CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>St. Catharines - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1ca477b3-6bf4-4bde-97aa-339d21fe9d35","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"St._Catharines","wgTitle":"St. Catharines","wgCurRevisionId":1258943242,"wgRevisionId":1258943242,"wgArticleId":221642,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Use Canadian English from March 2015","All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English","Use dmy dates from February 2020","Articles needing additional references from June 2022","All articles needing additional references","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list", "Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list","Commons category link is on Wikidata","St. Catharines","Cities in Ontario","Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario","Populated places on Lake Ontario in Canada"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"St._Catharines","wgRelevantArticleId":221642,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"St._Catharines,_Ontario","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline": false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/St._Catharines","wgCoordinates":{"lat":43.15833333333333,"lon":-79.24583333333334},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q126805","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions" ,"wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg/1200px-St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="801"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg/800px-St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="534"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg/640px-St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="St. Catharines - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-St_Catharines rootpage-St_Catharines skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=St.+Catharines" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=St.+Catharines" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=St.+Catharines" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=St.+Catharines" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origin of name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Downtown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downtown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Downtown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downtown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arts and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Attractions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Attractions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trail_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trail_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Trail system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trail_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ice_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ice hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Baseball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Rugby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soccer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soccer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Soccer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soccer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Rowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sailing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Sailing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sailing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Municipal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Provincial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Legal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Secondary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Post-secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sister City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Catharines</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سانت كاثرينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سانت كاثرينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catharines" title="Saint Catharines – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Saint Catharines" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="سنت کاترینز، اونتاریو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنت کاترینز، اونتاریو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сент-Катарынс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сент-Катарынс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Сэнт-Катарынз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэнт-Катарынз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catharines" title="Saint Catharines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saint Catharines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%82" title="Σαιντ Κάθαρινς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαιντ Κάθαρινς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="سنت کاترینز، انتاریو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت کاترینز، انتاریو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catharines" title="Saint Catharines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint Catharines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%BA%90%EC%84%9C%EB%A6%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="세인트캐서린스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세인트캐서린스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A9_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A6" title="Սենթ Քեթրինզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սենթ Քեթրինզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სენტ-კატარინსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სენტ-კატარინსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent_Katerinsas" title="Sent Katerinsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sent Katerinsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سانت كاثرينز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سانت كاثرينز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="セントキャサリンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セントキャサリンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سینٹ کیتھرائنز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سینٹ کیتھرائنز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сент-Катаринс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сент-Катаринс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сент Кетринс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сент Кетринс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines_(Ontario)" title="St. Catharines (Ontario) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="St. Catharines (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines,_Ontario" title="St. Catharines, Ontario – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="St. Catharines, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сент-Кәтеринс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сент-Кәтеринс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เซนต์แคเทอรีนส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซนต์แคเทอรีนส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сент-Кетерінс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сент-Кетерінс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سینٹ کیتھرائنز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سینٹ کیتھرائنز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="St. Catharines" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines,_Ontario" title="St. Catharines, Ontario – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="St. Catharines, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%87%AF%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%E6%96%AF" title="圣凯瑟琳斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣凯瑟琳斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126805#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:St._Catharines" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/St._Catharines" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/St._Catharines" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&oldid=1258943242" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=St._Catharines&id=1258943242&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSt._Catharines"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSt._Catharines"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=St._Catharines&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Catharines" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/St._Catharines" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126805" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Catharines&params=43_09_30_N_79_14_45_W_region:CA-ON_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°09′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°14′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.15833°N 79.24583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.15833; -79.24583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines,_Ontario&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines, Ontario">St. Catharines, Ontario</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Canadian city. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Catharines (disambiguation)">St. Catharines (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/St._Catharines" title="Special:EditPage/St. Catharines">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22St.+Catharines%22">"St. Catharines"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22St.+Catharines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22St.+Catharines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22St.+Catharines%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22St.+Catharines%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22St.+Catharines%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ontario, Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">St. Catharines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Lower-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">lower-tier</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of St. Catharines</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_(23904737637).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Downtown St. Catharines"><img alt="Downtown St. Catharines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg/250px-St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg/375px-St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg/500px-St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Downtown St. Catharines</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_St._Catharines,_Ontario.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of St. Catharines"><img alt="Flag of St. Catharines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg/120px-Flag_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg/180px-Flag_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg/240px-Flag_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="221" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_St._Catharines" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of St. Catharines">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_St._Catharines,_Ontario.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of St. Catharines"><img alt="Coat of arms of St. Catharines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_St._Catharines" title="Coat of arms of St. Catharines">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_St._Catharines,_Ontario.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of St. Catharines"><img alt="Official logo of St. Catharines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Logo_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg/75px-Logo_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Logo_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg/113px-Logo_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Logo_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg/150px-Logo_of_St._Catharines%2C_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="195" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Logo_of_St._Catharines" class="mw-redirect" title="Logo of St. Catharines">Logo</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Garden City, St. Kitts, St. Cats, The Kitts</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Industry and Liberality</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StCatsNiagaraOn.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of St. Catharines and its census metropolitan area in Ontario"><img alt="Location of St. Catharines and its census metropolitan area in Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/StCatsNiagaraOn.png/250px-StCatsNiagaraOn.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/StCatsNiagaraOn.png/375px-StCatsNiagaraOn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/StCatsNiagaraOn.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="435" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of St. Catharines and its <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan area</a> in Ontario</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Catharines is located in Southern Ontario"><img alt="St. Catharines is located in Southern Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/250px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/375px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/500px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="717" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.833%;left:50.974%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St. Catharines"><img alt="St. Catharines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>St. Catharines</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of St. Catharines in Southern Ontario</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Catharines&params=43_09_30_N_79_14_45_W_region:CA-ON_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°09′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°14′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.15833°N 79.24583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.15833; -79.24583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_census_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ontario census divisions">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1779<span class="noprint">; 245 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1779</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a> (town)</th><td class="infobox-data">1845<span class="noprint">; 179 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1845</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (city)</th><td class="infobox-data">1876<span class="noprint">; 148 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1876</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mat_Siscoe" title="Mat Siscoe">Mat Siscoe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_City_Council" title="St. Catharines City Council">St. Catharines City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Bittle" title="Chris Bittle">Chris Bittle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vance_Badawey" title="Vance Badawey">Vance Badawey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Allison" title="Dean Allison">Dean Allison</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">MPPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Stevens" title="Jennie Stevens">Jennie Stevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Burch" title="Jeff Burch">Jeff Burch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Oosterhoff" title="Sam Oosterhoff">Sam Oosterhoff</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-cp2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cp2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cp2011-PC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2011-PC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cp2011-CA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2011-CA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">96.20 km<sup>2</sup> (37.14 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-climate_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">97.80 m (320.87 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021)<sup id="cite_ref-cp2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cp2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cp2011-PC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2011-PC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cp2011-CA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2011-CA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Lower-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">lower-tier</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">136,803 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">42nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">433,604 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">13th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (Eastern (EST))</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Forward Sortation Area</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_L_postal_codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of L postal codes of Canada">L2M to L2W</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_905,_289,_and_365" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes 905, 289, and 365">905, 289, 365, and 742</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_highways_in_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highways in Ontario">Highways</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ontario_QEW_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_QEW_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ontario_QEW_crown.svg/30px-Ontario_QEW_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ontario_QEW_crown.svg/40px-Ontario_QEW_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Way" title="Queen Elizabeth Way">Queen Elizabeth Way</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ontario_406_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_406_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ontario_406_crown.svg/30px-Ontario_406_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ontario_406_crown.svg/40px-Ontario_406_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_406" title="Ontario Highway 406">Highway 406</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ontario_58_crown.svg/20px-Ontario_58_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ontario_58_crown.svg/30px-Ontario_58_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ontario_58_crown.svg/40px-Ontario_58_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_58" title="Ontario Highway 58">Highway 58</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (St. Catharines–Niagara <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>17.4 billion (2020) <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita (St. Catharines–Niagara <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>37,505 (2016)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stcatharines.ca">stcatharines<wbr />.ca</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>St. Catharines</b> is the most populous city in Canada's <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara Region</a>, the eighth largest urban area in the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. As of 2017, St. Catharines has an area of 96.13 square kilometres (37.12 sq mi) and 140,370 residents. It lies in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a>, 51 kilometres (32 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>, and is 19 kilometres (12 mi) inland from the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">international boundary with the United States</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a>. It is the northern entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_St._Catharines" title="List of people from St. Catharines">Residents of St. Catharines</a> are known as <i>St. Catharinites</i>. St. Catharines carries the official nickname "The Garden City" due to its 1,000 acres (4 km<sup>2</sup>) of parks, gardens, and trails. </p><p>St. Catharines is between the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a> (GTHA) and the Canada–U.S. border at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie</a>. Manufacturing was the city's dominant industry, as noted by the heraldic motto, "Industry and Liberality". <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Canada" title="General Motors Canada">General Motors of Canada, Ltd.</a>, the Canadian subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a>, was the city's largest employer, a distinction now held by the <a href="/wiki/District_School_Board_of_Niagara" title="District School Board of Niagara">District School Board of Niagara</a>. THK Rhythm Automotive, formerly <a href="/wiki/TRW_Automotive" title="TRW Automotive">TRW</a>, operates a plant in the city, although in recent years, employment there has shifted from <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> and manufacturing to services. </p><p>St. Catharines lies on one of the main telecommunications <a href="/wiki/Internet_backbone" title="Internet backbone">backbones</a> between Canada and the United States, and as a result a number of call centres operate in the city. It is designated an Urban Growth Centre by the <a href="/wiki/Growth_Plan_for_the_Greater_Golden_Horseshoe" title="Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe">Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe</a>, intended to achieve a minimum density target of 150 jobs and residents combined per hectare by 2032 or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Catharines is also home to <a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian">Iroquoian</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Chonnonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonnonton">Chonnonton</a> peoples who were also known as the "people of the deer" lived in the region. The Chonnonton would grow vegetables like corn, beans, and squash while living in <a href="/wiki/Longhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhouses">longhouses</a>. In 1647 the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a> conquered Chonnonton villages from east of the Niagara River. The <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a> then destroyed the villages in the 1650s. After these attacks and smallpox epidemics, the Chonnontons disappeared completely, with the last recorded appearance of them in 1671 by French explorers.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2022_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Catharines falls within the original territory of the <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a>. A treaty signed in 1782 between the Mississaugas and the British government ceded a large tract of land, which included the St. Catharines area, to the Crown for the purpose of European settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Catharines was settled by <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> in the 1780s. The Crown granted land in compensation for services and for losses in the United States. Early histories credit the Loyalists Serjeant Jacob Dittrick and Private John Hainer as among the first settlers to come to the area in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took their Crown Patents, where Dick's Creek and 12 Mile Creek merge, which is now the city centre of St. Catharines. Historians have speculated that Dick's Creek was named after <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pierpoint" title="Richard Pierpoint">Richard Pierpoint</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a> and former American slave, from an oral history account and events that had taken place around that time that would be consistent with him being the source of the name.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary to water routes, indigenous trails provided transportation networks, which resulted in the nearby radial road patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surrounding land was surveyed, and ownships were created between 1787 and 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_Rangers" title="Butler's Rangers">Butler's Rangers</a> disbanded in 1784 and settled the area, Duncan Murray, as a former quartermaster in the <a href="/wiki/84th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Royal_Highland_Emigrants)" title="84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)">84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)</a>, was appointed by the Crown to distribute free government supplies (victuals) for two years to the resettled Loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did this from his mill, built on the 12 Mile Creek in <a href="/wiki/Power_Glen,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Glen, Ontario">Power Glen</a>. After his death in 1786, his holdings were forfeited to the merchant Robert Hamilton of Queenston, who tried to operate for profit the well-established Murray's Distribution Centre and Mill under the management of his cousin. Among other ventures, Hamilton became land wealthy by expropriating lands from subsistence Loyalist settlers who were incapable of settling their debts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murray's distribution centre, later Hamilton's warehouse, and its location have long been a mystery. Hamilton's major profits were derived from transhipping supplies for the military and civic establishments from his <a href="/wiki/Queenston" title="Queenston">Queenston</a> enterprise, not from charitably supplying the subsistence Loyalist settlers. Hamilton lacked interest in social development<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sold his business to Jesse Thompson before the turn of the 19th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_-_Salem_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_-_Salem_Chapel.jpg/170px-British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_-_Salem_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_-_Salem_Chapel.jpg/255px-British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_-_Salem_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_-_Salem_Chapel.jpg/340px-British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_-_Salem_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2946" data-file-height="3018" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a> attended this church while she lived in St. Catharines.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Merritt family arrived after this time and was among the later Loyalists to relocate after the American Revolution. They were from the <a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">Carolinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>. In 1796, Thomas Merritt arrived to build on his relationship with his former Commander and <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Rangers" title="Queen's Rangers">Queen's Ranger</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe" title="John Graves Simcoe">John Graves Simcoe</a>, who was now the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Upper_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada">Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a> was constructed from 1824 to 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Merritt" title="William Hamilton Merritt">William Hamilton Merritt</a> worked to promote the ambitious venture by raising funds and enlisting government support. The canal established St. Catharines as the hub of commerce and industry for the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a>. Merritt played a role in making St. Catharines a centre of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> activity. In 1855, the <a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</a>; was established at the corner of Geneva and North Streets on land granted to the congregation by Merritt in the early 1840s. The area became known to refugee slaves from the United States as a place of "refuge and rest;" it was a destination, one of the final stops in Canada on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> for African-American refugees fleeing slavery. The abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a> then lived in St. Catharines.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1850s, the town's population was about 6,000, of whom 800 were of African descent.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Catharines remains an important place in <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Canadian">Black Canadian</a> history. </p><p>At an unknown early date, an inn was built by Thomas Adams on the east side of what is now Ontario Street. It became a community meeting place, election centre, stagecoach stop, and mail delivery deposit. That had been preceded by the church and a log school house completed before 1797,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all on the east bank of the 12 Mile Creek, at the extreme west end of what was then known as Main Street. It was an extension of the old <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquois_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iroquois Trail (page does not exist)">Iroquois Trail</a> and was renamed St. Paul Street by the settlers and their descendants by the mid-19th century. Later, several mills, salt works, numerous retail outlets, a ship building yard, distillery, and various other businesses were developed. </p><p>Incorporated as a village in 1845, St. Catharines had a population of about 3,500 in 1846. The primary industry was flour milling. Other industry included ship repairs, four grist mills, a brewery, three distilleries, a tannery, a foundry, a machine, and a pump factory. There were a variety of tradesmen, three bank agencies, and eight taverns. Stage coaches offered service to other towns and villages. There were already six churches or chapels, a post office that received mail daily, a grammar school, and a weekly newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Catharines was incorporated as a city in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city expanded when it annexed <a href="/wiki/Grantham_Township" title="Grantham Township">Grantham Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merritton" title="Merritton">Merritton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Dalhousie" title="Port Dalhousie">Port Dalhousie</a>. There was some westward expansion, which was divided between St. Catharines and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Ontario" title="Lincoln, Ontario">Lincoln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gayler_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gayler-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_name">Origin of name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before it was called St. Catharines, the settlement near Twelve Mile Creek was known by various names, including Shipman's Corners and The Twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name St. Catharines was first recorded in 1796, as St. Catherines, and became a common name for the settlement by 1809, but it would often be spelled with <i>-er-</i> or with an apostrophe before the <i>-s</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name and the spelling were standardized as St. Catharines when the town incorporated in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catherine after which the city is named is unclear. Common theories include <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherine of Alexandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine Butler (wife of <a href="/wiki/John_Butler_(pioneer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Butler (pioneer)">Colonel John Butler)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Catherine Askin Hamilton (wife of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_(judge)" title="Robert Hamilton (judge)">Robert Hamilton</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catharine Rodman Prendergast Merritt, wife of William Hamilton Merritt, may be the source of the -ar spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternate theory to explain the spelling was that Catharine with an <i>-ar</i> was the typical spelling of the name for <a href="/wiki/Palatines" title="Palatines">Palatine German</a> settlers in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Catharines' climate is <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> borderline <i>Dfa</i>/<i>Dfb</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Peel_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a unique <a href="/wiki/Micro-climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-climate">micro-climate</a> because of the moderating influence of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> and the sheltering effect of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment" title="Niagara Escarpment">Niagara Escarpment</a> to the south. This climate allows wineries to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the city records numerous frost-free days and frequent thaws in the winter, although it sometimes receives heavy <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">lake-effect snow</a> during certain wind conditions, and micro-cooling lakeside on some spring afternoons. The summer season is predominantly warm, sometimes hot and humid, with an average high temperature of 27 °C (81 °F) in July. Summer thunderstorms are commonplace but generally less prevalent and less severe than farther west in southern Ontario due to the diminishing effect of the surrounding lakes. </p><p>The highest temperature ever recorded in St. Catharines was 40.0 °C (104 °F) on 10 July 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-St._Catharines_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St._Catharines-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coldest temperature ever recorded was −25.7 °C (−14.3 °F) on 18 February 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-CCN1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCN1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines Airport">St. Catharines Airport</a>, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1911–present<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> </th> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 </td> <td style="background: #E30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.5 </td> <td style="background: #D50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.5 </td> <td style="background: #BF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.1 </td> <td style="background: #920000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.4 </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 </td> <td style="background: #920000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3<br />(100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9<br />(30.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8<br />(19.8) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.8<br />(−10.8) </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.7<br />(−14.3) </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.1<br />(−6.0) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15<br />(5) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7<br />(19) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.9<br />(7.0) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.4<br />(−11.9) </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−25.7<br />(−14.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> </th> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−42.0 </td> <td style="background: #2B2BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.6 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.3 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.9 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.0 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−42.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.2<br />(2.57) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.9<br />(2.16) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7<br />(2.43) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.0<br />(3.03) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.8<br />(3.02) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9<br />(3.38) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.8<br />(3.06) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3<br />(2.77) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.6<br />(3.57) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.0<br />(2.64) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6<br />(3.21) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5<br />(2.81) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">880.1<br />(34.65) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(1.21) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(1.14) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.3<br />(1.55) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.2<br />(2.80) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.3<br />(3.00) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.0<br />(3.39) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.8<br />(3.06) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3<br />(2.77) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.6<br />(3.57) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.0<br />(2.64) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1<br />(2.84) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.0<br />(1.73) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">754.2<br />(29.69) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.6<br />(15.2) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">29.3<br />(11.5) </td> <td style="background: #0000A4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(9.1) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(3.8) </td> <td style="background: #00003D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(11.9) </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">137.1<br />(54.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.5 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">150.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">117.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.05 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.10 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000FB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.7 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.9 </td> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.6 </td> <td style="background: #2929FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.9 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.1 </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.5 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.0 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.5 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.9 </td> <td style="background: #0D0DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #757575; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.5 </td> <td style="background: #B5B567; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.8 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.5 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.5 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">242.3 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.9 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">277.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.3 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.0 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.2 </td> <td style="background: #989898; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.5 </td> <td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.3 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,023.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.1 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.2 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.2 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-CCN1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCN1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCN2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCN2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St._Catharines_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St._Catharines-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The complex and extensive glacial history of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a> has resulted in similarly complex soil <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a> in the area occupied by the city today. St. Catharines was once at the base of a glacial lake known as <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois" title="Glacial Lake Iroquois">Glacial Lake Iroquois</a>, which deposited thick layers of clay between the Escarpment and Lake Ontario. As a result of these factors, the city's soil is particularly conducive to fruit growing and is capable of producing grapes that are used to make wines. Three wineries operate in the city's west end: <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Pelham_Winery" title="Henry of Pelham Winery">Henry of Pelham Winery</a>, Hernder Estates and Harvest Estates. </p><p>Since the opening of the first Welland Canal in 1829, the city has had four different canal systems, whether modified or newly constructed, carved into its geographical landscape. The fourth and present-day canal forms the majority of the city's eastern boundary. The first three of the city's canals have largely been buried, portions of it beside the present-day <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_406" title="Ontario Highway 406">Highway 406</a> and near Lake Street and the QEW highway. Other remnants of the original canals can still be seen in various locations throughout the city; many remains are hidden within forested areas designated as city parks. Some residents in the region are interested in restoring the original routing of the Welland Canal through the city. They intend that the restored waterway and locks would be open to a new tourist attraction within the city. </p><p>St. Catharines was affected by the <a href="/wiki/Blizzard_of_1977" title="Blizzard of 1977">Blizzard of 1977</a>, an event which resulted in more than 150 cm of snow, wind that travelled the speed of 110 km/h, and a wind chill of approximately -45 degrees Celsius. The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Way" title="Queen Elizabeth Way">Queen Elizabeth Way</a> (QEW) was closed and a state of emergency was declared. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> was involved in rescue efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communities">Communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Catharines' development history has resulted in a number of unique and distinct communities within the city. The historical area of St. Catharines consisted of nothing more than what is now the downtown core, with the remaining land being part of <a href="/wiki/Louth,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Louth, Ontario">Louth Township</a> on the west and <a href="/wiki/Grantham,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantham, Ontario">Grantham Township</a> on the east. St. Catharines continued to steadily grow through the late 19th and early 20th centuries, eventually annexing land to the southwest that would become <a href="/wiki/Western_Hill,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hill, Ontario">Western Hill</a> and Old <a href="/wiki/Glenridge,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenridge, Ontario">Glenridge</a>, and to the east and north that would collectively become the central part of St. Catharines. In addition to the growth of St. Catharines, the town of <a href="/wiki/Merritton" title="Merritton">Merritton</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Port_Dalhousie,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Dalhousie, Ontario">Port Dalhousie</a> existed as separate municipalities to the south and north of the city, each slowly growing their own residential base. </p><p>Along with the rest of Ontario, St. Catharines experienced explosive growth after World War II. St. Catharines continued to annex Grantham Township as development continued, including the large swaths of land to the north known now as "<a href="/wiki/North_End_St._Catharines" class="mw-redirect" title="North End St. Catharines">The North End</a>". St. Catharines would also absorb Merritton and Port Dalhousie in 1961, making them part of the city. During this time, St. Catharines nearly tripled in population. </p><p>With the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Regional Municipality of Niagara</a> in 1970, the portion of Louth Township east of Fifteen Mile Creek was transferred to the City of St. Catharines. This included the eastern portion of the Hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Rockway,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockway, Ontario">Rockway</a>, as well as the Hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Power_Glen,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Glen, Ontario">Power Glen</a>. The few remaining portions of Grantham Township in the Northeast corner of the area, including <a href="/wiki/Port_Weller,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Weller, Ontario">Port Weller</a>, were also transferred to the city. With the new Louth Township lands belonging to the city, St. Catharines would begin two developments in the west end — Martindale Road in 1983, and Vansickle Road in 1987. These developments are nearing completion. There was also a push to continue further expansion to the west in the late 1990s, but this has since been halted by <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_(Golden_Horseshoe)" title="Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe)">Ontario Greenbelt</a> legislation. </p><p>The following distinct communities exist within St. Catharines: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li>Carlton - Bunting</li> <li>Grantham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Dalhousie,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Dalhousie, Ontario">Port Dalhousie</a></li> <li>Lakeshore</li> <li>Port Weller</li> <li>Facer</li> <li>Lancaster</li> <li>Michigan Beach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_End_St._Catharines" class="mw-redirect" title="North End St. Catharines">The North End</a></li> <li>St. George's Point</li> <li>Kernahan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritton" title="Merritton">Merritton</a></li> <li>Oakdale</li> <li>Secord Woods</li> <li>Queenston</li> <li>Fitzgerald</li> <li>Haig</li> <li>Orchard Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_St._Catharines" title="Downtown St. Catharines">Downtown St. Catharines</a></li> <li>Barbican Heights</li> <li>Brockview</li> <li>Glenridge</li> <li>Marsdale</li> <li>Riverview</li> <li>Louth</li> <li>Martindale Heights</li> <li>Power Glen</li> <li>Vansickle</li> <li>Western Hill</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Downtown">Downtown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Downtown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Downtown_St._Catharines" title="Downtown St. Catharines">Downtown St. Catharines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_downtown_St._Catharines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aerial_view_of_downtown_St._Catharines.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_downtown_St._Catharines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aerial_view_of_downtown_St._Catharines.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_downtown_St._Catharines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aerial_view_of_downtown_St._Catharines.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_downtown_St._Catharines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3655" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of downtown St. Catharines</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous efforts have been made to improve the downtown; the restructuring of manufacturing resulted in a loss of jobs and retail businesses. In the early 21st century, city, university, and private developers undertook several initiatives to revive downtown, related to urban design, clustering activities to attract people to the area as a destination from day through evening events. </p><p>In 2006, city council approved converting one-way arteries through the city centre to allow for two-way traffic, to make it easier for people to make their way around the city to explore it. In terms of urban planning and use, two-way traffic improves circulation within the area. The city wanted to improve downtown as a destination, rather than a place to pass through. The council also want to have downtown St. Catharines on the Wine Route, a driving tour of Niagara wineries and an Ontario Wine Council initiative to boost the number of visitors to the region's many wineries.<sup id="cite_ref-stcatharinesstandard_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stcatharinesstandard-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wine Route was modified to officially redirect winery goers through the downtown starting in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-stcatharinesstandard2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stcatharinesstandard2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first phase of two-way traffic was completed in 2009, with St. Paul and King streets being converted. The cost of the conversion was $3.5 million and was shared with Niagara Region.<sup id="cite_ref-wellandtribune_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wellandtribune-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, most observers concluded that the change had achieved its goals; it garnered national media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalpost_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalpost-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, $54 million in joint federal, provincial and municipal funding was announced for the construction of a performing arts centre in the city's core, officially opened in September 2015 as the <a href="/wiki/FirstOntario_Performing_Arts_Centre" title="FirstOntario Performing Arts Centre">FirstOntario Performing Arts Centre</a>. Complementing the centre, which features concert, dance and film venues, is <a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a>'s Marilyn I. Walker School of Fine and Performing Arts. The university renovated the former Canada Hair Cloth Building to use for the school. This former industrial building is behind St. Paul Street and next to the municipal performing arts centre.<sup id="cite_ref-stcatharinesstandard3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stcatharinesstandard3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2011, city council approved moving forward with the construction of a new spectator facility to replace the crumbling <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Arena_Complex" title="Garden City Arena Complex">Garden City Arena Complex</a>, built in 1938. Council voted to build a U-shaped facility, which will be home to the Niagara IceDogs, an Ontario Hockey League team, and be able to host other events, such as concerts. It would have room for 4,500 to 5,300 spectators. The goal is to keep the cost of the facility at or below $50 million and to build it on a swath of land known locally as the lower-level parking lot, behind St. Paul Street and abutting Highway 406.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Council's commitment to build the facility resulted in IceDogs' owner Bill Burke promising to sign a 20-year lease with the city after he threatened to move his team if the city chose not to build a new arena.<sup id="cite_ref-stcatharinesstandard4_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stcatharinesstandard4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has made other infrastructure improvements to the downtown. In January 2012, a new edition of the Carlisle Street Parking Garage opened. It was built to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design standards and was certified for its environmentally friendly features, including a <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roof</a>, preferred carpool and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a> parking, greywater collection, permeable interlocking brick pavement, and several bike racks for users. A mixed-use development, the structure was planned for retail space at street level on Carlisle Street, in order to promote activity and business on the street. The project cost $27.9 million, with funding split three ways between the federal, provincial and municipal governments.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 2019, certain streets located in downtown St. Catharines have been closed during weekends to vehicle traffic. These <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian zones</a> have expanded over time. $214,500 (~$237,951 in 2023) was allocated in the city's budget in 2021 for these road closures.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, this initiative was discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">St. Catharines</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,864</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+124.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,631</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,170</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">9,946</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+8.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,484</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,881</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+59.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,753</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,025</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">37,984</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+26.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">84,472</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+122.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">109,722</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">124,018</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">129,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/Canada_1996_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 1996 Census">1996</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">130,926</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">2001</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">129,170</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">2006</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">131,989</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">131,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">133,113</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">136,803</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.8%</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic origin 2021<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>(>2000 population) </p> </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a> </td> <td>31,030 </td> <td>23.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a> </td> <td>24,775 </td> <td>18.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish</a> </td> <td>22,070 </td> <td>16.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian</a> </td> <td>19,025 </td> <td>14.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a> </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td>11.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a> </td> <td>12,515 </td> <td>9.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a> </td> <td>11,345 </td> <td>8.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a> </td> <td>9,120 </td> <td>6.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian</a> </td> <td>6,955 </td> <td>5.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a> </td> <td>6,930 </td> <td>5.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>British Isles n.o.s. </td> <td>6,015 </td> <td>4.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> </td> <td>2,600 </td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> </td> <td>2,440 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> </td> <td>2,405 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> </td> <td>2,290 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caucasian (White), n.o.s. </td> <td>2,215 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> n.o.s. <p>+ <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">North American Indigenous</a>, n.o.s. </p> </td> <td>2,185 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadian</a> </td> <td>2,130 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Indian</a> (India) </td> <td>2,110 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadians" title="Filipino Canadians">Filipino</a> </td> <td>2,020 </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census of Population</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, St. Catharines had a population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005136803000000000♠"></span>136,803</span> living in <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004589030000000000♠"></span>58,903</span> of its <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004619770000000000♠"></span>61,977</span> total private dwellings, a change of <span data-sort-value="7000277208086362714♠" style="display:none"></span>2.8% from its 2016 population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005133113000000000♠"></span>133,113</span>. With a land area of 96.2 km<sup>2</sup> (37.1 sq mi), it had a population density of <span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7003142206860706860♠"></span>1,422.1/km<sup>2</sup> (3,683.1/sq mi) in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan area</a> (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the St. Catharines - Niagara CMA had a population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005433604000000000♠"></span>433,604</span> living in <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005179224000000000♠"></span>179,224</span> of its <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005190878000000000♠"></span>190,878</span> total private dwellings, a change of <span data-sort-value="7000677955249535798♠" style="display:none"></span>6.8% from its 2016 population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005406074000000000♠"></span>406,074</span>. With a land area of 1,397.09 km<sup>2</sup> (539.42 sq mi), it had a population density of <span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002310362252968670♠"></span>310.4/km<sup>2</sup> (803.8/sq mi) in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusCMA_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusCMA-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1998, St. Catharines has had one of the highest obesity rates of any centre in Canada. A 2001 analysis by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> showed that 57.3 percent of its residents were overweight.<sup id="cite_ref-CTV_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTV-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has caused some elements of the media, including <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CTV_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTV-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> to dub St. Catharines as Canada's "fattest" city.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, new statistics were released that show that the percentage obese or obese/overweight residents of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a> (74.3%), <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> (70.1%), and <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador</a> (70%) is now higher than St. Catharines-Niagara (69.3%), though the obesity rate in St. Catharines was higher in 2008 than in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>23% of children in St. Catharines were estimated to be living in <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> as of 2015, which was above Canada's average rate of <a href="/wiki/Child_poverty#Developed_countries" title="Child poverty">child poverty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the municipality itself as an employer became the largest in Ontario to offer a <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">living wage</a>, an action praised by the Niagara Poverty Reduction Network.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the 2021 Census,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 16.5% of residents were <a href="/wiki/Visible_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible minorities">visible minorities</a>, 2.5% had Indigenous identity, and the remaining 81.0% were White. The largest visible minority groups were Black (4.1%), South Asian (2.5%), Latin American (2.3%), Chinese (1.6%), Filipino (1.5%) and Arab (1.3%). </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> groups in the City of St. Catharines (2001−2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a><br />group </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2016<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-2011census_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011census-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2006<sup id="cite_ref-2006census_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006census-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-2001census_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001census-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European</a><sup id="cite_ref-euro_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>108,815 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001810027170878773♠" style="display:none"></span>81% </td> <td>109,770 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001845392583464900♠" style="display:none"></span>84.54% </td> <td>113,650 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001882615617597949♠" style="display:none"></span>88.26% </td> <td>115,060 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001885042882966039♠" style="display:none"></span>88.5% </td> <td>117,020 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001922325123152709♠" style="display:none"></span>92.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Canadian">African</a> </td> <td>5,540 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000412401831242788♠" style="display:none"></span>4.12% </td> <td>3,715 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000286110362355115♠" style="display:none"></span>2.86% </td> <td>2,675 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000207742787248087♠" style="display:none"></span>2.08% </td> <td>2,615 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000201146109765009♠" style="display:none"></span>2.01% </td> <td>1,910 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000150541871921182♠" style="display:none"></span>1.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> </td> <td>3,325 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000247515539509435♠" style="display:none"></span>2.48% </td> <td>1,865 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000143632792945434♠" style="display:none"></span>1.44% </td> <td>1,430 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000111055022715800♠" style="display:none"></span>1.11% </td> <td>1,690 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000129995000192300♠" style="display:none"></span>1.3% </td> <td>1,385 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000109162561576354♠" style="display:none"></span>1.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> </td> <td>3,305 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000246026724234190♠" style="display:none"></span>2.46% </td> <td>3,550 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000273402903461819♠" style="display:none"></span>2.73% </td> <td>2,425 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000188327573486584♠" style="display:none"></span>1.88% </td> <td>1,915 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000147302026845121♠" style="display:none"></span>1.47% </td> <td>1,480 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000116650246305418♠" style="display:none"></span>1.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a><sup id="cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoutheastAsian-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3,295 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000245282316596568♠" style="display:none"></span>2.45% </td> <td>2,340 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000180214871577650♠" style="display:none"></span>1.8% </td> <td>1,675 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000130081932202073♠" style="display:none"></span>1.3% </td> <td>2,175 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000167301257643936♠" style="display:none"></span>1.67% </td> <td>1,215 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999957635467980295♠" style="display:none"></span>0.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asian</a><sup id="cite_ref-EastAsian_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastAsian-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3,090 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000230021960025309♠" style="display:none"></span>2.3% </td> <td>3,475 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000267626785783049♠" style="display:none"></span>2.68% </td> <td>2,565 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000199200093193026♠" style="display:none"></span>1.99% </td> <td>2,100 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000161532248759663♠" style="display:none"></span>1.62% </td> <td>1,710 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000134778325123152♠" style="display:none"></span>1.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Latin American</a> </td> <td>3,065 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000228160940931253♠" style="display:none"></span>2.28% </td> <td>2,175 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000167507412684354♠" style="display:none"></span>1.68% </td> <td>1,920 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000149108841688347♠" style="display:none"></span>1.49% </td> <td>2,310 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000177685473635629♠" style="display:none"></span>1.78% </td> <td>785 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999618719211822660♠" style="display:none"></span>0.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Canadians" title="Middle Eastern Canadians">Middle Eastern</a><sup id="cite_ref-MiddleEastern_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastern-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2,130 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000158558826813563♠" style="display:none"></span>1.59% </td> <td>1,780 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000137086526242827♠" style="display:none"></span>1.37% </td> <td>1,630 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000126587193725002♠" style="display:none"></span>1.27% </td> <td>1,550 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000119226183608322♠" style="display:none"></span>1.19% </td> <td>870 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999685714285714285♠" style="display:none"></span>0.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<sup id="cite_ref-Other_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Other-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,770 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000131760151859158♠" style="display:none"></span>1.32% </td> <td>1,175 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999904925103007431♠" style="display:none"></span>0.9% </td> <td>780 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999605754669358909♠" style="display:none"></span>0.61% </td> <td>595 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999457674704819045♠" style="display:none"></span>0.46% </td> <td>500 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999394088669950738♠" style="display:none"></span>0.39% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total responses </th> <th>134,335 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001981959459953363♠" style="display:none"></span>98.2% </th> <th>129,845 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001975449430183378♠" style="display:none"></span>97.54% </th> <th>128,765 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001979946727549467♠" style="display:none"></span>97.99% </th> <th>130,005 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001984968444340058♠" style="display:none"></span>98.5% </th> <th>126,875 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001982232716575056♠" style="display:none"></span>98.22% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>136,803 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>133,113 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>131,400 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>131,989 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>129,170 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, 58.3% of residents were Christians, down from 71.8% in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 25.8% of residents were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, 17.8% were <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, 9.4% were Christians of unspecified denomination, 1.3% were <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Christian Orthodox</a>, and 3.9 were other Christian/Christian related traditions. 35.9% of the population had were irreligious or secular, up from 24.5% in 2011. All other religions/spiritual traditions made up 5.8% of the population. The largest non-Christian religions were <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (3.4%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.6%), and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.6%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Catharines_Engine_Plant_-_St._Catharines,_ON.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St._Catharines_Engine_Plant_-_St._Catharines%2C_ON.jpg/220px-St._Catharines_Engine_Plant_-_St._Catharines%2C_ON.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St._Catharines_Engine_Plant_-_St._Catharines%2C_ON.jpg/330px-St._Catharines_Engine_Plant_-_St._Catharines%2C_ON.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St._Catharines_Engine_Plant_-_St._Catharines%2C_ON.jpg/440px-St._Catharines_Engine_Plant_-_St._Catharines%2C_ON.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>The former General Motors engine plant</figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism was considered to be an influential factor in <a href="/wiki/Conference_Board_of_Canada" title="Conference Board of Canada">Conference Board of Canada</a>'s projected GDP growth for St. Catharines.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is approximately 20 km from the U.S.–Canada border. Its economy is affected by the millions of tonnes of cargo shipped through the Welland Canal, with the locks for the canal being considered a tourist attraction by itself. St. Catharines was the location of a transmission plant for <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20 hectare property where the factory once operated is now classified as a contaminated <a href="/wiki/Brownfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownfield">brownfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Catharines is also home to a variety of theatre companies. These companies include Garden City Productions (formerly the Operatic Society of Grantham United Church 1956–1962), Carousel Players (in the Old Courthouse), Mirror Theatre, Essential Collectives Theatre, and the Empty Box Theatre Company. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/FirstOntario_Performing_Arts_Centre" title="FirstOntario Performing Arts Centre">FirstOntario Performing Arts Centre</a> opened.<sup id="cite_ref-newpac_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newpac-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the <i>Film House</i> launched within the space, featuring cinema screenings with themed or genre-specific nights.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grape_and_Wine_Festival_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape and Wine Festival Parade">Grape and Wine Festival Parade</a> is held annually each September. More than 100,000 people were anticipated for the 2022 event.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Chicken Chucking Championships takes place every January in the St. Catharines neighbourhood of Port Dalhousie and attracts hundreds of participants and observers.<sup id="cite_ref-poultry_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poultry-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicken Chucking consists of pitching or sliding frozen chickens along the ice-covered Martindale Pond and is hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Kilt_and_Clover" title="Kilt and Clover">Kilt and Clover</a>. Animal rights groups such as Niagara Action for Animals have protested the event.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proceeds from the event are donated to Community Care, a local food bank.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Catharines was one of the cities that hosted the <a href="/wiki/2022_Canada_Summer_Games" title="2022 Canada Summer Games">2022 Canada Summer Games</a>. More than 5,000 athletes and coaches arrived for the games, which took place from August 6 to August 21, 2022. The opening ceremony was held at the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Centre" title="Meridian Centre">Meridian Centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attractions">Attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pen_Centre_shopping_mall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Pen_Centre_shopping_mall.jpg/220px-The_Pen_Centre_shopping_mall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Pen_Centre_shopping_mall.jpg/330px-The_Pen_Centre_shopping_mall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Pen_Centre_shopping_mall.jpg/440px-The_Pen_Centre_shopping_mall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pen_Centre" title="Pen Centre">Pen Centre</a>, a regional shopping centre</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Park_Carousel" title="Lakeside Park Carousel">Lakeside Park Carousel</a> – historic carousel located in Port Dahousie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningstar_Mill" title="Morningstar Mill">Morningstar Mill</a> – heritage site and mill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_Centre" title="Pen Centre">Pen Centre</a> – a regional shopping centre</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Armoury" title="St. Catharines Armoury">St. Catharines Armoury</a> is a recognized Federal Heritage building, #1991 on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montebello_Park" title="Montebello Park">Montebello Park</a>: Designed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> in 1887, who was renowned for designing and developing New York City's <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in 1853. A commemorative rose garden, with over 1,300 bushes in 25 varieties, is the city's largest rose collection; it features an ornamental fountain. The focal point of the park is a band shell and pavilion built in 1888. The park is designated under the <i><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Heritage_Act" title="Ontario Heritage Act">Ontario Heritage Act</a></i>.</li> <li>Lakeside Park: Located in the North end, along the shores of Lake Ontario in the community known as Port Dalhousie. Hosts yearly fireworks displays on 1 July (Canada Day). Has picnic areas, a pavilion, snack bar, change rooms, washrooms, playground equipment, boardwalk, the Lakeside Park Carousel, and public docks for visiting boaters. The beach offers magnificent sunset views over Lake Ontario. Lakeside Park inspired a <a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Park_(song)" title="Lakeside Park (song)">song</a> by the rock band <a href="/wiki/Rush_(band)" title="Rush (band)">Rush</a> which describes the park itself and drummer/lyricist <a href="/wiki/Neil_Peart" title="Neil Peart">Neil Peart</a>'s memories there.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Burgoyne Woods: A 50-hectare (0.5 km<sup>2</sup>) wooded area and recreational park near the Downtown core. It also contains a dog park and is the host of annual cross country races within the <a href="/wiki/District_School_Board_of_Niagara" title="District School Board of Niagara">District School Board of Niagara</a> (DSBN) and the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Niagara Catholic District School Board">Niagara Catholic District School Board</a> (NCDSB).</li> <li>Happy Rolph's Bird Sanctuary: A 6-hectare (0.06 km<sup>2</sup>) park on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> in the community of <a href="/wiki/Port_Weller,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Weller, Ontario">Port Weller</a>. It is home to hundreds of native and migratory birds and features an exotic collection of flowering <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendrons</a>. An onsite petting farm (containing horses, pigs, sheep, goats and llamas, as well as a donkey named 'Hoti'—'Don Quixote') is operated by the city from <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day" title="Victoria Day">Victoria Day</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Canada)" title="Thanksgiving (Canada)">Thanksgiving</a> weekend. A trail running throughout the park leads to a peaceful waterfront memorial to Canadian victims of the <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> terrorist attacks.</li> <li>Ontario Jaycee Gardens: Overlooking the Henley Rowing Course, this is the city's largest horticultural park, with more than 8 hectares (0.08 km<sup>2</sup>) of meticulously landscaped gardens and flower displays. Among the displays is a memorial site dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Kristen_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen French">Kristen French</a>. The park exists on land that once featured the Third Welland Canal. The former entrance to the canal can still be seen at the north-west end of the park.</li> <li>Walker Arboretum: Located along the hillside of Rodman Hall and the Twelve Mile Creek below, the original owner of this estate was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rodman_Merritt" title="Thomas Rodman Merritt">Thomas Rodman Merritt</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Merritt" title="William Hamilton Merritt">William Hamilton Merritt</a>. In the late 19th century, an English <a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">landscape designer</a> named Samuel Richardson was hired by Merritt to tend the grounds. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">arboretum</a> is an extensive, rambling garden with rare <a href="/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a> which benefit from an exceptional micro-climate. It boasts one of the largest Chinese <a href="/wiki/Empress_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress tree">Empress trees</a> in Canada.</li> <li>Woodgale Park: Located along Glendale Avenue between Glenridge Avenue and the Pen Centre. Features wide open spaces, flowing fruit trees, rare birds, a soccer field and tennis courts. Also features a memorial to the original farm building on the north end of the park near <a href="/wiki/Denis_Morris_Catholic_High_School" title="Denis Morris Catholic High School">Denis Morris Catholic High School</a>. Locally known as Doug Hill Park, after a nearby resident who coached a number of baseball and tug of war teams in this area.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trail_system">Trail system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trail system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walkers-creek-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Walkers-creek-1.jpg/220px-Walkers-creek-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Walkers-creek-1.jpg/330px-Walkers-creek-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Walkers-creek-1.jpg/440px-Walkers-creek-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Walker's Creek, one of the paths and parks for which St. Catharines is known</figcaption></figure> <p>The city's trail system offers over 90 kilometres (55 mi) of accessible pathways that are suitable for walking, jogging, cycling, hiking and cross-country skiing. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Trail" title="Bruce Trail">Bruce Trail</a>: Canada's oldest and longest hiking trail, following the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment" title="Niagara Escarpment">Niagara Escarpment</a> (designated as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Biosphere Reserve site) from <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara-on-the-Lake</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tobermory,_Ontario" title="Tobermory, Ontario">Tobermory</a>. A 20-kilometre (12 mi) section with associated side trails winds through St. Catharines passing by places such as the <a href="/wiki/Morningstar_Mill" title="Morningstar Mill">Morningstar Mill</a>.</li> <li>Merritt Trail: a segmented 11 km (6.8 mi) trail that passes many of the old sections of the second Welland Canal and remnants of its locks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Legacy_Trail" title="Laura Secord Legacy Trail">Laura Secord Legacy Trail</a> – a trail that was established to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord" title="Laura Secord">Laura Secord</a>'s 32 km walk to warn of an upcoming American attack during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox" title="Terry Fox">Terry Fox</a> Trail: a 1.5 km trail that runs along Carlon Street and Geneva Street. Six exercise stations are placed throughout it.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Trail" title="Waterfront Trail">Waterfront Trail</a>: follows the shore of Lake Ontario, connecting communities from Niagara-on-the-Lake to <a href="/wiki/Brockville" title="Brockville">Brockville</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Port_Dalhousie,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Dalhousie, Ontario">Port Dalhousie</a> portion of the trail is a major highlight.</li> <li>Welland Canals Parkway Trail: The trail is 45 km, stretching from St. Catharines to <a href="/wiki/Port_Colborne" title="Port Colborne">Port Colborne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_hockey">Ice hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ice hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Catharines entered into the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_Association" title="Ontario Hockey Association">Ontario Hockey Association</a> Junior 'A' Hockey in 1943 as the <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Falcons_(1943%E2%80%931947)" title="St. Catharines Falcons (1943–1947)">St. Catharines Falcons</a>. In 1947, they became the Teepees and were affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons_(AHL)" title="Buffalo Bisons (AHL)">Buffalo Bisons</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>'s (NHL) <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks" title="Chicago Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a> made the Bisons their number one farm team, they inherited the Teepees. In the 1960s, the Jr. 'A' team went deeply into debt to the Chicago Black Hawks, but continued as a successful franchise and were named the St. Catharines Black Hawks. The <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a> Fincups moved to St. Catharines in 1976 and played here for one year before moving back to Hamilton. The AHL <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Saints" title="St. Catharines Saints">St. Catharines Saints</a> played in St. Catharines between 1982 and 1986, before being forced to re-locate to <a href="/wiki/Newmarket,_Ontario" title="Newmarket, Ontario">Newmarket</a> due to protests from the NHL <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres" title="Buffalo Sabres">Buffalo Sabres</a>. The St. Catharines Saints served as the <a href="/wiki/Farm_team" title="Farm team">farm team</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs" title="Toronto Maple Leafs">Toronto Maple Leafs</a>, and today are known as the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Marlies" title="Toronto Marlies">Toronto Marlies</a>. </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League" title="Ontario Hockey League">OHL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mississauga_IceDogs" title="Mississauga IceDogs">Mississauga IceDogs</a> relocated to St. Catharines and became the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_IceDogs" title="Niagara IceDogs">Niagara IceDogs</a>. The IceDogs played out of the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Gatecliff_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Gatecliff Arena">Jack Gatecliff Arena</a>, which was renamed the Gatorade Garden City Complex (since renamed <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Arena_Complex" title="Garden City Arena Complex">Garden City Arena Complex</a>). In 2014, the IceDogs moved to the newly built <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Centre" title="Meridian Centre">Meridian Centre</a>. Since starting out the team has won the <a href="/wiki/Emms_Trophy" title="Emms Trophy">Emms Trophy</a> in 2010–2011 & 2018–2019. They have also won the <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Orr_Trophy" title="Bobby Orr Trophy">Bobby Orr Trophy</a> during 2011–2012 season and 2015–2016 season, qualifying for the OHL Finals. They would be beaten both times by the <a href="/wiki/London_Knights" title="London Knights">London Knights</a>. The team has had numerous NHL alumni including <a href="/wiki/Alex_Pietrangelo" title="Alex Pietrangelo">Alex Pietrangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dougie_Hamilton" title="Dougie Hamilton">Dougie Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vince_Dunn" title="Vince Dunn">Vince Dunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Strome" title="Ryan Strome">Ryan Strome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akil_Thomas" title="Akil Thomas">Akil Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Visentin" title="Mark Visentin">Mark Visentin</a>. </p><p>The current <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Falcons_(1968)" title="St. Catharines Falcons (1968)">St. Catharines Falcons</a> team plays in the Golden Horseshoe Division of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Ontario_Junior_Hockey_League" title="Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League">Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League</a>. The team has played since 1968 and plays all home games out of the Jack Gatecliff Arena. The team were runners up for the <a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Cup" title="Sutherland Cup">Sutherland Cup</a> in 1979, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000 and 2014, but won the cup in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Basketball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_of_Canada" title="National Basketball League of Canada">National Basketball League of Canada</a> announced that Niagara had been awarded a new franchise to play in the Meridian Centre. The team, named the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River_Lions" title="Niagara River Lions">Niagara River Lions</a>, began play in <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NBL_Canada_season" title="2015–16 NBL Canada season">2015</a> where they reached the conference quarterfinals. The team joined the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Elite_Basketball_League" title="Canadian Elite Basketball League">Canadian Elite Basketball League</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NBL_Canada_season" title="2017–18 NBL Canada season">2017–18 season</a>. In 2021, the River Lions had one of their best seasons, finishing 2nd with a 10–4 record. The River Lions made it through the playoffs into the finals, where they lost 65–101 to the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Stingers" title="Edmonton Stingers">Edmonton Stingers</a>. In 2024, the River Lions Captured their 1st CEBL Championship with a 97-95 win over the Vancouver Bandits. The River Lions finished 14-6 led by a perfect 11-0 Home record. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseball">Baseball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Baseball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city was the home of the <a href="/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93Penn_League" title="New York–Penn League">New York–Penn League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Blue_Jays" title="St. Catharines Blue Jays">St. Catharines Blue Jays</a>, the Short-season A affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays" title="Toronto Blue Jays">Toronto Blue Jays</a>, from 1986 to 1999. In 1996 the team was renamed the <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Stompers" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines Stompers">St. Catharines Stompers</a>, and was subsequently sold and relocated to <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, New York City in late 1999, where they became the <a href="/wiki/Queens_Kings" title="Queens Kings">Queens Kings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rugby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Catharines Tigers RFC was formed in 1978. Beginning in 2015, the Tigers joined the Niagara Wasps RFC and play at their field in Thorold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soccer">Soccer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Soccer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/League1_Ontario" title="League1 Ontario">League1 Ontario</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines Wolves">St. Catharines Wolves</a> are one of the most successful professional <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> teams in Canada, and play at Club Roma in the west-end of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rowing">Rowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martindale_pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Martindale_pond.jpg/220px-Martindale_pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Martindale_pond.jpg/330px-Martindale_pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Martindale_pond.jpg/440px-Martindale_pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Martindale Pond next to Martindale Road in St. Catharines, Ontario</figcaption></figure> <p>Martindale Pond in St. Catharines' <a href="/wiki/Port_Dalhousie" title="Port Dalhousie">Port Dalhousie</a> is the site of the annual <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Henley_Regatta" title="Royal Canadian Henley Regatta">Royal Canadian Henley Regatta</a>, a world-class event that brings over 3,000 athletes from various nations to the city. The site hosted the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_d%27Aviron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron">FISA</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships" title="World Rowing Championships">World Rowing Championships</a> in <a href="/wiki/1970_World_Rowing_Championships" title="1970 World Rowing Championships">1970</a> and in <a href="/wiki/1999_World_Rowing_Championships" title="1999 World Rowing Championships">1999</a>. More recently, the World Master's Rowing Championship was held at the Martindale Pond in the summer of 2010, with $500,000 (~$682,158 in 2023) in improvements to the facility such as: a weed harvester, new docking and a new timing system. There are currently talks to bring the Canadian Rowing Hall of Fame to St. Catharines sometime in the near future. The pond is also home to the <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_rowing_club" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines rowing club">St. Catharines rowing club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a> rowing club, <a href="/wiki/Ridley_College_(Ontario)" title="Ridley College (Ontario)">Ridley College</a> rowing club and to the annual <a href="/wiki/CSSRA_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="CSSRA Championships">CSSRA Championships</a>, which draws hundreds of high school athletes from Canada, the U.S. and Mexico. The Martindale Pond or Henley, continues to hold its world-renowned status as a major rowing venue in the world. The rowing event in the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a> were held in St. Catharines in 2015. Several Olympic medallists in rowing are from St. Catharines, including <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Kok" title="Melanie Kok">Melanie Kok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffy-Lynne_Williams" title="Buffy-Lynne Williams">Buffy Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Boyes" title="Dave Boyes">Dave Boyes</a>. St Catherines will host the <a href="/wiki/2024_World_Rowing_Championships" title="2024 World Rowing Championships">2024 World Rowing Championships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sailing">Sailing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sailing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are marinas at Port Dalhousie and Port Weller and a club that sails from Municipal Beach. The St. Catharines Marina is at Port Weller. The Port Dalhousie Pier Marina and the Port Dalhousie Yacht Club are at Port Dalhousie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal">Municipal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Municipal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.-Catharines-Wards.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St.-Catharines-Wards.png/225px-St.-Catharines-Wards.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St.-Catharines-Wards.png/338px-St.-Catharines-Wards.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St.-Catharines-Wards.png/450px-St.-Catharines-Wards.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>The six municipal wards of St. Catharines</figcaption></figure><p>St. Catharines is governed by a mayor and city council of twelve city councillors, with two councillors representing each of the six municipal <a href="/wiki/Ward_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (politics)">wards</a> in the city. A city councillor is also elected by the council as a whole to serve as deputy mayor, who only fills the role should the elected mayor not be available. <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_City_Council" title="St. Catharines City Council">St. Catharines City Council</a> meets every Monday and is open to participation by the community. Matters put forward are voted on by members of city council; the mayor presides over council debate and serves very much like the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker</a>, and as a result only votes in the case of a tie. After 2006, municipal elections will be in November every four years rather than the previous three. Unlike most cities its size, city councillors only serve on a part-time basis and continue with their non-political careers in the community. Only the mayor is elected to a full-time position. St. Catharines City Hall is downtown on Church Street. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Rigby_(politician)" title="Tim Rigby (politician)">Tim Rigby</a> was the Mayor of St. Catharines from 1997 to 2006; <a href="/wiki/Brian_McMullan" title="Brian McMullan">Brian McMullan</a> was elected to succeed Rigby on 13 November 2006, and was sworn in on 4 December. He was re-elected in October 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 October 2014, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sendzik" title="Walter Sendzik">Walter Sendzik</a> was elected mayor of St. Catharines<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and assumed office in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Catharines uses a <a href="/wiki/Council-manager_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-manager government">council-manager government</a>, and as a result a <a href="/wiki/Chief_administrative_officer" title="Chief administrative officer">chief administrative officer</a> (CAO) is appointed by council to oversee the day-to-day operations of the city and its departments. The CAO, in effect, is the highest ranking municipal civil servant and has authority over the spending of municipal tax dollars. The CAO advises council on policy matters and acts as liaison between the administrative staff and elected officials. Some of the CAOs duties include assisting in the creation of the municipal budget, and ensuring that municipal funds are spent in a responsible manner. Residents of St. Catharines also elect six regional councillors to the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Regional_Council" title="Niagara Regional Council">Niagara Regional Council</a> on an at-large basis. Unlike many other <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Municipality">regional municipalities</a> in Ontario, regional councillors do not sit on city council and instead only represent at the regional level. Four school board trustees for the <a href="/wiki/District_School_Board_of_Niagara" title="District School Board of Niagara">District School Board of Niagara</a> representing St. Catharines and <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara-on-the-Lake</a> are elected, as well as three trustees for the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Niagara Catholic District School Board">Niagara Catholic District School Board</a>, two for five of St. Catharines' wards, and one for <a href="/wiki/Thorold,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorold, Ontario">Thorold</a> and the Merriton Ward of St. Catharines. Regional councillors and school board trustees are elected at the same time, and on the same ballot, as the mayor and city councillors. St. Catharines has one of the lowest resident/representative ratios of any large city in Ontario. There are just under 7,000 people per elected municipal representative in St. Catharines, while <a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a> (a similar-sized city in Ontario) has one representative per 13,500 people. <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London, Ontario</a>, has one representative per 30,500 people and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> has one representative per 111,774 people. There has been discussion regarding a modification of the city/regional council arrangement, with the possibility of reducing city council to six full-time representatives and having the six regional councillors serve on city council. While there is growing support in the business community for such an arrangement, city council has been unreceptive to such ideas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial">Provincial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Provincial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption><b>St. Catharines federal election results</b><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Year </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #EA6D6A"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b>38%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>25,971</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED">33% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"><i>22,587</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">21% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>14,785</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">2% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>1,318</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b>40%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>28,141</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED">32% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"><i>22,319</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">21% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>14,951</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">6% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>4,299</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption><b>St. Catharines provincial election results</b><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Year </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">PC</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Ontario" title="Green Party of Ontario">Green</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #F4A460"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Ontario_general_election" title="2022 Ontario general election">2022</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">35% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"><i>18,062</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><b>39%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>20,318</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">16% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>8,455</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">4% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>2,169</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election" title="2018 Ontario general election">2018</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">34% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"><i>21,006</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><b>38%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>23,014</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">23% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>13,825</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">4% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>2,321</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Catharines,_riding.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St_Catharines%2C_riding.png/220px-St_Catharines%2C_riding.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St_Catharines%2C_riding.png/330px-St_Catharines%2C_riding.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St_Catharines%2C_riding.png/440px-St_Catharines%2C_riding.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting the St. Catharines electoral district in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>At the provincial level, <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_(federal_electoral_district)" title="St. Catharines (federal electoral district)">St. Catharines</a> is well known for electing high-profile members of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bradley_(politician)" title="Jim Bradley (politician)">Jim Bradley</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Provincial_Parliament_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)">Member of Provincial Parliament</a> for St. Catharines from 1977 until 2018 and was Ontario's longest serving MPP.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kormos" title="Peter Kormos">Peter Kormos</a>, who represented the southern portions of the city as part of the <a href="/wiki/Welland_(electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welland (electoral district)">Welland riding</a>, was a prominent Member of Provincial Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">Ontario New Democratic Party</a> caucus and served previously as Minister of Consumer and Commercial Relations in the <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a> government. From 1999 to 2003, during the premierships of <a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Mike Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Eves" title="Ernie Eves">Ernie Eves</a>, St. Catharines was the only large city in Ontario to not have at least one government member representing the city, as the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative</a>-held ridings of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Lincoln (federal electoral district)">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines%E2%80%94Brock" title="St. Catharines—Brock">St. Catharines—Brock</a> were eliminated as a cost-saving measure. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanley_Welch" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stanley Welch">Robert Welch</a>, a long-time <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_Ontario" title="Deputy Premier of Ontario">Deputy Premier of Ontario</a>, represented the now-eliminated Lincoln and St. Catharines—Brock ridings throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federally, <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_(federal_electoral_district)" title="St. Catharines (federal electoral district)">St. Catharines</a> is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Bellwether" title="Bellwether">bellwether</a> of any riding in Canada, having only elected an opposition MP twice in its history. <a href="/wiki/Chris_Bittle" title="Chris Bittle">Chris Bittle</a> is the current MP for St. Catharines and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a>, which currently forms Canada's government. The southern portion of the city is included as part of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara Centre">Niagara Centre</a> riding, and is represented by <a href="/wiki/Vance_Badawey" title="Vance Badawey">Vance Badawey</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a> MP.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most federal representatives from St. Catharines have maintained a low profile on either the government or opposition <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">backbenches</a>. The exception was <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Parent" title="Gilbert Parent">Gilbert Parent</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada">Speaker of the House</a> for seven years while <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> was Prime Minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Catharines is the judicial seat of the Niagara North Judicial District of Ontario, Central South Region, which represents the northern half of the Niagara Region equivalent to historic <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Ontario" title="Lincoln County, Ontario">Lincoln County</a>. The Superior Court of Justice is on Church Street across from City Hall. A satellite court is in <a href="/wiki/Grimsby,_Ontario" title="Grimsby, Ontario">Grimsby</a>. The city forms "1 District" of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Regional_Police_Service" title="Niagara Regional Police Service">Niagara Regional Police Service</a>. The NRPS headquarters are no longer on Church Street, having moved to Niagara Falls in a finally constructed new building with administrative offices and support services on Cushman Road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MTO_building_St_Catharines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MTO_building_St_Catharines.jpg/220px-MTO_building_St_Catharines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MTO_building_St_Catharines.jpg/330px-MTO_building_St_Catharines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MTO_building_St_Catharines.jpg/440px-MTO_building_St_Catharines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The Garden City Tower is the Ministry of Transportation headquarters, with the downtown transit terminal at ground level.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most defining transportation icon of St. Catharines is the Welland Canal, a <a href="/wiki/Ship_canal" title="Ship canal">ship canal</a> that runs 43.4 kilometres (27.0 mi), passing through the city. Four of its locks are within city boundaries. The canal allows shipping vessels to traverse the 99.5-metre (326.5 ft) drop in altitude from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Skyway" title="Garden City Skyway">Garden City Skyway</a> is a nearby bridge that facilitates vehicle traffic into the city. </p><p>The main access routes into and out of St. Catharines are served by two major <a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeways</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Way" title="Queen Elizabeth Way">Queen Elizabeth Way</a> runs east (at 15-Mile Creek) to west (at <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Skyway" title="Garden City Skyway">Garden City Skyway</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_406" title="Ontario Highway 406">Highway 406</a> runs north (at QEW) to south (at St. David's Road). Prior to the construction of these freeways, St. Paul Street (former <a href="/wiki/Highway_8_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 8 (Ontario)">Highway 8</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Regional_Road_81" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara Regional Road 81">Regional Road 81</a>) and Hartzel Road (former <a href="/wiki/Highway_58_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 58 (Ontario)">Highway 58</a>, now a city-maintained street) provided east–west and north–south access to the city. </p><p>Public transportation is served by the <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Transit" title="St. Catharines Transit">St. Catharines Transit Commission</a>, which operates bus routes throughout the city and neighbouring Thorold. All major routes converge at the St. Catharines Bus Terminal, which is downtown within the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transportation (Ontario)">Ontario Ministry of Transportation</a>. The central station is also served by <a href="/wiki/Coach_Canada" title="Coach Canada">Coach Canada</a>, with service to Toronto and Niagara Falls. </p><p>Though transportation by rail is becoming increasingly popular, the <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines,_Ontario_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines, Ontario railway station">St. Catharines train station</a> is largely under-utilized, with car and bus travel being the dominant forms of transportation for the city. The station is in its original building, outside the downtown core (because of issues involving the crossing of 12-Mile Creek). It is served daily by <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> trains connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The provincial and federal government recently committed $385 million each to <a href="/wiki/GO_Transit" title="GO Transit">GO Transit</a> to aid in the development of their 10-Year Capital Expansion Plan, which includes an expansion bus line servicing the Niagara Region. Currently, regular GO Bus service exists to St. Catharines with a stop at Fairview Mall, allowing riders to travel either west toward Burlington or east toward Niagara Falls. A rail link with GO Transit operates during the summer months with plans for the city to be permanently linked via rail in the future. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines/Niagara_District_Airport" title="St. Catharines/Niagara District Airport">St. Catharines/Niagara District Airport</a> services <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> as well as chartered <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jetliner</a> flights. The airport is served by charter flights from <a href="/wiki/FlyGTA_Airlines" title="FlyGTA Airlines">FlyGTA Airlines</a> and offers charter flights to <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bishop_Toronto_City_Airport" title="Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport">Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport</a>, Muskoka and Collingwood. It is near the city's east-end in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario">Niagara-on-the-Lake</a>. Other airports surrounding the city include <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls/Niagara_South_Airport" title="Niagara Falls/Niagara South Airport">Niagara Falls/Niagara South Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Central_Dorothy_Rungeling_Airport" title="Niagara Central Dorothy Rungeling Airport">Niagara Central Dorothy Rungeling Airport</a>. The closest airports in proximity offering long-haul and international flights are <a href="/wiki/John_C._Munro_Hamilton_International_Airport" title="John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport">John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_International_Airport" title="Niagara Falls International Airport">Niagara Falls International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a>. </p><p>St. Catharines had one of the first <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">interurban</a> electric <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a> routes, which ran between the city and <a href="/wiki/Merritton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Merritton, Ontario">Merritton</a> and was eventually extended to <a href="/wiki/Port_Dalhousie,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Dalhousie, Ontario">Port Dalhousie</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Thorold,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorold, Ontario">Thorold</a> to the south. Like most streetcar routes throughout the world, it was decommissioned in the 1960s, and the right-of-way has since been converted to parks and trails. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_schools">Secondary schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Secondary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ontario" title="Education in Ontario">Education in Ontario</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/District_School_Board_of_Niagara" title="District School Board of Niagara">District School Board of Niagara</a> (DSBN), the local public school board, manages 6 secondary schools within St. Catharines: <a href="/wiki/DSBN_Academy" title="DSBN Academy">DSBN Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Secondary_School" title="Laura Secord Secondary School">Laura Secord Secondary School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Winston_Churchill_Secondary_School_(St._Catharines)" title="Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (St. Catharines)">Sir Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_Simcoe_Secondary_School" title="Governor Simcoe Secondary School">Governor Simcoe</a>, St. Catharines Collegiate, and <a href="/wiki/Eden_High_School,_St._Catharines,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Eden High School, St. Catharines, Ontario">Eden</a>. The opening of DSBN Academy was described as "Canada's most controversial pedagogical experiment in years" by the <i>Globe and Mail</i>, as the school was specifically geared towards low-income students. This raised fears about segregation in public education and causing low-income students to feel singled out. Proponents argued that the additional academic supports offered to disadvantaged students would raise their chances of attending post-secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor Simcoe and Winston Churchill offer <a href="/wiki/French_immersion_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French immersion in Canada">French immersion</a> programs.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eden Secondary School, although it operates through the DSBN and receives public school funding, is also a Christian school.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Niagara Catholic District School Board">Niagara Catholic District School Board</a> (NCDSB) manages and operates 3 Catholic secondary schools within the city: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Secondary_School_(St._Catharines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Cross Secondary School (St. Catharines)">Holy Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Morris_Catholic_High_School" title="Denis Morris Catholic High School">Denis Morris Catholic High School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Catholic_Secondary" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Catholic Secondary">Saint Francis</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ridley_College_(Ontario)" title="Ridley College (Ontario)">Ridley College</a>, near the city's downtown core in the Western Hill neighbourhood, is a private co-educational boarding and day school. It was established as a boys' school in 1889, and became co-educational in 1973. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-secondary">Post-secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Post-secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Catharines is home to <a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a> (established 1964), a modern comprehensive university on the Niagara Escarpment. <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Lutheran_Theological_Seminary" title="Concordia Lutheran Theological Seminary">Concordia Lutheran Theological Seminary</a>, a post graduate institution of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Canada">Lutheran Church–Canada</a>, also operates there. A partnership between the university and the Ontario Grape and Wine Industry established the city as a centre for cool-climate grape and wine research. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Michael_G._DeGroote_School_of_Medicine" title="Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine">Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine</a> is a medical school operated by <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> with a campus in downtown St. Catharines. Prior to 2004, it was known as the McMaster University School of Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although not a part of St. Catharines itself, there are nearby campuses for <a href="/wiki/Niagara_College" title="Niagara College">Niagara College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niagara_on_the_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara on the Lake">Niagara on the Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welland" title="Welland">Welland</a>. The college used to operate a horticulture-related campus in the city on 360 Niagara Street, across from <a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Secondary_School" title="Laura Secord Secondary School">Laura Secord Secondary School</a> from the 1970s to 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Standard" title="St. Catharines Standard">St. Catharines Standard</a></i> (daily)</li> <li><i>Niagara This Week</i> (community weekly)</li> <li><i>The Brock Press</i> (student newspaper for <a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AM 610: <a href="/wiki/CKTB_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="CKTB (AM)">CKTB</a>, <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> /<a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk</a></li> <li>AM 1220: <a href="/wiki/CFAJ" title="CFAJ">CFAJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies">Oldies</a></li> <li>FM 97.7: <a href="/wiki/CHTZ-FM" title="CHTZ-FM">CHTZ</a> (<i>HTZ FM</i>), <a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">active rock</a></li> <li>FM 103.7: <a href="/wiki/CFBU-FM" title="CFBU-FM">CFBU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a> <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">campus radio</a></li> <li>FM 105.7: <a href="/wiki/CHRE-FM" title="CHRE-FM">CHRE</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Move_Radio" title="Move Radio">Move</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult contemporary">adult contemporary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Niagara region has no television service of its own. Stations broadcasting from Toronto, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> are available over-the-air in the region, and the region has a local transmitter (CKVP-DT) rebroadcasting the <a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a> <a href="/wiki/CTV_2" title="CTV 2">CTV 2</a> station <a href="/wiki/CKVR-DT" title="CKVR-DT">CKVR-DT</a>. A local specialty news and information channel called <a href="/wiki/Niagara_News_TV" title="Niagara News TV">Niagara News TV</a> launched in February 2011, but ceased operations only 3 months later in April. In 2003, a local business consortium applied to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC) for a licence to operate TV Niagara, a <a href="/wiki/Community_channel_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community channel (Canada)">community</a> television station in St. Catharines. The application was denied by the CRTC in 2005, citing concerns about the group's business plan and its dependence on gaining audience share in the Toronto market.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_City">Sister City</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sister City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">List of cities in Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_St._Catharines" title="List of people from St. Catharines">List of people from St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_St._Catharines" title="List of mayors of St. Catharines">List of mayors of St. Catharines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extreme high and low temperatures were recorded at St. Catharines (January 1911 to May 1971) and at <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines Airport">St. Catharines Airport</a> (June 1971 to present).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euro-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-euro_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoutheastAsian-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastAsian-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EastAsian_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiddleEastern-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Other-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Other_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, <abbr title="not included elsewhere">n.i.e.</abbr>" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cp2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=st%20catharines&DGUIDlist=2021A00053526053&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0">"St. Catharines, Ontario census profile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021 Census</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2021+Census&rft.atitle=St.+Catharines%2C+Ontario+census+profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3Dst%2520catharines%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A00053526053%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp2011_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp2011_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3526053&Geo2=CD&Code2=3526&Data=Count&SearchText=Catharines&SearchType=Contains&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">"St. Catharines, Ontario (Code 3526053) census profile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011 Census of Population</a></i>. Statistics Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718170303/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3526053&Geo2=CD&Code2=3526&Data=Count&SearchText=Catharines&SearchType=Contains&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+of+Population&rft.atitle=St.+Catharines%2C+Ontario+%28Code+3526053%29+census+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D3526053%26Geo2%3DCD%26Code2%3D3526%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCatharines%26SearchType%3DContains%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp2011-PC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp2011-PC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp2011-PC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0788&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Catharines&SearchType=Contains&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">"St. Catharines – Niagara (Population Centre), Ontario (Code 0788) census profile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011 Census of Population</a></i>. Statistics Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318235831/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+of+Population&rft.atitle=St.+Catharines+%E2%80%93+Niagara+%28Population+Centre%29%2C+Ontario+%28Code+0788%29+census+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPOPC%26Code1%3D0788%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D35%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCatharines%26SearchType%3DContains%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp2011-CA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp2011-CA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp2011-CA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=539&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Catharines&SearchType=Contains&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">"St. Catharines – Niagara (Census metropolitan area), Ontario (Code 539) census profile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011 Census of Population</a></i>. Statistics Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144909/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=539&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Catharines&SearchType=Contains&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+of+Population&rft.atitle=St.+Catharines+%E2%80%93+Niagara+%28Census+metropolitan+area%29%2C+Ontario+%28Code+539%29+census+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCMA%26Code1%3D539%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D35%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCatharines%26SearchType%3DContains%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-climate-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-climate_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717213354/ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/">"St Catharines Power Glen"</a>. <i>Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010</i>. <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/">the original</a> on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Climate+Normals+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.atitle=St+Catharines+Power+Glen&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.tor.ec.gc.ca%2FPub%2FNormals%2FEnglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801">"Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA)"</a>. 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+basic+prices%2C+by+census+metropolitan+area+%28CMA%29&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D3610046801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://placestogrow.ca/images/pdfs/ggh2017/en/growth%20plan%20%282017%29.pdf">"Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>placestogrow.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406152024/http://placestogrow.ca/images/pdfs/ggh2017/en/growth%20plan%20%282017%29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=placestogrow.ca&rft.atitle=Growth+Plan+for+the+Greater+Golden+Horseshoe+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplacestogrow.ca%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2Fggh2017%2Fen%2Fgrowth%2520plan%2520%25282017%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2022-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2022_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/st-catharines#:~:text=Indigenous%20Peoples,the%20Grand%20and%20Niagara%20rivers.">"St. Catharines"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. 30 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=St.+Catharines&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fst-catharines%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIndigenous%2520Peoples%2Cthe%2520Grand%2520and%2520Niagara%2520rivers.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanahan" class="citation web cs1">Shanahan, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anishinabeknews.ca/2019/12/07/between-the-lakes-treaty/">"Between the Lakes Treaty"</a>. <i>Anishinabek News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anishinabek+News&rft.atitle=Between+the+Lakes+Treaty&rft.aulast=Shanahan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanishinabeknews.ca%2F2019%2F12%2F07%2Fbetween-the-lakes-treaty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1991" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Terry (1991). <i>Memories of Ontario : a Traveller's Guide to the Towns & Cities of Western Ontario</i>. Cannon Books. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780969525110" title="Special:BookSources/9780969525110"><bdi>9780969525110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+Ontario+%3A+a+Traveller%27s+Guide+to+the+Towns+%26+Cities+of+Western+Ontario&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Cannon+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780969525110&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Alun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brocku.ca/social-sciences/geography/wp-content/uploads/sites/152/Richard-Pierpoint-and-the-Naming-of-Dick%E2%80%99s-Creek.pdf">"RICHARD PIERPOINT AND THE NAMING OF DICK'S CREEK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Brock University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brock+University&rft.atitle=RICHARD+PIERPOINT+AND+THE+NAMING+OF+DICK%27S+CREEK&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Alun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrocku.ca%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fgeography%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F152%2FRichard-Pierpoint-and-the-Naming-of-Dick%25E2%2580%2599s-Creek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-sI64yldu4C"><i>The Welland Canals and Their Communities</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802009333" title="Special:BookSources/9780802009333"><bdi>9780802009333</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welland+Canals+and+Their+Communities&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780802009333&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-sI64yldu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharines.ca/en/Building-and-Renovating/resources/Documents/Yates-Street-District-Study.PDF">Yales Street and Area District Conservation District Study</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). City of St. Catharines. 1994. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Yales+Street+and+Area+District+Conservation+District+Study&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=City+of+St.+Catharines&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharines.ca%2Fen%2FBuilding-and-Renovating%2Fresources%2FDocuments%2FYates-Street-District-Study.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Archives of Canada RG 19 Vol 4447 Parcel 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Bruce (1983). <i>The Enterprises of Robert Hamilton</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Bruce (2000)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2447&&PHPSESSID=elh9h7koc2m9fno702vclrpbb2">"Hamilton, Robert"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017062529/http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2447&&PHPSESSID=elh9h7koc2m9fno702vclrpbb2">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamilton%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3F%26id_nbr%3D2447%26%26PHPSESSID%3Delh9h7koc2m9fno702vclrpbb2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerritt1875" class="citation book cs1">Merritt, Jedediah Prendergast (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographyhonwhm00merrgoog"><i>Biography of the Hon. W. H. Merritt, M. P.: Of Lincoln, District of Niagara, Including an Account of the Origin, Progress and Completion of Some of the Most Important Public Works in Canada</i></a>. E. S. Leavenworth, book and job printing establishment. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographyhonwhm00merrgoog/page/n28">6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+of+the+Hon.+W.+H.+Merritt%2C+M.+P.%3A+Of+Lincoln%2C+District+of+Niagara%2C+Including+an+Account+of+the+Origin%2C+Progress+and+Completion+of+Some+of+the+Most+Important+Public+Works+in+Canada&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=E.+S.+Leavenworth%2C+book+and+job+printing+establishment&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Merritt&rft.aufirst=Jedediah+Prendergast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographyhonwhm00merrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/en/plaques/first-welland-canal-1824-1833">"First Welland Canal 1824-1833, The"</a>. <i>Ontario Heritage Trust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ontario+Heritage+Trust&rft.atitle=First+Welland+Canal+1824-1833%2C+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagetrust.on.ca%2Fen%2Fplaques%2Ffirst-welland-canal-1824-1833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harriet-tubman.org/house/">"Harriet Tubman House"</a>. Harriet Tubman Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harriet+Tubman+House&rft.pub=Harriet+Tubman+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harriet-tubman.org%2Fhouse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-04-21/harriet-tubman-and-her-connection-small-church-ontario">"Harriet Tubman and her connection to a small church in Ontario"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harriet+Tubman+and+her+connection+to+a+small+church+in+Ontario&rft.pub=Public+Radio+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2016-04-21%2Fharriet-tubman-and-her-connection-small-church-ontario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niagarathisweek.com/news-story/7151954-st-catharines-museum-marks-black-history-month">"St. Catharines museum marks Black History Month"</a>. Niagara This Week. 21 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114910/https://www.niagarathisweek.com/news-story/7151954-st-catharines-museum-marks-black-history-month/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Catharines+museum+marks+Black+History+Month&rft.pub=Niagara+This+Week&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niagarathisweek.com%2Fnews-story%2F7151954-st-catharines-museum-marks-black-history-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ontario Historical Society, Papers & Records Vol. XXXVI (1975), "The Petition of John Hainer and Jacob Dittrick, page 201" and Upper Land Petitions " H " Bundle 3, 1797 (National Archives of Canada RG1 L3 Vol. 224)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1846" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Wm. H. (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit"><i>SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER – STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST</i></a>. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit/page/177">177</a>–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SMITH%27S+CANADIAN+GAZETTEER+%E2%80%93+STATISTICAL+AND+GENERAL+INFORMATION+RESPECTING+ALL+PARTS+OF+THE+UPPER+PROVINCE%2C+OR+CANADA+WEST&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=177-178&rft.pub=H.+%26+W.+ROWSELL&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wm.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmithscanadianga00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharines.ca/en/news/index.aspx?newsId=bfc0acec-a450-4bc1-9f1f-09d335d03cb4">"Party in place to help City celebrate its 144th birthday"</a>. City of St. Catharines. 27 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+in+place+to+help+City+celebrate+its+144th+birthday&rft.pub=City+of+St.+Catharines&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharines.ca%2Fen%2Fnews%2Findex.aspx%3FnewsId%3Dbfc0acec-a450-4bc1-9f1f-09d335d03cb4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gayler-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gayler_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaylerJackson" class="citation web cs1">Gayler, Hugh; Jackson, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/st-catharines">"St. Catharines"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=St.+Catharines&rft.aulast=Gayler&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Jackson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fst-catharines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1976" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, John N. (1976). <i>Jackson, John N. St. Catharines, Ontario: Its Early Years</i>. Belleville, ON: Mika Pub. Company. pp. 134–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jackson%2C+John+N.+St.+Catharines%2C+Ontario%3A+Its+Early+Years.&rft.place=Belleville%2C+ON&rft.pages=134-139&rft.pub=Mika+Pub.+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2008" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Alun (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brocku.ca/social-sciences/geography/wp-content/uploads/sites/152/The-Evolution-of-St.-Catharines-as-a-Municipality.pdf">"The Evolution of St. Catharines as a Municipality"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+St.+Catharines+as+a+Municipality&rft.date=2008-09&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Alun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrocku.ca%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fgeography%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F152%2FThe-Evolution-of-St.-Catharines-as-a-Municipality.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibits.library.brocku.ca/s/so_many_catharines/page/introduction">"Why St. Catharines with two "a's" ? · So Many Catharine's · Brock University Library"</a>. <i>exhibits.library.brocku.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=exhibits.library.brocku.ca&rft.atitle=Why+St.+Catharines+with+two+%22a%27s%22+%3F+%C2%B7+So+Many+Catharine%27s+%C2%B7+Brock+University+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibits.library.brocku.ca%2Fs%2Fso_many_catharines%2Fpage%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeefer1920" class="citation book cs1">Keefer, Thomas C. (1920). "Forward: A Man and his vision—an appreciation of the Projector of the Welland Canal and the Founder of the City of St. Catharines"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The old Welland canal and the man who made it / foreword by Mrs. Margaret Hamilton Alden</i>. St. Catharines: The Print Shop. pp. 4–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forward%3A+A+Man+and+his+vision%E2%80%94an+appreciation+of+the+Projector+of+the+Welland+Canal+and+the+Founder+of+the+City+of+St.+Catharines%22&rft.btitle=The+old+Welland+canal+and+the+man+who+made+it+%2F+foreword+by+Mrs.+Margaret+Hamilton+Alden&rft.place=St.+Catharines&rft.pages=4-15&rft.pub=The+Print+Shop&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Keefer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharines.ca/en/governin/HistoryOfTheCity.asp">"History of the City"</a>. <i>www.stcatharines.ca</i>. 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stcatharines.ca&rft.atitle=History+of+the+City&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharines.ca%2Fen%2Fgovernin%2FHistoryOfTheCity.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niagarathisweek.com/news-story/3300960-professor-asks-how-did-st-catharines-get-its-name-/">"Professor asks: how did St. Catharines get its name?"</a>. <i>NiagaraThisWeek.com</i>. 31 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NiagaraThisWeek.com&rft.atitle=Professor+asks%3A+how+did+St.+Catharines+get+its+name%3F&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niagarathisweek.com%2Fnews-story%2F3300960-professor-asks-how-did-st-catharines-get-its-name-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peel_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C._and_Finlayson,_B._L._and_McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1633-1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.+and+Finlayson%2C+B.+L.+and+McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2Fhess-11-1633-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharines.ca/en/experiencein/AboutOurCity.asp?_mid_=26335">"About Our City"</a>. City of St Catharines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017102949/http://www.stcatharines.ca/en/experiencein/AboutOurCity.asp?_mid_=26335">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Our+City&rft.pub=City+of+St+Catharines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharines.ca%2Fen%2Fexperiencein%2FAboutOurCity.asp%3F_mid_%3D26335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-St._Catharines-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-St._Catharines_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-St._Catharines_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1961_1990_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=st+catharines&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=989&dispBack=0">"St Catharines"</a>. <i>Canadian Climate Normals 1961–1990</i>. <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a>. 9 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174448/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1961_1990_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=st+catharines&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=989&dispBack=0">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.atitle=St+Catharines&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Fresults_1961_1990_e.html%3FsearchType%3DstnName%26txtStationName%3Dst%2Bcatharines%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26txtCentralLatMin%3D0%26txtCentralLatSec%3D0%26txtCentralLongMin%3D0%26txtCentralLongSec%3D0%26stnID%3D989%26dispBack%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCN1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCN1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCN1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4683&lang=e&province=ON&provSubmit=go&page=101&dCode=0">"St Catharines Airport, Ontario"</a>. <i>Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010</i>. <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a>. 31 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217070944/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4683&lang=e&province=ON&provSubmit=go&page=101&dCode=0">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Climate+Normals+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.atitle=St+Catharines+Airport%2C+Ontario&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Fresults_1981_2010_e.html%3FstnID%3D4683%26lang%3De%26province%3DON%26provSubmit%3Dgo%26page%3D101%26dCode%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCN2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCN2_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/ONT/ONT_OWEN-WARR_ENG.csv">"St Catharines Airport, Ontario"</a>. <i>Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010</i>. <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Climate+Normals+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.atitle=St+Catharines+Airport%2C+Ontario&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.tor.ec.gc.ca%2FPub%2FNormals%2FEnglish%2FONT%2FONT_OWEN-WARR_ENG.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2022" class="citation web cs1">Roy, Cathy (27 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/local-niagara-falls/opinion/2022/01/27/niagara-s-recent-storm-kindles-memories-of-blizzard-of-77.html">"Niagara's recent storm kindles memories of Blizzard of '77"</a>. <i>St. Catharines Standard</i>. Niagara This Week<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=Niagara%27s+recent+storm+kindles+memories+of+Blizzard+of+%2777&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2Flocal-niagara-falls%2Fopinion%2F2022%2F01%2F27%2Fniagara-s-recent-storm-kindles-memories-of-blizzard-of-77.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stcatharinesstandard-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stcatharinesstandard_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120910150042/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1661692&archive=true">"City makes pitch to have wine route redirected ... | St. Catharines Standard"</a>. stcatharinesstandard.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1661692&archive=true">the original</a> on 10 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+makes+pitch+to+have+wine+route+redirected+...+%26%23124%3B+St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.pub=stcatharinesstandard.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2FArticleDisplay.aspx%3Fe%3D1661692%26archive%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stcatharinesstandard2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stcatharinesstandard2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120918133804/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2762335&archive=true">"Wine route is moving downtown | St. Catharines Standard"</a>. stcatharinesstandard.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2762335&archive=true">the original</a> on 18 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wine+route+is+moving+downtown+%26%23124%3B+St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.pub=stcatharinesstandard.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2FArticleDisplay.aspx%3Fe%3D2762335%26archive%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wellandtribune-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wellandtribune_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130115143540/http://www.wellandtribune.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1625603&archive=true">"Two-way traffic returns to downtown | Welland Tribune"</a>. wellandtribune.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellandtribune.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1625603&archive=true">the original</a> on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two-way+traffic+returns+to+downtown+%26%23124%3B+Welland+Tribune&rft.pub=wellandtribune.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellandtribune.ca%2FArticleDisplay.aspx%3Fe%3D1625603%26archive%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalpost-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalpost_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/01/08/taking-a-u-turn-on-the-one-way-street/">"Taking a u-turn on the one-way street | National Post"</a>. news.nationalpost.com. 8 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160616171926/http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/taking-a-u-turn-on-the-one-way-street">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taking+a+u-turn+on+the+one-way+street+%26%23124%3B+National+Post&rft.pub=news.nationalpost.com&rft.date=2012-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2012%2F01%2F08%2Ftaking-a-u-turn-on-the-one-way-street%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stcatharinesstandard3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stcatharinesstandard3_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnurun.com" class="citation web cs1">nurun.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130115174638/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1579849&archive=true">"Funding announced for downtown performing arts ... | St. Catharines Standard"</a>. stcatharinesstandard.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1579849&archive=true">the original</a> on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funding+announced+for+downtown+performing+arts+...+%26%23124%3B+St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.pub=stcatharinesstandard.ca&rft.au=nurun.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2FArticleDisplay.aspx%3Fe%3D1579849%26archive%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718124041/http://niagara.localsportsreport.com/News/st-catharines-approves-new-spectator-facility">"St. Catharines approves new spectator facility"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niagara.localsportsreport.com/News/st-catharines-approves-new-spectator-facility">the original</a> on 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Catharines+approves+new+spectator+facility&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniagara.localsportsreport.com%2FNews%2Fst-catharines-approves-new-spectator-facility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stcatharinesstandard4-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stcatharinesstandard4_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnurun.com" class="citation web cs1">nurun.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203150210/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3391586">"No arena, no IceDogs | St. Catharines Standard"</a>. stcatharinesstandard.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3391586&pg=4">the original</a> on 3 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+arena%2C+no+IceDogs+%26%23124%3B+St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.pub=stcatharinesstandard.ca&rft.au=nurun.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2FArticleDisplay.aspx%3Fe%3D3391586%26pg%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharines.ca//uploads/doc_634614445022357173.pdf">"Put it in park in the new Carlisle Street Parking Garage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714133032/http://www.stcatharines.ca//uploads/doc_634614445022357173.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Put+it+in+park+in+the+new+Carlisle+Street+Parking+Garage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharines.ca%2F%2Fuploads%2Fdoc_634614445022357173.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenner2021" class="citation web cs1">Benner, Allan (18 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/council/2021/11/18/downtown-st-catharines-road-closures-to-continue-next-summer.html">"Downtown St. Catharines road closures to continue next summer"</a>. <i>St. Catharines Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=Downtown+St.+Catharines+road+closures+to+continue+next+summer&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft.aulast=Benner&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2Fnews%2Fcouncil%2F2021%2F11%2F18%2Fdowntown-st-catharines-road-closures-to-continue-next-summer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2023" class="citation web cs1">Walter, Karena (20 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/niagara-region/2023/01/20/downtown-pedestrian-street-program-not-making-a-comeback-this-spring-in-st-catharines.html">"Downtown pedestrian street program not making a comeback this spring in St. Catharines"</a>. <i>St. Catharines Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=Downtown+pedestrian+street+program+not+making+a+comeback+this+spring+in+St.+Catharines&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Karena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2Fnews%2Fniagara-region%2F2023%2F01%2F20%2Fdowntown-pedestrian-street-program-not-making-a-comeback-this-spring-in-st-catharines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=st%2E%20catharines&DGUIDlist=2021A00053526053&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"2021 Census Profile: St. Catharines, City"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Profile%3A+St.+Catharines%2C+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3Dst%252E%2520catharines%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A00053526053%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021census-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021census_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235">"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+census+divisions+and+census+subdivisions+%28municipalities%29%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810000203%26geocode%3DA000235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021censusCMA-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021censusCMA_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501">"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+census+metropolitan+areas+and+census+agglomerations&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810000501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTV-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTV_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTV_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328064914/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1027388021305_22797221/">"St. Catharines tops list of Canada's 'fattest' cities. W-Five, July 21, 2001"</a>. <i>ctv.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1027388021305_22797221/">the original</a> on 28 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctv.ca&rft.atitle=St.+Catharines+tops+list+of+Canada%27s+%27fattest%27+cities.+W-Five%2C+July+21%2C+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctv.ca%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2Fstory%2FCTVNews%2F1027388021305_22797221%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/fats/chart_3.html">"CBC.ca, National Population Health Survey 1998, Statistics Canada"</a>. <i>cbc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721204501/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/fats/chart_3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=CBC.ca%2C+National+Population+Health+Survey+1998%2C+Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbackground%2Ffats%2Fchart_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/fats/statistics.html">"CBC.ca, Obese Nation: Statistics, November 8, 2006"</a>. <i>cbc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041115052448/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/fats/statistics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=CBC.ca%2C+Obese+Nation%3A+Statistics%2C+November+8%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbackground%2Ffats%2Fstatistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Picard_(journalist)" title="André Picard (journalist)">Picard, André</a> (21 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202054217/http://www.andrepicard.com/fatandfit.html">"Fattest & Fittest, St. Catharines leads the fat parade"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrepicard.com/fatandfit.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2007 – via andrepicard.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Fattest+%26+Fittest%2C+St.+Catharines+leads+the+fat+parade&rft.date=2001-07-21&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrepicard.com%2Ffatandfit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.ca/english/studies/82-003/archive/2006/17-3-c.pdf">"Regional differences in obesity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+differences+in+obesity&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fstudies%2F82-003%2Farchive%2F2006%2F17-3-c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClock2015" class="citation web cs1">Clock, Cheryl (4 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niagarafallsreview.ca/news/niagara-region/2015/11/04/child-poverty-in-st-catharines-nearly-1-in-4.html">"Child poverty in St. Catharines: nearly 1 in 4"</a>. <i>Niagara Falls Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niagara+Falls+Review&rft.atitle=Child+poverty+in+St.+Catharines%3A+nearly+1+in+4&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.aulast=Clock&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niagarafallsreview.ca%2Fnews%2Fniagara-region%2F2015%2F11%2F04%2Fchild-poverty-in-st-catharines-nearly-1-in-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/stcatharines-living-wage-1.6503884.">"City of St. Catharines is now the largest Ontario municipality to offer a living wage"</a>. <i>CBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=City+of+St.+Catharines+is+now+the+largest+Ontario+municipality+to+offer+a+living+wage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fhamilton%2Fstcatharines-living-wage-1.6503884.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021censusB-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=St%2E%20Catharines&DGUIDlist=2021A00053526053&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DSt%252E%2520Catharines%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A00053526053%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016census-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2016census_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2021" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3526053&Geo2=CD&Code2=3526&SearchText=St.%20Catharines&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0">"Census Profile, 2016 Census"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D3526053%26Geo2%3DCD%26Code2%3D3526%26SearchText%3DSt.%2520Catharines%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26TABID%3D1%26type%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011census-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011census_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2015" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3526053&Data=Count&SearchText=St.%20Catharines&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">"NHS Profile"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=NHS+Profile&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D3526053%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DSt.%2520Catharines%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26A1%3DAll%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2006census-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2006census_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3526053&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=St.%20Catharines&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">"2006 Community Profiles"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=2006+Community+Profiles&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2F92-591%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D3526053%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D35%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DSt.%2520Catharines%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001census-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2001census_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3526053&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=St.%20Catharines&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">"2001 Community Profiles"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=2001+Community+Profiles&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2FProfil01%2FCP01%2FDetails%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D3526053%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D35%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DSt.%2520Catharines%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3526053&Data=Count&SearchText=st.%20catharines&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">"NHS Profile, St. Catharines, CY, Ontario, 2011"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i>. 8 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=NHS+Profile%2C+St.+Catharines%2C+CY%2C+Ontario%2C+2011&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D3526053%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3Dst.%2520catharines%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26A1%3DAll%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaou2022" class="citation web cs1">Nicolaou, Victoria (19 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/business/2022/07/19/cautious-optimism-as-st-catharines-niagara-economy-looks-to-rebound.html">"Cautious optimism as St. Catharines-Niagara economy looks to rebound"</a>. <i>St. Catharines Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=Cautious+optimism+as+St.+Catharines-Niagara+economy+looks+to+rebound&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft.aulast=Nicolaou&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2Fbusiness%2F2022%2F07%2F19%2Fcautious-optimism-as-st-catharines-niagara-economy-looks-to-rebound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbj.ca/st-catharines/">"ST. CATHARINES"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Business" title="Canadian Business">Canadian Business</a> Journal</i>. 29 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=ST.+CATHARINES&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbj.ca%2Fst-catharines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2022" class="citation web cs1">Walter, Karena (3 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/council/2022/06/03/councillors-split-on-exploring-more-tax-incentives-for-former-gm-property.html">"Councillors split on exploring more tax incentives for former GM property"</a>. <i>St. Catharines Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=Councillors+split+on+exploring+more+tax+incentives+for+former+GM+property&rft.date=2022-06-03&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Karena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2Fnews%2Fcouncil%2F2022%2F06%2F03%2Fcouncillors-split-on-exploring-more-tax-incentives-for-former-gm-property.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newpac-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newpac_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2015" class="citation news cs1">Walter, Karena (15 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117162529/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2015/11/15/arts-centre-opening-draws-large-crowd">"Arts centre opening draws large crowd"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Standard" title="St. Catharines Standard">St. Catharines Standard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2015/11/15/arts-centre-opening-draws-large-crowd">the original</a> on 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=Arts+centre+opening+draws+large+crowd&rft.date=2015-11-15&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Karena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2F2015%2F11%2F15%2Farts-centre-opening-draws-large-crowd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2016" class="citation web cs1">Walter, Karena (21 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306115356/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2016/02/21/movies-set-to-premiere-in-downtown-st-catharines">"Movies set to premiere in downtown St. Catharines"</a>. <i>St. Catharines Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2016/02/21/movies-set-to-premiere-in-downtown-st-catharines">the original</a> on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=Movies+set+to+premiere+in+downtown+St.+Catharines&rft.date=2016-02-21&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Karena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2F2016%2F02%2F21%2Fmovies-set-to-premiere-in-downtown-st-catharines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenner2022" class="citation web cs1">Benner, Allan (19 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/council/2022/07/19/more-than-100000-expected-to-return-to-st-catharines-for-return-of-grape-and-wine-festival.html">"More than 100,000 expected to return to St. Catharines for return of Grape and Wine Festival"</a>. <i>St. Catharines Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=More+than+100%2C000+expected+to+return+to+St.+Catharines+for+return+of+Grape+and+Wine+Festival&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft.aulast=Benner&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2Fnews%2Fcouncil%2F2022%2F07%2F19%2Fmore-than-100000-expected-to-return-to-st-catharines-for-return-of-grape-and-wine-festival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poultry-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poultry_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter, Karena (17 January 2009) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717105707/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?archive=true&e=1392766">Time for a poultry-pitching party"</a>, The St. Catharines Standard. Retrieved 27 December 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrevfjall" class="citation news cs1">Drevfjall, Ludvig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guelphtoday.com/around-ontario/ontario-animal-rights-group-plans-to-crash-charity-chicken-throwing-contest-2078434">"ONTARIO: Animal rights group plans to crash charity chicken throwing contest"</a>. <i>Guelphtoday.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guelphtoday.com&rft.atitle=ONTARIO%3A+Animal+rights+group+plans+to+crash+charity+chicken+throwing+contest&rft.aulast=Drevfjall&rft.aufirst=Ludvig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guelphtoday.com%2Faround-ontario%2Fontario-animal-rights-group-plans-to-crash-charity-chicken-throwing-contest-2078434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niagarafallsreview.ca/news/niagara-region/2019/02/18/teams-chuck-chickens-for-charity.html">"Teams chuck chickens for charity"</a>. <i>Niagara Falls Review</i>. NiagaraThisWeek. 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niagara+Falls+Review&rft.atitle=Teams+chuck+chickens+for+charity&rft.date=2019-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niagarafallsreview.ca%2Fnews%2Fniagara-region%2F2019%2F02%2F18%2Fteams-chuck-chickens-for-charity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2022" class="citation web cs1">Walter, Karena (5 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/sports/2022/08/05/how-to-catch-the-niagara-2022-canada-summer-games.html">"How to catch the Niagara 2022 Canada Summer Games"</a>. <i>St. Catharines Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=How+to+catch+the+Niagara+2022+Canada+Summer+Games&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Karena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2Fsports%2F2022%2F08%2F05%2Fhow-to-catch-the-niagara-2022-canada-summer-games.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=4395">"Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings"</a>. <i>pc.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pc.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Register+of+the+Government+of+Canada+Heritage+Buildings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fapps%2Fdfhd%2Fpage_fhbro_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D4395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/niagara-region/2020/06/04/rush-s-neil-peart-honoured-with-lakeside-park-pavilion-in-port-dalhousie.html">"Rush's Neil Peart honoured with Lakeside Park pavilion in Port Dalhousie"</a>. <i>stcatharinesstandard.com</i>. 4 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stcatharinesstandard.com&rft.atitle=Rush%27s+Neil+Peart+honoured+with+Lakeside+Park+pavilion+in+Port+Dalhousie&rft.date=2022-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2Fnews%2Fniagara-region%2F2020%2F06%2F04%2Frush-s-neil-peart-honoured-with-lakeside-park-pavilion-in-port-dalhousie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tctrail.ca/stories/the-legacy-of-a-canadian-heroine-lives-on-in-niagara-on-the-lake/">"The legacy of a Canadian heroine lives on in Niagara-on-the-Lake"</a>. <i>Trans Canada Trail</i>. 21 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trans+Canada+Trail&rft.atitle=The+legacy+of+a+Canadian+heroine+lives+on+in+Niagara-on-the-Lake&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftctrail.ca%2Fstories%2Fthe-legacy-of-a-canadian-heroine-lives-on-in-niagara-on-the-lake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontariotrails.on.ca/index.php?url=trails/view/terry-fox-trail">"Terry Fox Trail"</a>. <i>Ontario Trails</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ontario+Trails&rft.atitle=Terry+Fox+Trail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontariotrails.on.ca%2Findex.php%3Furl%3Dtrails%2Fview%2Fterry-fox-trail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2021" class="citation web cs1">Fleming, Liz (30 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/autos/2022/01/08/st-catharines-a-city-rich-in-history-and-nature.html">"St. Catharines: A city rich in history and nature"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=St.+Catharines%3A+A+city+rich+in+history+and+nature&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fautos%2F2022%2F01%2F08%2Fst-catharines-a-city-rich-in-history-and-nature.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowingcanada.org/st-catharines-awarded-2024-world-rowing-championships/">"St. Catharines awarded 2024 World Rowing Championships"</a>. <i>Rowing Canada Aviron</i>. 2 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rowing+Canada+Aviron&rft.atitle=St.+Catharines+awarded+2024+World+Rowing+Championships&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frowingcanada.org%2Fst-catharines-awarded-2024-world-rowing-championships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergsma2010" class="citation web cs1">Bergsma, Marleen (25 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222145249/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2010/10/25/brian-mcmullan-takes-st-catharines-mayors-seat-with-decisive-victory">"Brian McMullan takes St. Catharines mayor's seat with decisive victory"</a>. <i>St Catharines Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2010/10/25/brian-mcmullan-takes-st-catharines-mayors-seat-with-decisive-victory">the original</a> on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=Brian+McMullan+takes+St.+Catharines+mayor%27s+seat+with+decisive+victory&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.aulast=Bergsma&rft.aufirst=Marleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2F2010%2F10%2F25%2Fbrian-mcmullan-takes-st-catharines-mayors-seat-with-decisive-victory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawchuck2014" class="citation news cs1">Sawchuck, Bill (28 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806203420/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2014/10/27/sendzik-seals-the-deal">"Sendzik seals the deal"</a>. St. Catharines Standard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2014/10/27/sendzik-seals-the-deal">the original</a> on 6 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sendzik+seals+the+deal&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.aulast=Sawchuck&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2F2014%2F10%2F27%2Fsendzik-seals-the-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2014" class="citation news cs1">Walter, Karena (1 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2014/12/01/live-inaugural-st-catharines-city-council-meeting">"Sendzik vows to bring "hometown pride" back to city"</a>. St. Catharines Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806184123/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2014/12/01/live-inaugural-st-catharines-city-council-meeting">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sendzik+vows+to+bring+%22hometown+pride%22+back+to+city&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Karena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2F2014%2F12%2F01%2Flive-inaugural-st-catharines-city-council-meeting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/44gedata&document=bypro&lang=e">"Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in St. Catharines)"</a>. Elections Canada. 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Voting+Results+Raw+Data+%28poll+by+poll+results+in+St.+Catharines%29&rft.pub=Elections+Canada&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.ca%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fsection%3Dres%26dir%3Drep%2Foff%2F44gedata%26document%3Dbypro%26lang%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.on.ca/en/resource-centre/elections-results.html">"Official Voting Results by polling station (poll by poll results in St. Catharines)"</a>. Election Ontario<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Voting+Results+by+polling+station+%28poll+by+poll+results+in+St.+Catharines%29&rft.pub=Election+Ontario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.on.ca%2Fen%2Fresource-centre%2Felections-results.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/jim-bradley-ontario-election-st-catharines-1.4697606">"Jim Bradley voted out after 41 years as MPP in St. Catharines"</a>. <i>CBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Jim+Bradley+voted+out+after+41+years+as+MPP+in+St.+Catharines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fhamilton%2Fjim-bradley-ontario-election-st-catharines-1.4697606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFleche" class="citation web cs1">LaFleche, Grant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021122555/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2015/10/20/dykstra-allen-loses-their-seats-but-nicholson-allison-withstand-the-red-tide">"Dykstra, Allen lose their seats"</a>. <i>St. Catharines Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2015/10/20/dykstra-allen-loses-their-seats-but-nicholson-allison-withstand-the-red-tide">the original</a> on 21 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Catharines+Standard&rft.atitle=Dykstra%2C+Allen+lose+their+seats&rft.aulast=LaFleche&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatharinesstandard.ca%2F2015%2F10%2F20%2Fdykstra-allen-loses-their-seats-but-nicholson-allison-withstand-the-red-tide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2011" class="citation news cs1">Hammer, Kate (25 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/proposed-school-for-low-income-students-ignites-controversy/article568353/">"Proposed school for low-income students ignites controversy"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Proposed+school+for+low-income+students+ignites+controversy&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fproposed-school-for-low-income-students-ignites-controversy%2Farticle568353%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsbn.org/programs-services/french-immersion/fi-schools">"French Immersion Schools"</a>. <i>DSBN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DSBN&rft.atitle=French+Immersion+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsbn.org%2Fprograms-services%2Ffrench-immersion%2Ffi-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRau2007" class="citation web cs1">Rau, Krishna (21 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xtramagazine.com/power/mennonite-high-school-fully-funded-39246">"Mennonite high school fully funded: The game of political hot potato surrounding Eden"</a>. <i>Xtra Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xtra+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mennonite+high+school+fully+funded%3A+The+game+of+political+hot+potato+surrounding+Eden&rft.date=2007-02-21&rft.aulast=Rau&rft.aufirst=Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxtramagazine.com%2Fpower%2Fmennonite-high-school-fully-funded-39246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007182030/http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/main/medschool_history.html">"History of the School of Medicine"</a>. <i>Faculty of Health Sciences</i>. McMaster University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/main/medschool_history.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faculty+of+Health+Sciences&rft.atitle=History+of+the+School+of+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffhs.mcmaster.ca%2Fmain%2Fmedschool_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brockpress.com/">"The Brock Press"</a>. <i>Brockpress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brockpress.com&rft.atitle=The+Brock+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brockpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2005/db2005-544.htm">"Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2005-544"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. 18 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Radio-television+and+Telecommunications+Commission&rft.atitle=Broadcasting+Decision+CRTC+2005-544&rft.date=2005-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrtc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Farchive%2F2005%2Fdb2005-544.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityofportofspain.gov.tt/international/sister-cities/listings-of-twinning-cities/">"Listing of Twinning Cities – City of Port of Spain"</a>. <i>cityofportofspain.gov.tt</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022085855/http://cityofportofspain.gov.tt/international/sister-cities/listings-of-twinning-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cityofportofspain.gov.tt&rft.atitle=Listing+of+Twinning+Cities+%E2%80%93+City+of+Port+of+Spain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcityofportofspain.gov.tt%2Finternational%2Fsister-cities%2Flistings-of-twinning-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Catharines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Catharines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/St._Catharines#Q126805" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatharines.ca">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_St._Catharines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_of_St._Catharines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of St. Catharines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgoyne_Bridge" title="Burgoyne Bridge">Burgoyne Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Trail" title="Bruce Trail">Bruce Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Skyway" title="Garden City Skyway">Garden City Skyway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(Ontario)" title="Great Western Railway (Ontario)">Great Western Railway</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Legacy_Trail" title="Laura Secord Legacy Trail">Laura Secord Legacy Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara,_St._Catharines_and_Toronto_Railway" title="Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Railway">Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Railway</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_8" title="Ontario Highway 8">Ontario Highway 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_406" title="Ontario Highway 406">Ontario Highway 406</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Way" title="Queen Elizabeth Way">Queen Elizabeth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_station" title="St. Catharines station">St. Catharines station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Trail" title="Waterfront Trail">Waterfront Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_St._Catharines" title="Downtown St. Catharines">Downtown St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantham_Township" title="Grantham Township">Grantham Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritton" title="Merritton">Merritton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Dalhousie" title="Port Dalhousie">Port Dalhousie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Armoury" title="St. Catharines Armoury">Armoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines Library">St. Catharines Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Homestead" title="Brown Homestead">Brown Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_B%27nai_Israel_(St._Catharines)" title="Congregation B'nai Israel (St. Catharines)">Congregation B'nai Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Dieu_Shaver" title="Hotel Dieu Shaver">Hotel Dieu Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilt_and_Clover" title="Kilt and Clover">Kilt and Clover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Park_Carousel" title="Lakeside Park Carousel">Lakeside Park Carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritton_Tunnel" title="Merritton Tunnel">Merritton Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningstar_Mill" title="Morningstar Mill">Morningstar Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montebello_Park" title="Montebello Park">Montebello Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_Centre" title="Pen Centre">Pen Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shickluna_Shipyard" title="Shickluna Shipyard">Shickluna Shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_General_Hospital" title="St. Catharines General Hospital">St. Catharines General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland_House_Hotel" title="Welland House Hotel">Welland House Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Morris_Catholic_High_School" title="Denis Morris Catholic High School">Denis Morris Catholic High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_School_Board_of_Niagara" title="District School Board of Niagara">District School Board of Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSBN_Academy" title="DSBN Academy">DSBN Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_High_School" title="Eden High School">Eden High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_Simcoe_Secondary_School" title="Governor Simcoe Secondary School">Governor Simcoe Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Catholic_Secondary_School_(St._Catharines)" title="Holy Cross Catholic Secondary School (St. Catharines)">Holy Cross Catholic Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Secondary_School" title="Laura Secord Secondary School">Laura Secord Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_G._DeGroote_School_of_Medicine#Schools_and_teaching_sites" title="Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine">Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine</a> campus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Winston_Churchill_Secondary_School_(St._Catharines)" title="Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (St. Catharines)">Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Catholic_Secondary_School" title="St. Francis Catholic Secondary School">St. Francis Catholic Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines_Collegiate" title="St. Catharines Collegiate">St. Catharines Collegiate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_IceDogs" title="Niagara IceDogs">Niagara IceDogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Centre" title="Meridian Centre">Meridian Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Arena_Complex" title="Garden City Arena Complex">Garden City Arena Complex</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_St._Catharines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_St._Catharines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to St. Catharines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></i></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Ontario" title="Lincoln, Ontario">Lincoln</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">St. Catharines</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara-on-the-Lake</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pelham,_Ontario" title="Pelham, Ontario">Pelham</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorold" title="Thorold">Thorold</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RegionalNiagara" title="Template:RegionalNiagara"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RegionalNiagara" title="Template talk:RegionalNiagara"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RegionalNiagara" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RegionalNiagara"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Regional Municipality of Niagara</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Colborne" title="Port Colborne">Port Colborne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorold" title="Thorold">Thorold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland" title="Welland">Welland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimsby,_Ontario" title="Grimsby, Ontario">Grimsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Ontario" title="Lincoln, Ontario">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara-on-the-Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham,_Ontario" title="Pelham, Ontario">Pelham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Townships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wainfleet,_Ontario" title="Wainfleet, Ontario">Wainfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lincoln" title="West Lincoln">West Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanburg,_Ontario" title="Allanburg, Ontario">Allanburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamsville,_Ontario" title="Beamsville, Ontario">Beamsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippawa,_Ontario" title="Chippawa, Ontario">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Beach,_Ontario" title="Crystal Beach, Ontario">Crystal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dain_City,_Ontario" title="Dain City, Ontario">Dain City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglastown,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglastown, Ontario">Douglastown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effingham,_Ontario" title="Effingham, Ontario">Effingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenwick,_Ontario" title="Fenwick, Ontario">Fenwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonthill,_Ontario" title="Fonthill, Ontario">Fonthill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan,_Ontario" title="Jordan, Ontario">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherby,_Ontario" title="Netherby, Ontario">Netherby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Robinson,_Ontario" title="Port Robinson, Ontario">Port Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queenston" title="Queenston">Queenston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgeville,_Ontario" title="Ridgeville, Ontario">Ridgeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgeway,_Ontario" title="Ridgeway, Ontario">Ridgeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosedene,_Ontario" title="Rosedene, Ontario">Rosedene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithville,_Ontario" title="Smithville, Ontario">Smithville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns,_Ontario" title="St. Johns, Ontario">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevensville,_Ontario" title="Stevensville, Ontario">Stevensville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineland,_Ontario" title="Vineland, Ontario">Vineland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Neighbourhoods_in_Niagara_Region,_Ontario" title="Category:Neighbourhoods in Niagara Region, Ontario">Neighbourhoods in Niagara Region</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Ontario" title="List of census divisions of Ontario">List of census divisions of Ontario</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Welland_Canal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Welland_Canal" title="Template:Welland Canal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Welland_Canal" title="Template talk:Welland Canal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Welland_Canal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Welland Canal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Welland_Canal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Welland_Canal" title="First Welland Canal">First canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal#Second_Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Second canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal#Third_Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Third canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal#Fourth_(present)_Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Fourth canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland_By-Pass" title="Welland By-Pass">Welland By-Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal#Fifth_(proposed_but_unbuilt)_Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Fifth canal</a> <i>(never built)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Dalhousie,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Dalhousie, Ontario">Port Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Weller,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Weller, Ontario">Port Weller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorold" title="Thorold">Thorold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allanburg,_Ontario" title="Allanburg, Ontario">Allanburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Robinson,_Ontario" title="Port Robinson, Ontario">Port Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland" title="Welland">Welland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dain_City,_Ontario" title="Dain City, Ontario">Dain City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Colborne" title="Port Colborne">Port Colborne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crossings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Skyway" title="Garden City Skyway">Garden City Skyway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorold_Tunnel" title="Thorold Tunnel">Thorold Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street_Tunnel" title="Main Street Tunnel">Main Street Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townline_Tunnel" title="Townline Tunnel">Townline Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Merritt" title="William Hamilton Merritt">William Hamilton Merritt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>part of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">RPA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Lakes region cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"> Buffalo–Niagara Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Ports" title="Twin Ports">Duluth–Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie%E2%80%93Meadville,_PA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie–Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area">Erie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area" title="Grand Rapids metropolitan area">Grand Rapids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_metropolitan_area" title="Green Bay metropolitan area">Green Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo%E2%80%93Portage_metropolitan_area" title="Kalamazoo–Portage metropolitan area">Kalamazoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93East_Lansing_metropolitan_area" title="Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area">Lansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara Region</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Welland, Ontario">Welland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niles,_Michigan" title="Niles, Michigan">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend%E2%80%93Mishawaka_metropolitan_area" title="South Bend–Mishawaka metropolitan area">South Bend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_metropolitan_area" title="Traverse City metropolitan area">Traverse City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/145px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/218px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/290px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="704" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surrounding cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal" title="Bloomington–Normal">Bloomington–Normal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area" title="Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area">Champaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire%E2%80%93Chippewa_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area">Eau Claire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana" title="Elkhart, Indiana">Elkhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville_metropolitan_area" title="Evansville metropolitan area">Evansville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo%E2%80%93Moorhead" title="Fargo–Moorhead">Fargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_IN_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Wayne, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area">Fort Wayne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Cities" title="Fox Cities">Fox Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area" title="Indianapolis metropolitan area">Indianapolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley,_IL_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley, IL MSA">Kankakee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse%E2%80%93Onalaska" title="La Crosse–Onalaska">La Crosse–Onalaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onalaska,_Wisconsin" title="Onalaska, Wisconsin">Onalaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Lafayette metropolitan area, Indiana">Lafayette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_metropolitan_area" title="Madison metropolitan area">Madison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Greater Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longueuil" title="Longueuil">Longueuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois">Peoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois">Rockford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_Minnesota" title="Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota_metropolitan_area" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota metropolitan area">St. Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Midland,_and_Bay_City_metropolitan_area" title="Saginaw, Midland, and Bay City metropolitan area">Saginaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Falls metropolitan area">Sioux Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Illinois">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_neighbourhoods_of_Sudbury" title="Urban neighbourhoods of Sudbury">urban neighbourhoods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_metropolitan_area" title="Syracuse metropolitan area">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute_metropolitan_area" title="Terre Haute metropolitan area">Terre Haute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica%E2%80%93Rome_metropolitan_area" title="Utica–Rome metropolitan area">Utica–Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_metropolitan_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City metropolitan community">Greater Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities of states south of region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_metropolitan_area" title="Elizabethtown metropolitan area">Elizabethtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">Louisville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Topeka metropolitan area, Kansas">Topeka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area" title="Wheeling metropolitan area">Wheeling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other metro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underground_Railroad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underground_Railroad" title="Template talk:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underground_Railroad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_people" title="Category:Underground Railroad people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Brinkley_(Underground_Railroad)" title="William Brinkley (Underground Railroad)">William Brinkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Burris" title="Samuel Burris">Samuel Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dillingham" title="Richard Dillingham">Richard Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Fairbank" title="Calvin Fairbank">Calvin Fairbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Flint" title="Isaac S. Flint">Isaac S. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garrett" title="Thomas Garrett">Thomas Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Smith_Haviland" title="Laura Smith Haviland">Laura Smith Haviland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hudson_(pioneer)" title="David Hudson (pioneer)">David Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hughes_(underground_railroad)" title="Daniel Hughes (underground railroad)">Daniel Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Leg_Joe" title="Peg Leg Joe">Peg Leg Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Forten_Purvis" title="Harriet Forten Purvis">Harriet Forten Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(abolitionist)" title="John Rankin (abolitionist)">John Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Reckless" title="Hetty Reckless">Hetty Reckless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">William Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ellis_Stowe" title="Calvin Ellis Stowe">Calvin Ellis Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Torrey" title="Charles Turner Torrey">Charles Turner Torrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Webster" title="Delia Webster">Delia Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursa_major_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/110px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/165px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/220px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_locations" title="Category:Underground Railroad locations">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Underground_Railroad_sites" title="List of Underground Railroad sites">List of Underground Railroad sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Houses on the Underground Railroad">houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Churches on the Underground Railroad">churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad in Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeline_and_Samuel_Hawkins" title="Emeline and Samuel Hawkins">Emeline and Samuel Hawkins</a> flight (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_incident" title="Pearl incident"><i>Pearl</i> incident</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_raid_in_Cass_County_(1847)" title="Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847)">Kentucky raid in Cass County</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Modlin#The_South_Bend_Fugitive_Slave_Case" title="Wright Modlin">The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Riot" title="Christiana Riot">Christiana Riot</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rescue" title="Jerry Rescue">Jerry Rescue</a> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Glover" title="Joshua Glover">Joshua Glover rescue</a> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Eight" title="Dover Eight">Dover Eight</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilly_Escape" title="Tilly Escape">Tilly Escape</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Maria_Jackson" title="Ann Maria Jackson">Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">opponents of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">African-American opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionist_publications" title="Abolitionism">publications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">1850</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilts_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Quilts of the Underground Railroad">Quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Underground_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Underground Railroad">Reverse Underground Railroad</a></li> <li>Signals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_jockey" title="Lawn jockey">lawn jockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)"><i>The Underground Railroad Records</i></a> (1872 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center" title="National Underground Railroad Freedom Center">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Harriet Tubman Memorial (Boston)"><i>Harriet Tubman Memorial</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_National_Historical_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_State_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_Visitor_Center" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center">visitor center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Underground_Railroad_Heritage_Center" title="Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center">Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_Bicycle_Route" title="Underground Railroad Bicycle Route">Underground Railroad Bicycle Route</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Railroad_to_Freedom:_A_Story_of_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War">The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War</a></i> (1932 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_Called_Moses" title="A Woman Called Moses">A Woman Called Moses</a></i> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Resistance:_The_Story_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Roots of Resistance: The Story of the Underground Railroad">Roots of Resistance</a></i> (1989 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Freedom" title="The Quest for Freedom">The Quest for Freedom</a></i> (1992 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom:_The_Underground_Railroad" title="Freedom: The Underground Railroad">Freedom: The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2013 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(2016_film)" title="The North Star (2016 film)">The North Star</a></i> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(TV_series)" title="Underground (TV series)">Underground</a></i> (2016 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harriet_(film)" title="Harriet (film)">Harriet</a></i> (2019 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(miniseries)" title="The Underground Railroad (miniseries)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2021 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126805#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126805#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126805#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131970451">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppxmxJj7JWtqTyWWDwmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4264238-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82094699">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Saint Catharines (Ontario)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0046478&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007552814805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e3b387f8-4355-4310-8cca-8913dbb07923">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&oldid=1258943242">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&oldid=1258943242</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:St._Catharines" title="Category:St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Ontario" title="Category:Cities in Ontario">Cities in Ontario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lower-tier_municipalities_in_Ontario" title="Category:Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario">Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_on_Lake_Ontario_in_Canada" title="Category:Populated places on Lake Ontario in Canada">Populated places on Lake Ontario in Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_March_2015" title="Category:Use Canadian English from March 2015">Use Canadian English from March 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2020">Use dmy dates from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2022">Articles needing additional references from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_nickname_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_motto_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_area_code_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 14:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Catharines&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cb68bdc4d-9pxzl","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.696","walltime":"2.230","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18693,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":374643,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21612,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":386312,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1784.960 1 -total"," 31.18% 556.517 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.13% 448.516 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 21.99% 392.442 76 Template:Cite_web"," 20.24% 361.235 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.16% 92.023 20 Template:Main_other"," 4.73% 84.363 5 Template:Navbox"," 4.00% 71.334 1 Template:St._Catharines"," 3.67% 65.524 2 Template:Sister_project"," 3.67% 65.469 1 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.903","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13377701,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-d948c7fb8-gsbw7","timestamp":"20241206034118","ttl":2233126,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"St. Catharines","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St._Catharines","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q126805","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q126805","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-05T00:40:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T14:04:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7d\/St._Catharines_Downtown_Centre-ville_de_St._Catharines_%2823904737637%29.jpg","headline":"city in Ontario, Canada"}</script> </body> </html>