CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title> Rule of law: Chagos Archipelago deal heralds new era in UK | International Bar Association</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta name="title" content="Rule of law: Chagos Archipelago deal heralds new era in UK"> <meta name="keywords"> <meta name="description" content="The UK will hand sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius"> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rule of law: Chagos Archipelago deal heralds new era in UK" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The UK will hand sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ibanet.org/chagos-archipelago-uk" /> <meta property="og:type" content="Website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.ibanet.org/medias/parliament-street-361X186.png?context=bWFzdGVyfGltYWdlc3wxMzMxMjd8aW1hZ2UvcG5nfGFHSTJMMmhtWVM4NU1UYzVNakl3T0RNMk16Z3lMM0JoY214cFlXMWxiblJmYzNSeVpXVjBYek0yTVZneE9EWXVjRzVufGU3NDFjYjBhODA4ZDgwZDU5MTA0M2RjNzA1MjE4ZWNjNmQzZTc4MDhmOWI1OWFhYmQ5NGYxZTliY2M4MGVlOTA" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" media="all" href="/_ui/responsive/theme-alpha/images/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/wro/base_responsive.css?v=948153693" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/wro/addons_responsive.css?v=948153693" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/_ui/responsive/theme-alpha/css/owl.carousel.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/_ui/responsive/theme-alpha/assets/css/fonts-icons/fontawesome.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_ui/responsive/theme-alpha/css/printing.css?v=948153693" media="print"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/configurable-style/FlexTemplate1V1/stylesheet.css?v=948153693" />  <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/01905a83-279f-78f3-85a7-62a38ca23783/OtAutoBlock.js" type="text/javascript" ></script> <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="01905a83-279f-78f3-85a7-62a38ca23783" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>  <script src="/_ui/shared/js/analyticsmediator.js"></script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-195227663-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('js', new Date()); if (true) { // Set default consent settings gtag('consent', 'default', { 'ad_storage': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'denied', 'personalization_storage': 'denied', 'security_storage': 'granted', 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'wait_for_update': 500 }); } gtag('config', 'UA-195227663-1'); function trackLogin() { gtag('event', 'login'); } function trackAddToCart(productCode, quantityAdded) { gtag('event', 'add_to_cart', { items: [{ id: productCode, quantity: quantityAdded }] }); } function trackRemoveFromCart(productCode, initialQuantity) { gtag('event', 'remove_from_cart', { items: [{ id: productCode, quantity: initialQuantity }] }); } window.mediator.subscribe('trackLogin', function() { trackLogin(); }); window.mediator.subscribe('trackAddToCart', function(data) { if (data.productCode && data.quantity) { trackAddToCart(data.productCode, data.quantity); } }); window.mediator.subscribe('trackRemoveFromCart', function(data) { if (data.productCode && data.initialCartQuantity) { trackRemoveFromCart(data.productCode, data.initialCartQuantity); } }); </script>  <script> (function(w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start' : new Date().getTime(), event : 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-NB67BL3'); </script>  </head> <body class="page-cmsitem-00308001 pageType-ContentPage template-pages-layout-flexTemplateLayoutPage1 pageLabel--chagos-archipelago-uk smartedit-page-uid-cmsitem_00308001 smartedit-page-uuid-eyJpdGVtSWQiOiJjbXNpdGVtXzAwMzA4MDAxIiwiY2F0YWxvZ0lkIjoibWV4Q29udGVudENhdGFsb2ciLCJjYXRhbG9nVmVyc2lvbiI6Ik9ubGluZSJ9 smartedit-catalog-version-uuid-mexContentCatalog/Online language-en">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=UA-195227663-1" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="branding-mobile hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="js-mobile-logo"> </div> </div> <main data-currency-iso-code="GBP"> <div class="yCmsContentSlot"> <div class="content"><div class="js-banner-component" style="background: #ececec;padding: 12.5px 0px;border-bottom: 1px solid #DDD;"> <div class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-center"> <div class="col-12 col-md-7 text-center"> <a class="LexisNexis-BannerAd d-block" href="http://7608651.hs-sites.com/watch-how-jigsaw-is-making-ai-work-for-lawyers" target="_blank" type="button"><img alt="" class="img img-fluid d-flex mx-auto" src="/document?id=Jigsaw-AI-banner" title="Jigsaw AI" /></a> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><nav class="navbar top-nav header"> <div class="header__site-logo-mobile hidden-lg hidden-xl"> <div class="banner__component simple-banner logo"> <a href="/" aria-label="Home"> <img title="" alt="" src="/medias/logo.png?context=bWFzdGVyfGltYWdlc3wyMTU5NnxpbWFnZS9wbmd8YUdJekwyZzVOUzg0TnprMk1qazNNREF6TURNNEwyeHZaMjh1Y0c1bnw5ZjkyNGYwY2U3MTQ1NDk0NTRmMmExNzNmM2EzYzI3MTMxZWI2ZTgyMGIxZGFjNDVkMDkyNzRjYzIyMjQ1MmVk" class=""> </a> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="header__left-side col-md-4 hidden-xs hidden-sm hidden-md"> <div class="banner__component simple-banner logo"> <a href="/" aria-label="Home"> <img title="" alt="" src="/medias/logo.png?context=bWFzdGVyfGltYWdlc3wyMTU5NnxpbWFnZS9wbmd8YUdJekwyZzVOUzg0TnprMk1qazNNREF6TURNNEwyeHZaMjh1Y0c1bnw5ZjkyNGYwY2U3MTQ1NDk0NTRmMmExNzNmM2EzYzI3MTMxZWI2ZTgyMGIxZGFjNDVkMDkyNzRjYzIyMjQ1MmVk" class=""> </a> </div> </div> <div class="header__right-side d-flex align-items-center col-md-8"> <div class="form-inline my-2 header__search-bar col-md-8"> <div class="ui-front search-bar"> <form action="/search/" id="globalSearchForm"> <div class="floating-labels"> <div class="form-group search-section"> <input type="text" name="text" class="form-control js-site-search-input" id="site-search-input" value="" data-options="{ "autocompleteUrl" : "/search/autocomplete", "minCharactersBeforeRequest" : "3" }" maxlength="100"> <label for="site-search-input" class="site-search-input">Search...</label> <button class="btn header-search-btn input-group-btn js_search_button" aria-label="Search" type="submit"> <span class="searchIcon"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></span> </button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="my-account js-my-account-avatar"> <a href="/login" class="btn btn-primary btn-primary__sign-in my-2 my-sm-0"> Sign in</a> </div> <div class="nav-cart mini-cart"> <a href="/cart" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Your cart is empty"> <i class="fas fa-shopping-cart fa-xl"></i> </a> </div></div> <button class="navbar-toggler p-0 on-mobile" type="button" data-toggle="offcanvas" aria-label="Browse through the navigation bar"> <div class="hamburger"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </div> </button> </div> </nav> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg bg-dark"> <div class="container"> <div class="navbar-collapse offcanvas-collapse"> <ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <li class="navbar-nav__account nav-item hidden-lg hidden-xl"> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">About</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown01"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Contact-the-IBA" >Contact the IBA</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/About-the-IBA" >About the IBA</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/governance-and-management" >Governance, leadership and management</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Task-Forces" >Task forces</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Special-Projects-Fund" >Special projects fund</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Charitable-trusts" >Charitable trusts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/past-presidents" >Past presidents</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">IBA Presidency</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown01"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/IBA-Presidency-Blog" >IBA Presidency</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Committees / Divisions</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown01"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/lpd" >Legal Practice Division</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/PPID" >Public and Professional Interest Division</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Bar-Associations-Home" >Bar Issues Commission - Bar Associations</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/committees" >Committee index</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/committees/divisions/legalPractice/lpdSections" >Section index</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/unit/Regional+Fora/section/Regional+Fora/218" >Regional fora</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Diversity-and-Inclusion-Council" >Diversity & Inclusion Council</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Outreach</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown01"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/IBAHRI" >Human Rights Institute</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/IBAHRIsecretariat" >High Level Panel - Media Freedom</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/LPRU" >Legal Policy and Research Unit</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.eyewitness.global" target="_blank" >eyeWitness</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="" >Education and Internships</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/IBA-Foundation" >IBA Foundation</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Podcast-series-Sustainable-law-in-action" >Sustainable law podcast series </a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Scholarships-and-Awards" >Scholarships and Awards</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/IBA-Barbri-Negotiation-Skills-Course" >IBA/Barbri Negotiation Skills Course</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/ICC-ICL-Programme" >ICC & ICL Programme</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/ICC-Moot-Court-Competition" >IBA ICC Moot Court Competition</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/articles?type=NEWS_RELEASE" >News releases</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Membership</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown01"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Join" >Join the IBA</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/my-account/memberDirectory" >Membership directory</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Conferences / Events</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown01"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/conferences" >Conference diary</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Advertising-and-Sponsorship/Specialist-Conference" >Specialist conference sponsorship</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Digital Content</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown01"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/IBA-Digital-Content" >Digital Content home</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/IBA-Global-Insight" >Global Insight</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/articles?type=NEWS_ANALYSIS" >News analysis</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/articles?type=PODCASTS" >Global Insight podcasts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/articles?type=FILMS" >Films</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/IHP" >In-House Perspective</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Journals" >Journals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/committee-content" >Committee content</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/resources" >Guides and reports</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Books" >Books</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/e-News-Advertising" >e-News advertising</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/Advertising-and-Sponsorship/Leaderboard-Advertising" >Leaderboard advertising</a> </div> </li> <li class="navbar-nav__sign-out nav-item hidden-lg hidden-xl"> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="main__inner-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="yCmsContentSlot row"> <div class="yCmsComponent col-12"> <div class="container articleSection"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-12"> <div> <h1 class="articleTitle">Rule of law: Chagos Archipelago deal heralds new era in UK</h1> <div class="authorDate"><strong class="authorName">Margaret Taylor</strong>Wednesday 20 November 2024</div></div> <img src="/medias/parliament-street-1140X375.png?context=bWFzdGVyfGltYWdlc3w4NjYzNjF8aW1hZ2UvcG5nfGFHSTBMMmhtWkM4NU1UYzVNakl3Tnpjd09EUTJMM0JoY214cFlXMWxiblJmYzNSeVpXVjBYekV4TkRCWU16YzFMbkJ1Wnd8NjYwMDg1MWY4ODI5NzAxNTQwNjE2MzYwYzhjNDRkNjAwNGE3OTljM2M3ZjJmMzdlMDE3NWVlYTVjMGE0NDBiOQ" class="custom-banner-img articleBanner"> </div> </div> <p>When the UK’s Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer KC announced in October that the UK would hand sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius, he said it would ‘address [the] wrongs of the past’.</p><p>The Archipelago, which includes the strategically important UK-US military base on the island of Diego Garcia, has been controlled by the UK since the mid-1960s. Mauritius has long argued that the islands were illegally seized when the country gained its independence in 1968. But, despite findings from the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in 2019 and 2021 respectively that the UK had no sovereignty over the territory, the country’s previous government wasn’t able to conclude discussions over the Archipelago’s sovereignty. </p><p>Starmer stressed that while the deal was a political one it had been agreed ‘on the basis of international law’ and provided a ‘demonstration of our enduring commitment to the peaceful resolution of disputes and the rule of law’. It’ll see the UK exercise – for 99 years initially – ‘the sovereign rights and authorities of Mauritius required to ensure the continued operation of the base’ on Diego Garcia.</p><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7"><p>Sarah Hutchinson, Co-Chair of the IBA Rule of Law Forum and a non-executive director at legal education provider BARBRI Global, says the deal shows the UK government is ‘prepared to put the rule of law over politics’ after an extended period in which such considerations had been watered down.</p><p>‘There’s a confusion where people mistake the rule of law for rule by law,’ she says. ‘People think that if they abide by the law on an individual basis that’s enough, but it’s not. We need the law to regulate and to hold politicians and policymakers to account because they can make laws that are in themselves contrary to the rule of law.’</p><p>Indeed, the previous UK government sought to implement an immigration scheme that would have seen arrivals sent to Rwanda to seek asylum, despite the UK Supreme Court finding the policy to be unlawful. Starmer confirmed this summer that the Rwanda plan was ‘buried’ but Hutchinson says it shows the ‘parlous state the rule of law was in in this country’ that the Safety of Rwanda Bill was ever passed at all. </p> </div> <div class="col-md-5"> <h3> Related links</h3> <ul class="include-chevron"> <li><a href="https://www.ibanet.org/uk-moves-on-from-rwanda">News analysis: UK moves on from Rwanda asylum processing plan as EU explore new policy approaches </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ibanet.org/Mexico-2024-Rule-of-Law-Symposium">Film: Mexico 2024 - Rule of Law Symposium </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ibanet.org/The-global-assault-on-rule-of-law">Feature: the global assault on rule of law</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="blockquote my-4"> <h3 class="text-dark"> If the government is serious about the rule of law at a domestic level it has to address the funding crisis</h3> <p class="mt-2"> <strong>Sarah Hutchinson </strong><br /> <em>Co-Chair, IBA Rule of Law Forum </em></p> </div> <p>It’s a theme that has been taken up by both Attorney General Richard Hermer KC and Advocate General for Scotland Catherine Smith KC in recent public addresses. Delivering this year’s Bingham Lecture in London, Hermer made the point that ‘in a time of populism’ the rule of law is the ‘bedrock on which [democracy] rests’, adding that the current government is committed to ‘rebuilding the UK’s international rule of law leadership’ and ‘defending and strengthening parliament’s role in upholding’ it.</p><p>Similarly, when appearing at the Law Society of Scotland’s Annual Conference, Smith emphasised that ‘the rule of law is back’ and that the current administration would ‘honour its international obligations and honour the treaties that we are signatories of’. She added that, ‘when the UK Government turns up to international forums or people from the UK turn up to conferences in any profession […] there's no guarantee that people will walk into the room and say “that's the UK here, they respect and uphold their international obligations”’, because ‘that's just not true anymore, because we've literally been legislating in the knowledge that the legislation contains within it breaches of international law.’</p><p>Abiodun Olatokun, a barrister at the chambers 36 Public and Human Rights in London, says that ‘substantive rule of law issues’ such as compliance with international law and fundamental human rights were ‘put on a backburner’ under the previous government. He highlights the Covid-19 pandemic as a key point during which the public’s view of the importance of the rule of law was affected.</p><p>‘The rule of law is sometimes put into abeyance in times of national crisis and all countries had some back-sliding during the pandemic,’ says Olatokun. He believes however that ‘legal certainty’ declined during this period. For example, at least one government figure suggested a time limit on how long the public might exercise outdoors but, legally, there was no limit outside of Wales in this respect while the lockdown rules were in force. ‘From a thin rule of law perspective that’s a problem, because you have [leaders of the country] telling people they have less freedom than they actually do,’ says Olatokun. This means it’s perhaps less of an issue in the public’s minds ‘when the government is trying to prorogue parliament’, as it did in late 2019 during the Brexit crisis, an action later found by the UK Supreme Court to be unlawful. </p><p>While he agrees with Smith that the UK’s reputation has been dented on the international stage, Olatokun says that it started from a ‘very high point’ and that the country remains a world leader when it comes to upholding the rule of law. However, he warns that ongoing issues with funding the justice system are putting the rule of law under threat domestically. ‘If you introduced the NHS [UK National Health Service] today but people had to wait three months for a check-up and there was no A&E [Accident & Emergency department] it would be very poorly perceived by the public – that’s the space the justice sector is in,’ he says.</p><p>‘If the government is serious about the rule of law at a domestic level it has to address the funding crisis,’ agrees Hutchinson. She highlights reports from the IBA Access to Justice Committee as far back as 2019, which state that anywhere between 25 and 40 per cent of the population have no access to justice in the UK due to the cost and because there’s little legal aid available. ‘Because of chronic underfunding of the justice system, even if you can afford it there are massive court backlogs,’ she adds. ‘You would have to question what that says about the rule of law.’ <br /> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12px;"><em>pxl.store/AdobeStock.com</em></span></p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="share"> <li> <a data-href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.ibanet.org/chagos-archipelago-uk" target="_blank" class="fab fa-twitter"></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ibanet.org/chagos-archipelago-uk" target="_blank" class="fab fa-facebook-f"></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.ibanet.org/chagos-archipelago-uk" target="_blank" class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></a> </li> </ul> </div></div></div> <div class="container"> <div class="yCmsContentSlot row"> </div></div> <div class="container"> <div class="yCmsContentSlot row"> </div></div> <div class="container"> <div class="yCmsContentSlot row"> </div></div> <div class="container"> <div class="yCmsContentSlot row"> </div></div> <div class="container"> <div class="yCmsContentSlot row"> </div></div> </div> <div class="bg-light border-top printOff"> <footer class="py-5"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="yCmsContentSlot"> <div class="yCmsComponent w-100"> <div class="content"><style type="text/css">footer, .footer-bottom {background: #01277a !important;} .footer-bottom p, footer p, footer address ,footer li, footer a, .footer-bottom a {color: #FFFFFF!important; text-align:left;} .footer-bottom a#ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings{color:#FFFFFF !important;} </style> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-3 footerLogoAddress"> <div class="d-inline-flex d-md-block justify-content-cetner align-items-center"><img class="footer-logo mr-4 mr-md-0 mb-md-4" src="/document?id=IBA-logo-white" /> <div> <address> International Bar Association<br /> Chancery House<br /> 53-64 Chancery Lane<br /> London WC2A 1QS<br /> +44 (0) 20 7842 0090 </address> <a class="font-weight-bold mb-3" href="/Contact-the-IBA">Contact the IBA</a><br /> <a class="font-weight-bolder" href="/recruitment">Recruitment</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-9 footerMenus"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 d-flex justify-content-center"> <ul> <li><a href="/login" style="padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem; border-radius: 0.25rem;border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.5);">Sign in</a></li> <li><a href="/join">Join the IBA <i class="fas fa-arrow-right pl-1"> </i></a></li> <li><a href="/conferences">Conferences & events</a></li> <li><a href="/conference-details/CONF2510">Toronto 2025</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 justify-content-center d-none d-md-flex"> <ul> <li class="mb-0" style="border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.5);padding-bottom: 7.5px;"><span style="font-size:0.85rem">Global Insight</span></li> <li> <ul style="margin-top: 1rem;padding-left: 0rem;"> <li><a href="/IBA-Global-Insight">Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/articles?type=PODCASTS">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/articles?type=FILMS">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/IBA-Digital-Content">All Digital Content</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 justify-content-center d-none d-md-flex"> <ul> <li class="mb-0" style="border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.5);padding-bottom: 7.5px;"><span style="font-size:0.85rem">Outreach</span></li> <li> <ul style="margin-top: 1rem;padding-left: 0rem;"> <li><a href="https://www.eyewitness.global/" target="_blank">eyeWitness</a></li> <li><a href="/IBAHRI">Human Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/LPRU">Legal Policy & Research Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/ICC-ICL-Programme">ICC & ICL Programme</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 footerSocials"> <ul class="d-inline-flex w-100 justify-content-center" style="list-style-type:none;"> <li class="px-2 mb-0 d-flex align-items-center"><a href="https://twitter.com/IBAnews"><img class="img-fluid" src="/document?id=Twitter-X-logo-white" style="width: 22.5px; max-width: 22.5px" /></a></li> <li class="px-2 mb-0 d-flex align-items-center"> <h5 class="border-0 mb-0 pb-0"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/internationalbarassociation/"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"> </i></a></h5> </li> <li class="px-2 mb-0 d-flex align-items-center"> <h5 class="border-0 mb-0 pb-0"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/international-bar-association"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"> </i></a></h5> </li> <li class="px-2 mb-0 d-flex align-items-center"> <h5 class="border-0 mb-0 pb-0"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFBdK6L4YDBKKL225HciTtA"><i class="fab fa-youtube"> </i></a></h5> </li> <li class="px-2 mb-0 d-flex align-items-center"> <h5 class="border-0 mb-0 pb-0"><a href="https://vimeo.com/ibafilms"><i class="fab fa-vimeo-v"> </i></a></h5> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="d-inline-flex flex-wrap justify-content-center w-100" id="footerCards"><img alt="VISA" class="CardPayment" src="https://checkoutshopper-live.adyen.com/checkoutshopper/images/logos/visa.svg" /> <img alt="MasterCard" class="CardPayment" src="https://checkoutshopper-live.adyen.com/checkoutshopper/images/logos/mc.svg" /> <img alt="American Express" class="CardPayment" src="https://checkoutshopper-live.adyen.com/checkoutshopper/images/logos/amex.svg" /> <img alt="Maestro" class="CardPayment" src="https://checkoutshopper-live.adyen.com/checkoutshopper/images/logos/maestro.svg" /> <img alt="China Union Pay" class="CardPayment" src="https://checkoutshopper-live.adyen.com/checkoutshopper/images/logos/cup.svg" /> <img alt="Diners Club" class="CardPayment" src="https://checkoutshopper-live.adyen.com/checkoutshopper/images/logos/diners.svg" /> <img alt="Discover" class="CardPayment" src="https://checkoutshopper-live.adyen.com/checkoutshopper/images/logos/discover.svg" /> <img alt="JCB" class="CardPayment" src="https://checkoutshopper-live.adyen.com/checkoutshopper/images/logos/jcb.svg" /></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6 col-xs-18 "> <div class="yCmsContentSlot"> </div></div> <div class="col-md-6 col-xs-18 "> <div class="yCmsContentSlot"> </div></div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="yCmsContentSlot"> <div class="yCmsComponent footer-bottom printOff pb-4"> <div class="content"><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 text-center"> <p class="mb-0 mt-4"> <span class="d-block d-md-inline" style="font-size:0.9rem;">International Bar Association 2024 ©</span> <a class="d-block d-md-inline my-2 my-md-0 mx-0 mx-md-2" href="/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a> <a class="d-block d-md-inline my-2 my-md-0 mx-0 mx-md-2" href="/terms-and-conditions">Terms & conditions</a> <a class="d-block d-md-inline my-2 my-md-0 mx-0 mx-md-2 ot-sdk-show-settings" id="ot-sdk-btn">Cookie Settings</a> <a class="d-block d-md-inline my-2 my-md-0 mx-0 mx-md-2" href="/IBA-Harassment-Policy">Harassment policy</a></p> <p class="mt-4" style="font-size:0.75rem;">International Bar Association is incorporated as a Not-for-Profit Corporation under the laws of the State of New York in the United States of America and is registered with the Department of State of the State of New York with registration number 071114000655 - and the liability of its members is limited. Its registered address in New York is c/o Capitol Services Inc, 1218 Central Avenue, Suite 100, Albany, New York 12205.</p> <p style="font-size:0.75rem;">The London office of International Bar Association is registered in England and Wales as a branch with registration number FC028342.</p> </div> </div> </div> <style type="text/css"> footer.py-5{padding-bottom:1rem !important;} footer ul{ list-style-type: none; width: 100%} footer ul li{padding-bottom:15px;} footer ul li ul li:last-child{margin-bottom:0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;} footer ul li a, .footer-bottom a{ font-weight: 400;} .footer-bottom a#ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings{color:#FFFFFF !important;} footer address{font-size:0.9rem;} footer .yCmsContentSlot, footer .row {width: 100%;margin: 0px !important;} img.footer-logo{width:100px;} #footerCards{order:4} #footerCards img.CardPayment{width: 50px; margin: 7.5px;border-radius: 4px;} @media screen and (max-width: 992px) { .footerMenus{order:1; padding: 0px !important;} .footerLogoAddress{order: 3;justify-content: center;display: flex;border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.5);border-radius: 0.25rem;padding: 0.75rem 1rem;} .footerSocials{order:2;padding: 0px !important;} footer ul{padding-left: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px;} #footerCards img.CardPayment {width: calc(14.2% - 15px);margin: 25px 2.5px 0px;} } </style> <style type="text/css"> .main__inner-wrapper{min-height: calc(100vh - 146px);} .account-link.manage-conference:before {content: '\f073' !important;} .my-account__links a {white-space: nowrap;} span.addToFavourites, span.removeFromFavourites {margin-top:3px}} span.addToFavourites a, span.removeFromFavourites a{background: #01277a; padding: 10px 20px; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400;line-height: 1.5;border-radius: 0.25rem; color: #FFFFFF !important;text-decoration: none !important;cursor:pointer;} .sessionInformation .locationDetails .title { margin: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;} .sessionInformation .sessionDescription{ display: none !important;} @media screen and (max-width: 767px){span.addToFavourites, span.removeFromFavourites {margin-top:15px}} .calendarSection{flex-direction: column !important;} .calendarSection .dropdown-menu, .calendarSection .dropdown-menu.show{position: relative !important;transform: none !important; top: auto !important;width: auto !important;margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px !important;display: inline-flex !important; border: none;} .calendarSection .saveCalendar{display: block !important;cursor: auto;text-decoration: none;color: #333;margin-left: 0px !important;font-weight: 500;} .dropdown .saveCalendar::after{content:none !important;display:none} .calendarSection .dropdown-menu{border: none !important;margin: 12px 0px 0px 0px !important;} .calendarSection .dropdown .dropdown-item {padding: 0px !important;margin-right: 5px;border-width: 1px ; border-style:solid;padding: 5px 7.5px !important;border-radius: 4px;} .calendarSection .dropdown .dropdown-item:nth-child(1):before{content: '\f0e0';font-family:'Font Awesome 5 Free';color: #0F9D58;} .calendarSection .dropdown .dropdown-item:nth-child(3):before{content:'\f0e0';font-family:'Font Awesome 5 Free'; color:#430297;} .calendarSection .dropdown .dropdown-item:nth-child(4):before{content:'\f0e0';font-family: 'Font Awesome 5 Free';color:#7D7D7D} .calendarSection .dropdown .dropdown-item:nth-child(1){border-color: #0F9D58;} .calendarSection .dropdown .dropdown-item:nth-child(2){border-color: #0072C6;} .calendarSection .dropdown .dropdown-item:nth-child(3){border-color: #430297;} .calendarSection .dropdown .dropdown-item:nth-child(4){border-color: #0072C6;} .calendarSection .dropdown .dropdown-item:hover{background: none; color: #01277a;opacity: 0.8;} .page-articleList .committee-box .card .card-body .card-title, #myCommittees .card .card-body .card-title {display: flex!important} .badge-details .guest{color:#70ff07;} .compliantIframe .cookieDisclaimer, #CompliantIframe .cookieDisclaimer{z-index: 2; position: absolute; left: 0px; right: 0px;top: 0px; bottom: 0px;width: 100%;height: 100%;background: #f5f5f5; display: flex; align-items: center;justify-content: center;} .compliantIframe iframe[src], #CompliantIframe iframe[src]{z-index: 3;} .compliantIframe iframe[data-src], #CompliantIframe iframe[data-src]{z-index: 1;} .fa-triangle-exclamation:before{content: "\f071"} .ot-sdk-show-settings{border: none !important; background: none !important;font-size: inherit !important;padding:0px !important;color:#00287a !important;} . </style> </div></div></div></div> </main> <form name="accessiblityForm"> <input type="hidden" id="accesibility_refreshScreenReaderBufferField" name="accesibility_refreshScreenReaderBufferField" value=""/> </form> <div id="ariaStatusMsg" class="skip" role="status" aria-relevant="text" aria-live="polite"></div> <script> /*<![CDATA[*/ var ACC = { config: {} }; ACC.config.contextPath = ''; ACC.config.encodedContextPath = ''; ACC.config.commonResourcePath = '\/_ui\/responsive\/common'; ACC.config.themeResourcePath = '\/_ui\/responsive\/theme-alpha'; ACC.config.siteResourcePath = '\/_ui\/responsive\/site-mex'; ACC.config.rootPath = '\/_ui\/responsive'; ACC.config.CSRFToken = 'f2522957-c236-411f-9938-4076aa418a2e'; ACC.pwdStrengthVeryWeak = 'Very weak'; ACC.pwdStrengthWeak = 'Weak'; ACC.pwdStrengthMedium = 'Medium'; ACC.pwdStrengthStrong = 'Strong'; ACC.pwdStrengthVeryStrong = 'Very strong'; ACC.pwdStrengthUnsafePwd = 'password.strength.unsafepwd'; ACC.pwdStrengthTooShortPwd = 'Too short'; ACC.pwdStrengthMinCharText = 'Minimum length is %d characters'; ACC.accessibilityLoading = 'Loading... Please wait...'; ACC.accessibilityStoresLoaded = 'Stores loaded'; ACC.telephoneCodePrefixSymbol = ' '; ACC.config.googleApiKey=''; ACC.config.googleApiVersion='3.7'; ACC.config.registration = {}; ACC.config.registration.countryDetailUrl='/registration/checkout/multi/organisation-information/ajax/countrydetail'; ACC.config.registration.addToCartAjaxUrl='/ajax/cart/add'; ACC.config.registration.addSocialEventsToCartAjaxUrl='/ajax/cart/social-events/add'; ACC.config.registration.noOfGuestsAjaxUrl='/registration/checkout/multi/socials-and-events/ajax/noOfGuests'; ACC.config.registration.guestListAjaxUrl='/registration/checkout/multi/socials-and-events/ajax/guestList'; ACC.config.registration.assignGuestAjaxUrl='/registration/checkout/multi/socials-and-events/ajax/assignGuest'; ACC.config.registration.changeGuestProductAjaxUrl='/registration/checkout/multi/registration-fees/ajax/changeGuestProduct'; ACC.config.registration.guestAttendingCheckAjaxUrl='/registration/checkout/multi/registration-fees/ajax/guestAttendingCheck'; ACC.config.registration.assignGuestToSocial='/registration/checkout/multi/socials-and-events/ajax/assignGuestToSocial'; ACC.config.registration.searchOrganisation='/registration/checkout/multi/organisation-information/asm/ajax/search-organisation'; ACC.config.registration.prePaymentCheckUrl='/registration/checkout/multi/payment-details/ajax/prepayment-check'; ACC.config.registration.product = {}; ACC.config.registration.product.basketSummaryRemoveCartEntryAjaxUrl='/registration/checkout/multi/basket-summary/ajax/cart/removeCartEntry'; ACC.config.registration.conferenceInterestEmailUrl='/interest-registration/ajax/validate-email'; ACC.config.registration.customerRegistrationEmailUrl='/customer-registration/ajax/validate-email'; ACC.config.timeToShowAsmStockReleasePopup=''; ACC.config.asmStockReleaseTime=''; ACC.config.address = {}; ACC.config.address.updateUrl='/registration/checkout/multi/payment-details/updateBillingAddress'; ACC.config.address.resetUrl='/registration/checkout/multi/payment-details/resetFirmAddress'; ACC.config.account = {}; ACC.config.account.autoRenewMembershipAjaxUrl='/my-account/ajax/auto-renew-membership'; ACC.autocompleteUrl = '\/search\/autocompleteSecure'; ACC.config.loginUrl = '\/login'; ACC.config.authenticationStatusUrl = '\/authentication\/status'; ACC['gigyaUserMode'] = 'raas'; ACC.config.onetrustEnabled = true; /*]]>*/ </script> <script> /*<![CDATA[*/ ACC.addons = {}; //JS namespace for addons properties ACC.addons['mexassistedservice'] = []; ACC.addons['mexassistedservice']['asm.timer.min'] = 'min'; ACC.addons['gigyaloginaddon'] = []; ACC.addons['smarteditaddon'] = []; ACC.addons['mexgigyaaddon'] = []; /*]]>*/ </script> <script src="/_ui/shared/js/generatedVariables.js"></script> <script src="/wro/js_responsive.js?v=948153693"></script> <script src="/wro/addons_responsive.js?v=948153693"></script> <script src="https://cdns.eu1.gigya.com/JS/gigya.js?apikey=3_H2S1xzEqSB5FObU6B4UNmvhiX58luRXkck3E1opy36oRFclz72Bz1BBzCCdsaU7b&lang=en"></script> </body> </html>