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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lipofuscin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuszin" title="Lipofuszin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lipofuszin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscina" title="Lipofuscina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lipofuscina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscine" title="Lipofuscine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lipofuscine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscina" title="Lipofuscina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lipofuscina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscina" title="Lipofuscina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lipofuscina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Липофусцин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Липофусцин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="リポフスチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リポフスチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscyna" title="Lipofuscyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lipofuscyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscina" title="Lipofuscina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lipofuscina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Липофусцин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Липофусцин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lipofuscin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Липофусцинска гранула – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Липофусцинска гранула" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lipofuscin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lipofuscin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ліпофусцин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліпофусцин" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lipid-containing residue associated with aging</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lipofuscin_neuro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lipofuscin_neuro.jpg/220px-Lipofuscin_neuro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lipofuscin_neuro.jpg/330px-Lipofuscin_neuro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lipofuscin_neuro.jpg/440px-Lipofuscin_neuro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">Confocal image</a> of a spinal <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neuron</a> showing stained lipofuscin granules in blue and yellow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lipofuscin_in_a_nerve_cell_of_the_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lipofuscin_in_a_nerve_cell_of_the_brain.jpg/220px-Lipofuscin_in_a_nerve_cell_of_the_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lipofuscin_in_a_nerve_cell_of_the_brain.jpg/330px-Lipofuscin_in_a_nerve_cell_of_the_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lipofuscin_in_a_nerve_cell_of_the_brain.jpg/440px-Lipofuscin_in_a_nerve_cell_of_the_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> showing a cluster of lipofuscin particles (arrow) in a <a href="/wiki/Nerve_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve cell">nerve cell</a> of the brain; <a href="/wiki/Toluidine_blue" title="Toluidine blue">toluidine blue</a> stain; scale bar = 10 microns (0.01 millimeters)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lipofuscin</b> is the name given to fine yellow-brown <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> <a href="/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)" title="Granule (cell biology)">granules</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a>-containing residues of <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosomal</a> digestion.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorland's_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorland's-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered to be one of the aging or "wear-and-tear" pigments, found in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> muscle, retina, <a href="/wiki/Adrenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal">adrenals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> cells, and <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglion</a> cells.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_turnover">Formation and turnover</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipofuscin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation and turnover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ground_glass_hepatocytes_high_mag_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ground_glass_hepatocytes_high_mag_cropped.jpg/310px-Ground_glass_hepatocytes_high_mag_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ground_glass_hepatocytes_high_mag_cropped.jpg/465px-Ground_glass_hepatocytes_high_mag_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ground_glass_hepatocytes_high_mag_cropped.jpg/620px-Ground_glass_hepatocytes_high_mag_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> showing lipofuscin, in brown/yellow, in a <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ground_glass_hepatocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground glass hepatocytes">ground glass hepatocytes</a>; <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lipofuscin appears to be the product of the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated fatty acid">unsaturated fatty acids</a> and may be symptomatic of membrane damage, or damage to <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosomes</a>. Aside from a large lipid content, lipofuscin is known to contain sugars and metals, including <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gaugler_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaugler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipofuscin is also accepted as consisting of oxidized proteins (30–70%) as well as lipids (20–50%).<sup id="cite_ref-Double_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Double-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a type of <a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">lipochrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is specifically arranged around the nucleus. </p><p>The accumulation of lipofuscin-like material may be the result of an imbalance between formation and disposal mechanisms. Such accumulation can be induced in rats by administering a <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> inhibitor (<a href="/wiki/Leupeptin" title="Leupeptin">leupeptin</a>); after a period of three months, the levels of the lipofuscin-like material return to normal, indicating the action of a significant disposal mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this result is controversial, as it is questionable if the <a href="/wiki/Leupeptin" title="Leupeptin">leupeptin</a>-induced material is true lipofuscin.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There exists evidence that "true lipofuscin" is not degradable <i>in vitro</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether this holds <i>in vivo</i> over longer time periods is not clear. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A2E.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A2E.svg/380px-A2E.svg.png" decoding="async" width="380" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A2E.svg/570px-A2E.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A2E.svg/760px-A2E.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><b><i>N</i>-retinylidene-<i>N</i>-retinyl-ethanolamine</b> (<i><b>A2E</b></i>, a lipofuscin example)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>ABCR -/-</i> knockout mouse has delayed dark adaptation but normal final rod threshold relative to controls.<sup id="cite_ref-weng1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weng1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bleaching the retina with strong light leads to formation of toxic cationic <i>bis</i>-pyridinium salt, <b><i>N</i>-retinylidene-<i>N</i>-retinyl-ethanolamine</b> (<i><b>A2E</b></i>), which causes dry and wet <a href="/wiki/Age-related_macular_degeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age-related macular degeneration">age-related macular degeneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maeda2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maeda2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this experiment, it was concluded that ABCR has a significant role in preventing formation of A2E in extracellular photoreceptor surfaces during bleach recovery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_diseases">Relation to diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipofuscin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relation to diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiac_myocyte_showing_lipofuscin_pigment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cardiac_myocyte_showing_lipofuscin_pigment.jpg/220px-Cardiac_myocyte_showing_lipofuscin_pigment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cardiac_myocyte_showing_lipofuscin_pigment.jpg/330px-Cardiac_myocyte_showing_lipofuscin_pigment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cardiac_myocyte_showing_lipofuscin_pigment.jpg/440px-Cardiac_myocyte_showing_lipofuscin_pigment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of heart muscle showing lipofuscin pigment, <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lipofuscin accumulation in the eye, is a major risk factor implicated in <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a>, a degenerative disease,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Stargardt_disease" title="Stargardt disease">Stargardt disease</a>, an inherited juvenile form of macular degeneration. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a>, abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin known as <i>lipofuscinosis</i><sup id="cite_ref-Dorland's_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorland's-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is associated with a family of <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative disorder">neurodegenerative disorders</a> – <a href="/wiki/Neuronal_ceroid_lipofuscinosis" title="Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis">neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses</a>, the most common of these is <a href="/wiki/Batten_disease" title="Batten disease">Batten disease</a>. </p><p>Also, pathological accumulation of lipofuscin is implicated in <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Lysosomal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysosomal disease">lysosomal diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acromegaly" title="Acromegaly">acromegaly</a>, denervation <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> <a href="/wiki/Myopathy" title="Myopathy">myopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Centronuclear_myopathy" title="Centronuclear myopathy">centronuclear myopathy</a>. Accumulation of lipofuscin in the colon is the cause of the condition <a href="/wiki/Melanosis_coli" title="Melanosis coli">melanosis coli</a>. </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial">myocardial</a> lipofuscin accumulation more directly reflects chronological ageing rather than human cardiac pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-KakimotoOkada2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KakimotoOkada2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_therapies">Possible therapies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipofuscin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Possible therapies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restricted_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Calorie restricted diet">Calorie restriction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gaugler_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaugler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gaugler_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaugler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increased <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a> appear to reduce or halt the production of lipofuscin. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nootropic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Nootropic drug">nootropic drug</a> <a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">piracetam</a> appears to significantly reduce accumulation of lipofuscin in the brain tissue of rats.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other possible treatments: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrophenoxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrophenoxine">Centrophenoxine</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-L-carnitine" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl-L-carnitine">Acetyl-L-carnitine</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylethanolamine" title="Dimethylethanolamine">Dimethylethanolamine</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Wet <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a> can be treated using selective <a href="/wiki/Photothermolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photothermolysis">photothermolysis</a> where a pulsed unfocused <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> predominantly heats and kills lipofuscin-rich cells, leaving untouched healthy cells to multiply and fill in the gaps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The technique is also used as a skin treatment to remove <a href="/wiki/Tattoo_removal" title="Tattoo removal">tattoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverspots" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverspots">liverspots</a>, and in general make skin appear younger. This ability to selectively target lipofuscin has opened up research opportunities in the field of <a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aging medicine">anti-aging medicine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Soraprazan (remofuscin) has been found to remove lipofuscin from retinal pigment epithelial cells in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opens up a new therapy option for the treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration and <a href="/wiki/Stargardt_disease" title="Stargardt disease">Stargardt disease</a>, for which there is currently no treatment. The drug has now been granted <a href="/wiki/Orphan_drug" title="Orphan drug">orphan drug</a> designation for the treatment of Stargardt disease by the European Medicines Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipofuscin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lipofuscin quantification is used for age determination in various <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiny_lobster" title="Spiny lobster">spiny lobsters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these animals lack bony parts, they cannot be aged in the same way as bony fish, in which annual increments in the ear-bones or <a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otoliths</a> are commonly used. Age determination of fish and shellfish is a fundamental step in generating basic biological data such as growth curves, and is needed for many stock assessment methods. Several studies have indicated that quantifying the amount of lipofuscin present in the eye-stalks of various crustaceans can give an index of their age. This method has not yet been widely applied in fisheries management mainly due to problems in relating lipofuscin levels in wild-caught animals with accumulation curves derived from aquarium-reared animals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipofuscin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residual_body" title="Residual body">Residual body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end-product" title="Advanced glycation end-product">Advanced glycation end-products</a> (AGEs)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipofuscin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dorland's-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorland's_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorland's_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlberts2012" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Daniel Albert (2012). <i>Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary</i> (32nd ed.). 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110071206/http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/pathol/lipofuscin.htm">Histology at neuro.wustl.edu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/medlib/histology/p/20301loa.htm">Histology image: 20301loa</a> – Histology Learning System at Boston University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fightaging.org/archives/001624.php">Destroying Lipofuscin and Destroying Cancer, FightAging.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205135327/http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/people-blog/?p=2498">Unfocused Pulsed Lasers Selectively Destroy Lipofuscin, AcceleratingFuture.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.longevitywiki.org/wiki/Lipofuscin">Lipofuscin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Hemodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">Cell damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cellular_adaptation" title="Cellular adaptation">Cellular adaptation</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Squamous_metaplasia" title="Squamous metaplasia">Squamous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glandular_metaplasia" title="Glandular metaplasia">Glandular</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocytolysis" title="Myocytolysis">Myocytolysis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Accumulations</i></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">Lipochrome</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lipofuscin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steatosis" title="Steatosis">Steatosis</a></dd></dl> 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title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">Fluorescence in situ hybridization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">Hematopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" 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