Gemini_IV_Capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gemini_IV_Capsule.jpg/480px-Gemini_IV_Capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini IV</i> at National Air and Space Museum in 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_V_Space_Center_Houston.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini V at Johnson Space Center in 2011"><img alt="Gemini V at Johnson Space Center in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gemini_V_Space_Center_Houston.JPG/240px-Gemini_V_Space_Center_Houston.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gemini_V_Space_Center_Houston.JPG/360px-Gemini_V_Space_Center_Houston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gemini_V_Space_Center_Houston.JPG/480px-Gemini_V_Space_Center_Houston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini V</i> at Johnson Space Center in 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_VI-A_Oklahoma_History_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini VI-A at Stafford Air & Space Museum in 2011"><img alt="Gemini VI-A at Stafford Air & Space Museum in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gemini_VI-A_Oklahoma_History_Center.JPG/240px-Gemini_VI-A_Oklahoma_History_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gemini_VI-A_Oklahoma_History_Center.JPG/360px-Gemini_VI-A_Oklahoma_History_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gemini_VI-A_Oklahoma_History_Center.JPG/480px-Gemini_VI-A_Oklahoma_History_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini VI-A</i> at Stafford Air & Space Museum in 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASM-2002-591.07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini VII at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center"><img alt="Gemini VII at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NASM-2002-591.07.jpg/154px-NASM-2002-591.07.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NASM-2002-591.07.jpg/232px-NASM-2002-591.07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NASM-2002-591.07.jpg/309px-NASM-2002-591.07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3304" data-file-height="3848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini VII</i> at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_VIII_Capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini VIII at Armstrong Air and Space Museum in 2010"><img alt="Gemini VIII at Armstrong Air and Space Museum in 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gemini_VIII_Capsule.jpg/240px-Gemini_VIII_Capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gemini_VIII_Capsule.jpg/360px-Gemini_VIII_Capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gemini_VIII_Capsule.jpg/480px-Gemini_VIII_Capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini VIII</i> at Armstrong Air and Space Museum in 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_IX-A_Kennedy_Space_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini IX-A at Kennedy Space Center in 2011"><img alt="Gemini IX-A at Kennedy Space Center in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gemini_IX-A_Kennedy_Space_Center.JPG/240px-Gemini_IX-A_Kennedy_Space_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gemini_IX-A_Kennedy_Space_Center.JPG/360px-Gemini_IX-A_Kennedy_Space_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gemini_IX-A_Kennedy_Space_Center.JPG/480px-Gemini_IX-A_Kennedy_Space_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini IX-A</i> at Kennedy Space Center in 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_X_Capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini X at Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center in 2010"><img alt="Gemini X at Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center in 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gemini_X_Capsule.jpg/240px-Gemini_X_Capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gemini_X_Capsule.jpg/360px-Gemini_X_Capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gemini_X_Capsule.jpg/480px-Gemini_X_Capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini X</i> at Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center in 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_11_capsule_(front)_at_California_Science_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini XI at California Museum of Science and Industry in 2013"><img alt="Gemini XI at California Museum of Science and Industry in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gemini_11_capsule_%28front%29_at_California_Science_Center.jpg/120px-Gemini_11_capsule_%28front%29_at_California_Science_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gemini_11_capsule_%28front%29_at_California_Science_Center.jpg/180px-Gemini_11_capsule_%28front%29_at_California_Science_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gemini_11_capsule_%28front%29_at_California_Science_Center.jpg/240px-Gemini_11_capsule_%28front%29_at_California_Science_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini XI</i> at California Museum of Science and Industry in 2013</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_XII_Capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini XII at Adler Planetarium in 2010"><img alt="Gemini XII at Adler Planetarium in 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gemini_XII_Capsule.jpg/240px-Gemini_XII_Capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gemini_XII_Capsule.jpg/360px-Gemini_XII_Capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gemini_XII_Capsule.jpg/480px-Gemini_XII_Capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gemini XII</i> at Adler Planetarium in 2010</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trainers_and_boilerplates">Trainers and boilerplates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trainers and boilerplates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gemini 3A (2411): <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Science Center">St. Louis Science Center</a>, St. Louis, Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gemini MOL-B (2411): <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the United States Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base">Wright-Patterson Air Force Base</a>, Dayton, Ohio<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gemini Mission Simulator (5143): <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_%26_Rocket_Center" title="U.S. Space & Rocket Center">U.S. Space & Rocket Center</a>, Huntsville, Alabama<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gemini Trainer: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_San_Joaquin_Valley" title="List of museums in the San Joaquin Valley">Discovery Center</a>, Fresno, California</li> <li>Gemini Trainer: <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Science_Center" title="Kentucky Science Center">Kentucky Science Center</a>, Louisville, Kentucky<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gemini Water Egress Trainer: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_Museum" title="Texas Air Museum">Texas Air Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slaton,_Texas" title="Slaton, Texas">Slaton, Texas</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gemini Trainer: <a href="/wiki/Air_Zoo" title="Air Zoo">Kalamazoo Air Museum</a>, Kalamazoo, Michigan<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Trainer: Pate Museum of Transportation, Fort Worth, Texas<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GATV (6165): <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>, Washington, D.C. (not on display)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>El Kabong: <a href="/wiki/Air_Zoo" title="Air Zoo">Kalamazoo Air Museum</a>, Kalamazoo, Michigan<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MSC 312: Private residence, Holden, MA<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MSC 313: Private residence, San Jose, California<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paresev 1A (Rogallo Test Vehicle): <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a>, Chantilly, Virginia</li> <li>TTV-1 (6873) paraglider capsule: <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a>, Chantilly, Virginia<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TTV-2 paraglider capsule: <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">Museum of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gemini boilerplate: <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Space_and_Missile_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space and Missile Museum">Air Force Space and Missile Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a>, Florida<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gemini boilerplate: <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Space_and_Missile_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space and Missile Museum">Air Force Space and Missile Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a>, Florida<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ingress/Egress Trainer: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_%26_Rocket_Center" title="U.S. Space & Rocket Center">U.S. Space & Rocket Center</a>, Huntsville, Alabama<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MSC-307: <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Hornet Museum">USS <i>Hornet</i> Museum</a>, former <a href="/wiki/NAS_Alameda" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Alameda">NAS Alameda</a>, Alameda, California<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini-B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini MOL-B, National Museum of the United States Air Force."><img alt="Gemini MOL-B, National Museum of the United States Air Force." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gemini-B.jpg/271px-Gemini-B.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gemini-B.jpg/406px-Gemini-B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gemini-B.jpg/542px-Gemini-B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini MOL-B, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the United States Air Force</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_Mission_Simulator.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini Mission Simulator, U.S. Space & Rocket Center."><img alt="Gemini Mission Simulator, U.S. Space & Rocket Center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gemini_Mission_Simulator.JPG/270px-Gemini_Mission_Simulator.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gemini_Mission_Simulator.JPG/405px-Gemini_Mission_Simulator.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gemini_Mission_Simulator.JPG/540px-Gemini_Mission_Simulator.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini Mission Simulator, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_%26_Rocket_Center" title="U.S. Space & Rocket Center">U.S. Space & Rocket Center</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_Trainer_at_the_TAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini Water Egress Trainer, Texas Air Museum."><img alt="Gemini Water Egress Trainer, Texas Air Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gemini_Trainer_at_the_TAM.jpg/320px-Gemini_Trainer_at_the_TAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gemini_Trainer_at_the_TAM.jpg/480px-Gemini_Trainer_at_the_TAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gemini_Trainer_at_the_TAM.jpg/640px-Gemini_Trainer_at_the_TAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini Water Egress Trainer, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_Museum" title="Texas Air Museum">Texas Air Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Zoo_December_2019_101_(Gemini_crew_trainer).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini Trainer, Kalamazoo Air Museum."><img alt="Gemini Trainer, Kalamazoo Air Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Air_Zoo_December_2019_101_%28Gemini_crew_trainer%29.jpg/270px-Air_Zoo_December_2019_101_%28Gemini_crew_trainer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Air_Zoo_December_2019_101_%28Gemini_crew_trainer%29.jpg/405px-Air_Zoo_December_2019_101_%28Gemini_crew_trainer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Air_Zoo_December_2019_101_%28Gemini_crew_trainer%29.jpg/540px-Air_Zoo_December_2019_101_%28Gemini_crew_trainer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini Trainer, <a href="/wiki/Air_Zoo" title="Air Zoo">Kalamazoo Air Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Zoo_December_2019_102_(El_Kabong_I_Gemini_boilerplate).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Kabong, Kalamazoo Air Museum."><img alt="El Kabong, Kalamazoo Air Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Air_Zoo_December_2019_102_%28El_Kabong_I_Gemini_boilerplate%29.jpg/120px-Air_Zoo_December_2019_102_%28El_Kabong_I_Gemini_boilerplate%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Air_Zoo_December_2019_102_%28El_Kabong_I_Gemini_boilerplate%29.jpg/180px-Air_Zoo_December_2019_102_%28El_Kabong_I_Gemini_boilerplate%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Air_Zoo_December_2019_102_%28El_Kabong_I_Gemini_boilerplate%29.jpg/240px-Air_Zoo_December_2019_102_%28El_Kabong_I_Gemini_boilerplate%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">El Kabong, <a href="/wiki/Air_Zoo" title="Air Zoo">Kalamazoo Air Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Paresev_Gemini_Paraglider_Research_Vehicle_I-A_%E2%80%98N9765C%E2%80%99_(51281690231).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paresev 1A, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center."><img alt="Paresev 1A, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/NASA_Paresev_Gemini_Paraglider_Research_Vehicle_I-A_%E2%80%98N9765C%E2%80%99_%2851281690231%29.jpg/120px-NASA_Paresev_Gemini_Paraglider_Research_Vehicle_I-A_%E2%80%98N9765C%E2%80%99_%2851281690231%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/NASA_Paresev_Gemini_Paraglider_Research_Vehicle_I-A_%E2%80%98N9765C%E2%80%99_%2851281690231%29.jpg/180px-NASA_Paresev_Gemini_Paraglider_Research_Vehicle_I-A_%E2%80%98N9765C%E2%80%99_%2851281690231%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/NASA_Paresev_Gemini_Paraglider_Research_Vehicle_I-A_%E2%80%98N9765C%E2%80%99_%2851281690231%29.jpg/240px-NASA_Paresev_Gemini_Paraglider_Research_Vehicle_I-A_%E2%80%98N9765C%E2%80%99_%2851281690231%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3551" data-file-height="5326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paresev 1A, <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_TTV-1_Paraglider_Capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="TTV-1, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center."><img alt="TTV-1, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gemini_TTV-1_Paraglider_Capsule.jpg/233px-Gemini_TTV-1_Paraglider_Capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gemini_TTV-1_Paraglider_Capsule.jpg/350px-Gemini_TTV-1_Paraglider_Capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gemini_TTV-1_Paraglider_Capsule.jpg/466px-Gemini_TTV-1_Paraglider_Capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">TTV-1, <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paraglider_Gemini_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="TTV-2, Museum of Scotland."><img alt="TTV-2, Museum of Scotland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paraglider_Gemini_spacecraft.jpg/240px-Paraglider_Gemini_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paraglider_Gemini_spacecraft.jpg/360px-Paraglider_Gemini_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paraglider_Gemini_spacecraft.jpg/480px-Paraglider_Gemini_spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">TTV-2, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">Museum of Scotland</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GeminiBP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini boilerplate, Air Force Space & Missile Museum."><img alt="Gemini boilerplate, Air Force Space & Missile Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/GeminiBP.jpg/240px-GeminiBP.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/GeminiBP.jpg/360px-GeminiBP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/GeminiBP.jpg/480px-GeminiBP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini boilerplate, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Space_%26_Missile_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space & Missile Museum">Air Force Space & Missile Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Hornet_Museum_-_0034.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MSC-307, USS Hornet Museum"><img alt="MSC-307, USS Hornet Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/USS_Hornet_Museum_-_0034.jpg/119px-USS_Hornet_Museum_-_0034.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/USS_Hornet_Museum_-_0034.jpg/179px-USS_Hornet_Museum_-_0034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/USS_Hornet_Museum_-_0034.jpg/238px-USS_Hornet_Museum_-_0034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MSC-307, <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Hornet Museum">USS <i>Hornet</i> Museum</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mockups_and_models">Mockups and models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mockups and models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of detailed Gemini models and mockups are on display:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Gemini Model - <a href="/wiki/Intrepid_Sea,_Air_%26_Space_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum">Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum</a>, New York, NY</li> <li>Gemini Model - The Discovery Center, Fresno, CA</li> <li>Gemini Model (built for <a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a>)- <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum" title="Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum">Evergreen Aviation Museum</a>, McMinnville, Oregon</li> <li>Gemini Sit-in Model - <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">KSC Visitors Center</a>, Kennedy Space Center FL</li> <li>Gemini Model - <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_Oklahoma" title="Science Museum Oklahoma">Science Museum Oklahoma</a>, Oklahoma City, OK</li> <li>Gemini Model (made by <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft_Corporation" title="McDonnell Aircraft Corporation">McDonnell</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing Prologue Room</a>, St. Louis, MO</li> <li>Gemini Model (made by McDonnell) - <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)">Museum of Science & Industry</a>, Chicago, IL</li> <li>Gemini Sit-in Model - <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="Armstrong Air & Space Museum">Neil Armstrong Air and Space Museum</a>, Wapakoneta, OH</li> <li>Gemini Mockup (winner of the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Revell" title="Revell">Revell</a> contest) - <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry" title="Oregon Museum of Science and Industry">Oregon Museum of Science and Industry</a>, Portland, OR</li> <li>Gemini Model (made by McDonnell) - <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="San Diego Air & Space Museum">San Diego Air & Space Museum</a>, San Diego, CA</li> <li>Gemini Model - <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="Stafford Air & Space Museum">Stafford Air & Space Museum</a>, Weatherford, OK</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:At_the_Intrepid_Museum_2023_192.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini model, Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum."><img alt="Gemini model, Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/At_the_Intrepid_Museum_2023_192.jpg/120px-At_the_Intrepid_Museum_2023_192.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/At_the_Intrepid_Museum_2023_192.jpg/180px-At_the_Intrepid_Museum_2023_192.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/At_the_Intrepid_Museum_2023_192.jpg/240px-At_the_Intrepid_Museum_2023_192.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="6960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini model, <a href="/wiki/Intrepid_Sea,_Air_%26_Space_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum">Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_Capsule_Reproduction_(6586731511)_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini model, Evergreen Aviation Museum."><img alt="Gemini model, Evergreen Aviation Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gemini_Capsule_Reproduction_%286586731511%29_%288%29.jpg/270px-Gemini_Capsule_Reproduction_%286586731511%29_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gemini_Capsule_Reproduction_%286586731511%29_%288%29.jpg/405px-Gemini_Capsule_Reproduction_%286586731511%29_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gemini_Capsule_Reproduction_%286586731511%29_%288%29.jpg/540px-Gemini_Capsule_Reproduction_%286586731511%29_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini model, <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum" title="Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum">Evergreen Aviation Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida_by_Piotrus_207.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini sit-in model, KSC Visitors Center."><img alt="Gemini sit-in model, KSC Visitors Center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Florida_by_Piotrus_207.JPG/240px-Florida_by_Piotrus_207.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Florida_by_Piotrus_207.JPG/360px-Florida_by_Piotrus_207.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Florida_by_Piotrus_207.JPG/480px-Florida_by_Piotrus_207.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini sit-in model, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">KSC Visitors Center</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini-replica-armstrong-museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini sit-in model, Neil Armstrong Air and Space Museum."><img alt="Gemini sit-in model, Neil Armstrong Air and Space Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gemini-replica-armstrong-museum.jpg/314px-Gemini-replica-armstrong-museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gemini-replica-armstrong-museum.jpg/470px-Gemini-replica-armstrong-museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gemini-replica-armstrong-museum.jpg/627px-Gemini-replica-armstrong-museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini sit-in model, <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="Armstrong Air & Space Museum">Neil Armstrong Air and Space Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_exhibit_-_Oregon_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Eugene,_Oregon_-_DSC09771.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini mockup, Oregon Air and Space Museum."><img alt="Gemini mockup, Oregon Air and Space Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Space_exhibit_-_Oregon_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Eugene%2C_Oregon_-_DSC09771.jpg/270px-Space_exhibit_-_Oregon_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Eugene%2C_Oregon_-_DSC09771.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Space_exhibit_-_Oregon_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Eugene%2C_Oregon_-_DSC09771.jpg/405px-Space_exhibit_-_Oregon_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Eugene%2C_Oregon_-_DSC09771.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Space_exhibit_-_Oregon_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Eugene%2C_Oregon_-_DSC09771.jpg/540px-Space_exhibit_-_Oregon_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Eugene%2C_Oregon_-_DSC09771.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini mockup, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="Oregon Air and Space Museum">Oregon Air and Space Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stafford_Air_%26_Space_Museum,_Weatherford,_OK,_US_(89).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini model, Stafford Air & Space Museum."><img alt="Gemini model, Stafford Air & Space Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stafford_Air_%26_Space_Museum%2C_Weatherford%2C_OK%2C_US_%2889%29.jpg/270px-Stafford_Air_%26_Space_Museum%2C_Weatherford%2C_OK%2C_US_%2889%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stafford_Air_%26_Space_Museum%2C_Weatherford%2C_OK%2C_US_%2889%29.jpg/405px-Stafford_Air_%26_Space_Museum%2C_Weatherford%2C_OK%2C_US_%2889%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stafford_Air_%26_Space_Museum%2C_Weatherford%2C_OK%2C_US_%2889%29.jpg/540px-Stafford_Air_%26_Space_Museum%2C_Weatherford%2C_OK%2C_US_%2889%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gemini model, <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="Stafford Air & Space Museum">Stafford Air & Space Museum</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_extensions_and_applications">Proposed extensions and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Proposed extensions and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_Gemini">Advanced Gemini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Advanced Gemini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gemini" title="Advanced Gemini">Advanced Gemini</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MOL_USAF.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/MOL_USAF.png/220px-MOL_USAF.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/MOL_USAF.png/330px-MOL_USAF.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/MOL_USAF.png/440px-MOL_USAF.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a Gemini B reentry vehicle separating from the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL).</figcaption></figure> <p>McDonnell Aircraft, the main contractor for Mercury and Gemini, was also one of the original bidders on the prime contract for Apollo, but lost out to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>. McDonnell later sought to extend the Gemini program by proposing a derivative which could be used to fly a <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">cislunar</a> mission and even achieve a crewed lunar landing earlier and at less cost than Apollo, but these proposals were rejected by NASA. </p><p>A range of applications were considered for Advanced Gemini missions, including military flights, space station crew and logistics delivery, and lunar flights. The Lunar proposals ranged from reusing the docking systems developed for the Agena Target Vehicle on more powerful upper stages such as the Centaur, which could propel the spacecraft to the Moon, to complete modifications of the Gemini to enable it to land on the lunar surface. Its applications would have ranged from crewed lunar flybys before Apollo was ready, to providing emergency shelters or rescue for stranded Apollo crews, or even replacing the Apollo program. </p><p>Some of the Advanced Gemini proposals used "off-the-shelf" Gemini spacecraft, unmodified from the original program, while others featured modifications to allow the spacecraft to carry more crew, dock with space stations, visit the Moon, and perform other mission objectives. Other modifications considered included the addition of wings or a parasail to the spacecraft, in order to enable it to make a horizontal landing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Big_Gemini">Big Gemini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Big Gemini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Big_Gemini" title="Big Gemini">Big Gemini</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Gemini.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Big_Gemini.png/220px-Big_Gemini.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Big_Gemini.png/330px-Big_Gemini.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Big_Gemini.png/440px-Big_Gemini.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Big Gemini concept space station supply ship.</figcaption></figure> <p>Big Gemini (or "Big G") was another proposal by McDonnell Douglas made in August 1969. It was intended to provide large-capacity, all-purpose access to space, including missions that ultimately used Apollo or the Space Shuttle. </p><p>The study was performed to generate a preliminary definition of a logistic spacecraft derived from Gemini that would be used to resupply an orbiting space station. Land-landing at a preselected site and refurbishment and reuse were design requirements. Two baseline spacecraft were defined: a nine-man minimum modification version of the Gemini B called Min-Mod Big G and a 12-man advanced concept, having the same exterior geometry but with new, state-of-the-art subsystems, called Advanced Big G.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three launch vehicles-<a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan IIIM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saturn_INT-20" title="Saturn INT-20">Saturn INT-20</a> (S-IC/S-IVB) were investigated for use with the spacecraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_applications">Military applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Military applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Air Force had an interest in the Gemini system, and decided to use its own modification of the spacecraft as the crew vehicle for the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbital_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned Orbital Laboratory">Manned Orbital Laboratory</a>. To this end, the Gemini 2 spacecraft was refurbished and flown again atop a mockup of the MOL, sent into space by a <a href="/wiki/Titan_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan III">Titan III</a>C. This was the first time a spacecraft went into space twice. </p><p>The USAF also thought of adapting the Gemini spacecraft for military applications, such as crude observation of the ground (no specialized reconnaissance camera could be carried) and practicing making rendezvous with suspicious satellites. This project was called <a href="/wiki/Blue_Gemini" title="Blue Gemini">Blue Gemini</a>. The USAF did not like the fact that Gemini would have to be recovered by the US Navy, so they intended for Blue Gemini eventually to use the airfoil and land on three skids, carried over from the original design of Gemini. </p><p>At first some within NASA welcomed sharing of the cost with the USAF, but it was later agreed that NASA was better off operating Gemini by itself. Blue Gemini was canceled in 1963 by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, who decided the NASA Gemini flights could conduct necessary military experiments. MOL was canceled by Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> in 1969, when it was determined that uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">spy satellites</a> could perform the same functions much more cost-effectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Two Gemini capsules (codenamed "Jupiter" instead of "Gemini") are featured in the plot of the 1967 <i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond in film">James Bond</a></i> film <i><a href="/wiki/You_Only_Live_Twice_(film)" title="You Only Live Twice (film)">You Only Live Twice</a></i>.</li> <li>A modified one-person Gemini capsule is used to send an astronaut (played by <a href="/wiki/James_Caan" title="James Caan">James Caan</a>) to the Moon in the 1968 film <i><a href="/wiki/Countdown_(1968_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Countdown (1968 film)">Countdown</a></i>.</li> <li>Gemini missions 4, 8 and 12 feature in the first episode of the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a>'</i></li> <li>Like other US space programs, Gemini was covered in the 1985 PBS series "<a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_(TV_series)" title="Spaceflight (TV series)">Spaceflight</a>"</li> <li>Some aspects of the Gemini program relating to astronaut Neil Armstrong were touched upon in the 2018 film <i><a href="/wiki/First_Man_(film)" title="First Man (film)">First Man</a></i>.</li> <li>Many episodes of the television show <i><a href="/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeannie" title="I Dream of Jeannie">I Dream of Jeannie</a></i> featured launch pad and launch footage of various Gemini missions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(protocol)" title="Gemini (protocol)">Gemini</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">layer 7</a> telecom standard named after the Gemini missions. Its non-standard <a href="/wiki/Port_(computer_networking)#Port_number" title="Port (computer networking)">port number</a>, 1965, is a reference to the first mission date.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">List of crewed spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splashdown_(spacecraft_landing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Splashdown (spacecraft landing)">Splashdown (spacecraft landing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hydrogen_technologies" title="Timeline of hydrogen technologies">Timeline of hydrogen technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_space_exploration_history_on_US_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="US space exploration history on US stamps">US space exploration history on US stamps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-two-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-two_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only Gemini spacecraft not launched by a Titan II was the reflight of <a href="/wiki/Gemini_2" title="Gemini 2">Gemini 2</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a> test in 1966, which used a <a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">Titan IIIC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-control-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-control_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a> located at Cape Kennedy for flight control, as the new center was still in test status. Gemini 4 was the first to be guided from Houston, with Mercury Control as a backup. From Gemini 5 through today, all flights are controlled from Houston.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reentry-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reentry_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The requirement for a touchdown on land using a paraglider was canceled in 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-advanced-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-advanced_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the ten crewed flights of the Gemini program, the Soviets made no crewed flights, and despite achieving the first EVA, did no more EVAs until January 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-armstrong-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-armstrong_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armstrong had left the US Navy and was already a NASA test pilot when he and <a href="/wiki/Elliot_See" title="Elliot See">Elliot See</a> became the first civilian astronauts in Astronaut Group 2; see Armstrong's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/astrobios.htm#Armstrong">NASA biography</a> and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/armstrong_ambassador_of_exploration.html">description of his receiving a NASA award</a>, among others.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stafford-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stafford_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford was originally selected as the Pilot on the prime crew of Gemini 3 alongside Alan Shepard; following Shepard's grounding as a result of Ménière's disease, Stafford swapped places with John Young.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepard-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shepard_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shepard was originally selected as the Command Pilot of Gemini 3, but was grounded following a diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a>, an inner ear disorder.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-See-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-See_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See had left the United States Navy and was employed as a test pilot and engineer for <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> when he was selected as part of Astronaut Group 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nine-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nine_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nine_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See and Bassett were the original prime crew for Gemini 9, but were killed in a plane crash on February 28, 1966</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lafleur20100308-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lafleur20100308_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafleur20100308_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.S.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fusgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span> United States <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the <i>MeasuringWorth</i> series. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Noble_Wilford" title="John Noble Wilford">Wilford, John Noble</a> (July 1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wereachmoonnewyo00wilf"><i>We Reach the Moon</i></a></span>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/gem-3a.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Fgem-3a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190314002254/http://americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/gem-molb.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft | Gemini MOL-B"</a>. 2019-03-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/gem-molb.html">the original</a> on 2019-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft+%7C+Gemini+MOL-B&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Fgem-molb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410005334/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/GemSRCTr.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-04-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/GemSRCTr.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2FGemSRCTr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408190805/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/GemLSCTr.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-04-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/GemLSCTr.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2FGemLSCTr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetexasairmuseum.org/exhibits/">"Exhibits – Texas Air Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibits+%E2%80%93+Texas+Air+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetexasairmuseum.org%2Fexhibits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408191205/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/Sit-in.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-04-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/Sit-in.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2FSit-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410003842/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/mod-pate.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-04-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/mod-pate.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Fmod-pate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919111426/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/target-adapter-agena">https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/target-adapter-agena</a> (Wayback Machine 2018-09-19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328125555/http://americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/index.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft | Gemini Index"</a>. 2019-03-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/index.html">the original</a> on 2019-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft+%7C+Gemini+Index&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322160200/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/elkabong.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-03-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/elkabong.html">the original</a> on 2019-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Felkabong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329065217/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/holdenbp.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-03-29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/holdenbp.html">the original</a> on 2019-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Fholdenbp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410020805/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/sanjosebp.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-04-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/sanjosebp.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Fsanjosebp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408192114/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/ttv-1.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-04-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/ttv-1.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Fttv-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192051/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/TTV-2.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-04-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/TTV-2.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2FTTV-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194753/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/cc-bp.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-04-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/cc-bp.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Fcc-bp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410020859/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/cc-bp2.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-04-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/cc-bp2.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Fcc-bp2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heroicrelics.org/ussrc/index.html">"U.S. Space and Rocket Center"</a>. <i>heroicrelics.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heroicrelics.org&rft.atitle=U.S.+Space+and+Rocket+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheroicrelics.org%2Fussrc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320123856/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/hof-gem.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-03-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/hof-gem.html">the original</a> on 2019-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Fhof-gem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408192109/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/bp-hornet.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft"</a>. 2019-04-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/bp-hornet.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Fbp-hornet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328125555/http://americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/index.html">"A Field Guide to American Spacecraft | Gemini Index"</a>. 2019-03-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanspacecraft.com/pages/gemini/index.html">the original</a> on 2019-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+American+Spacecraft+%7C+Gemini+Index&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanspacecraft.com%2Fpages%2Fgemini%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwayne_Day2015" class="citation web cs1">Dwayne Day (December 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespacereview.com/article/2879/1">"The Big G"</a>. The Space Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Big+G&rft.pub=The+Space+Review&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft.au=Dwayne+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F2879%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmerHamblin2004" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, Gene; Hamblin, Dora Jane (2004). <i>First On the Moon: A Voyage With Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr</i>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-5510-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-5510-5"><bdi>978-0-7607-5510-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+On+the+Moon%3A+A+Voyage+With+Neil+Armstrong%2C+Michael+Collins+and+Edwin+E.+Aldrin%2C+Jr.&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-5510-5&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft.au=Hamblin%2C+Dora+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrenchBrugess2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_French_(author)" title="Francis French (author)">French, Francis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Colin_Burgess_(author)" title="Colin Burgess (author)">Brugess, Colin</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inshadowofmoonch0000fren"><i>In the Shadow of the Moon: A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965–1969</i></a></span>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1128-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1128-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-1128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Moon%3A+A+Challenging+Journey+to+Tranquility%2C+1965%E2%80%931969&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1128-5&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Brugess%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finshadowofmoonch0000fren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGainor2001" class="citation book cs1">Gainor, Chris (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arrowstomoonavro0000gain"><i>Arrows to the Moon: Avro's Engineers and the Space Race</i></a>. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896522-83-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896522-83-8"><bdi>978-1-896522-83-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arrows+to+the+Moon%3A+Avro%27s+Engineers+and+the+Space+Race&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Apogee+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-896522-83-8&rft.aulast=Gainor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farrowstomoonavro0000gain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatland1976" class="citation book cs1">Gatland, Kenneth (1976). <i>Manned Spacecraft</i> (Second ed.). New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manned+Spacecraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Gatland&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackerGrimwood1977" class="citation book cs1">Hacker, Barton C.; Grimwood, James M. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19780012208_1978012208.pdf"><i>On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA SP-4203. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Shoulders+of+Titans%3A+A+History+of+Project+Gemini&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=NASA+SP-4203&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Barton+C.&rft.au=Grimwood%2C+James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19780012208_1978012208.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarland2004" class="citation book cs1">Harland, David M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mxYAAAAYAAJ&q=editions:BqbnF_7z4jUC"><i>How NASA Learned to Fly in Space: An Exciting Account of the Gemini Missions</i></a>. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894959-07-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894959-07-0"><bdi>978-1-894959-07-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+NASA+Learned+to+Fly+in+Space%3A+An+Exciting+Account+of+the+Gemini+Missions&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Apogee+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-894959-07-0&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mxYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Deditions%3ABqbnF_7z4jUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKranz2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kranz" title="Gene Kranz">Kranz, Gene</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790"><i>Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-0079-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+Is+Not+an+Option%3A+Mission+Control+from+Mercury+to+Apollo+13+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0079-0&rft.aulast=Kranz&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780743200790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayCox1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray, Charles A.</a>; Cox, Catherine Bly (1989). <i>Apollo: The Race to the Moon</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-61101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-61101-9"><bdi>978-0-671-61101-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo%3A+The+Race+to+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-671-61101-9&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft.au=Cox%2C+Catherine+Bly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shayler, David J. <i>Gemini</i>, Springer-Verlag Telos, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-405-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-405-3">1-85233-405-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomayko1988" class="citation book cs1">Tomayko, James E. (1988). "The Gemini Digital Computer: First Machine in Orbit". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/computers/ch1-1.html"><i>Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gemini+Digital+Computer%3A+First+Machine+in+Orbit&rft.btitle=Computers+in+Spaceflight%3A+The+NASA+Experience&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Tomayko&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fcomputers%2Fch1-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgle1998" class="citation journal cs1">Agle, D.C. (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/flying-the-gusmobile-218187/?all">"Flying the Gusmobile"</a>. <i>Air and Space Magazine</i>. <b>12</b> (4). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+and+Space+Magazine&rft.atitle=Flying+the+Gusmobile&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1998-09&rft.aulast=Agle&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fflight-today%2Fflying-the-gusmobile-218187%2F%3Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgle1998a" class="citation journal cs1">Agle, D.C. (September 1998a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/riding-the-titan-ii-223545/">"Riding the Titan II"</a>. <i>Air and Space Magazine</i>. <b>12</b> (4). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+and+Space+Magazine&rft.atitle=Riding+the+Titan+II&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1998-09&rft.aulast=Agle&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fflight-today%2Friding-the-titan-ii-223545%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkey2012" class="citation web cs1">Burkey, Ronald (2012-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/apollo/Gemini.html">"Gemini Spacecraft On-Board Computer (OBC)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215051553/http://www.ibiblio.org/apollo/Gemini.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemini+Spacecraft+On-Board+Computer+%28OBC%29&rft.date=2012-01-08&rft.aulast=Burkey&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fapollo%2FGemini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryden1964" class="citation journal cs1">Dryden, Hugh (March 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm-beta.nationalgeographic.com/archive/footprints-on-the-moon/">"Footprints on the Moon"</a>. <i>National Geographic Magazine</i>. <b>125</b> (3). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>: 357–401<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Footprints+on+the+Moon&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357-401&rft.date=1964-03&rft.aulast=Dryden&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm-beta.nationalgeographic.com%2Farchive%2Ffootprints-on-the-moon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoff2013" class="citation web cs1">Loff, Sarah (2013-10-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221151510/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/gemini/">"Gemini: Stepping Stone to the Moon"</a>. <i>Gemini: Bridge to the Moon</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/gemini/#.VKi1GsaWt78">the original</a> on 2014-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gemini%3A+Bridge+to+the+Moon&rft.atitle=Gemini%3A+Stepping+Stone+to+the+Moon&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.aulast=Loff&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fgemini%2F%23.VKi1GsaWt78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReguly1965" class="citation news cs1">Reguly, Robert (1965-09-03). "Canadians who helped Gemini 'Go'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Toronto Daily Star</i>. Toronto. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Canadians+who+helped+Gemini+%27Go%27&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1965-09-03&rft.aulast=Reguly&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Gemini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690027123_1969027123.pdf">Project Gemini —A Chronology (NASA report SP-4002) (PDF format)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/11483899/Gemini-Mid-Program-Conference-Including-Experiment-Results">Gemini Midprogram Conference —Including Experiment Results (NASA report SP-121) —Manned Spacecraft Center —Houston, Texas, February 23–25, 1966</a></li> <li>Gemini Summary Conference (NASA report SP-138) —Manned Spacecraft Center —Houston, Texas, February 1–2, 1967</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604073400/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/gemini.html">Project Gemini Drawings and Technical Diagrams</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117182710/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/gemini.html">Archived</a> 2021-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/mscorbit/document.html">Gemini familiarization Manuals (PDF format).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/series95.html">NASA History Series Publications</a> (many of which are on-line)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004235603/http://www.umsl.edu/%7Ewhmc/exhibits/gemini/index.htm">Project Gemini McDonnell Employee Video Interviews and Archival Documents: Western Historical Manuscripts Collection in St. Louis, Missouri</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Project_Gemini" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gemini_program" title="Template:Gemini program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gemini_program" title="Template talk:Gemini program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gemini_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gemini program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Project_Gemini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project Gemini</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_1" title="Gemini 1">Gemini 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_2" title="Gemini 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_8" title="Gemini 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">9A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_10" title="Gemini 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_11" title="Gemini 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GeminiPatch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini insignia"><img alt="Gemini insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GeminiPatch.png/100px-GeminiPatch.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GeminiPatch.png/150px-GeminiPatch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GeminiPatch.png/200px-GeminiPatch.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Astronauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a> (command pilot), <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> (pilot)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">James McDivitt</a> (command pilot), <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> (pilot)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">Gemini 5</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a> (command pilot), <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (pilot)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini 7</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> (command pilot), <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (pilot)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">Gemini 6A</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a> (command pilot), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Tom Stafford</a> (pilot)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_8" title="Gemini 8">Gemini 8</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> (command pilot), <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> (pilot)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">Gemini 9A</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Tom Stafford</a> (command pilot), <a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> (pilot)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_10" title="Gemini 10">Gemini 10</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> (command pilot), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> (pilot)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_11" title="Gemini 11">Gemini 11</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (command pilot), <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard Gordon</a> (pilot)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini 12</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (command pilot), <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> (pilot)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gemini spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_SC-2" title="Gemini SC-2">SC-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_Attitude_and_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System">Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_Guidance_Computer" title="Gemini Guidance Computer">Gemini Guidance Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agena_target_vehicle" title="Agena target vehicle">Agena target vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_space_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini space suit">Gemini space suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14">Launch Complex 14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gemini" title="Advanced Gemini">Advanced Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Gemini" title="Blue Gemini">Blue Gemini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_Orbital_Development_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Orbital Development System">Military Orbital Development System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPS_0855" title="OPS 0855">OPS 0855</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Gemini" title="Big Gemini">Big Gemini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bassett" title="Charles Bassett">Charles Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_See" title="Elliot See">Elliot See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_Docking_Simulator" title="Rendezvous Docking Simulator">Rendezvous Docking Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_NASA_T-38_crash" title="1966 NASA T-38 crash">1966 NASA T-38 crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">human spaceflight programs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:S66-63536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/130px-S66-63536.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/195px-S66-63536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/260px-S66-63536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6856" data-file-height="4741" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">Dyna-Soar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(rocket)" title="Nova (rocket)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Space_Plane_Program" title="Orbital Space Plane Program">Orbital Space Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Orion (nuclear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">NASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom"><i>Freedom</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="McDonnell_and_McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft_and_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft" title="Template:McDonnell Douglas aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft" title="Template talk:McDonnell Douglas aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:McDonnell Douglas aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="McDonnell_and_McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft_and_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft_Corporation" title="McDonnell Aircraft Corporation">McDonnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> aircraft and spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">DC-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">DC-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">DC-10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-10_Air_Tanker" title="DC-10 Air Tanker">Air Tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10_Twin" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10 Twin">Twin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">MD-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11">MD-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-12" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-12">MD-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-90">MD-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-94X" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-94X">MD-91X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-94X" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-94X">MD-92X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-94X" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-94X">MD-94X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">MD-95</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">Model 188E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">Model 210</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_High_Speed_Civil_Transport" title="McDonnell Douglas High Speed Civil Transport">High Speed Civil Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">Business jets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_119" title="McDonnell 119">Model 119/220</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XP-67" title="McDonnell XP-67">XP-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-85_Goblin" title="McDonnell XF-85 Goblin">XF-85 Goblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-88_Voodoo" title="McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo">XF-88 Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">F-101 Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-110 Spectre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15E Strike Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F-15EX_Eagle_II" title="Boeing F-15EX Eagle II">F-15EX Eagle II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-23" title="Northrop YF-23">Northrop YF-23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">USMC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_FH_Phantom" title="McDonnell FH Phantom">FH Phantom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F2H_Banshee" title="McDonnell F2H Banshee">F2H Banshee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F3H_Demon" title="McDonnell F3H Demon">F3H Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18 Hornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">F/A-18E/F Super Hornet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Export</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II_in_Australian_service" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in Australian service">F-4E Phantom (RAAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_Phantom_in_UK_service" title="McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service">F-4K Phantom · F-4M Phantom · F-4J(UK) Phantom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_CF-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet">CF-18 / CF-188 Hornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet_in_Australian_service" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet in Australian service">F/A-18A/B Hornet (RAAF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Licensed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-15J" title="Mitsubishi F-15J">F-15J Eagle</a> (Mitsubishi)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Navy / USMC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk" title="Douglas A-4 Skyhawk">A-4 Skyhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">AV-8B Harrier II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_A-12_Avenger_II" title="McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II">A-12 Avenger II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Export</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_A-4G_Skyhawk" title="McDonnell Douglas A-4G Skyhawk">A-4G Skyhawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">Trainers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Navy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_T-45_Goshawk" title="McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk">T-45 Goshawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">Transports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_119" title="McDonnell 119">Model 119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_C-9" title="McDonnell Douglas C-9">C-9 Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_KC-10_Extender" title="McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender">KC-10 Extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_YC-15" title="McDonnell Douglas YC-15">YC-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_C-9" title="McDonnell Douglas C-9">C-9 Skytrain II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Licensed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">Model 188</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">Helicopters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Army / US Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XH-20_Little_Henry" title="McDonnell XH-20 Little Henry">XH-20 Little Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache" title="Boeing AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XHJH_Whirlaway" title="McDonnell XHJH Whirlaway">XHJH Whirlaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XHCH" title="McDonnell XHCH">XHCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_HRH" title="McDonnell HRH">XHRH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_120_Flying_Crane" title="McDonnell 120 Flying Crane">Model 120 Flying Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD_500_Defender" title="McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender">MD500 Defender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Drones (UAVs)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM-20_Quail" title="ADM-20 Quail">ADM-20 Quail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_TD2D_Katydid" title="McDonnell TD2D Katydid">KDH Katydid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBD_Gargoyle" title="LBD Gargoyle">KUD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_AQUILINE" title="Project AQUILINE">Aquiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Army_/_US_Air_Force" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Army / US Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XV-1" title="McDonnell XV-1">XV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_X-36" title="McDonnell Douglas X-36">X-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_STOL/MTD" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD">F-15 STOL/MTD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Prey" title="Boeing Bird of Prey">Bird of Prey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-X" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-X">DC-X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gemini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Gemini B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Gemini" title="Big Gemini">Big Gemini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Gemini" title="Blue Gemini">Blue Gemini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Model numbers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XP-67" title="McDonnell XP-67">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_FH_Phantom" title="McDonnell FH Phantom">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XP-67" title="McDonnell XP-67">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XP-67" title="McDonnell XP-67">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_FH_Phantom" title="McDonnell FH Phantom">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F2H_Banshee" title="McDonnell F2H Banshee">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBD_Gargoyle" title="LBD Gargoyle">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-85_Goblin" title="McDonnell XF-85 Goblin">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_TD2D_Katydid" title="McDonnell TD2D Katydid">31</a></li> <li>36 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-88_Voodoo" title="McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo">36–36V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">36W–36DH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XHJH_Whirlaway" title="McDonnell XHJH Whirlaway">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XH-20_Little_Henry" title="McDonnell XH-20 Little Henry">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_TD2D_Katydid" title="McDonnell TD2D Katydid">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_TD2D_Katydid" title="McDonnell TD2D Katydid">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F3H_Demon" title="McDonnell F3H Demon">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XHJH_Whirlaway" title="McDonnell XHJH Whirlaway">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_HRH" title="McDonnell HRH">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XH-20_Little_Henry" title="McDonnell XH-20 Little Henry">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XV-1" title="McDonnell XV-1">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-8_Talos" title="RIM-8 Talos">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XHCH" title="McDonnell XHCH">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSM-N-2_Triton" title="SSM-N-2 Triton">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-20_Quail" title="ADM-20 Quail">107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_119" title="McDonnell 119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_120_Flying_Crane" title="McDonnell 120 Flying Crane">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAM-N-10_Eagle" title="AAM-N-10 Eagle">127</a></li> <li>133 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">133A–133K</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">133L–133P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Gemini" title="Big Gemini">133Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASSET_(spacecraft)" title="ASSET (spacecraft)">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(satellite)" title="Samos (satellite)">164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temco_TT_Pinto" title="Temco TT Pinto">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temco_TT_Pinto" title="Temco TT Pinto">183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Isinglass" title="Project Isinglass">192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_119" title="McDonnell 119">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon_(missile)" title="Harpoon (missile)">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">258</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">258AP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">267</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" title="Template:Spaceflight lists and timelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" title="Template talk:Spaceflight lists and timelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight lists and timelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a> lists and timelines</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration" title="Timeline of space exploration">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Spaceflight records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_rocket_and_missile_technology" title="Timeline of rocket and missile technology">Rocket and missile technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights#Timeline" title="List of human spaceflights">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">by program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights" title="List of human spaceflights">Spaceflights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1961%E2%80%931970" title="List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970">1961–1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1971%E2%80%931980" title="List of human spaceflights, 1971–1980">1971–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1981%E2%80%931990" title="List of human spaceflights, 1981–1990">1981–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1991%E2%80%932000" title="List of human spaceflights, 1991–2000">1991–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_2001%E2%80%932010" title="List of human spaceflights, 2001–2010">2001–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_2011%E2%80%932020" title="List of human spaceflights, 2011–2020">2011–2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_2021%E2%80%93present" title="List of human spaceflights, 2021–present">2021–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vostok_and_Voskhod_missions" title="List of Vostok and Voskhod missions">Vostok and Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Gaganyaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Artemis_missions" title="List of Artemis missions">Artemis</a></li> <li>Civilian spaceflight <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fully_civilian_crewed_orbital_spaceflights" title="List of fully civilian crewed orbital spaceflights">Orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fully_civilian_crewed_suborbital_spaceflights" title="List of fully civilian crewed suborbital spaceflights">Suborbital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_expeditions" title="List of Salyut expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li>Spaceflights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations" title="List of human spaceflights to Salyut space stations">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Salyut space stations">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_spacewalks" title="List of Salyut spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_visitors" title="List of Salyut visitors">Visitors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_expeditions" title="List of Mir expeditions">Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ESA_space_expeditions" title="List of ESA space expeditions">ESA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spaceflights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_spacewalks" title="List of Mir spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_visitors" title="List of Mir visitors">Visitors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of International Space Station expeditions">Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ESA_space_expeditions" title="List of ESA space expeditions">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visiting_expeditions_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of visiting expeditions to the International Space Station">Visiting</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spaceflights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_spacewalks" title="List of International Space Station spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visitors_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of visitors to the International Space Station">Visitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacecraft_deployed_from_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of spacecraft deployed from the International Space Station">Deployed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tiangong_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of Tiangong Space Station expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_Tiangong_space_station" title="List of human spaceflights to the Tiangong space station">Crewed Spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tiangong_space_station_spacewalks" title="List of Tiangong space station spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Shuttle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Crews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_rollbacks" title="List of Space Shuttle rollbacks">Rollbacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_astronauts" title="Lists of astronauts">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year of selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven#Group_members" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts" title="List of Chinese astronauts">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_astronauts" title="List of Asian astronauts">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_astronauts" title="List of European astronauts">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">Cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_astronauts" title="List of women astronauts">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_astronauts" title="List of Muslim astronauts">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_astronauts" title="List of Arab astronauts">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ibero-American_spacefarers" title="List of Ibero-American spacefarers">Ibero-America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_space_scientists" title="Lists of space scientists">Space scientists</a></li> <li>Space travelers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travelers_by_name" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space travelers by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travellers_by_first_flight" title="List of space travellers by first flight">by first flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travelers_by_nationality" title="List of space travelers by nationality">by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_billionaire_spacetravellers" title="List of billionaire spacetravellers">billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_travel_by_nationality" title="Timeline of space travel by nationality">timeline by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Spaceflight-related human fatalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_and_moonwalks_1965%E2%80%931999" title="List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999">1965–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_2000%E2%80%932014" title="List of spacewalks 2000–2014">2000–2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_since_2015" title="List of spacewalks since 2015">2015–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cumulative_spacewalk_records" title="List of cumulative spacewalk records">Cumulative spacewalk records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_spacewalks" title="List of longest spacewalks">Longest spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalkers" title="List of spacewalkers">Spacewalkers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Solar System<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interplanetary_voyages" title="List of interplanetary voyages">Interplanetary voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landings_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies">Landings on other planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rovers_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies">rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extraterrestrial_surfaces" title="List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces">artificial objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_objects_at_Lagrange_points" title="List of objects at Lagrange points">Objects at Lagrange points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_Solar_System_probes" title="List of proposed Solar System probes">future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">leaving the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">lunar probes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes" title="Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes">Timeline of satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth-orbiting<br />satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communications_satellite_firsts" title="List of communications satellite firsts">Communications satellite firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketQube" title="PocketQube">PocketQube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth_observation_satellites" title="List of Earth observation satellites">Earth observation satellites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_Earth_observation_satellites" title="Timeline of first Earth observation satellites">Timeline of first Earth observation satellites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellites_in_geosynchronous_orbit" title="List of satellites in geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GOES_satellites" title="List of GOES satellites">GOES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites" title="List of GPS satellites">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites" title="List of Kosmos satellites">Kosmos</a></li> <li>Magnetospheric</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NRO_launches" title="List of NRO launches">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_TDRS_satellites" title="List of TDRS satellites">TDRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="List of orbital launch systems">Orbital launch systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sounding_rockets" title="List of sounding rockets">Sounding rocket list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of spacecraft">Spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spacecraft_by_program" class="mw-redirect" title="List of uncrewed spacecraft by program">uncrewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_spacecraft" title="List of heaviest spacecraft">heaviest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_stages" title="List of rocket stages">Upper stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">Sounding rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">Small-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">Heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launches<br />by rocket type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ariane_launches" title="List of Ariane launches">Ariane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antares_launches" title="List of Antares launches">Antares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_launches" title="List of Atlas launches">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_LV3B_launches" title="List of Atlas LV3B launches">Atlas LV3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_LV3C_launches" title="List of Atlas LV3C launches">Atlas LV3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Black_Brant_launches" title="List of Black Brant launches">Black Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Electron_launches" title="List of Electron launches">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_DM-19_launches" title="List of Delta DM-19 launches">Delta DM-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_1_launches" title="List of Delta 1 launches">Delta 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_II_launches" title="List of Delta II launches">Delta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_III_launches" title="List of Delta III launches">Delta III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_IV_Heavy_launches" title="List of Delta IV Heavy launches">Delta IV Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_IV_Medium_launches" title="List of Delta IV Medium launches">Delta IV Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_IV_launches" title="List of Delta IV launches">Delta IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">Falcon 9 and Heavy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020%E2%80%932022)" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2022)">2020–2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GSLV_launches" title="List of GSLV launches">GSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_H-II_series_and_H3_launches" title="List of H-II series and H3 launches">H-II and H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_launches" title="List of Kosmos launches">Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Long_March_launches" title="List of Long March launches">Long March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Proton_launches" title="List of Proton launches">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches" title="List of PSLV launches">PSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_R-7_launches" title="List of R-7 launches">R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scout_launches" title="List of Scout launches">Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Launch_System_launches" title="List of Space Launch System launches">SLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_and_Delta_launches" title="List of Thor and Delta launches">Thor and Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor-Agena_launches" title="List of Thor-Agena launches">Thor-Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor-Able_launches" title="List of Thor-Able launches">Thor DM-18 Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_DM-18_Agena-A_launches" title="List of Thor DM-18 Agena-A launches">Thor DM-18 Agena-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_DM-18_launches" title="List of Thor DM-18 launches">Thor DM-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_DM-21_Agena-B_launches" title="List of Thor DM-21 Agena-B launches">Thor DM-21 Agena-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Titan_launches" title="List of Titan launches">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tsyklon_launches" title="List of Tsyklon launches">Tsyklon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_V-2_test_launches" title="List of V-2 test launches">V-2 tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vega_launches" title="List of Vega launches">Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vulcan_launches" title="List of Vulcan launches">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zenit_launches" title="List of Zenit launches">Zenit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.15em;">Launches by spaceport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">Satish Dhawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies, companies<br />and facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communication_satellite_companies" title="List of communication satellite companies">Communications satellite companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_communication_satellite_operators" title="Comparison of communication satellite operators">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">Private spaceflight companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_launch_sites" title="List of rocket launch sites">Rocket launch sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacecraft_manufacturers" title="List of spacecraft manufacturers">Spacecraft manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.15em;">Other mission lists<br />and timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">First orbital launches by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_satellites_by_country" title="List of first satellites by country">First satellites by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Constellation_missions" title="List of Constellation missions">Constellation missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_images_of_Earth_from_space" title="Timeline of first images of Earth from space">Timeline of first images of Earth from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_longest_spaceflights" title="Timeline of longest spaceflights">Timeline of longest spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_private_spaceflight" title="Timeline of private spaceflight">Timeline of private spaceflight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Template:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Shenzhou (spacecraft)">Shenzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(spacecraft)" title="Voskhod (spacecraft)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and service module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214996#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214996#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214996#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/678824/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFMurrayCox1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReguly1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomayko1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVantine1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilford1969\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 28,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 7,\n [\"Crewed spacecraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Format price\"] = 1,\n [\"Gemini program\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Include-NASA\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox space program\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"McDD aircraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"N/a\"] = 7,\n [\"NASA navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 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Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-07T02:52:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T01:33:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8a\/GeminiPatch.png","headline":"NASA's second human spaceflight program"}</script> </body> </html>