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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_associations_and_identifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_associations_and_identifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other associations and identifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_associations_and_identifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rituals_and_modes_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals_and_modes_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Rituals and modes of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals_and_modes_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Muslim veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Development of the cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="خاندوبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خاندوبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="খন্ডোবা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খন্ডোবা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Khandoba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Khandoba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کاندوبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاندوبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="खंडोबा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खंडोबा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="खंडोबा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खंडोबा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯕꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯕꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਖੰਡੋਬਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੰਡੋਬਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Khandoba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кхандоба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кхандоба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Khandoba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="கண்டோபா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்டோபா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE" title="ఖండోబా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఖండోబా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2" title="ขัณโฑพา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขัณโฑพา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For the 2015 song, see <a href="/wiki/Bajirao_Mastani_(soundtrack)" title="Bajirao Mastani (soundtrack)">Bajirao Mastani (soundtrack)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu god</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Khandoba</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Khandoba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Khandoba.jpg/250px-Khandoba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Khandoba.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Khandoba and <a href="/wiki/Mhalsa" title="Mhalsa">Mhalsa</a> killing demons Mani-Malla — a popular <a href="/wiki/Oleograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleograph">oleograph</a>, c.1880.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration</th><td class="infobox-data">Khaṇḍobā</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">खंडोबा</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jejuri" title="Jejuri">Jejuri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Om Shri Martanda Bhairavaya Namah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a>, Sword</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Horse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahalasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalasa">Mhalsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banai_(goddess)" title="Banai (goddess)">Banai</a> (chief consorts)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Khandoba</b> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Khaṇḍobā), also known as <b>Martanda Bhairava</b> and <b>Malhari</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deity worshiped generally as a manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, especially in the state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Karnataka" title="North Karnataka">North Karnataka</a>. He is the most popular <a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevata</a> (family deity) in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also the patron deity of some <a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Kshatriya Marathas</a> (warriors), farming castes, shepherd community and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> (priestly) <a href="/wiki/Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Castes">castes</a> as well as several of the hunter/gatherer tribes that are native to the hills and forests of this region. </p><p>The sect of Khandoba has linkages with <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> traditions, and also assimilates all communities irrespective of <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>. The cult of Khandoba as a folk deity dates at least to 12th century. Khandoba emerged as a composite god possessing the attributes of Shiva, <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> (Skanda). Khandoba is sometimes identified with <b>Mallanna</b> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <b>Mailara</b> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. </p><p>Khandoba is depicted either in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a>, or as an image of a warrior riding on a horse. The foremost centre of Khandoba worship is <a href="/wiki/Khandoba_Temple,_Jejuri" title="Khandoba Temple, Jejuri">the Khandoba temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jejuri" title="Jejuri">Jejuri</a> in Maharashtra. The legends of Khandoba, found in the text <i>Malhari Mahatmya</i> and also narrated in folk songs, revolve around his victory over demons Mani-malla and his marriages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_other_names">Etymology and other names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Khandoba</i> comes from the words <i><a href="/wiki/Khadga" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadga">khadga</a></i> (sword), the weapon used by Khandoba to kill the demons, and the suffix <i>ba</i> (father). Another name <i>Khanderaya</i> means "king Khandoba". Another variant is <i>Khanderao</i>, where the suffix <i><a href="/wiki/Rai_(title)" title="Rai (title)">rao</a></i> (king) is used. In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts, Khandoba is known as Martanda Bhairava, a combination of <i><a href="/wiki/Martanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Martanda">Martanda</a></i> (an epithet of the solar deity <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>) and Shiva's fierce form <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a>. The name <i>Mallari</i> or <i>Malhari</i> is split as <i>Malla</i> and <i>ari</i> (enemy), thus meaning "enemy of the demon Malla". The <i>Malhari Mahatmya</i> records Martanda Bhairava, pleased with the bravery of Malla, takes the name "Mallari" (the enemy of Malla).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other variants include <i>Malanna</i> (<i>Mallanna</i>) and <i>Mailara</i> (<i>Mailar</i>). Other names include <i>Khandu Gavda</i>, <i>Mhalsa-kant</i> ("husband of Mhalsa") and <i>Jejurica Vani</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadepathar_temple_sanctum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kadepathar_temple_sanctum.jpg/220px-Kadepathar_temple_sanctum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kadepathar_temple_sanctum.jpg/330px-Kadepathar_temple_sanctum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Kadepathar_temple_sanctum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The sanctum of Khandoba's older temple Kadepathar, Jejuri. Khandoba is worshipped in three forms: stone icon with the consorts (top), metal icon with Mhalsa (mid, covered with garlands) and two <i>linga</i>s, symbolizing him and Mhalsa.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a popular <a href="/wiki/Oleograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleograph">oleograph</a> representation of Khandoba,<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley284_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley284-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mhalsa is seated in front of Khandoba on his white horse. Mhalsa is piercing a demon's chest with a spear, while a dog is biting his thigh and the horse is hitting his head. The other demon is grabbing the reins of the horse and attacking Khandoba with a club as Khandoba is dismounting the horse and attacking the demon with his sword. In other representations, Khandoba is seen seated on a horse with the heads of demons trod under the horse's hooves or their heads under Khandoba's knees.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murtis</a> (icons), Khandoba or Mailara is depicted as having four arms, carrying a <i><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">damaru</a></i> (drum), <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">t<i>rishula</i></a> (trident), <i>bhandara-patra</i> (turmeric powder-filled bowl) and <i>khadga</i> (sword). Khandoba's images are often dressed as a <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">sardar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SontheimerH303_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SontheimerH303-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a Muslim <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">pathan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, Khandoba is depicted as a warrior seated on horseback with one or both of his wives and accompanied with one or more dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley32_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also worshipped as the aniconic <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a>, the symbol of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often in Khandoba temples, both representations of Khandoba — the aniconic linga and the anthropomorphic horseback form.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley32_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legends of Khandoba generally narrate about the battle between the deity and demons Malla and Mani. The principle written source of the legend is <i>Malhari Mahatmya</i> (<i>Mallari Mahatmya</i>), which claims to be from the chapter <i>Kshetra-kanda</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i>, but is not included in standard editions of the Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R.C._Dhere" class="mw-redirect" title="R.C. Dhere">R.C. Dhere</a> and Sontheimer suggests that the Sanskrit <i>Mahatmya</i> was composed around 1460–1510 AD, mostly by a <a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha Brahmin</a>, to whom Khandoba is the family deity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A version is also available in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> by Siddhapal Kesasri (1585).<sup id="cite_ref-SontheimerB105_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SontheimerB105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources include the later texts of <i>Jayadri Mahatmya</i> and <i>Martanda Vijaya</i> by Gangadhara (1821)<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer330_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer330-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the oral stories of the Vaghyas, bards of the god.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jejuri_khandoba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jejuri_khandoba.JPG/170px-Jejuri_khandoba.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jejuri_khandoba.JPG/255px-Jejuri_khandoba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jejuri_khandoba.JPG/340px-Jejuri_khandoba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Mani is worshipped in the Jejuri temple of Khandoba</figcaption></figure> <p>The legend recounts that the demon Malla and his younger brother Mani, who had gained the boon of invincibility from the god <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, create chaos on the earth and torment the sages. When the <a href="/wiki/Saptarsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptarsi">seven sages</a> approach Shiva for protection, Shiva assumes the form (<a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a>) of Martanda Bhairava (as the <i>Mahatmya</i> calls Khandoba) on Chaitra Shuddha Poornima at Adimailar, Mailapura near <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a>. He rides the <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a> bull, leading an army of the gods. Martanda Bhairava is described as shining like gold and the Sun, covered in turmeric (<i>Haridra</i>), three-eyed and with a crescent moon on his forehead.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demon army is slaughtered by the gods; finally Khandoba kills Malla and Mani. While dying, Mani offers his white horse to Khandoba as an act of repentance and asks for a boon. The boon is that he be present in every shrine of Khandoba, that human-kind is bettered and that he be given an offering of goat flesh. The boon is granted, and thus he transforms a <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigod</a>. Malla, when offered a boon, asks for the destruction of the world and human-flesh. Angered by the demon's request, Khandoba decapitates him, and his head falls at the temple stairs where it is trampled by the devotees feet. The legend further describes how two <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingas</a> appeared at Prempuri, the place where the demons were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oral stories continue the process of <i><a href="/wiki/Sanskritization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritization">Sanskritization</a></i> of Khandoba — his elevation from a folk deity to Shiva, a deity of the classical Hindu pantheon — that was initiated by the texts. Khandoba's wives Mhalsa and Banai are also identified with Shiva's classical Hindu wife, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a> respectively. Hegadi Pradhan, the minister and brother-in-law of Khandoba and brother of Lingavat Vani Mhalsa,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the faithful dog that helps Khandoba kill the demons, the horse given by Mani and the demon brothers are considered avatars of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, Nandi and the demons <a href="/wiki/Madhu-Kaitabh" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhu-Kaitabh">Madhu-Kaitabha</a> respectively. Other myth variants narrate that Khandoba defeats a single demon named Manimalla, who offers his white horse, sometimes called Mani, to the god.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other legends depict Mhalsa (or Parvati) and Banai or Banu (or Ganga) as futilely helping Khandoba in the battle to collect the blood of Mani, every drop of which creates a new demon. Finally, the dog of Khandoba swallows all the blood. Sometimes, Mhalsa, or rarely Banai, is described as seated behind Khandoba on the horse and fighting with a sword or spear.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legends portray Khandoba as a king who rules from his fortress of Jejuri and holds court where he distributes gold. Also, king Khandoba goes on hunting expeditions, which often turn into "erotic adventures", and subsequent marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-SontheimerF116_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SontheimerF116-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wives">Wives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khandoba_Mhalsa_Banai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Khandoba_Mhalsa_Banai.jpg/250px-Khandoba_Mhalsa_Banai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Khandoba_Mhalsa_Banai.jpg/330px-Khandoba_Mhalsa_Banai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Khandoba_Mhalsa_Banai.jpg/500px-Khandoba_Mhalsa_Banai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>Khandoba with his two chief wives: Mhalsa and Banai.</figcaption></figure> <p>Khandoba has several wives from different communities, who serve as cultural links between the god and the communities; <a href="/wiki/Mahalasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalasa">Mhalsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banai_(goddess)" title="Banai (goddess)">Banai</a> (Banu, Banubai) being the most important.<sup id="cite_ref-SontheimerF116_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SontheimerF116-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Khandoba's first wife Mhalsa is from the <a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayat</a> merchant (Vani) community, his second wife Banai is a <a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a> (shepherd caste). Mhalsa has had a regular ritualistic marriage with Khandoba. Banai, on the other hand, has a love marriage by capture with the god. Mhalsa is described as jealous and a good cook; Banai is erotic, resolute, but does not even know how to cook. Often folk songs tell of their quarrels. Mhalsa represents "culture" and Banai "nature". The god king Khandoba stands between them.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khandoba's third wife, Rambhai Shimpin, is a tailor woman who was a heavenly nymph or <i><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">devangana</a></i> and is sometimes identified with Banai. She is a prototype of the Muralis — the girls "married" to Khandoba. Rambhai is worshipped as a goddess whom Khandoba visits after his hunt. She is also localised, being said to come from the village from Dhalewadi, near Jejuri. The fourth wife Phulai Malin, from the gardener or <a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Mali caste</a>, She was a particular Murali and is thus a deified devotee of Khandoba. She is visited by him at "Davna Mal" (field of <a href="/wiki/Southernwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Southernwood">southernwood</a>, a herb said to be dear to Khandoba). The fifth wife, Candai Bhagavin, is a <a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Telin</a>, a member of the oilpresser caste. She is recognized as a Muslim by the Muslims. Apart from these, Muralis — girls offered to Khandoba — are considered as wives or concubines of the god.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stanley33_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanley33-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_associations_and_identifications">Other associations and identifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other associations and identifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khandoba_Poona_painting_1800-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Khandoba_Poona_painting_1800-05.jpg/330px-Khandoba_Poona_painting_1800-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Khandoba_Poona_painting_1800-05.jpg/500px-Khandoba_Poona_painting_1800-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Khandoba_Poona_painting_1800-05.jpg/960px-Khandoba_Poona_painting_1800-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3530" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicts Khandoba riding a white horse with Mhalsa, accompanied with a dog and attendants including a Waghya dancing before him.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mallana (Mallikaarjuna) of Andhra Pradesh and Mailara of Karnataka are sometimes identified with Khandoba (Mallari, Malhari, Mairala). Khandoba is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a>, who is connected with <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hmanahatya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmanahatya">Brāhmanahatya</a> (murder of a Brahmin).<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimerin_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimerin-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devotees emphasize that Khandoba is a full avatar of Shiva, and not a partial avatar like Bhairava or <a href="/wiki/Virabhadra" title="Virabhadra">Virabhadra</a>. He accepts the attributes of the demon king — his horse, weapons and royal insignia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sontheimer stresses the association of Khandoba with clay and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termite</a> mounds. Oral legends tell of Khandoba's <i>murti</i>s being found in termite mounds or "made of earth".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sontheimer, Martanda Bhairava (Khandoba) is a combination of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> and Shiva, who is associated with the moon. Martanda ("blazing orb") is a name of Surya, while Bhairava is a form of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-stanley33_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanley33-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakker113_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker113-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sundays, gold and turmeric, which are culturally associated with the sun, form an important part of the rituals of Khandoba.<sup id="cite_ref-stanley33_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanley33-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakker113_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker113-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sontheimer associates the worship of the Sun as termite mounds for fertility and his role as a healer to Khandoba's role as granter of fertility in marriages and to the healing powers of turmeric, which the latter holds.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker113_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker113-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory identifies <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> (Skanda) with Khandoba.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypotheses of the theory rests upon the similarities between Skanda and Khandoba, namely their association with mountains and war, similarity of their names and weapons (the lance of Skanda and the sword of Khandoba) and both having two principal wives.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the festivals for both deities, Champa Sashthi and Skanda Sashthi respectively for Khandoba and Skanda fall on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other symbols associated with Khandoba are the dog and horse.<sup id="cite_ref-SontheimerB114_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SontheimerB114-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG/220px-Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG/330px-Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG/440px-Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Khandoba (centre icon on a horse and with Mhalsa) in a household shrine (devghar) of a <a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha Brahmin</a> family</figcaption></figure> <p>Though Shiva is worshipped across Maharashtra in his original form, some Maharashtrian communities prefer to worship him in form of his avatars, Khandoba being the most popular.<sup id="cite_ref-stanley31_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanley31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the most popular <a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevata</a> (family deity) in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most widely worshipped gods of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> plateau, Khandoba is considered as "the premier god of <i>Sakama bhakti</i> (wish-granting devotion) and one of the most powerful deities responsive to vows (<i>navas</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-stanley31_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanley31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is worshipped by the vast majority of Marathi Hindu people from all strata of that society. He is the patron deity of warrior, farming, herding as well as some <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> (priest) <a href="/wiki/Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Castes">castes</a>, the hunters and gatherers of the hills and forests, merchants and kings. The devotees of Khandoba in the Deccan principally consists of <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunabi">Kunabis</a>, shepherd <a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangars</a>, village guards and watchmen <a href="/wiki/Ramoshi" title="Ramoshi">Ramoshis</a> — a "<a href="/wiki/Denotified_tribes_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Denotified tribes of India">Denotified tribe</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former "<a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchable</a>" <a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mang_(caste)" title="Mang (caste)">Mangs</a>, fisher-folk <a href="/wiki/Koli_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Koli caste">Kolis</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bara_Balutedar" title="Bara Balutedar">balutedar</a></i> castes like gardeners (<i>Mali</i>) and tailors (<i>Shimpi</i>), though it also includes of a few <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> and even some <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley271_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley271-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Brahmin presence is nominal in his sect, <a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha Brahmins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chindhade1996_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chindhade1996-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimerin_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimerin-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gom1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gom1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kokanastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokanastha">Kokanastha</a> Brahmins - in Nashik and Satara - do worship Khandoba, some imitating the Deshastha Brahmins.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Deshastha Brahmins, <a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gom1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gom1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the royal families like <a href="/wiki/Gaikwad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaikwad">Gaikwads</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holkar" title="House of Holkar">Holkars</a> worship Khandoba as their Kuladevata. He is also worshipped by <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lingayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayat">Lingayats</a>. He is viewed as a "king" of his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals_and_modes_of_worship">Rituals and modes of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rituals and modes of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khandoba is believed to be a <i>kadak</i> (fierce) deity, who causes troubles if not propitiated properly as per the family duties.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer3323_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer3323-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khandoba is worshipped with <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a> (<i>Bhandār</i>), <a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bel</a> fruit-leaves, onions and other vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-Underhill_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underhill-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deity is offered <i><a href="/wiki/Puran_poli" title="Puran poli">puran poli</a></i> – a sweet or a simpler dish called <i>bharit rodga</i> of onion and brinjal.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strict vegetarian <i>naivedya</i> (offering of food) is offered to Khandoba in the temples, although he is regarded by many devotees as a non-vegetarian.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley284_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley284-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goat flesh is also offered to the deity, although this is done outside the temple as meat is forbidden inside the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley284_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley284-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important part of the Khandoba-sect is <i>navas</i>, a vow to perform service to the god in return for a boon of good harvest, male child, financial success etc. On fulfilment of the <i>navas</i>, Khandoba was offered children or some devotees would afflict pain by hook-swinging or fire-walking.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley293_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley293-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of worship using <i>navas</i> is called <i>Sakama Bhakti</i> – worship done with an expectation of return and is considered "to be of a lower esteem".<sup id="cite_ref-Burman1227_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burman1227-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the most faithful <i>bhakta</i>s (devotees) are considered to be greedy only for the company of their Lord, Khandoba is also called <i>bhukela</i> – hungry for such true <i>bhakta</i>s in the <i>Martanda Vijaya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer313_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer313-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaghya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vaghya.jpg/220px-Vaghya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vaghya.jpg/330px-Vaghya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Vaghya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Vaghya</i>, the bard of Khandoba</figcaption></figure> <p>Boys called <i>Vāghyā</i> (or <i>Waghya</i>, literally "tigers") and girls called <i>Muraḹi</i> were formerly dedicated to Khandoba, but now the practice of marrying girls to Khandoba is illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-Underhill_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underhill-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vaghyas act as the <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a> of Khandoba and identify themselves with the dogs of Khandoba, while Muralis act as his courtesans (<i><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">devangana</a></i>s — nymphs or <a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">devadasis</a>). The Vaghyas and their female counterparts Muralis sing and dance in honour of Khandoba and narrate his stories on <a href="/wiki/Jagarana" title="Jagarana"><i>jagaran</i>s</a> — all night song-festivals, which are sometimes held after <i>navas</i> fulfilment.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley293_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley293-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another custom was ritual-suicide by <i>Vira</i>s (heroes) in the cult.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer_in_Hiltebeitel_p.308_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer_in_Hiltebeitel_p.308-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend, an "untouchable" Mang (Matanga) sacrificed himself for the foundation of the temple at Jejuri to persuade Khandoba to stay at Jejuri forever.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer313_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer313-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other practices in the cult include the belief that Khandoba possesses the body of a Vaghya or <i>devrsi</i> (shaman).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another ritual in the cult is an act of chain-breaking in fulfilment of a vow or an annual family rite; the chain is identified with the snake around Shiva's neck, which was cut by the demons in the fight.<sup id="cite_ref-SontheimerB114_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SontheimerB114-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another rite associated with the family duties to please Khandoba is the <i>tali bharne</i>, which is to be performed every full moon day. A <i>tali</i> (dish) is filled with coconuts, fruits, betel nuts, saffron, turmeric (<i>Bhandar</i>) and Bel leaves. Then, a coconut is placed on a pot filled with water and the pot is worshipped as an embodiment of Khandoba. Then, five persons lift the <i>tali</i>, place it repeatedly on the pot thrice, saying "Elkot" or "Khande rayaca Elkot". Then the coconut in the <i>tali</i> is broken and mixed with sugar or jaggery and given to friends and relatives. A <i><a href="/wiki/Gondhali" title="Gondhali">gondhal</a></i> is performed along with the <i>tali bharne</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khandoba is considered as the giver of fertility. Maharashtrian Hindu couples are expected to visit a Khandoba temple to obtain Khandoba's blessing on consummation of marriage. Traditional Maharashtrian families also organize a <i>jagaran</i> as part of the marriage ceremony, inviting the god to the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley32_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sanskrit <i>Malhari Mahatmya</i> suggests offerings of incense, lights, betel and animals to Khandoba. The Marathi version mentions offerings of meat and the worship by <i>chedapatadi</i> – "causing themselves to be cut", hook-swinging and self-mortification by <i>vira</i>s. Marathi version calls this form of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> (devotion) as <i>ugra</i> (violent, demonic) <i>bhakti</i>. The <i>Martanda vijaya</i> narrates about <i><a href="/wiki/Rakshasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshasha">Rakshashi</a> bhakti</i> (demonic worship) by animal sacrifice and self — torture. Possession by Khandoba, in form of a wind, is lower demonic worship (<i>pishachi worship</i>). <a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">Sattvic</a> worship, the purest form of worship, is believed to be feeding Khandoba in form of a Brahmin.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer330_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer330-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_veneration">Muslim veneration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Muslim veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khandoba is also a figure of respect and worship to <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, and this affiliation is visible in the style of his temples. He is called <i>Mallu</i> or <i>Ajmat Khan (Rautray)</i> by Muslim devotees, and is many times portrayed as being a Muslim himself in this context.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer325ff_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer325ff-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter title is believed to conferred upon by the Mughal invader king <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, who was forced to flee from Jejuri by Khandoba's power.<sup id="cite_ref-Burman1227_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burman1227-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these distinguishing Muslim features include his usual appearance as that of a <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">pathan</a> on horseback, one of his wives being a Muslim, and that his horse-keeper is a Muslim in Jejuri. The <i>Martaṇḍa Vijaya</i> expressly states that his devotees are mainly Muslims. The worship of Khandoba had received royal patronage by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah II">Ibrahim II</a>, which consisted of the reinstatement of the annual <a href="/wiki/Zatra" title="Zatra">jatra</a> (fair) and the right of pilgrims to perform rituals at the Naldurg temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer325ff_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer325ff-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Malhari Mahatmya</i> even records Muslims (<i><a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">mleccha</a></i>) as the god's bhaktas (devotees), who call him as <i>Malluka Pathan</i> or <i>Mallu Khan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SontheimerB116_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SontheimerB116-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jejuri, a Muslim family traditionally looks after the horses of the god.<sup id="cite_ref-Burman1227_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burman1227-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg/220px-Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg/330px-Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg/440px-Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5704" data-file-height="3896" /></a><figcaption>Khandoba's newer Temple in <a href="/wiki/Jejuri" title="Jejuri">Jejuri</a>. Notice devotees showering turmeric powder (bhandara) on each other, in a temple festival.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mylara_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mylara_1.jpg/220px-Mylara_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mylara_1.jpg/330px-Mylara_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mylara_1.jpg/440px-Mylara_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>Mylara Lingeshwara Temple at Mylara, <a href="/wiki/Bellary_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary District">Bellary District</a>, Karnataka</figcaption></figure> <p>There are over 600 temples dedicated to Khandoba in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stanley31_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanley31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His temples stretch from <a href="/wiki/Nasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasik">Nasik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Davangere" class="mw-redirect" title="Davangere">Davangere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in the south, <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a>, Maharashtra in the west to western <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> in the east. The eleven principal centres of worship of Khandoba or <i>jagrut <a href="/wiki/Kshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshetra">kshetras</a></i>, where the deity is to be called awake or "jagrut", are recognized; six of them in Maharashtra and the rest in northern Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-stanley31_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanley31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanley271_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley271-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khandoba's temples resemble forts, the capital of his kingdom being Jejuri. The priests here are <a href="/wiki/Gurav" title="Gurav">Guravs</a>, not Brahmins.<sup id="cite_ref-SontheimerH303_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SontheimerH303-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most important temples are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jejuri" title="Jejuri">Jejuri</a>: The foremost center of worship of Khandoba.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is situated 48 km from <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, Maharashtra. There are two temples: the first is an ancient temple known as <i>Kadepathar</i>. Kadepathar is difficult to climb. The second one is the newer and more famous <a href="/wiki/Khandoba_Temple,_Jejuri" title="Khandoba Temple, Jejuri"><i>Gad-kot</i> temple</a>, which is easy to climb. This temple has about 450 steps, 18 <i>Kamani</i> (arches) and 350 <i>Dipmalas</i> (lamp-pillars). Both temples are fort-like structures.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Pal, India">Pali</a> (Rajapur) or Pali-Pember, <a href="/wiki/Satara_district" title="Satara district">Satara district</a>, Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailar_Mallanna_Temple" title="Mailar Mallanna Temple">Adi-mailar or Khanapur</a> (Pember or Mailkarpur) near <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a>, Karnataka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naldurg" title="Naldurg">Naldurg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmanabad_district" title="Osmanabad district">Osmanabad district</a>, Maharashtra.</li> <li>Mailara Linga, <a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad district</a>, Karnataka.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangasuli" title="Mangasuli">Mangasuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgaum_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgaum district">Belgaum district</a>, Karnataka.</li> <li>Maltesh or Mailara temple at <a href="/wiki/Devaragudda" title="Devaragudda">Devaragudda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranebennur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranebennur">Ranebennur</a> Taluk, <a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri district</a>, Karnataka.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylara_Lingeshwara_Temple" title="Mylara Lingeshwara Temple">Mannamailar or Mailar</a> (Mylara), <a href="/wiki/Bellary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary">Bellary</a>, Karnataka.</li> <li>Nimgaon Dawadi, <a href="/wiki/Pune_district" title="Pune district">Pune district</a>, Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shegud, <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar_district" title="Ahmednagar district">Ahmednagar district</a>, Maharashtra.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komrelly_Mallanna_Temple" title="Komrelly Mallanna Temple">Komuravelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddipet_district" title="Siddipet district">Siddipet</a> district, Telangana.</li> <li>Satare, <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_District,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad District, Maharashtra">Aurangabad district</a>, Maharashtra.</li> <li>Malegaon, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanded_District,_Maharashtra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanded District, Maharashtra (page does not exist)">Nanded district</a>, Maharashtra.</li> <li>Mailapur Mailarlingeshwara Temple, <a href="/wiki/Mailapura,_Yadgir" title="Mailapura, Yadgir">Mailapura, Yadgir</a>, Yadgiri District, Karnataka</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanderao_with_Mhalsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Khanderao_with_Mhalsa.jpg/220px-Khanderao_with_Mhalsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Khanderao_with_Mhalsa.jpg/330px-Khanderao_with_Mhalsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Khanderao_with_Mhalsa.jpg/440px-Khanderao_with_Mhalsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Khandoba with Mhalsa, a <a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">company style</a> painting from <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a>. Khandoba is depicted with the traditional attributes of Shiva like the Trishula, damaru and the deer.</figcaption></figure> <p>A six-day festival, from the first to sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of <a href="/wiki/Margashirsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Margashirsha">Margashirsha</a>, in honour of Khandoba is celebrated at Jejuri, to commemorate the fight with demons Mani-Malla. On the sixth day (Champa-Shashthi), Khandoba is believed to have slew the demons.<sup id="cite_ref-Underhill_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underhill-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Maharashtra)" title="Jatra (Maharashtra)">jatra</a></i> (temple festival and fair) is held in Pember on Champa-shasthi; the festival continues until the new moon.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deshastha Brahmans and Marathas also observe the annual Champa-Shashthi festival. The images of Khandoba and Malla are cleaned and worshipped. For six days, a fast is observed. On the seventh day, the devotees break their fast by a feast known as <i>Champasashtliiche parne</i>. An invitation to this feast is regarded as an invitation from Khandoba himself and is harder to refuse.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another festival <a href="/wiki/Somvati_Amavasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Somvati Amavasya">Somvati Amavasya</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Amavasya" title="Amavasya">new-moon day</a> that falls on a Monday, is celebrated in Jejuri. A <i><a href="/wiki/Palakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Palakhi">palakhi</a></i> (palanquin) procession of the images of Khandoba and Mhalsa is carried from the Gad-kot temple to the Karha river, where the images are ritually bathed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pali-Pember, the ritual of the marriage of Khandoba with Mhalsa is annually performed. Turmeric is offered to the deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer_in_Hiltebeitel_p.308_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer_in_Hiltebeitel_p.308-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two festivals are celebrated in honour of Mailara, as Khandoba is known in Karnataka. These are the <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Dasara</a> festival at Devaragudda, and an eleven-day festival in <a href="/wiki/Maagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagha">Magha</a> month (February–March) in Mailar, Bellary district. Both festivals have enactments of the battle between Mailar and the demons Mani-Malla.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a> Purnima (full-moon day) is also considered auspicious.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, Sundays, associated with the Sun, are considered auspicious for Khandoba worship.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_cult">Development of the cult</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development of the cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mailar_Mallanna_Khanapur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mailar_Mallanna_Khanapur.JPG/250px-Mailar_Mallanna_Khanapur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Mailar_Mallanna_Khanapur.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Khandoba with his wives at Mailar Mallanna temple, Khanapur near Bidar, Karnataka.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sect of Khandoba, a <a href="/wiki/Folk_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Hinduism">folk religion</a>, reflects the effect of Vedic <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>, the Puranic Shiva worshipped as Linga in <a href="/wiki/Brahmanical_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanical Hinduism">Brahmanical Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lingayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayat">Lingayat</a> sects.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer3323_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer3323-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khandoba may be a product of the Vedic Rudra, who like Khandoba was associated with robbers, horses and dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 14th-century commentator <a href="/wiki/Sayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayana">Sayana</a> traces the name <i>Malhari</i> to the <i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Samhita">Taittiriya Samhita</a></i>, Malhari is explained as enemy (ari) of Malha (<a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a>) – an epithet of Rudra, who is considered a rival of the deity Prajapati.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker106ff_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker106ff-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Stanley, Khandoba originated as a mountain-top god, solar deity and a regional guardian and then assimilated into himself gods of various regions and communities.<sup id="cite_ref-stanley31_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanley31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Stanley, Khandoba inherits traits from both the sun-god Surya as well as Shiva, who is identified with the moon. Stanley describes Khandoba as "a moon god, who has become a sun god", emphasizing on how the moon imagery of Shiva transforms into the solar iconography of Khandoba in the <i>Malhari Mahatmya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-stanley33_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanley33-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per R. C. Dhere, two stone inscriptions in 1063 C.E. and 1148 C.E mentioning the folk deities Mailara and his consort Malavva which suggests that Mailara gained popularity in Karnataka in this period. Soon, royals of this region started erecting temples to this folk deity, upsetting the elite class of established religion who vilified Mailara. Initially exalted as an incarnation of Shiva, Mailara was denounced by <a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a>, the founder of the Shiva-worshipping Lingayat sect – who would later promote the deity. <a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a> (c.1270, founder of <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a> sect), <a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a> (1296–1391) and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Muhammad" title="Sheikh Muhammad">Sheikh Muhammad</a> (1560–1650) criticized the god.<sup id="cite_ref-dherechap1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dherechap1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Varkari" class="mw-redirect" title="Varkari">Varkari</a> poet-saint <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a> also wrote "disparagingly" about Khandoba's cult worship,<sup id="cite_ref-Burman1227_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burman1227-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but after him, the "open" criticism of Khandoba stopped, but the "barbaric" practices of his cult were still targeted.<sup id="cite_ref-dherechap1_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dherechap1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sontheimer suggests that Khandoba was primarily a god of herdsmen,<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer_Pastoral_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer_Pastoral-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the cult of Khandoba is at least older than 12th century, which can be determined by references in Jain and Lingayat texts and inscriptions. A 12th-century Jain author Brahmashiva claims that a Jain, who died in battle after a display of his valour, was later named as Mailara. By the 13th century, wide worship of Malhari or Mailara is observed by kings, Brahmins, simple folk and warriors. With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim empire</a>, classical Hindu temples fell into ruin, giving rise to the folk religion such as of Khandoba. Chakradhara remarked in his biography <a href="/wiki/Leela_Charitra" title="Leela Charitra"><i>Lilacharitra</i></a> - "by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>, temples of Vishnu and Shiva will be destroyed, but those of Mairala will stay". A 1369 AD inscription at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inavolu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inavolu (page does not exist)">Inavolu</a> near <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a> tells an account of Mallari different from the <i>Malhari Mahatmya</i> — Shiva helped the epic hero <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> kill the demon Malla, thus acquiring the title of Mallari. Mailara was the family deity of the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakatiya">Kakatiya</a> dynasty (1083–1323 AD); a text from their rule records the self-torture rituals of Mailara-devotees and describes the deity. Throughout his development, Mailara is looked upon as a lower manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> (God) by Lingayat and Maharashtrian <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> saints.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker106ff_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker106ff-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 18th century, Khandoba had become the clan deity of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>. In 1752, the Maratha dowager queen <a href="/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a> chose Khandoba's Jejuri temple to seal her pact with the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Bajirao" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaji Bajirao">Balaji Bajirao</a>, in the deity's presence.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Malhari Mahatmya</i> states that Khandoba first appeared on Champa-Shashthi, which was a Sunday, at Premapur, which identified as <a href="/wiki/Pember" title="Pember">Pember</a> (Adimailar, Mailarapur) near <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a>. Marathi traditions tell that Khandoba came originally from Premapuri, now Pember in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, then went to Naldurg, Pali and finally to Jejuri.<sup id="cite_ref-SontheimerB105_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SontheimerB105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sontheimer suggests that the cult of Mailara may have originated in Pember and then spread to Maharashtra, merging with the cult of Khandaka — the patron <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a> (demi-god) of <a href="/wiki/Paithan" title="Paithan">Paithan</a> giving it its distinct Maharashtrain characteristics. Maharashtrains call the god – <i>Kanadya Khanderaya</i>, the god from Karnataka. The cult possibly was spread by Lingayat, Jain and other merchants, associated with Mailara-Khandoba, to other parts of the Deccan. Besides Mailara, Khandoba is identified with other deities of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, and is called as Mallanna, Mairala, and Mallu Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other traditions like <a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a> sects of folk goddesses were assimilated into the Khandoba sect, identifying the goddesses with Khandoba's wives Mhalsa or Banai.<sup id="cite_ref-SontheimerB116_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SontheimerB116-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marathi literature has a mixed reaction to the sect of Khandoba. Naranjanamadhva (1790) in <a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">stotra</a> (hymn) dedicated to Khandoba calls him "an illustrious king with rich clothes and a horse with a saddle studded with jewels", who was once "an ascetic beggar who ride an old bull and carried an ant-bitten club (<a href="/wiki/Khatvanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatvanga">khatvanga</a>)" – a humorous take on the Puranic Shiva. In another instance (1855), he is called a ghost by a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> missionary and a<a href="/wiki/Chitpavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitpavan">Koknastha Brahmin</a> in a debate against a <a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha Brahmin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer3323_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer3323-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Brahmin remarks with scorn about the impurity of the Khandoba temple, visited by <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a> and whose priests are non-Brahmin Guravs.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer3323_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer3323-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marathi term "khel-khandoba", which is taken to mean "devastation" in general usage, refers to the possession of devotee by the god in his sect.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontheimer3323_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontheimer3323-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh p.ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley284-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley284_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley284_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley284_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SontheimerH303-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SontheimerH303_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SontheimerH303_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley32-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley32_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley32_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley32_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For worship of Khandoba in the form of a lingam and possible identification with Shiva based on that, see: Mate, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker p.103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker pp.105–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SontheimerB105-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SontheimerB105_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SontheimerB105_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker p.105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sontheimer330-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer330_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer330_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp. 272,293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker p.118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp.272–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed synopsis of Malhari Mahtmya, see Sontheimer in Bakker pp.116–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp.280–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SontheimerF116-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SontheimerF116_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SontheimerF116_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.117-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Feldhaus p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanley33-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stanley33_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanley33_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanley33_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanley33_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sontheimerin-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimerin_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimerin_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker p.110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker113-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker113_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker113_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker113_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker p.113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For use of the name Khandoba as a name for Karttikeya in Maharashtra, Gupta <i>Preface</i>, and p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhokar2000" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Khokar, Mohan (June 25, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203223214/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/06/25/stories/1325063k.htm">"In recognition of valour"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=In+recognition+of+valour&rft.date=2000-06-25&rft.aulast=Khokar&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fthehindu%2F2000%2F06%2F25%2Fstories%2F1325063k.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPillai1997" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, S Devadas (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&q=khandoba+%252&pg=PA192"><i>Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary</i></a>. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. <span class="nowrap">190–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7154-807-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7154-807-5"><bdi>81-7154-807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sociology+Through+Ghurye%2C+a+Dictionary&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-7154-807-5&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=S+Devadas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3uD22Ghqs4C%26q%3Dkhandoba%2B%25252%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SontheimerB114-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SontheimerB114_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SontheimerB114_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker p.114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanley31-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stanley31_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanley31_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanley31_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanley31_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanley31_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRathod2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rathod, Motiraj (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205032326/http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/india_tribes.html">"Denotified and Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra"</a>. <i>The Denotified and Nomatic Tribes Rights Action Group Newsletter</i> (April–June and July–September, 2000). 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Maharashtra State Gazetteer. 2006 [1976]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmadnagar+District+Gazetteer%3A+People&rft.pub=Maharashtra+State+Gazetteer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahmednagar.nic.in%2Fgazetteer%2Fpeople_castes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chindhade1996-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chindhade1996_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShirish_Chindhade1996" class="citation book cs1">Shirish Chindhade (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qx5x_0VQuZoC&pg=PA91"><i>Five Indian English Poets: Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, R. Parthasarathy</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-585-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-585-6"><bdi>978-81-7156-585-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Indian+English+Poets%3A+Nissim+Ezekiel%2C+A.K.+Ramanujan%2C+Arun+Kolatkar%2C+Dilip+Chitre%2C+R.+Parthasarathy&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-585-6&rft.au=Shirish+Chindhade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqx5x_0VQuZoC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gom1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gom1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gom1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Maharashtra" class="citation web cs1">Government of Maharashtra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/BombayPresidency/ratnagiri/pop1_race.html">"Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ratnagiri and Savantvadi"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency%3A+Ratnagiri+and+Savantvadi&rft.au=Government+of+Maharashtra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fratnagiri.nic.in%2FGazetter%2FBombayPresidency%2Fratnagiri%2Fpop1_race.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Nasik/population_brahmans.html#1">"Nashik District: Population"</a>. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. 2006 [1883]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nashik+District%3A+Population&rft.pub=Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fpdf%2Fgazeetter_reprint%2FNasik%2Fpopulation_brahmans.html%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker p.104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sontheimer3323-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer3323_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer3323_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer3323_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer3323_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer3323_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp.332–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Underhill-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Underhill_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Underhill_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Underhill_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Underhill p.111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley293-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley293_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley293_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burman1227-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burman1227_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burman1227_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burman1227_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burman1227_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burman p.1227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sontheimer313-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer313_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer313_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sontheimer_in_Hiltebeitel_p.308-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer_in_Hiltebeitel_p.308_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer_in_Hiltebeitel_p.308_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Stanley in Zelliot pp. 40–53: for details of possession beliefs: <i>Angat Yene:Possession by the Divine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/GOM/people_religions.html">"Ratnagiri District Gazetteer : People: RELIGIOUS BELIEFS"</a>. Maharashtra State Gazetteer. 1962<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ratnagiri+District+Gazetteer+%3A+People%3A+RELIGIOUS+BELIEFS&rft.pub=Maharashtra+State+Gazetteer&rft.date=1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fratnagiri.nic.in%2FGazetter%2FGOM%2Fpeople_religions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sontheimer325ff-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer325ff_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer325ff_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp. 325–7 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SontheimerB116-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SontheimerB116_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SontheimerB116_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker p.116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Jejuri as the foremost center of worship see: Mate, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Poona%20District/places_j.html#.">"Jejuri"</a>. Maharashtra Gazetteer. 2006 [1885].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jejuri&rft.pub=Maharashtra+Gazetteer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fcultural.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fenglish%2Fgazetteer%2FPoona%2520District%2Fplaces_j.html%23.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110418072440/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/places_Pal.html">"PAL OR RAJAPUR"</a>. Satara District Gazetteer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/places_Pal.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PAL+OR+RAJAPUR&rft.pub=Satara+District+Gazetteer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fenglish%2Fgazetteer%2FSATARA%2Fplaces_Pal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_n.html#.">Nimgaon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker p.108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[A HISTORY OF THE MARATHA PEOPLE, C A. KINCAID, CV.O., I.CS. AND Rao Bahadur D. B. PARASNIS, VOL II, page 314, HUMPHREY MILFORD, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS, 1922]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker p.127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Stanley (Nov. 1977) pp. 34–38 for a detailed description</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp.301–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker106ff-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker106ff_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker106ff_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker pp. 106–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dherechap1-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dherechap1_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dherechap1_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDhere2009" class="citation web cs1">Dhere, R. C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcdhere.com/RCD_Khandoba/khandoba_2.html">"FOLK GOD OF THE SOUTH: KHANDOBA – Chapter 1: "Mailar', that is Khandoba"</a>. official site of R C Dhere<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FOLK+GOD+OF+THE+SOUTH%3A+KHANDOBA+%E2%80%93+Chapter+1%3A+%22Mailar%27%2C+that+is+Khandoba&rft.pub=official+site+of+R+C+Dhere&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dhere&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcdhere.com%2FRCD_Khandoba%2Fkhandoba_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sontheimer_Pastoral-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sontheimer_Pastoral_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontheimer1989" class="citation book cs1">Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1989). <i>Pastoral deities in western India</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pastoral+deities+in+western+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Sontheimer&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther-Dietz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaviskarAttwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Baviskar, B.S.; Attwood, D.W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&q=peshwa+tarabai+khandoba&pg=PA250"><i>Inside-outside : two views of social change in rural India</i></a>. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132113508" title="Special:BookSources/9788132113508"><bdi>9788132113508</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside-outside+%3A+two+views+of+social+change+in+rural+India&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788132113508&rft.aulast=Baviskar&rft.aufirst=B.S.&rft.au=Attwood%2C+D.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVQtBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpeshwa%2Btarabai%2Bkhandoba%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontheimer in Bakker pp.108–9</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Burman, J. J. Roy (Apr 14–20, 2001). "Shivaji's Myth and Maharashtra's Syncretic Traditions". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>. <b>36</b> (14/15): <span class="nowrap">1226–</span>1234. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410485">4410485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Shivaji%27s+Myth+and+Maharashtra%27s+Syncretic+Traditions&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=14%2F15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1226-%3C%2Fspan%3E1234&rft.date=2001-04-14%2F2001-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4410485%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burman&rft.aufirst=J.+J.+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1988" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Shakti M. (1988). <i>Karttikeya: The Son of Shiva</i>. Bombay: Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7039-186-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7039-186-5"><bdi>81-7039-186-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karttikeya%3A+The+Son+of+Shiva&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Somaiya+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-7039-186-5&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Shakti+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMate1988" class="citation book cs1">Mate, M. S. (1988). <i>Temples and Legends of Maharashtra</i>. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+and+Legends+of+Maharashtra&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Mate&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghB._V._Bhanu2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kumar Suresh; B. V. Bhanu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=Khandoba+god&pg=PR59"><i>People of India</i></a>. Anthropological Survey of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-101-3"><bdi>978-81-7991-101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-101-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kumar+Suresh&rft.au=B.+V.+Bhanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsBEgVa804IC%26q%3DKhandoba%2Bgod%26pg%3DPR59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontheimer1989" class="citation book cs1">Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLmuJhU3wC8C&q=Between+Ghost+and+God+Sontheimer&pg=PA299">"Between Ghost and God: Folk Deity of the Deccan"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Alf Hiltebeitel</a> (ed.). <i>Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">SUNY</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-981-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-981-9"><bdi>0-88706-981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Ghost+and+God%3A+Folk+Deity+of+the+Deccan&rft.btitle=Criminal+Gods+and+Demon+Devotees%3A+Essays+on+the+Guardians+of+Popular+Hinduism&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88706-981-9&rft.aulast=Sontheimer&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther-Dietz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLmuJhU3wC8C%26q%3DBetween%2BGhost%2Band%2BGod%2BSontheimer%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontheimer1990" class="citation book cs1">Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ&q=khandoba&pg=PA129">"God as King for All: The Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya and its context"</a>. In Hans Bakker (ed.). <i>The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09318-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09318-4"><bdi>90-04-09318-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+as+King+for+All%3A+The+Sanskrit+Malhari+Mahatmya+and+its+context&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sacred+Places+in+India+as+Reflected+in+Traditional+Literature&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=90-04-09318-4&rft.aulast=Sontheimer&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther-Dietz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMcwUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkhandoba%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontheimer1996" class="citation book cs1">Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=khandoba&pg=PA115">"All the God's wives"</a>. In Anne Feldhaus (ed.). <i>Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">SUNY</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2837-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2837-0"><bdi>0-7914-2837-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All+the+God%27s+wives&rft.btitle=Images+of+Women+in+Maharashtrian+Literature+and+Religion&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7914-2837-0&rft.aulast=Sontheimer&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther-Dietz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooV3Rz9zQvQC%26q%3Dkhandoba%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley1977" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, John M. (Nov 1977). "Special Time, Special Power: The Fluidity of Power in a Popular Hindu Festival". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (1). Association for Asian Studies: <span class="nowrap">27–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2053326">10.2307/2053326</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053326">2053326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Special+Time%2C+Special+Power%3A+The+Fluidity+of+Power+in+a+Popular+Hindu+Festival&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1977-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2053326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053326%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley1988" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, John. M. (1988). "Gods, Ghosts and Possession". In Eleanor Zelliot, Maxine Berntsen (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/experienceofhind00zell"><i>The Experience of Hinduism</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gods%2C+Ghosts+and+Possession&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+Hinduism&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=John.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexperienceofhind00zell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley1989" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, John. M. (1989). "The Captulation of Mani: A Conversion Myth in the Cult of Khandoba". In <a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Alf Hiltebeitel</a> (ed.). <i>Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">SUNY</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-981-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-981-9"><bdi>0-88706-981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Captulation+of+Mani%3A+A+Conversion+Myth+in+the+Cult+of+Khandoba&rft.btitle=Criminal+Gods+and+Demon+Devotees%3A+Essays+on+the+Guardians+of+Popular+Hinduism&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88706-981-9&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=John.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill1991" class="citation book cs1">Underhill, Muriel Marion (1991). <i>The Hindu Religious Year</i>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0523-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0523-3"><bdi>81-206-0523-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Religious+Year&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=81-206-0523-3&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Muriel+Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandoba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandoba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khandoba" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Khandoba">Khandoba</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jejuri.in">Website with full information about Lord Khandoba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mallana-temple.blogspot.com">Khandoba temples of Maharashtra, Karnatak & Andhra Pradesh</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir%E1%B9%9Bta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirṛta">Nirṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsha" title="Amsha">Amsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaga" title="Bhaga">Bhaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhatri">Dhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Hindu_god)" title="Mitra (Hindu god)">Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parjanya" title="Parjanya">Parjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushan" title="Pushan">Pushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr">Savitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvashtri">Tvashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Vivasvat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati" title="Brihaspati">Brihaspati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketu_(mythology)" title="Ketu (mythology)">Ketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu">Rahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other Important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/60px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other Important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prithvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Ushas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Yami</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpurushas" title="Kimpurushas">Kimpurushas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruts" title="Maruts">Maruts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri" title="Pitri">Pitṛs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribhus" title="Ribhus">Ribhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhyas" title="Sadhyas">Sadhyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu" title="Vasu">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara" title="Vidyadhara">Vidyadharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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