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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>In the Odrysian kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Odrysian_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Archaeological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_at_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_at_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Attempts at reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_at_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cosmology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cosmology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pantheon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pantheon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pantheon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pantheon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Thracian_"Hermes"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Thracian_"Hermes""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>The Thracian "Hermes"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Thracian_"Hermes"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bendis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bendis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Bendis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bendis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Thracian_"Dionysos"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Thracian_"Dionysos""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>The Thracian "Dionysos"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Thracian_"Dionysos"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Thracian_Horseman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Thracian_Horseman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>The Thracian Horseman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Thracian_Horseman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kotytto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kotytto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Kotytto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kotytto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Thracian_"Hera"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Thracian_"Hera""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>The Thracian "Hera"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Thracian_"Hera"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ancestral_Goddess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ancestral_Goddess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Ancestral Goddess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ancestral_Goddess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derzalas_or_Darzalas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derzalas_or_Darzalas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Derzalas or Darzalas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derzalas_or_Darzalas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svelsurdus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svelsurdus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Svelsurdus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svelsurdus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pleistoros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pleistoros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Pleistoros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pleistoros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kandaon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kandaon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Kandaon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kandaon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zalmoxis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zalmoxis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Zalmoxis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zalmoxis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Other deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Customs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Customs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abstention_from_killing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstention_from_killing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Abstention from killing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstention_from_killing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Divination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>War customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funerary_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerary_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Funerary customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funerary_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cremations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cremations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3.1</span> <span>Cremations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cremations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_class_inhumations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_class_inhumations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3.2</span> <span>Upper class inhumations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_class_inhumations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3.3</span> <span>Horse burials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funerary_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerary_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3.4</span> <span>Funerary rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funerary_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3.4.1</span> <span>Mounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_afterlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_afterlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The afterlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_afterlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cult</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cult-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cult subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hearth_altars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearth_altars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hearth altars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearth_altars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sanctuaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extramural_sanctuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extramural_sanctuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Extramural sanctuaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extramural_sanctuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highland_sanctuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highland_sanctuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1.1</span> <span>Highland sanctuaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highland_sanctuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lowland_sanctuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lowland_sanctuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1.2</span> <span>Lowland sanctuaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lowland_sanctuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intramural_sanctuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intramural_sanctuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Intramural sanctuaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intramural_sanctuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Known_Thracian_sanctuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Known_Thracian_sanctuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Known Thracian sanctuaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Known_Thracian_sanctuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thasos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thasos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.1</span> <span>Thasos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thasos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Seuthopolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Seuthopolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.2</span> <span>At Seuthopolis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Seuthopolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.3</span> <span>In Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Kabyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Kabyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.4</span> <span>At Kabyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Kabyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Samothrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Samothrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.5</span> <span>On Samothrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Samothrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Philippopolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Philippopolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.6</span> <span>At Philippopolis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Philippopolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Kallatis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Kallatis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.7</span> <span>At Kallatis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Kallatis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Batkun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Batkun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.8</span> <span>At Batkun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Batkun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Sboryanovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Sboryanovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.9</span> <span>At Sboryanovo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Sboryanovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Tsrancha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Tsrancha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.10</span> <span>At Tsrancha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Tsrancha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Vetren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Vetren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3.11</span> <span>At Vetren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Vetren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vegetarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Vegetarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asceticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asceticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Asceticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asceticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mystery_cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mystery_cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Mystery cults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mystery_cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bendidia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bendidia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Bendidia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bendidia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Feasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Fire rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Royal rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacrifices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacrifices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Sacrifices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacrifices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offerings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offerings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.1</span> <span>Offerings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offerings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burnt_sacrifices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burnt_sacrifices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.1.1</span> <span>Burnt sacrifices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burnt_sacrifices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasure_sacrifices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasure_sacrifices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.2</span> <span>Treasure sacrifices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasure_sacrifices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offering_pits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offering_pits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.2.1</span> <span>Offering pits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offering_pits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.2.2</span> <span>Animal sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.2.3</span> <span>Human sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syncretism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syncretism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Syncretism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syncretism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syncretism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syncretism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scythian" 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href="#The_Bendidia_at_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.1</span> <span>The Bendidia at Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bendidia_at_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Roman influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Moesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Moesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.1</span> <span>In Moesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Moesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Thracia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Thracia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.2</span> <span>In Thracia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Thracia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thr%C3%A1ck%C3%A9_n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD" title="Thrácké náboženství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thrácké náboženství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_tracia" title="Religión tracia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión tracia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_Trak%C3%B3w" title="Religia Traków – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia Traków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#34669c"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="color:white">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Thrace" title="Category:Thrace"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png/120px-Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png/180px-Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png/240px-Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="793" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:235%;"> <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Thrace</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Thrace_and_Macedonia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Geography</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thrace" title="Northern Thrace">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perperikon" title="Perperikon">Perperikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seuthopolis" title="Seuthopolis">Seuthopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Sintica" title="Heraclea Sintica">Sintia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgas#History" title="Burgas">Pyrgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sofia" title="History of Sofia">Serdika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpudeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulpudeva">Pulpudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria#History" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Uskudama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Thrace_and_Macedonia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Thracians#Culture" title="Thracians">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Thracian_Rulers#Construction" title="Valley of the Thracian Rulers">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Emblem</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia">Tribes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysi">Mysi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Brygi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyni" title="Thyni">Thyni</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bithyni" title="Bithyni">Bithyni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maedi" title="Maedi">Maedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Daci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrianes" title="Agrianes">Agriani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dii" title="Dii">Dii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astae" class="mw-redirect" title="Astae">Asti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edoni" title="Edoni">Edoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrae" title="Satrae">Satri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieres" title="Pieres">Pieres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trausi" class="mw-redirect" title="Trausi">Trausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebrici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia">Tribes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Thracians#History" title="Thracians">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Odrysian Kingdom">Odrysian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teres_I" title="Teres I">Teres I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotys_I_(Odrysian)" title="Cotys I (Odrysian)">Cotys I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seuthes_III" title="Seuthes III">Seuthes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skudra" title="Skudra">Skudra</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Warfare</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callinicus" title="Battle of Callinicus">Battle of Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraex" title="Thraex">Thraex</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Roman Thrace</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian the Great">Justinian the Great</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_"Dionysian"_Zis">Zagreus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_"Arean"_Zis">Ares</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_"Hermesian"_Zis">Hermes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_"Apollonian"_Zis">Apellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibelthiurdos" title="Zibelthiurdos">Zbelthourd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotys" title="Kotys">Kotys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derzelas" title="Derzelas">Derzelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistoros" title="Pleistoros">Pleistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thracian_deities" title="Category:Thracian deities">Gods</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Thracians#Legacy" title="Thracians">Legacy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thracian_archaeology" title="Category:Thracian archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thrace_series" title="Template:Thrace series"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thrace_series" title="Template talk:Thrace series"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thrace_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thrace series"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Thracian religion</b> comprised the mythology, ritual practices and beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, a collection of closely related ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> peoples who inhabited <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">southeastern</a> Europe and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> throughout antiquity and who included the Thracians proper, the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bithynians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bithynians">Bithynians</a>. </p><p>The Thracians themselves did not leave any written corpus of their mythology and rituals, but information about their beliefs is nevertheless available through scarce references <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> writings, as well as through <a href="/wiki/Epigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphic">epigraphic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iconographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconographic">iconographic</a> and archaeological sources. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written">Written</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Written"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Textual">Textual</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Textual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main textual sources for Thracian religion come from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> poets and writers, who were primarily interested in describing the mythology and philosophy of the Thracians rather than their cultic practices, due to which there is significant disparity in the amount of information recorded on Thracian myth compared to that of Thracian cult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest source on the religion of the ancient Thracians is the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus of Halicarnassus</a>. However, Herodotus's writings combined descriptions of Thracian religious beliefs with Greek philosophical concepts so that it is difficult to disentangle them from each other,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they also described different practices belonging to specific regions or tribes, which themselves were few in number and were ambiguous in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999435_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999435-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epigraphic">Epigraphic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Epigraphic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from compositions by ancient authors, inscriptions on stone are the main other source on ancient Thracian religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inscriptions are natively Thracian in origin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999436_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999436-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are useful in providing information on the locations of sanctuaries, on the preferred depictions of the deities, as well as on Thracian devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earlier epigraphic sources on Thracian religion are from the 4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Odrysian_kingdom">In the Odrysian kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the Odrysian kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region of Thrace for which there is the most comprehensive evidence for its religious practices is the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a>, which occupied the territory ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Haemus_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemus Mons">Haemus Mons</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> in the south, and from the <a href="/wiki/Struma_(river)" title="Struma (river)">Strymon river</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in the east. Information regarding religion within the Odrysian kingdom is recorded not only by Greek writers and playwrights, but also in inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seuthopolis" title="Seuthopolis">Seuthopolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patalenitsa" title="Patalenitsa">Batkun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vetren,_Pazardzhik_Province" title="Vetren, Pazardzhik Province">Vetren</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pistiros" title="Pistiros">Pistiros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999435-436_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999435-436-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological">Archaeological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archaeological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological research has provided a large amount of data on ancient Thrace, such as sites including settlements and cult places, burials, shrines, various deposits, objects depicting cultic scenes, and images like tomb paintings, coins, metal vessels, plaques, and jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999436_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999436-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempts_at_reconstruction">Attempts at reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attempts at reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek gods <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, were considered to have originated from Thrace in early scholarship until the decipherment of the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script and etymological research provided evidence that they were all of Greek origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999432_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999432-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Gavril_Katsarov" title="Gavril Katsarov">Gavril Katsarov</a> based himself on dedications to Graeco-Roman deities to describe Thracian religion as having being "primitive and animistic" until it came into contact with Mediterranean religions traditions and borrowed Graeco-Roman religious concepts and iconography, and therefore as passively accepting more "sophisticated" religious practices from the Aegean world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999429_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999429-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fontenrose" title="Joseph Fontenrose">J. E. Fontenrose</a> in the later 20th century had a similar assessment as Katsarov, describing Thracian religion as "crude and barbaric" before Greek influences transformed it, and positing that Thracian gods might have been "vaguely conceived" until they were individualised due to Greek influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999432-433_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999432-433-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to these earlier negative assessments, Thracian religion became under-studied academically, and therefore native Thracian religious concepts have been mostly ignored in studies, leaving pre-Roman Thracian cults largely unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433-434_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433-434-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second half of the 20th century AD, Thracologists have attempted to draw from heterogeneous texts from different periods to reconstruct Thracian religion, such as the thesis of "Thracian Orphism" by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fol" title="Alexander Fol">Alexander Fol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Marazov" title="Ivan Marazov">Ivan Marazov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fol's and Marazov's thesis posits that the Thracian religion consisted of an oral doctrine about a universal principle which was one of harmony between the chthonic <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a> and the solar <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> in the cosmogonic cycles created in the intercourse between the Mother-Goddess and her solar son, who was politically identified with the king. This doctrine would have constituted a parallel to the Greek Delphian reform, according to which Dionysos appears in the winter to replace an absent Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, their use of sources from significantly later periods means their reconstruction has been criticised as unreliable,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the literary and material evidence regarding Thracian religion is too contradictory to allow for such a coherent reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fol's and Marazov's interpretation of the figures of Zalmoxis and Rhesus through an Orphic lens is also at odds with more recent findings on the Thracian afterlife, since <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a> saw the body and the soul as opposites whereby the soul was trapped by the body until it was released through death, while the Thracian afterlife conceived of a unity of the soul and the body which was preserved after death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest traces of personified divine power in Thrace is from a Late Bronze Age stone slab depicting an ityphallic warrior in front of a "solar boat." Ceramics from this period were also decorated with painted or incised circles, which might have also represented a solar cult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The account of <a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus of Bithynia</a>, that the king <a href="/wiki/Cosingas" title="Cosingas">Cosingas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cebrenii" title="Cebrenii">Cebrenii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sycaeboae" title="Sycaeboae">Sycaeboae</a> threatened to ascend by ladder to Heaven to complain about their disobedience to a goddess, suggests that the Thracians envisioned their deities as inhabiting the celestial realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pantheon">Pantheon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pantheon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of Thracian deites are not well-attested because of a taboo against mentioning them due to what was believed to be the ineffable nature of the deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999461_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999461-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Ancient Greek author Herodotus of Halicarnassus, the Thracians worshipped a pantheon of three deities, whom he identified, following the <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">interpretatio Graeca</i></span>, with the Greek gods:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999461_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999461-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, was the goddess of hunting</li> <li>Ares, was the god of war</li> <li>Dionysos, was the god of feasting with wine</li> <li>a fourth Thracian god was identified by Herodotus with the Greek Hermes</li></ul> <p>These four Thracian gods thus represented the activities of the Thracian aristocracy, among whom the indolent who fought war for prestige and feasted with wine were honoured, while agricultural work was derided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thracian religion was aniconic, and representations of deities were present only on utilitarian artifacts, but not in sanctuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, a comment by <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes of Colophon</a>, that the Thracian gods were red-haired and blue-eyed because mortals imagined their gods as alike to themselves, suggests that Thracians viewed their deities as being anthropomorphic in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the various different names attributed by Ancient Greek authors to Thracian deities as well as the fragmented tribal social organisation of the Thracians, it is uncertain whether the Thracians had no common pantheon, or whether certain deities were simply known by different names across different parts of Thrace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Thracian_"Hermes""><span id="The_Thracian_.22Hermes.22"></span>The Thracian "Hermes"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Thracian "Hermes""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thracian "Hermes" was the progenitor of the kings:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this god was worshipped supremely by the Thracian kings, who swore only by him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bendis">Bendis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bendis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bendis_Kourion_Met_74.51.2477.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bendis_Kourion_Met_74.51.2477.jpg/220px-Bendis_Kourion_Met_74.51.2477.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bendis_Kourion_Met_74.51.2477.jpg/330px-Bendis_Kourion_Met_74.51.2477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bendis_Kourion_Met_74.51.2477.jpg/440px-Bendis_Kourion_Met_74.51.2477.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="4026" /></a><figcaption>Hellenistic statue of the Thracian goddess Bendis.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Thracian goddess Bendis was the Great Mother of Gods,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to the Phrygian goddess <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Kubeleya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011530_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011530-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a mistress of animals who was associated to wild animals, as well as a power-giver connected to the Thracian elite,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199984_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199984-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus was a fertility deity and a <a href="/wiki/Potnia_theron" class="mw-redirect" title="Potnia theron"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">potnia thērōn</i></span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202325_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202325-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bendis was identified with the Greek goddess Artemis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom Herodotus of Halicarnassus described as one of the four main deities worshipped by the Thracians. According to Herodotus, Thracian and Paeonian women offered sacrifices to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Artemis basileia</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Artemis the queen</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult of Bendis in Thrace was performed in open-air rock sanctuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202335_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202335-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bendis as identified with the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Artemis Phōsphoros</i></span> was the main deity of the city of Kabyle, where was located a Phōsphorion (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">temple of Phosphoros</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and where she enjoyed a cult along with the Thracian "Apollo."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civic coins of Kabyle depicted Phōsphoros as wearing a long-belted gown and holding a torch in each hand, and this same image was crudely carved at the peak of Zayči Vruh, that is the acropolis of the city. Phōsphoros is also attested in an inscription from the city of Helis, which was the capital of the Getic king <a href="/wiki/Dromichaetes" title="Dromichaetes">Dromichaetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bendis is depicted on several Thracian gold and silver objects and on paintings in aristocratic Thracian tombs, implying that she was a protector of dynasts and aristocrats similar to the Phrygian Kubeleya;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202323_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202323-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Sveshtari tomb, Bendis is depicted standing on a pedestal while she reaches out to an approaching horseman with a crown in her hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999100_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999100-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bendis was often depicted in the Hellenistic period using the same imagery as Artemis, but wearing a <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>. Roman-era votive tablets depicting a goddess riding a doe and holding a bow might also have represented Bendis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bendis was also depicted using the iconography similar to the Phrygian goddess Kubeleya, and she often appeared on the votive reliefs of the Thracian Horseman, where she was represented as a standing feminine figure with a hand raised in a gesture of benediction or salutation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova20236_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova20236-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Thracian_"Dionysos""><span id="The_Thracian_.22Dionysos.22"></span>The Thracian "Dionysos"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Thracian "Dionysos""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the main Thracian gods, who was associated with an important Thracian solar cult,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011524_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011524-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was identified with both the Greek Dionysos and Apollo, as attested by Alexander Polyhistor's account that the Thracians worshipped both "<a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a>" as one single god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Apollo and Dionysos were popular gods in Hellenistic Thrace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This god appears to have had aspects in common with the Greek god Dionysos, hence why he was assimilated with this latter deity. In his identification as the "Thracian Dionysos," this god had a widespread cult in Thrace, where he was the most popular deity, and his cult was particularly popular among the elite, due to which Dionysian themes were prominent among early tribal and royal coins in Thrace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This god when identified with Apollo was meanwhile very popular in the region to the south of the Haemus range,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an altar dedicated to him being located in the agora of the city of Kabyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cult of the Thracian "Dionysos" was mentioned twice by Herodotus of Halicarnassus, and he possessed a sanctuary in the <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where one of his priestesses made prophecies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a sanctuary with an altar in the city of Seuthopolis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thracian "Dionysos" was a guarantor of oaths, as attested by him being invoked in a regulation by a mid-4th century BCE Thracian king which confirmed the rights of emporitai in Pistiros. Coins of the king Ketriporis were decorated with images of Dionysus wearing an ivy wreath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-445_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-445-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A jug from the Rogozen treasure had an inscription reading <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κοτυς Απολλωνος παις</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kotus Apollōnos pais</i></span>), which described the Odrysian king Kotys I as a child or slave of the Thracian "Apollo."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thracian "Apollo" had several epithets, including Karsenos, Paktyenos, and Kitharedes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011527_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011527-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Thracian_Horseman">The Thracian Horseman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Thracian Horseman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian horseman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg/220px-Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg/330px-Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg/440px-Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Hellenistic relief depicting the Thracian Horseman as a hunter.</figcaption></figure> <p>In eastern Thrace, the deity known as the Thracian Horseman or the Thracian Rider was worshipped in syncretism with the Greek Apollo;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, while the Rider was given epithets of the Greek Apollo, his image was not traditionally associated with the Greek Apollo, attesting that the cult of the Rider was significantly different from the cults of Apollo in Greece or Italy, and that the cults of the Rider and of the Greek Apollo were therefore not merely different forms of the same one cult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430-431_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430-431-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reliefs of the Rider were placed in both urban and rural sanctuaries in central Thrace, Philippopolis, and the regions surrounding the Greek colonies on the Black Sea shores of Thrace, where the cult of the Thracian "Apollo" was present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In western Thrace, the Thracian Horseman was syncretised with Asclepius, and less often with Silvanus or Hephaestus in Moesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 5th century BCE, coins of the king Sparadokos marked his coins with imagery associated with the Rider:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the obverse of <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachmas</a> featured a horseman;</li> <li>the obverse of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachmas</a> featured a horse;</li> <li>the obverse of <a href="/wiki/Diobol" class="mw-redirect" title="Diobol">diobols</a> featured a horse protome.</li></ul> <p>The position of this imagery was part of religious ideology, since the obverse of coins was reserved for divine depictions. By the 4th century BCE, the depictions of the Rider were moved to the reverse of the coins, while the obverses were decorated with representations of other deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of the Rider's image as decoration on coins, signet rings, tableware, weapons, horse trappings, and drawings in tombs, implies that he was regarded as an ancestor of the Thracian aristocracy, as well as its divine protector and its <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anthrōpodaimōn</i></span> (deified man),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being thus related to the status and ideology of Thracian kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalerul_Trac_IMG_5924.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cavalerul_Trac_IMG_5924.JPG/220px-Cavalerul_Trac_IMG_5924.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cavalerul_Trac_IMG_5924.JPG/330px-Cavalerul_Trac_IMG_5924.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cavalerul_Trac_IMG_5924.JPG/440px-Cavalerul_Trac_IMG_5924.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Stele of the Thracian Horseman with a goddess standing in front of him.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the Hellenistic period, however, the image of the Thracian Horseman disappeared from luxuries and instead became more widely used, figuring on votive stone reliefs in sacred spaces, among which were anepigraphic dedications from ordinary Thracians; this more common use of the Rider's imagery became widespread through the Thracian provinces of the Roman Empire somewhat like a "national" cult, and the Rider was given an identity of hero (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hērōs</i></span>), god (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">theos</i></span>), both hero and god (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">theos hērōs</i></span>), or even a master (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kyrios</i></span>), who had several local epithets:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011211_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011211-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Kendrisos from <a href="/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thrace)" title="Philippopolis (Thrace)">Philippopolis</a>,</li> <li>Karabasmos from <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a>,</li> <li>Sandenos at the shrine of Glava Panega near <a href="/wiki/Lovech" title="Lovech">Lovech</a>,</li> <li>Propylaios (guardian of the gate),</li> <li>Pyrmeroulas (of the cultivation of wheat),</li> <li>Aularkenos (guardian of the house),</li> <li>Perko,</li> <li>Karsenos,</li> <li>Mursine,</li> <li>and Manimadzos.</li></ul> <p>This image of the Thracian Horseman had become one of a deified ancestor who could however be identified with various Greek gods through inscriptions, and the iconography of the votive monuments depicting it used motifs from Hellenistic heroic cults and monuments where trees marked the burial place as sacred, a serpent acted as its guardian, and a raised altar suggested a ritual to fulfil the hero's manifestation as a horseman. Three types of such imagery are attested:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202322_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202322-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the scene where a goddess or goddesses, or an altar, or a tree with a snake stands in front of the Rider, being a solemn scene of the hero's epiphany,</li> <li>the scene where the Rider is a hunter,</li> <li>the scene where the Rider returns from hunting, which represents the bliss of the hero in the afterlife.</li></ul> <p>By the Roman period, two types of monuments to the Thracian Horseman could be distinguished: votive ones and funerary ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202322_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202322-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 300 known monuments to the Thracian Horseman, most of them date from the Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011518-519_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011518-519-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kotytto">Kotytto</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kotytto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kotys_(Thracian_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotys (Thracian goddess)">Kotytto</a></div> <p>The Thracian goddess Kotytto was worshipped by the Edones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Thracian_"Hera""><span id="The_Thracian_.22Hera.22"></span>The Thracian "Hera"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Thracian "Hera""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Polyaenus, the king <a href="/wiki/Cosingas" title="Cosingas">Cosingas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cebrenii" title="Cebrenii">Cebrenii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sycaeboae" title="Sycaeboae">Sycaeboae</a> was a priest of a goddess whom he identified with the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>. When his people refused to obey him, Cosingas assembled a large number of ladders to ascend to Heaven to complain about them to the goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ancestral_Goddess">The Ancestral Goddess</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Ancestral Goddess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sveshtari_Thracian_tomb_Bulgaria_IFB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sveshtari_Thracian_tomb_Bulgaria_IFB.JPG/220px-Sveshtari_Thracian_tomb_Bulgaria_IFB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sveshtari_Thracian_tomb_Bulgaria_IFB.JPG/330px-Sveshtari_Thracian_tomb_Bulgaria_IFB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sveshtari_Thracian_tomb_Bulgaria_IFB.JPG/440px-Sveshtari_Thracian_tomb_Bulgaria_IFB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The semi-vegetal caryatids of the tomb of Sveshtari, representing the Ancestral Goddess.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Thracian pantheon possessed an equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> <a href="/wiki/Snake-Legged_Goddess" title="Snake-Legged Goddess">Snake-Legged Goddess</a>. This figure was depicted in the form of caryatids wearing kalathoi headdresses as well as chitons whose <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apoptygmai</i></span> were shaped as floral volutes with an <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">acanthus</i></span> leaf between them, while their hands were disproportionately large similarly to the image of a fertility goddess with her hands raised to her face from a series of Thracian votive plaques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999100_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999100-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A representation of this goddess might be found in a greave from <a href="/wiki/Vratsa" title="Vratsa">Vratsa</a>, whose knee is shaped like a woman's head wearing an ivy wreath and having parallel gold stripes on her right cheek, while her body is covered with snakes, including lion-headed ones, as well as lions, and a dove. This iconography, as well as the goddess's divided face, show her dual nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999113_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999113-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A representation of the cult of this goddess, who was also a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">potnia thērōn</i></span>, is depicted on a gilt silver greave from Zlatinitsa, where a rider holding a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">rhyton</i></span> with a stag protome is depicted above a lady sitting on a throne and holding a spindle while drinking from a cup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This goddess is depicted on a plaque from the Letnitsa treasure as engaging in sexual intercourse with the Thracian "Dionysos" so as to engender humanity, similarly to how the Snake-Legged Goddess copulated with "Hēraklēs" to engender humanity in the Scythian genealogical myth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121-122_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121-122-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various aspects of this goddess, including her union with the Thracian ancestor-hero to become the ancestress of humanity, suggests that she and the Scythian Snake-Legged goddess have similar origins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999113_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999113-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derzalas_or_Darzalas">Derzalas or Darzalas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Derzalas or Darzalas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Derzelas" title="Derzelas">Derzelas</a></div> <p>A god referred to with the Thracian name Derzalas or Darzalas in the Roman period has been attested in <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a> since the Hellenistic period, when he was called only by the epithet of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Theos Megas</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Θεος Μεγας</span></span>), that is the Great God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519-520_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519-520-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derzalas was the patron god of Odessos, and, although this god likely had ancient origins, he is not attested before the 4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011522_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011522-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Derzalas was depicted on silver tetradrachms from Odessos dating from the 2nd century BCE, where he appeared as a bearded god with a ribbon in his hair on the obverse, and as turned to the left while wearing a long chiton and holding a <a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera"><span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">patera</i></span></a> in his right hand and a <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia"><span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">cornucopia</i></span></a> in his left hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A monument to Derzalas existed between <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nicopolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcianopolis" title="Marcianopolis">Marcianopolis</a> in Moesia Inferior, where a marble plaque depicts him as a bearded god wearing a long chiton, and holding a patera over a burning altar in his right hand and a cornucopia in his left hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One relief with the Thracian Horseman included a dedicatory inscription to the god Derzis, that is Derzalas. And another relief from this same area depicted a bearded Thracian Horseman whose horse charged against an altar while his dog chased a boar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520-521_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520-521-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On coins of Odessos, Derzalas was depicted as lying on a <a href="/wiki/Klin%C4%93" title="Klinē"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">klinē</i></span></a>, which was a position typical of the iconographies of chthonic deities. Meanwhile, his cornucopia signalled him as a giver of fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011521_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011521-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The various depictions of Derzalas all suggest that he was a chthonic deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011521_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011521-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iambadoule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Iambadoule.jpg/220px-Iambadoule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Iambadoule.jpg/330px-Iambadoule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Iambadoule.jpg/440px-Iambadoule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Dedication to Zbelthiurdos (Svelsurdus) and Iambadoule.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Svelsurdus">Svelsurdus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Svelsurdus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zibelthiurdos" title="Zibelthiurdos">Zibelthiurdos</a></div> <p>During the Roman period, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> mentioned a sanctuary of Jupiter Svelsurdus in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Dentheletae" title="Dentheletae">Dentheletae</a> in the Strymon valley. This deity is known from several Roman-era dedications in the territories inhabited by Thracians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thracian epithet of Svelsurdus suggests that this was a native Thracian deity who had been assimilated with the Greek <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, and he was depicted using the iconography of Zeus Keraunios who holds a thunderbolt, is accompanied by an eagle, and has a snake at his legs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pleistoros">Pleistoros</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pleistoros"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pleistoros" title="Pleistoros">Pleistoros</a></div> <p>The god Pleistoros was worshipped by the <a href="/wiki/Apsinthii" title="Apsinthii">Apsinthii</a>, who propitiated him with human sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kandaon">Kandaon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kandaon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The god Kandaon was worshipped by the <a href="/wiki/Crestonia" title="Crestonia">Krestones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Zalmoxis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a></div> <p>The god Zalmoxis was worshipped by the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>, possibly in the form of an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anthrōpodaimōn</i></span> (deified man).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Herodotus of Halicarnassus, Zalmoxis built a hall where he feasted and preached to the most prominent of his countrymen that he, as well as them and their descendants, would not die, but would instead go to a place where they would enjoy immortality and every good thing. Zalmoxis then built an underground chamber into which disappeared for three years, during which time the Thracians mourned him, after which he reappeared on the fourth year, proving his words to be true and convincing his people of his story of death and resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009101_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009101-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar Thracian figure is <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus</a>, who, like Zalmoxis, was a divine king and prophet who went to live below the earth, the difference being that Rhesus was a tribal deity of the <a href="/wiki/Edoni" title="Edoni">Edonians</a> while Zalmoxis was that of the Getae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009105_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009105-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 5th century BCE, Greek colonists in Thrace had come to connect Zalmoxis to the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> due to his prophetic abilities, magical healing, and other extraordinary traits; the similarities between the feasts of Getic nobles in their banqueting halls with the Pythagorean adepts' meetings and meals in a common halls, and their respective initiation rides, appear to have also motivated the connection between Zalmoxis and Pythagoras among the Pontic Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_deities">Other deities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 4th century BCE, the coins of the king <a href="/wiki/Hebryzelmis" title="Hebryzelmis">Hebryzelmis</a> were decorated images of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Mural_crown" title="Mural crown">mural crown</a> on the obverse, those of <a href="/wiki/Cersobleptes" title="Cersobleptes">Kersobleptes</a> were decorated with images of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Hellenistic period, new deities appeared in Thrace due to Greek influence: the coins of the king <a href="/wiki/Seuthes_III" title="Seuthes III">Seuthes III</a> depicted a head of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> on the obverse, and a Macedonian-influenced portrait of Seuthes III himself on the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A hero named Melsas was worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Mesembria" title="Mesembria">Mesembria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011523_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011523-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A temple to a group of deities originating from Samothrace, called the Kabeiroi but also known as the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Theoi Megaloi</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Θεοι Μεγαλοι</span></span>), meaning <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Great Gods</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, was located in the city of Seuthopolis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the worship of these deities being the city's main cult along with that of the Thracian "Dionysos."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ruler Spartokos of <a href="/wiki/Cabyle" title="Cabyle">Kabyle</a> depicted the deities Artemis Phōsphoros and <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>; these two deities, together with Apollo and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, later appeared on the municipal coins of Kabyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology">Mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thracian religion appeared to have possessed a myth of the union between an ancestor-god and an ancestress-goddess similar to the one of the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_genealogical_myth" title="Scythian genealogical myth">Scythian genealogical myth</a>. This divine union might have been depicted in the hierogamy scene from the Letnitsa treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199990-91_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199990-91-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs">Customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abstention_from_killing">Abstention from killing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Abstention from killing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demosthenes also claimed that it was customary among Thracians to not kill each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley201814_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley201814-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divination">Divination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Divination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An oracular sanctuary of the Thracian "Dionysos" was located in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Satrae" title="Satrae">Satrae</a> tribe in the Rhodope Mountains, where members of the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessoi</a> served in it and a priestess made prophecies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This might be the same sanctuary referred to by Roman sources as the sacred grove of "Liber" in Thrace, where the priests predicted to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> of Macedon that he would conquer the world, which they saw in the high fire that flared on its altar after the wine libation, and which the priests again later predicted to <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(father_of_Augustus)" title="Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)">Gaius Octavius</a> when he consulted this oracle regarding <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">his son</a>'s future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letnitsa_treasure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Letnitsa_treasure.png/220px-Letnitsa_treasure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Letnitsa_treasure.png/330px-Letnitsa_treasure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Letnitsa_treasure.png/440px-Letnitsa_treasure.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Thracian plaque depicting a mounted spearman with a severed human head behind him.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_customs">War customs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: War customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thracians used to carry the heads of the enemies they had killed in battle back to their homes, and some Thracian artifacts depicted severed men's and horses' heads behind horsemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199998_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199998-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Funerary_customs">Funerary customs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Funerary customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The afterlife was an important part of the Thracian religion, as reflected how Thracians built large and elaborate tombs and kurgans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tombs of upper class Thracians contained chambers which were used for private family rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999456_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999456-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cremations">Cremations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cremations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Iron Age Thracian burials were <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Upper_class_inhumations">Upper class inhumations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Upper class inhumations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zlata-mogila-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Zlata-mogila-1.jpg/220px-Zlata-mogila-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Zlata-mogila-1.jpg/330px-Zlata-mogila-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Zlata-mogila-1.jpg/440px-Zlata-mogila-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The Zlata Mogila, a Thracian burial mound.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg/220px-Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg/330px-Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg/440px-Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6264" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the Thracian tomb at Sveshtari.</figcaption></figure> <p>Royal and aristocratic Thracian burials during the Hellenistic period consisted of inhumations, with their tombs possessing spaces to act as the dwellings of the deceased as well as to perform rituals to contact the said deceased. This practice was linked to the concept of the deceased elites achieving immortality and bliss on the periphery of the inhabited world, due to which they did not depend on the living.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, these upper class burials covered by mounds were built on the ground level or on reused embankments above it, as physical representations of the idea that those buries within them were not within the kingdom of the dead in the underworld, which was sometimes further accentuated by sumptuous stairs leading to the tombs within them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fitting the vision of the future the deceased elites would enjoy after death, these tombs were located far from settlements of the living, and within them the dead were laid on couches or beds which were not dug into the floor and tableware was present, so that they formed a banquet scene on the inside, thus being reminiscent of the afterlife promised by Zalmoxis to his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tombs' entrances could also function as exits, and allowed for communication between the world of the living and that of the deceased through an open area leading to the interior, which was itself inaccessible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the shift from belief in immortality of body and soul towards one of the "heroisation" of the deceased during the Hellenistic period, burials from this era were personalised with visible inscriptions or portraits. This newer practice continued until the Roman period, when commoners started being buried in monumental burials as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Horse_burials">Horse burials</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Horse burials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accompanying the deceased was often a horse, placed in the antechamber of the tombs or before their entrances: the horse was placed there to accompany its master in the afterlife, and was therefore treated in the same way as the deceased irrespective of whether they were inhumated or cremated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Funerary_rituals">Funerary rituals</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Funerary rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the burial mounds were pits and hearths which were used by the living to communicate with the deceased. These were especially performed at the tombs' entrances before they were completely covered under the mounts, and were similar to Greek cults performed on altars at the front doors of Greek temples and homes for deities and heroes. The Thracian rituals were likely "rites of passage" meant to help the deceased achieve the status of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anthrōpodaimones</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Mounds">Mounds</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Mounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mounds formed from offerings are documented among Thracian ritual practices. These were associated with offering pits or other sacrificial deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999450-451_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999450-451-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_afterlife">The afterlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: The afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thracian vision of the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> considered that a state of blissful immortality after death could be achieved through both the soul and the body, as is attested in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s account that Zalmoxis taught the Thracian physicians to heal both soul and body because these were one and the same.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herodotus of Halicarnassus had recorded that the Thracians were not afraid of death, which is consistent with the positive attitude towards dying that people who have experienced various mystical states have.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, Herodotus claimed that the Getae were the most brave and lawful of Thracians who <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apathanatizein</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">απαθανατιζειν</span></span>), that is they "made themselves immortal," because they believed they would not die but would instead go to Zalmoxis:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009100_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009100-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within Thracian religion, aristocrats were believed to go to a place where they would not die, but would achieve immortality and live in perpetual bliss; commoners could however only reach this state by dying bravely in battle, or by being sacrificed as a messenger to the god Zalmoxis, with those who met this fate being believed to gone to Zalmoxis himself without dying.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thracian concept of the elite's immortality itself resulted from state formation which occurred in the 6th century BCE and lasted until the Roman annexation of Thrace: the Thracian aristocracy believed that it would obtain immortality where it would enjoy bliss not unlike its lifestyle in the world of the living, which would be achieved in places on the periphery of the inhabited world after being transferred there by the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-452_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-452-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thracian idea of immortality in both body and spirit was similar to Pindar's conception of Heracles as a "hero-god," which might in turn explain Porphyry's claim that Barbarians like Heracles worshipped Zalmoxis. Similar elements were also present in the Greek religion, such as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s account of <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> being brought to the <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysian Fields</a> without dying,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s account of the race of heroes being sent to the <a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Islands of the Blessed</a> without dying,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>'s account of Apollo saving <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> from his funeral pyre and bringing him to <a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a>,</li> <li>the myth of <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">mother</a> taking his body from his pyre and bringing him to the <a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Ukraine)" title="Snake Island (Ukraine)">White Island</a> in the Pontus Euxinus.</li></ul> <p>This conceptualisation of the Thracian afterlife is recorded in the Greek story of the Thracian king Rhesus who remained as an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anthrōpodaimōn</i></span> in a cavern of silver-veined mountains instead of descending to the underworld to become a shadow there: like Zalmoxis, Rhesus obtained immortality without dying.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104-105_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104-105-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Hellenistic period, the Thracian concept of immortality of body and soul was transformed into one of "heroisation" of the dead and of their immortal souls as a result of the replacement of the older epic traditions by newer literary ones. Thus, funerary reliefs depicting the Thracian Horseman often identified the deceased as "immortal heroes" since mortals after death became divine ancestors or were deified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cult">Cult</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thracians communicated with their deities through rituals which were performed in human living space:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the domestic cult was performed within the house;</li> <li>the communal cult was performed in sanctuaries.</li></ul> <p>Since the Thracians were composed of several distinct tribes living across a large territory, there were likely regional variations among the rituals they practised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015207_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015207-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearth_altars">Hearth altars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Hearth altars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A type of Thracian altar consisted of a circular clay structure which had been used since the Bronze Age. These later gave rise to decorated square altars during the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446-447_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446-447-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A widespread feature of Thracian cultic sites was the presence of square hearths made of hard clay which had often been fired to a greyish white colour, and were decorated with inscribed geometric patterns as well as impressed and stamped: the designs decorating them included florals, vegetal bands containing ivy leaves and snakes. These hearths were low platforms which were raised some centimetres above the floor surrounding it, being therefore similar to Greek altars to chthonic deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999444-445_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999444-445-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These hearth altars were present especially in urban locations such as at Seuthopolis, Philippopolis, Kabyle, Pistiros, and Helis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-450_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-450-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could be found both in sanctuaries and in the residences of individuals;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Seuthopolis, they were located in a representative room separate from the oikos where the hearth was located. The hearth altars were most likely used to burn incense or hallucinogens, but not food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Associated with these hearths were <a href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">andirons</a> made of stone and clay and decorated with pairs protomes of horses or rams on both sides of the fire. These were present in burial places as well as domestic spaces in villages outside of the cities and towns, in a similar range of environments as the hearths. The horses decorating them likely represented the popular belief of a solar chariot with celestial fire possessing purifying power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctuaries">Sanctuaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only few Thracian sanctuaries are attested before the Roman conquest of Thrace, with most having started being used from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 175</span> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 CE</span> and ending their operations until the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_under_Theodosius_I" title="Persecution of pagans under Theodosius I">ban on paganism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in the late 4th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thracian sanctuaries consisted of:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>intramural sanctuaries located within settlements,</li> <li>and extramural sanctuaries located outside settlements, which were themselves composed of mountains and lowland areas.</li></ul> <p>Among these sanctuaries, some were used only by local worshippers, while others were used by devotees from large areas:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rural communities had access to small shrines present near their villages, and they used larger and more distant shrines as important cult centres, while they could access the further distant mountain shrines only during festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thracian sanctuaries had different plans and layouts compared to Greek ones, and were used as treasuries, but did not possess monumental altars. Their buildings were simple, and except for the temple <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">in antis</i></span> near Pernik and a tetraprostyle near Kopilovtsi, they did not resemble Greek temple buildings; Thracian sanctuaries also lacked structures such as theatres, stadiums, hospitals or facilities for pilgrims, suggesting that they were used only by rural populations living near them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extramural_sanctuaries">Extramural sanctuaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Extramural sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally Thracian sanctuaries were found far from daily life activities. The identities of the deities worshipped at these sanctuaries have so far been difficult to ascertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Highland_sanctuaries">Highland sanctuaries</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Highland sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The several mountain-related goddess epithets in Thrace suggest that <a href="/wiki/Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains">mountains</a> and rocky highlands were considered as sacred among the Thracians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202325_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202325-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountain sanctuaries were especially found on sunlit peaks in the wild: these include rock sanctuaries, which are characterised by cuttings on exposed bedrock which were used as chutes, pools, niches, steps and altars, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Babyak" title="Babyak">Babyak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatul" title="Tatul">Tatul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perperek_(village)" title="Perperek (village)">Perperek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oracle of "Dionysos" located on the Zelmisos hill, in the mountains of the tribe of the Satrae and where the Bessi served as the priests while a priestess pronounced oracles, within a circular Thracian sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lowland_sanctuaries">Lowland sanctuaries</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Lowland sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lowland sanctuaries were located near or even within settlements, such as at Levunovo, Nebet Tepe and Kabyle, or sometimes on elevations within lowland areas. These consisted of a holy precinct enclosed by a <a href="/wiki/Peribolos" title="Peribolos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">peribolos</i></span></a>. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">temenos</i></span> at Babyak had a separation of activities whereby different areas were specifically used for offering gifts and for burning sacrifices on clay altars and hearths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sanctuaries in the plains were close to human settlements and were likely located in agricultural lands. These sanctuaries were not recorded by Greek authors or by epigraphic sources, and are therefore only known from archaeological evidence. Some of these sanctuaries, such as the one at Bagachina, had been used from the Early Bronze Age until the Roman period, although most of them had started being used in the 4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The native Thracian sanctuaries within Moesia were located far from towns or Roman camps, and were largely found in the foothills of the Balkan Mountain and in the less Romanised eastern part of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Thracia, the sanctuaries in the plains were set on high ground so they could be more visible in this region, and were marked by natural rocks, springs and rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sanctuaries were also dedicated to divine ancestors of the aristocracy, to deified mortals in monumental tombs that functioned as tombs, homes and shrine, as well as heroised mortals who were seen as local heroes of rural communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015454_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015454-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intramural_sanctuaries">Intramural sanctuaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Intramural sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanctuaries and shrines located within settlements are primarily known from Hellenistic Thrace, and the existence of temples and shrines within towns and cities under strong Greek influence suggest that they were influenced by Greek religious cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Known_Thracian_sanctuaries">Known Thracian sanctuaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Known Thracian sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Thasos">Thasos</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Thasos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sanctuary of "Hēraklēs" was located on the island of <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, and consisted of:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999442-443_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999442-443-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>an earlier temple;</li> <li>and a hearth-sanctuary: <ul><li>unlike Classical Greek sanctuaries to the Olympian gods, the sanctuary consisted of a long building whose plan resembled a Greek temple, with a short porch and a long cella;</li> <li>the sanctuary of Thasos was focused on cultic activities which took place within it, unlike Greek sanctuaries which were centred on an open air altar;</li> <li>a square hearth outlined with stone blocks was located at the centre of the cella, which was itself supported by two axial pillars on either side of it.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The Thasian sanctuary's unusual structure in comparison to Greek sanctuaries appeared to have represented a Thracian ritual tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Seuthopolis">At Seuthopolis</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: At Seuthopolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of an agreement between the Thracian king Seuthes III and the Macedonian king <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a>, the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Kabeiroi</a> was imported into the Hellenistic Thracian city of Seuthopolis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sanctuary of the Kabeiroi, called the Samothrakeion, was located in the fortified section of Seuthopolis:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999442-444_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999442-444-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>this sanctuary was built of unbaked bricks over a stone foundations, and its roof was decorated with marble akroteria and clay antefixes;</li> <li>the main chamber of the sanctuary was large and spacious and its walls were decorated with plaster which had been painted red: <ul><li>this chamber contained the largest clay hearth discovered in Thrace as well as an inscription;</li></ul></li> <li>the sanctuary possessed a complex of three sets of rooms alongside the main chamber which opened axially onto a portico located at the long side of the temple, and from there onto a courtyard: <ul><li>the room adjacent to the main chamber also contained a hearth similar to the principal one;</li> <li>these rooms were not structured to connect with each other, which thus resembled the Thasian sanctuary;</li></ul></li> <li>the temple was itself located in a large yard which was fully surrounded by turreted walls, with a propylon separating the yard from the rest of the city.</li></ul> <p>The sanctuary of Seuthopolis had aspects of its layout which were similar to the sanctuary of Thasos, and its plan was unlike domestic or residential buildings from the rest of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443-444_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443-444-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A structure tentatively identified with an altar and temple of the Thracian "Dionysos" has been discovered in the agora of Seuthopolis:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441-442_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441-442-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the structure was enclosed in an almost rectangular open space whose eastern boundary was formed by the city's main arterial road, and whose southern limit was the main east-west road, which ran from the south-west to the north-east;</li> <li>within this enclosure were located large ashlar blocks which resembled a Classical Greek altar, and which have been interpreted as having formed part of the altar of the Thracian "Dionysos";</li> <li>the foundations of the temple were however too badly damaged to allow for any reconstruction of its structure.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Athens">In Athens</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: In Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sanctuary of the goddess Bendis was located on the <a href="/wiki/Munichia" title="Munichia">Munychia Hill</a> of <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Kabyle">At Kabyle</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: At Kabyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Kabyle had been conquered by the king <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a>, he installed a garrison and settled Macedonian Greek inhabitants there, hence why there were Greek cults present in this city:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-449_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-449-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to an inscription from Seuthopolis, a Phosphorion was located in Kabyle and a bomos of Apollo was found in its agora.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hearth altars have been found at Kabyle, on the low hill of Hissarlik which was located opposite of Zayči Vruh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, water channels and niches connected to cultic practice had been cut on Zayči Vruh before Philip II built a military tower there, and a crude image of the goddess Phosphoros wearing a long gown and holding torches in each of her hands was carved there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="On_Samothrace">On Samothrace</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: On Samothrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some buildings with unusual building plans on <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a> also represented a Thracian ritual tradition, such as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a hieron whose designed emphasised activities within it, and had a hearth altar as well as walls painted in red</li> <li>an anaktoron from the early Roman Empire with a similar plan as the Thasian sanctuary which was divided into a main chamber with a wooden platform, a restricted inner chamber, and a hearth altar within a walled precinct.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Philippopolis">At Philippopolis</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: At Philippopolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A complete hearth altar was found in an open area in the fortified eastern gateway of the city's acropolis on <a href="/wiki/Nebet_Tepe" title="Nebet Tepe">Nebet Tepe</a>, and another one was founded in the city area close below Nebet Tepe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Kallatis">At Kallatis</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: At Kallatis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rock-cut sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Kallatis</a> might have begun as a native Thracian shrine until it later came to be used by Greek colonists as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202325_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202325-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Batkun">At Batkun</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: At Batkun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An inscription from <a href="/wiki/Patalenitsa" title="Patalenitsa">Batkun</a> mentioned a sanctuary of Apollo where the citizens had dedicated a stele in honour of a prominent individual. These citizens were themselves from Philippopolis or <a href="/wiki/Pistiros" title="Pistiros">Pistiros</a>, suggesting that this was a Greek cult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-449_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-449-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Sboryanovo">At Sboryanovo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: At Sboryanovo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sanctuary from Sboryanovo in northeastern Thrace dating from between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450 BC</span> to the early 3rd century BC consisted of a quadrangular clay building standing on a beaten earth floor which had a wooden roof and a cornice decorated with terracotta with the same rope-impressed patterns used as ornamentation on the hearth altars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445-446_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445-446-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This sanctuary contained two quadrangular platforms which were located on both sides of two successive circular raised altars, with one of them having a convex surface. These altars were rectilinear, were surrounded by a sill of rough stones, and had rounded corners. Their foundation, made of small stones mixed with earth, stood 20 centimetres above the clay floor surrounding them, was covered with clay and painted with a white layer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sanctuary of Sboryanovo was located immediately to the west of the river Krapinets. A shrine was located near a river source above the gorge there, and this shrine as well as a large area of ritual importance immediately below it were both enclosed in a stone wall in the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE. To its west, on the plateau, was another ritual site that had been enclosed in a stone wall in the 4th to 3rd century BC, and where a dedication to "Phosphoros" had been inscribed and shallow stone circles had been built in the Hellenistic period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999455_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999455-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two large mound cemeteries lined both sides of the gorge in parallel, and the eastern one of these contained monumental stone tombs which were used as cultic sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999455-456_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999455-456-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Tsrancha">At Tsrancha</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: At Tsrancha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rock sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/Tsrancha" title="Tsrancha">Tsrancha</a> contained a circular clay altar with a distinct border and an <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">umbo</i></span>-like central protrusion, as well as a clay plaque decorated in relief which was also likely used as an altar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Vetren">At Vetren</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: At Vetren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site of <a href="/wiki/Vetren,_Pazardzhik_Province" title="Vetren, Pazardzhik Province">Vetren</a> contained a Thracian sanctuary which had been used over a significant period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999448_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999448-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The altars at Vetren appear to have been built in several structures, and some might have been in the open air. Cereal grains, loom weights, spindle whorls and several figurine types were located near these alters, implying that they were used in cults relating to fertility and procreation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts of altars have been found throughout the site of Vetren, meaning that these were regularly built in multiple locations, although several were located near two altars in a way suggesting that the fragments were earlier temporary sites of cultic activity which were used to make bases for later altars, and which became permanent cultic sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fortifications located near the sanctuary area contained traces of ritual activity such as pits, altar fragments, mobile clay braziers, and figurines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999448_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999448-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A complete altar and partial remains of two other altars were located at the western end of an excavated terrace located behind a courtyard complex, which itself contained altar fragments in one of its rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447-449_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447-449-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultic activities were largely concentrated in two squares to the south of the settlement, where several superimposed altars and hearths dating from the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC were located, as well as in two other squares located near the terrace, with one of these squares containing one altar. Another of the altars near this latter set of squares being surrounded by a fence on three sides. The altars in the other of this set of squares already had permanent altars in the 4th century BC which had themselves been built over previous temporary ritual sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447-448_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447-448-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, although there were specific parts of the Vertren settlement that were reserved for cultic activities, rituals were also performed in several places there, and the altars' use in both domestic and non-domestic settings well as both indoors and outdoors suggests that they were used to perform different rituals for various occasions or multiple deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clergy">Clergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thracian religion possessed various priestly offices:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>at the lower level were priests who held the indispensable function of officiating the tribal cults,</li> <li>and of higher status were priests who likely inherited their prominent positions from ancient legendary priest-kings; examples of such kings include: <ul><li>the king Cosingas of Cebrenii and the Sycaeboae, who was also their priest;</li> <li>Zalmoxis of the Getae had been a priest before he had become a god himself;</li> <li>one Vologaesus, who was priest of the Bessian sanctuary of the Thracian "Dionysos," led an anti-Roman revolt in 15 BCE;</li> <li>at the time of <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a>, Decaeneus was the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a> priest, and he also acted as sorcerer and the king's advisor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before later becoming seen as divine;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez_Dobroruka201989_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez_Dobroruka201989-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Odrysian king <a href="/wiki/Cotys_I_(Odrysian)" title="Cotys I (Odrysian)">Kotys I</a> was described as a son or slave of the Thracian "Apollo" in an inscription.</li> <li>thus, the Thracians worshipped Zalmoxis, and the high priest of this god was also the king as well as his substitute on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The Thracian priests were believed to have been given the power to heal by Zalmoxis himself, who taught them to heal the body and the soul together:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these healing abilities of the priests of Zalmoxis are similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamans</a> who derived their powers from altered states of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decorations on some Thracian jugs also suggest that there existed Thracian priestesses who attended goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 3rd century BCE, one Amaistas son of Medistas dedicated an altar once his term as priest of the Thracian "Dionysos" was complete, suggesting that the Thracian priesthood had a fixed term and could be held by other occupants in succession, similar to the priesthoods of Greek city-states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an account by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, when Philip II of Macedon attempted to besiege Odessos, Getae priests wearing white clothes and playing citharas to accompany the prayers to their gods opened the gates of the city and came out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011524-525_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011524-525-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heroised mortals who became seen after death as local heroes were invoked in prayers for help and protections through simple rituals which did not require the mediation of priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-454_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-454-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Vegetarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Strabo of Amasia, the Mysians <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">did not consume living things</a>, not even their flocks, out of piety for their <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">belief in the transmigration of souls</a>, but instead subsisted on <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, and lived peacefully, due to which they were called <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">theosebeis</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θεοσεβεις</span></span>), meaning "god fearing," and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kapnobatai</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καπνοβαται</span></span>), meaning "cloud walkers" or "fire walkers." According to Strabo, the Getae also practised a vegetarian lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley201814_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley201814-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolubeanu2024211_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolubeanu2024211-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kapnobatai</i></span> has been sometimes interpreted as being derived from a practice of inhaling cannabis vapours similarly to Scythians, with their name meaning "those who walk in [hemp] smoke," or as referring to the practive of <a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">walking on embers</a>, although these are very uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick201826_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick201826-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kapnobatai</i></span> might have been shamans, and a parallel to their name is found in Indic traditions in the form of the term <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dhūma-gati</i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">धूम-गति</span></span>) to describe <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmans</a>. The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kapnobatai</i></span> might thus have been a caste who were separate from the rest of the population due to requirements of ritual purity, and they might have lived a form of extreme asceticism and practice of deep trance in a way similar to Indic <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">yogī</i></span>s</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Falisci" title="Falisci">Faliscan</a> <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">Hirpi Sorani</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-104_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-104-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178-79_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178-79-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asceticism">Asceticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Asceticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strabo also recorded that there was a group of ascetics among the Thracians, called the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ktistai</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κτισται</span></span>), meaning <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">founders</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, who lived celibate lives and therefore were honourable, due to which they were dedicated to the gods and lived free of any fear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley201814_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley201814-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolubeanu2024211_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolubeanu2024211-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The asceticism of these Thracians was so famous in the ancient world that Flavius Josephus compared them with the Essenes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dacian high priest Decaenus might have been an ascetic, as suggested by how he convinced the Dacians to destroy their vineyards and live without consuming wine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez_Dobroruka201989_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez_Dobroruka201989-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mystery_cults">Mystery cults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Mystery cults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The worshippers of Zalmoxis performed initiatory rites as part of their cult, during which the priest lived in a cave as a reenactment of the descent of Zalmoxis into his underground chamber: the priest who was representative of Zalmoxis lived in a real cave but was near-invisible and seen only by the king and some attendants because he and his successors lived very secluded lives, thus showing that Thracian religion had preserved archaic elements which had already disappeared in Greek religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-104_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-104-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The account of Rhesus recorded by <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, his mother declared that <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> would release his soul so that Rhesus will live hidden in a cavern as an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anthrōpodaimōn</i></span>. Thus, Rhesus had a role in mystery rites which Greeks perceived as being not unlike their own mysteries, and the use of the term "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anthrōpodaimōn</i></span>" to describe him means that Rhesus was believed to have a status between that of a man and a deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009105_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009105-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his record of the meeting between the Getic <a href="/wiki/Cothelas" title="Cothelas">Kothelas</a> with the Macedonian king Philip II, the Gothic author Jordanes described a vast ritual procession in which participated members of different social orders, as well as musicians among whom were priests who wore white robes and played <a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kitharai</i></span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bendidia">Bendidia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Bendidia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The festival of <a href="/wiki/Bendidia" title="Bendidia">Bendidia</a>, performed in honour of the goddess Bendis, was one of the main Thracian harvest festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999458-459_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999458-459-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feasts">Feasts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Feasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient Thracian rulers considered feasts to be an important aspect of maintaining their dominant status, and the Thracians borrowed the use of elite and communal feasts as models of social identity and interaction from the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a>, who had themselves borrowed this practice from West Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015197_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015197-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Thracians used to feast both on normal occasions as well as on a ritual basis, and used feasting to display status and affiliation to elige groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198-199_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198-199-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of feasting consisted of preparation for bathing, then bathing itself, followed by anointing, then sitting in a chair with a footstool, after which the hands were washed, and food and drink were served in vessels of gold and silver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015199_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015199-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ancient Greek authors, the king Kotys I used to feast and sacrifice to the gods in "places shaded with trees and watered by flowing streams."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king <a href="/wiki/Seuthes_II" title="Seuthes II">Seuthes II</a> gave a feast during which he shared bread and meat with Xenophon's Greek army to declare his alliance, after which wine was served to the feasters in horns likely made of precious metals and gifts were exchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_rituals">Fire rituals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Fire rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thracian "Dionysos" might have been worshipped in fire rituals during which the participants carry sacred objects called empyra and danced on embers. Due to this, this god was invoked under the name of Pyribromos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011529_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011529-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_rituals">Royal rituals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Royal rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain rituals were performed in relation to the king, such as investitutes and hierogamies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The union between the king and the goddess was believed to be necessary for him to obtain royal power,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999119_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999119-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Odrysian king Kotys I believed that the Thracian goddess Bendis, under the guise of the Greek virgin goddess Athena, had agreed to become his spouse, and he therefore prepared a bridal chamber where he waited for her,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199965_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199965-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a plaque from the Letnitsa treasure explicitly depicted the sexual intercourse between the hero and the goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacrifices">Sacrifices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Sacrifices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sacrifices, both in sanctuaries and in funerary rituals, consisted of intentionally breaking or deforming certain objects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999450_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999450-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offerings">Offerings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Offerings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herodotus of Halicarnassus described Thracian and Paeonian women as bringing offerings wrapped in straw to a goddess whom he identified with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Artemis basileia</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Artemis the queen</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Burnt_sacrifices">Burnt sacrifices</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Burnt sacrifices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burnt sacrifices for the celestial deities were performed everywhere in Thrace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treasure_sacrifices">Treasure sacrifices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Treasure sacrifices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vessels such as gold goblets and bowls were given in dedication to chthonic deities during the Late Bronze Age in Thrace, mirrorring similar practices among the Mycenaean Greeks and the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Offering_pits">Offering pits</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Offering pits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One form of sacrifice attested among Thracians is the practice of depositing offerings in pits and trenches, with the pits themselves being of different sizes as well as being of vascular, beehive, conical, cylindrical and oval shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449-450_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449-450-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the main sacrificial practice at sanctuaries in the lowlands, which consisted of the offering of ritual objects such as models, clay figurines and amulets, or domestic artifacts such as utensils, ornamentsm clothes, tools, and weapons, as offerings in pits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, fragments of wall plaster and domestic hearths, as well as positions of sacrificial meals, occasionally whole animals, and even human sacrifices were also present in these sites. These sacrifices were performed by the worshippers to obtain help from the deity or to acknowledge said deity's support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This form of below-ground deposits as sacrifice was very common in Thrace, and was form of sacrifice typical of Continental Europe rather than Aegean ones like the Ancient Greek ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453-454_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453-454-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food was deposited in pits as offerings to the chthonic deities, to heroes, and to the dead: pits in cemeteries were located inside and under burial mounds, with the offerings intended to be food for the dead as part of tomb cults, but also as part of rituals for deified mortals in the form of hero cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These pits were one of the various locations where rituals were performed, although they were not necessarily ritual pits or sanctuary sites; nonetheless, pits were also built at sanctuaries to deposit offerings or discard used ritual materials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups of offering pits were often associated with sanctuaries or settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological analysis of Thracian offering pits shows that they often contained layers of ash, although evidence of burning of objects from the pits is rare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Animal_sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Animal sacrifice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Domestic <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animals were very common as food offerings</a> in Thracian offering pits:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451-452_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451-452-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>87 of the 137 pits below the 3rd mound at Kralevo contained animal bones, with the average pit containing between two and four different animals, and 300 out of the 328 sacrificed animals were domestic, consisting of cattle (33.71% of sacrifices), pigs (28.03%), sheep (33.33%), goats, horses (4.93%), and dogs;</li> <li>in the offering pits at Bagachina, the offerings from over the course of the 5th to the 2nd centuries BCE consisted of individual cattle (28.91%), sheep or goat (14.06%), pig (29.18%), horse (4.15%), dog (1.86%), deer (11.67%), wild boar (5.83%), bear (1.33%): <ul><li>of these, the largest number of bones were of cattle (56.52%), followed by pigs (16.82%), after which goats and sheep and other domestic animals together amounted to 16.2%</li></ul></li> <li>dogs and horses were rarely sacrificed, with neither being butchered for meat, while the dogs' whole bodies were buried after they had been decapitated;</li> <li>most of the sacrificed cattle were adults, and calves constituted the majority of the younger sacrificed cattle, while piglets were preferentially sacrificed rather than adult pigs, and both adult and young sheep and goats were sacrificed;</li> <li>the remains of the bones found in the sacrificial pits show signs that they had not been burnt, that their meat had been carefully removed, and that they were primarily constituted leg joints and skulls and horn cores as well as cattle ribs and vertebrae <ul><li>this suggests that the best cuts of the animals were used for consumption by humans, and that the parts offered in sacrifice were the "divine portions," similar to the Ancient Greek sacrificial practice.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>At Bagachina, at most 15 pits contained horse bones and at most 7 pits contained dog bones, although none of them were complete or even partial skeletons. It is unknown whether they were part of the same deposits, and their relation to the association of horses and dogs with upper class funerary rituals as well as to the Ancient Greek practice of sacrificing horses and dogs in chthonic rituals are still unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999454_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999454-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remains of hunted animals such as deer, wild boars, hares, martens, foxes, and badgers, were more rarely deposited in the sacrificial pits, although the martens, foxes and badgers were not food offerings since they had been hunted for their fur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans appear to have not been sacrificed in the Thracian offering pits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The very young age of some of the animals buried in the Thracian sacrificial pits suggests that they had been buried around the months of May and July, implying that these sacrifices were related to a specific phase of the agricultural year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Human_sacrifice">Human sacrifice</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Human sacrifice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thracians also practised <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifices</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pleistorus was offered human sacrifices;</li> <li>the ruler of the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Caeni" title="Caeni">Caeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diegylis" title="Diegylis">Diegylis</a>, had sacrificed two young Greeks in 145 BCE, and claimed that kings could not offer the same sacrificial victims as commoners.</li></ul> <p>Every four years, the Thracian tribe of the Getae would chose an individual by lot who would be sacrificed as a messsenger to Zalmoxis:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009101_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009101-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the man was given the message for Zalmoxis while still alive, and was then sacrificed by being thrown on the sharp poins of spears;</li> <li>if the sacrificee died, he was believed to have been favoured by Zalmoxis, but if he survived he was considered unworthy of being the messenger for the god.</li></ul> <p>This sacrifice was related to the story of death and resurrection of Zalmoxis after three years, since it was performed to summon Zalmoxis every four years to a ritual which made its participants immortal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009101_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009101-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syncretism">Syncretism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Syncretism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scythian">Scythian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Scythian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Scythians migrated into the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Steppe">Pontic Steppe</a> in the early 1st millennium BCE, their religion absorbed the fertility cults of the agricultural Thracian populations already living there. As part of this process, the Thracian goddess Bendis influenced the Scythian goddess <a href="/wiki/Artimpasa" title="Artimpasa">Artimpasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199983-84_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199983-84-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Names of some of the main Scythian masculine deities were of Thracian origin and absorbed by the Scythians, and strong parallels existed between the Scythian and Thracian religions as result.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985158_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985158-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graeco-Roman">Graeco-Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Graeco-Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the Thracian elite's willingness to adopt foreign ideas and practices, the Greek colonisation of the Black Sea coast and Macedonian conquest of Thrace, in addition to the Roman conquest, also brought in strong foreign influences. This process was especially concentrated in the ethnically diverse cities and towns, while more rural communities were more conservative and followed the traditional Thracian cult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_influence">Greek influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Greek influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the geographical proximity of the ancient Greeks and Thracians, there was significant circulation of their respective religious beliefs among each other:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning in the 5th century BCE, decorated items imported by the Thracians, especially tableware such as the <a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte_Treasure" title="Panagyurishte Treasure">Panagyurishte</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">rhyta</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">amphorae</i></span>, were decorated with depictions of Greek gods and myths, suggesting that stories like the <a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Paris" title="Judgement of Paris">judgement of Paris</a>, the Dionysian or Kabeiric scene on a jug from the <a href="/wiki/Borovo_Treasure" title="Borovo Treasure">Borovo treasure</a>, and Thracian copies of the myths of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> on a jug from the <a href="/wiki/Rogozen_Treasure" title="Rogozen Treasure">Rogozen Treasure</a> and a silver plaque from a kurgan near Panagyurishte, were popular in Thrace. Evidence of the affiliation of the Thracian upper class to Greek culture is also attested by how Greek singers sung praises of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> at the wedding of the daughter of Kotys I to <a href="/wiki/Iphicrates" title="Iphicrates">Iphicrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Hellenistic depictions of native Thracian religious scenes which borrowed Greek imagery suggest that indigenous Thracian religious themes were also represented using Greek artistic conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-446_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-446-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of cults of deities known by Greek names in the Thracian interior lands have been traditionally assumed to have been the result of Greek influence beginning with the rule of Philip II of Macedon. However, evidence is lacking for this interpretation, largely due to lack of evidence from the Hellenistic period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433-434_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433-434-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thracians cults of "Dionysos" and "Phosphoros" appear instead to have been indigenous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Bendidia_at_Athens">The Bendidia at Athens</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: The Bendidia at Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek city-state of Athens officially recognised the Bendidia festival so that Thracians living there could celebrate one of their primary festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999456_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999456-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This festival was celebrated on the 19th of the month of Thargelion, and during it both Thracian and Greek worshippers of Bendis separately led processions from the <a href="/wiki/Prytaneion" title="Prytaneion"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">prytaneion</i></span></a> in Athens to the Piraeus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999454_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999454-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999457-459_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999457-459-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where was located the sanctuary of the goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The positive and enthusiastic reception of the Bendidia at Athens suggests that the cult was both compatible with Athenian religious customs, and was also viewed favourably by the population of the city, hence why the Bendidia was celebrated at Athens for a long period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459-460_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459-460-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_influence">Roman influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Roman influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Moesia">In Moesia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: In Moesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Roman rule, the organisation of Thracian religion changed significantly, with the priests being integrated into the Roman imperial administrative hierarchy and the offices of magistrates in the provincial administration and municipalities. Official Roman cults, as well as new gods, including the most popular ones in the Roman Empire, amongst whom were West Asian and Egyptian deities, were also introduced in Thrace: the cults introduced by the Roman Empire were linked to the official propaganda of imperial power, and included <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Triad" title="Capitoline Triad">the triad of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Juno Regina, and Minerva Augusta</a>, as well as other deities such as Dea Roma and the then ruling emperor himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These new cults were especially popular in the Roman army, as well as with Italian settlers who participated in the Roman administration, and amongst merchants and priests, especially those living in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Inferior">Inferior</a>. The Roman imperial worship and religious propaganda was centred on the administrative centres, with <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">augustales</i></span> being attested in <a href="/wiki/Ratiaria" title="Ratiaria">Ratiaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oescus" title="Oescus">Oescus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Novae_(fortress)" title="Novae (fortress)">Novae</a>, while <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">pontifices</i></span> were present in Ratiaria, Oescus and <a href="/wiki/Troesmis" title="Troesmis">Troesmis</a>, and delegates at <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a> elected a <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">sacerdus provinciae</i></span> to perform the Imperial cult on a yearly basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman cults in Thrace included those of <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber Pater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a>, while single dedications to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a> are also attested. They were largely located in frontier provinces such as Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior where the army was stationed and which were directly under imperial authority, and owed their popularity to the Roman army, which held privileges regarding official cults, the cult of Standards, and the cults of patron deities like <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, Hercules, <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a>, Victoria, and <a href="/wiki/Bonus_Eventus" title="Bonus Eventus">Bonus Eventus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Roman conquest, images of deities and written dedications to the gods such as altars, stone reliefs, and statues first appeared in Thrace, with temples especially being built for Roman cults in the new cities which the Roman Empire founded in Moesia:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>at the end of Trajan's rule, a <a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium"><span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">Capitolium</i></span></a> consisting of three temples with an altar to Jupiter Optimus Maximus was built at Oescus;</li> <li>the military camp of <a href="/wiki/Montana,_Bulgaria" title="Montana, Bulgaria">Montana</a> contained a large sanctuary of Diana and Apollo, who were there worshipped in the Roman way;</li> <li>within the inner courtyard of the <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">valetudinarium</i></span> of Legio Italica I's camp in Novae was a sanctuary of Asclepius and Hygia.</li></ul> <p>Most official altar dedications in Roman cults were located close to military camps, cities and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HandOfSabazius.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HandOfSabazius.JPG/220px-HandOfSabazius.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HandOfSabazius.JPG/330px-HandOfSabazius.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HandOfSabazius.JPG/440px-HandOfSabazius.JPG 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="1633" /></a><figcaption>Hand-shaped amulet of Sabazius. 1st-2nd centuries CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the Thracian cults attested in later periods had however most likely already been established before the Roman conquest of Thrace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thracian Horseman was however the most popular deity among the native Thracian soldiers, who occupied the lower ranks of the Roman army and did not usually appeal to foreign deities, with <a href="/wiki/Auxilia#Junior_officers_(principales)" title="Auxilia"><span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">principales</i></span></a> actively participating in Roman cults and officials mainly performing the official cults and the cult of the reigning emperor, while the <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion"><span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">centuriones</i></span></a> offered individual dedications to the Thracian Horseman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Thracia">In Thracia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: In Thracia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official Roman cults were however less popular in the province of Thracia, where the Capitoline triad is not attested, although the Greek deities Zeus and Hera were worshipped there:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>at Philippopolis, the Imperial cult was organised by the Thracian <a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">koinon</i></span></a> and performed by an <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">archierus</i></span>, who was the chief priest of the city's main cult of Apollo Kendrisos during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, and under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> the city received the title of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">neokoria</i></span> and the duties linked to it were performed by the <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">thracarch</i></span>, which was an office held by individuals with typically Thracian names;</li> <li>at <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Augusta Traiana</a>, the archiereus officiated his priestly role along with his wife, and he had used his own funds to pay for the dedication of a statue to Marcus Aurelius.</li></ul> <p>The Thracian <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">koinon</i></span> lived in Philippopolis, and, beginning with the reign of Commodus, the Imperial Cult was performed there through Pythian Games, which were renamed as Alexandrian Games by Caracalla and Kendrisian Games by Elagabalus. The cult of the emperor was performed with gladiatorial games at Augusta Traiana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the province of Thracia itself, Greek deities were the more popular ones:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-448_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-448-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Zeus and Hera were honoured either individually or together in the western part of the province, such as at Serdica, <a href="/wiki/Pautalia" title="Pautalia">Pautalia</a>, and in sanctuaries in the Strymon valley, with Cicero mentioning a sanctury of Jupiter Svelsurdos;</li> <li>Apollo was also popular in Thracia, where he was the main deity of Augusta Traiana and Philippopolis, having native Thracian priests at the former place and holding the epithet of Kendrisos at the latter one;</li> <li>Asclepius was popular, often together with Hygeia, in the western part of Thracia, and he had important cults at Pautalia and Serdica, and priests of his with Thracian names are known from Batkun;</li> <li>Dionysus was worshipped everywhere in Thrace, where he had many priests of largely native Thracian origin who headed religious organisations;</li> <li>Artemis, Hermes and Heracles are attested from Thracia, especially in urban centres, and native Thracian priests of Heracles are known from Pautalia.</li></ul> <p>These deities were worshipped with Thracian epithets, suggesting that their cults had already been established before the Roman period, although the late date of urbanisation at many cult centres other than Philippopolis means much about their origins is still uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian cults such as those of <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Sarapis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, and Anatolian ones like those of <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Hypsistarians" title="Hypsistarians">Hypsistos</a>, were also present in Thrace, where they had been present since the Hellenistic period, although they had been limited to the Greek colonies; by the Roman period, single dedications to these deities and religious artifacts offered by Greek and West Asian settlers are attested in urban centres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cult of the Syrian god <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Dolichenus" title="Jupiter Dolichenus">Jupiter Dolichenus</a> was very popular among West Asian soldiers in Moesia Inferior, where he replaced the Roman cult of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The god <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithras</a> is first attested in the military camps of Moesia, and later in Thracia, although his worshippers were mostly Greeks, Romans, or West Asians, but only rarely were native Thracians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within Thracia, most temples dedicated to Greek and Eastern cults were located in the towns where lived foreign settlers from the eastern parts of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Thracians largely did not participate in the foreign cults introduced under Roman rule other than that of the Phrygian <a href="/wiki/Sabazius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabazius">Sabazius</a>, suggesting it originated in an ancient religious syncretism: even the priest of Sabazius in <a href="/wiki/Serdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdica">Serdica</a> was Thracian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dacian_and_Dacians" class="extiw" title="commons:Dacian and Dacians"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Dacian and Dacians</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian mythology">Illyrian mythology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999428_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999435-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999435_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999436-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999436_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999436_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999435-436-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999435-436_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 435-436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999432-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999432_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999429-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999429_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999432-433-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999432-433_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 432-433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433-434-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433-434_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433-434_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 433-434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015446_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999461-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999461_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999461_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015452_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199962_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011530-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011530_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199984-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199984_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202325-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202325_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202325_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202325_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2023">Chiekova 2023</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202335-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202335_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2023">Chiekova 2023</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999440-441_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 440-441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202323-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202323_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2023">Chiekova 2023</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999100-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999100_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999100_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova20236-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova20236_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2023">Chiekova 2023</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011524-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011524_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999460_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-445-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015444-445_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 444-445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011527-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011527_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015450_32-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430-431-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999430-431_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 430-431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011211-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011211_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova202322-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202322_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova202322_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2023">Chiekova 2023</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011518-519-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011518-519_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 518-519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999113-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999113_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999113_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValeva2015">Valeva 2015</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121-122-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121-122_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 121-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519-520-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011519-520_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 519-520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011522-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011522_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520-521-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011520-521_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 520-521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011521-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011521_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011521_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447_47-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009101-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009101_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009101_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009101_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2009">Ustinova 2009</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009105-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009105_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009105_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2009">Ustinova 2009</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2009">Ustinova 2009</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011523-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011523_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199990-91-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199990-91_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 90-91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley201814-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley201814_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley201814_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley201814_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShelley2018">Shelley 2018</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449_54-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199998-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199998_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999456-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999456_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999456_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999450-451-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999450-451_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 450-451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2009">Ustinova 2009</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009100-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009100_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2009">Ustinova 2009</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-452-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015451-452_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 451-452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104-105-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009104-105_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2009">Ustinova 2009</a>, p. 104-105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015207-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015207_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValeva2015">Valeva 2015</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446-447-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446-447_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 446-447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999444-445-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999444-445_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 444-445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-450-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015449-450_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 449-450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015454-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015454_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999442-443-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999442-443_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 442-443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999442-444-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999442-444_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 442-444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443-444-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999443-444_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 443-444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441-442-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999441-442_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 441-442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-449-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-449_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015448-449_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 448-449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445-446-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999445-446_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 445-446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999446_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999455-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999455_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999455-456-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999455-456_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 455-456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999448-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999448_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999448_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447-449-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447-449_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 447-449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447-448-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999447-448_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 447-448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009102_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2009">Ustinova 2009</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez_Dobroruka201989-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez_Dobroruka201989_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez_Dobroruka201989_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlvarez_Dobroruka2019">Alvarez Dobroruka 2019</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011524-525-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011524-525_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 524-525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-454-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015453-454_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 453-454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2021">Ustinova 2021</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolubeanu2024211-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolubeanu2024211_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolubeanu2024211_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolubeanu2024">Holubeanu 2024</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick201826-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick201826_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick2018">Fitzpatrick 2018</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-104-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-104_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova2009103-104_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2009">Ustinova 2009</a>, p. 103-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178-79-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova202178-79_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2021">Ustinova 2021</a>, p. 78-79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999458-459-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999458-459_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 458-459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015197-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015197_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValeva2015">Valeva 2015</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198-199-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015198-199_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValeva2015">Valeva 2015</a>, p. 198-199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeva2015199-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValeva2015199_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValeva2015">Valeva 2015</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011529-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiekova2011529_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiekova2011">Chiekova 2011</a>, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999119-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999119_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova1999121_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199965-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199965_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999450-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999450_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449-450-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999449-450_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 449-450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453-454-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453-454_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 453-454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999453_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451-452-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999451-452_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 451-452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999454-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999454_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999454_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUstinova199983-84-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUstinova199983-84_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova1999">Ustinova 1999</a>, p. 83-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985158-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985158_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-446-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015445-446_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 445-446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999457-459-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999457-459_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 457-459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459-460-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999459-460_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 459-460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1999433_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1999">Archibald 1999</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-448-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabadjiev2015447-448_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabadjiev2015">Rabadjiev 2015</a>, p. 447-448.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracian_religion&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez_Dobroruka2019" class="citation journal cs1">Alvarez Dobroruka, Vicente (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialogosmediterranicos.com.br/index.php/RevistaDM/article/view/356/394">"Eunus: royal obverse, messianic preacher, firebreather and avenger of Syria"</a>. <i>Revista Diálogos Mediterrânicos</i> [<i>Mediterranean Dialogues Journal</i>]. <b>17</b>: 81–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24858%2F356">10.24858/356</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Di%C3%A1logos+Mediterr%C3%A2nicos&rft.atitle=Eunus%3A+royal+obverse%2C+messianic+preacher%2C+firebreather+and+avenger+of+Syria&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=81-104&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24858%2F356&rft.aulast=Alvarez+Dobroruka&rft.aufirst=Vicente&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialogosmediterranicos.com.br%2Findex.php%2FRevistaDM%2Farticle%2Fview%2F356%2F394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibald1999" class="citation book cs1">Archibald, Z. H. (1999). "Thracian Cult - from Practice to Belief". In <a href="/wiki/Gocha_R._Tsetskhladze" title="Gocha R. Tsetskhladze">Tsetskhladze, G.R.</a> (ed.). <i>Ancient Greeks West and East</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 497–520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-11190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-11190-5"><bdi>978-9-004-11190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thracian+Cult+-+from+Practice+to+Belief&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greeks+West+and+East&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=497-520&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9-004-11190-5&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=Z.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiekova2011" class="citation book cs1">Chiekova, Dobrinka (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37269674">"Greek and Thracian Religious Traditions in the Greek Cities on the Western Black Sea Coast"</a>. In Badoud, Nathan (ed.). <i>Philologos Dionysos: Mélanges offerts au professeur Denis Knoepfler</i> [<i>Philologos Dionysos: Mixed Writings Offered to the Professor Denis Knoepfler</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librairie_Droz" class="extiw" title="fr:Librairie Droz">Librairie Droz</a>. pp. 517–532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-01506-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-01506-6"><bdi>978-2-600-01506-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+and+Thracian+Religious+Traditions+in+the+Greek+Cities+on+the+Western+Black+Sea+Coast&rft.btitle=Philologos+Dionysos%3A+M%C3%A9langes+offerts+au+professeur+Denis+Knoepfler&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=517-532&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-600-01506-6&rft.aulast=Chiekova&rft.aufirst=Dobrinka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37269674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiekova2023" class="citation journal cs1">Chiekova, Dobrinka (2023). "The Great Mother Goddess on the Thracian Coast of Pontos Euxeinos: Forms and Traditions". <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Civilizations_from_Scythia_to_Siberia" title="Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia">Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1): 11–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700577-20232902">10.1163/15700577-20232902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Civilizations+from+Scythia+to+Siberia&rft.atitle=The+Great+Mother+Goddess+on+the+Thracian+Coast+of+Pontos+Euxeinos%3A+Forms+and+Traditions&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-37&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700577-20232902&rft.aulast=Chiekova&rft.aufirst=Dobrinka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_M._Fitzpatrick" title="Scott M. Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Scott M.</a> (2018). <i>Ancient Psychoactive Substances</i>. <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida" title="Gainesville, Florida">Gainesville</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-05670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-05670-8"><bdi>978-0-813-05670-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Psychoactive+Substances&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+United+States&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-813-05670-8&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Scott+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolubeanu2024" class="citation book cs1">Holubeanu, Ionuț (2024). <i>Christianity in Roman Scythia: Ecclesiastical Organization and Monasticism (4th to 7th Centuries)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-69054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-69054-7"><bdi>978-9-004-69054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Roman+Scythia%3A+Ecclesiastical+Organization+and+Monasticism+%284th+to+7th+Centuries%29&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-9-004-69054-7&rft.aulast=Holubeanu&rft.aufirst=Ionu%C8%9B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabadjiev2015" class="citation book cs1">Rabadjiev, Kostadin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16666694">"Religion"</a>. In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Denver (eds.). <i>A Companion to Ancient Thrace</i>. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. <a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. 443–456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-35104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-444-35104-0"><bdi>978-1-444-35104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Thrace&rft.place=Malden%2C+United+States&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=443-456&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-444-35104-0&rft.aulast=Rabadjiev&rft.aufirst=Kostadin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16666694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley2018" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, William Scott (2018). <i>Soma and the Indo-European Priesthood: Cereal Cultivation and the Origins of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-628-94353-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-628-94353-5"><bdi>978-1-628-94353-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soma+and+the+Indo-European+Priesthood%3A+Cereal+Cultivation+and+the+Origins+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-628-94353-5&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=William+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulimirski1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, T.</a> (1985). "The Scyths". In <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Gershevitch, I.</a> (ed.). <i>The Median and Achaemenian Periods</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 149–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05493-5"><bdi>978-1-139-05493-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scyths&rft.btitle=The+Median+and+Achaemenian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=149-199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05493-5&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUstinova1999" class="citation book cs1">Ustinova, Yulia (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremegodsofbos0000usti"><i>The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom: Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-11231-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-11231-5"><bdi>978-9-004-11231-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Gods+of+the+Bosporan+Kingdom%3A+Celestial+Aphrodite+and+the+Most+High+God&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands%3B+Boston%2C+United+States&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9-004-11231-5&rft.aulast=Ustinova&rft.aufirst=Yulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremegodsofbos0000usti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUstinova2009" class="citation book cs1">Ustinova, Yulia (2009). <i>Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-54856-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-54856-9"><bdi>978-0-199-54856-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caves+and+the+Ancient+Greek+Mind%3A+Descending+Underground+in+the+Search+for+Ultimate+Truth&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-199-54856-9&rft.aulast=Ustinova&rft.aufirst=Yulia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUstinova2021" class="citation book cs1">Ustinova, Yulia (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49282384">"<span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">Hirpi Sorani</i></span> and Modern Fire-Walkers: Rejoicing through Pain in Extreme Rituals"</a>. <i>SENSORIVM: The Senses in Roman Polytheism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. pp. 71–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-45974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-45974-8"><bdi>978-9-004-45974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Latin-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22la-Latn%22%3EHirpi+Sorani%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+and+Modern+Fire-Walkers%3A+Rejoicing+through+Pain+in+Extreme+Rituals&rft.btitle=SENSORIVM%3A+The+Senses+in+Roman+Polytheism&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=71-89&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9-004-45974-8&rft.aulast=Ustinova&rft.aufirst=Yulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F49282384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValeva2015" class="citation book cs1">Valeva, Julia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49413521">"Gold, Silver, and Bronze Vessels"</a>. In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Denver (eds.). <i>A Companion to Ancient Thrace</i>. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. <a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. 197–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-35104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-444-35104-0"><bdi>978-1-444-35104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gold%2C+Silver%2C+and+Bronze+Vessels&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Thrace&rft.place=Malden%2C+United+States&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=197-211&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-444-35104-0&rft.aulast=Valeva&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F49413521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaic religion (page does not exist)">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroasiatic religion (page does not exist)">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Momolianism">Momolianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalash religion">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai religion (page does not exist)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeto-Burman religion (page does not exist)">Tibeto-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian religion (page does not exist)">Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygian religion (page does not exist)">Phrygian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li>Caucasian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothracian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian religion (page does not exist)">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castro_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castro religion (page does not exist)">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallaecian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallaecian religion (page does not exist)">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camunni_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camunni religion (page does not exist)">Camunnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligures religion (page does not exist)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbri religion (page does not exist)">Umbrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuragic religion (page does not exist)">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_paganism" title="Baltic Finnic paganism">Baltic Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Native Religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami shamanism">Sami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle-Eastern_and_North_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle-Eastern and North African</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceanian_and_Pacific_Islander" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceanian and Pacific Islander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion" title="Nauruan indigenous religion">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-Saharan_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Sub-Saharan African</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">Modern pagan<br />movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Native Faith">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li> <li>Turko-Mongolic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin Native Religion">Mordvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt Vos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying and rising deity">Dying and rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Supernatural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism" title="Christianity and paganism">Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianization of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">Religio licita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_mythological_figures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_mythological_figures_by_region" title="Template:List of mythological figures by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_mythological_figures_by_region" title="Template talk:List of mythological figures by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_mythological_figures_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of mythological figures by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_mythological_figures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Lists of mythological figures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities_by_cultural_sphere" title="Lists of deities by cultural sphere">By geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_mythological_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African mythological figures">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Islamic_Arabian_deities" title="List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology#Pantheon" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_mythological_figures" title="List of Australian Aboriginal mythological figures">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aztec_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Basque_mythological_figures" title="List of Basque mythological figures">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_mythology" title="Batak mythology">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Deities" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Chahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Egyptian_mythology_articles" title="Index of Egyptian mythology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam#List_of_Elamite_gods" title="Elam">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology#Estonian_mythological_and_literary_mythological_beings,_deities_and_legendary_heroes" title="Estonian mythology">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Etruscan_mythological_figures" title="List of Etruscan mythological figures">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology#Heroes,_gods_and_spirits" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_deities" title="List of Anglo-Saxon deities">Anglo-Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Haudenosaunee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_the_Hawaiian_religion" title="List of figures in the Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_mythology_and_folklore" title="Hebridean mythology and folklore">Hebridean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities" title="List of Hindu deities">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Rigvedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template:Chinese Buddhist Pantheon">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirthankaras">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitei deities">Meitei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deities_in_Sanamahism" title="List of deities in Sanamahism">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion#List_of_Hittite_deities" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities" title="List of Hurrian deities">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_deities" title="List of Indonesian deities">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_mythological_figures" title="List of Irish mythological figures">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_deities" title="Kassite deities">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_mythology" title="Komi mythology">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lakota_deities" title="List of Lakota deities">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_gods_and_mythological_figures" title="List of Lithuanian gods and mythological figures">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_deities" title="List of Māori deities">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Māʻohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muskogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(deity)" title="Nat (deity)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_deities" title="List of Native American deities">Native American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zapotec_deities" title="List of Zapotec deities">Zapotec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_mythological_figures" title="List of Philippine mythological figures">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_deities" title="Purépecha deities">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_deities" title="List of Slavic deities">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_mythological_figures" title="List of Turkic mythological figures">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ugaritic_deities" title="List of Ugaritic deities">Ugaritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yoruba_deities" title="List of Yoruba deities">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deities_by_classification" title="List of deities by classification">By association</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_deities" title="List of agricultural deities">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_deities" title="List of art deities">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beauty_deities" title="List of beauty deities">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_gods" title="Chaos gods">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_deities" title="Dawn deities">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earth_deities" title="List of earth deities">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Fate and Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fertility_deities" title="List of fertility deities">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_deities" title="List of fire deities">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortune_deities" title="List of fortune deities">Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_deities" title="List of health deities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_deity" title="Household deity">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_gods" title="King of the gods">King of the gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_knowledge_deities" title="List of knowledge deities">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_deities" title="List of light deities">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminal_deity" title="Liminal deity">Liminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">Love and Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_deities" title="List of lunar deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_deities" title="List of nature deities">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_night_deities" title="List of night deities">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rain_deities" title="List of rain deities">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithing_gods" title="Smithing gods">Smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_deities" title="List of solar deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_thunder_gods" title="List of thunder gods">Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tree_deities" title="List of tree deities">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">Trickery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_tricksters" title="List of fictional tricksters">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">Tutelary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_deity" title="Vegetation deity">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_deity" title="Volcano deity">Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_deities" title="List of war deities">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_deities" title="List of water deities">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_deities" title="List of wind deities">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spirits" title="Category:Spirits">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thracians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thracians" title="Template:Thracians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Thracians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Thracians (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thracians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thracians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thracians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia">List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Daco-Thracian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes">List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian kings">Thracian kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapaean_kingdom" title="Sapaean kingdom">Sapaean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaltia" title="Bisaltia">Bisaltia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crestonia" title="Crestonia">Crestonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Thracian" title="Classification of Thracian">Classification of Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Thracian#Thraco-Phrygian_or_Thraco-Armenian_hypothesis" title="Classification of Thracian">Thraco-Phrygian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Male deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derzelas" title="Derzelas">Derzelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebeleizis" title="Gebeleizis">Gebeleizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistoros" title="Pleistoros">Pleistoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(mythology)" title="Strymon (mythology)">Strymon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_"Dionysian"_Zis">Zagreus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibelthiurdos" title="Zibelthiurdos">Zibelthiurdos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Female deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iambadoule" title="Iambadoule">Iambadoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotys" title="Kotys">Kotys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian horseman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotyttia" title="Cotyttia">Cotyttia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Thracian_Rulers" title="Valley of the Thracian Rulers">Valley of the Thracian Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borovo_Treasure" title="Borovo Treasure">Borovo Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decebalus_Treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Decebalus Treasure">Decebalus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogozen_Treasure" title="Rogozen Treasure">Rogozen Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte_Treasure" title="Panagyurishte Treasure">Panagyurishte Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valchitran_Treasure" title="Valchitran Treasure">Valchitran Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thracian cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_of_Aleksandrovo" title="Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo">Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilan_mound" title="Mogilan mound">Mogilan mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrusha_mound" title="Ostrusha mound">Ostrusha mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Golyama_Arsenalka" title="Thracian tomb Golyama Arsenalka">Thracian tomb Golyama Arsenalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Griffins" title="Thracian tomb Griffins">Thracian tomb Griffins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Helvetia" title="Thracian tomb Helvetia">Thracian tomb Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak" title="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak">Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Sveshtari" title="Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari">Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Shushmanets" title="Thracian tomb Shushmanets">Thracian tomb Shushmanets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Thracian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falx" title="Falx">Falx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomphaia" title="Rhomphaia">Rhomphaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Pelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_helmet" title="Phrygian helmet">Thracian helmet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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