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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Mixing" title="Code Mixing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Code Mixing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%98%B8%ED%98%BC%EC%9A%A9" title="부호혼용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부호혼용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campur_kode" title="Campur kode – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Campur kode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campur_kodhe" title="Campur kodhe – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Campur kodhe" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie%C5%A1anie_jazykov" title="Miešanie jazykov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Miešanie jazykov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="การปนรหัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปนรหัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading socling-sidebar-header"> Key concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">Language change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_ideology" title="Language ideology">Language ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">Language planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">Prestige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)" title="Variation (linguistics)">Variation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading socling-sidebar-header"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_pun" title="Bilingual pun">Bilingual pun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">Diglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaronic_language" title="Macaronic language">Macaronic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">Phono-semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">Language varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Linguistic description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">Loanword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soramimi" title="Soramimi">Soramimi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading socling-sidebar-header"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sociolinguists" title="Category:Sociolinguists">Sociolinguists</a></td> 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<p><b>Code-mixing</b> is the mixing of two or more languages or <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">language varieties</a> in speech.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars use the terms "code-mixing" and "<a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a>" interchangeably, especially in studies of <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy)" title="Formalism (philosophy)">formal</a> aspects of language.<sup id="cite_ref-Muysken2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muysken2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokamba_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokamba-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others assume more specific definitions of code-mixing, but these specific definitions may be different in different subfields of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Education theory">education theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communications#Communication_as_academic_discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">communications</a> etc. </p><p>Code-mixing is similar to the use or creation of <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a>, but while a pidgin is created across groups that do not share a common language, code-mixing may occur within a <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> setting where speakers share more than one language. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_code-switching">As code-switching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code-mixing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: As code-switching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a></div> <p>Some linguists use the terms code-mixing and code-switching more or less interchangeably. Especially in formal studies of syntax, morphology, etc., both terms are used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Utterance" title="Utterance">utterances</a> that draw from elements of two or more <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muysken2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muysken2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies are often interested in the alignment of elements from distinct systems, or on constraints that limit switching. </p><p>Some work defines code-mixing as the placing or mixing of various linguistic units (affixes, words, phrases, clauses) from two different grammatical systems within the same sentence and speech context, while code-switching is the placing or mixing of units (words, phrases, sentences) from two codes within the same speech context. The structural difference between code-switching and code-mixing is the position of the altered elements—for code-switching, the modification of the codes occurs intersententially, while for code-mixing, it occurs intrasententially.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other work the term code-switching emphasizes a multilingual speaker's movement from one grammatical system to another, while the term code-mixing suggests a hybrid form, drawing from distinct grammars. In other words, <i>code-mixing</i> emphasizes the formal aspects of language structures or <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_competence" title="Linguistic competence">linguistic competence</a>, while <i>code-switching</i> emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_performance" title="Linguistic performance">linguistic performance</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While many linguists have worked to describe the difference between code-switching and <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowing</a> of words or phrases, the term code-mixing may be used to encompass both types of language behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_sociolinguistics">In sociolinguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code-mixing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In sociolinguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While linguists who are primarily interested in the structure or form of code-mixing may have relatively little interest to separate code-mixing from code-switching, some sociolinguists have gone to great lengths to differentiate the two phenomena. For these scholars, code-switching is associated with particular <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatic</a> effects, <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> functions, or associations with group <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this tradition, the terms <i>code-mixing</i> or <i>language alternation</i> are used to describe more stable situations in which multiple languages are used without such pragmatic effects. See also <a href="#As_fused_lect">Code-mixing as fused lect</a>, below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_language_acquisition">In language acquisition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code-mixing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In language acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In studies of bilingual <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a>, <i>code-mixing</i> refers to a developmental stage during which children mix elements of more than one language. Nearly all bilingual children go through a period in which they move from one language to another without apparent discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-King_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This differs from code-switching, which is understood as the socially and grammatically appropriate use of multiple varieties. </p><p>Beginning at the <a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">babbling</a> stage, young children in bilingual or multilingual environments produce utterances that combine elements of both (or all) of their developing languages. Some linguists suggest that this code-mixing reflects a lack of control or ability to differentiate the languages. Others argue that it is a product of limited vocabulary; very young children may know a word in one language but not in another. More recent studies argue that this early code-mixing is a demonstration of a developing ability to code-switch in socially appropriate ways.<sup id="cite_ref-King_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For young bilingual children, code-mixing may be dependent on the linguistic context, cognitive task demands, and interlocutor. Code-mixing may also function to fill gaps in their lexical knowledge. Some forms of code-mixing by young children may indicate risk for <a href="/wiki/Language_disorder" title="Language disorder">language impairment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psychology_and_psycholinguistics">In psychology and psycholinguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code-mixing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In psychology and psycholinguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a> the label <i>code-mixing</i> is used in theories that draw on studies of language alternation or code-switching to describe the cognitive structures underlying bilingualism. During the 1950s and 1960s, psychologists and linguists treated bilingual speakers as, in Grosjean's terms, "two monolinguals in one person".<sup id="cite_ref-Grosjean_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grosjean-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "fractional view" supposed that a bilingual speaker carried two separate mental grammars that were more or less identical to the mental grammars of monolinguals and that were ideally kept separate and used separately. Studies since the 1970s, however, have shown that bilinguals regularly combine elements from "separate" languages. These findings have led to studies of code-mixing in psychology and psycholinguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Sridhar_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sridhar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sridhar and Sridhar define code-mixing as "the transition from using linguistic units (words, phrases, clauses, etc.) of one language to using those of another within a single sentence".<sup id="cite_ref-Sridhar_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sridhar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They note that this is distinct from code-switching in that it occurs in a single sentence (sometimes known as <i>intrasentential switching</i>) and in that it does not fulfill the pragmatic or discourse-oriented functions described by sociolinguists. (See <a href="#In_sociolinguistics">Code-mixing in sociolinguistics</a> above.) The practice of code-mixing, which draws from competence in two languages at the same time suggests that these competencies are not stored or processed separately. Code-mixing among bilinguals is therefore studied in order to explore the mental structures underlying language abilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_fused_lect">As fused lect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code-mixing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As fused lect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a></i> or a <i>fused lect</i> is a relatively stable mixture of two or more languages. What some linguists have described as "codeswitching as unmarked choice"<sup id="cite_ref-Scotton1993_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotton1993-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "frequent codeswitching"<sup id="cite_ref-Poplack1979_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poplack1979-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has more recently been described as "language mixing", or in the case of the most strictly <a href="/wiki/Grammaticalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammaticalisation">grammaticalized</a> forms as "fused lects".<sup id="cite_ref-Auer1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auer1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In areas where code-switching among two or more languages is very common, it may become normal for words from both languages to be used together in everyday speech. Unlike code-switching, where a switch tends to occur at <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantically</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistically</a> meaningful junctures,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this code-mixing has no specific meaning in the local context. A fused lect is identical to a mixed language in terms of semantics and pragmatics, but fused lects allow less variation since they are fully grammaticalized. In other words, there are grammatical structures of the fused lect that determine which source-language elements may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Auer1999_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auer1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mixed language is different from a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>. Creoles are thought to develop from pidgins as they become <a href="/wiki/Nativization" title="Nativization">nativized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixed languages develop from situations of code-switching. (See the distinction between code-mixing and pidgin above.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_names">Local names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code-mixing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Local names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many names for specific mixed languages or fused lects. These names are often used facetiously or carry a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> sense.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Named varieties include the following, among others. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Benglish">Benglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisalog" title="Bisalog">Bisalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinglish" title="Chinglish">Chinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denglisch" title="Denglisch">Denglisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunglish" title="Dunglish">Dunglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franponais" class="mw-redirect" title="Franponais">Franponais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konglish" title="Konglish">Konglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltenglish" title="Maltenglish">Maltenglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poglish" title="Poglish">Poglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porglish" title="Porglish">Porglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svorsk" title="Svorsk">Svorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenglish" title="Tenglish">Tenglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turklish" title="Turklish">Turklish</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code-mixing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although this article uses the terms <i>speech</i> and <i>speaking</i> following common practice in linguistics, these descriptions apply equally to <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">signed languages</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See especially <a href="/wiki/Code-switching#Social_theories" title="Code-switching">Social theories for code-switching</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Contextualization_(sociolinguistics)" title="Contextualization (sociolinguistics)">Contextualization (sociolinguistics)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code-mixing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Muysken2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muysken2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muysken2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muysken, Pieter. 2000. <i>Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-mixing</i>. Cambridge University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77168-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77168-4">0-521-77168-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokamba-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bokamba_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokamba, Eyamba G. 1989. Are there syntactic constraints on code-mixing? World Englishes, 8(3), 277-292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBOKAMBA1988" class="citation journal cs1">BOKAMBA, Eyamba G. (February 1988). "CODE-MIXING, LANGUAGE VARIATION, AND LINGUISTIC THEORY: Evidence from Bantu Languages". <i>Lingua</i>. <b>76</b> (1): 21–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0024-3841%2888%2990017-4">10.1016/0024-3841(88)90017-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=CODE-MIXING%2C+LANGUAGE+VARIATION%2C+AND+LINGUISTIC+THEORY%3A+Evidence+from+Bantu+Languages&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-62&rft.date=1988-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2888%2990017-4&rft.aulast=BOKAMBA&rft.aufirst=Eyamba+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode-mixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoplack2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Poplack, Shana (2001). "Code switching (linguistic)". In N. J. Smelser; B. Baltes (eds.). <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences</i>. pp. 2062–2065.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Code+switching+%28linguistic%29&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=2062-2065&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Poplack&rft.aufirst=Shana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode-mixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Kendall A. 2006. "Child language acquisition." In R. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds.) <i>An Introduction to Language and Linguistics</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 205-224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneElizabeth_D_PeñaLisa_M_Bedore2012" class="citation journal cs1">Greene, Kai J; Elizabeth D Peña; Lisa M Bedore (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258129450">"Lexical choice and language selection in bilingual preschoolers"</a>. <i>Child Language Teaching and Therapy</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 27–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265659012459743">10.1177/0265659012459743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145653791">145653791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Language+Teaching+and+Therapy&rft.atitle=Lexical+choice+and+language+selection+in+bilingual+preschoolers&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-39&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265659012459743&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145653791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Kai+J&rft.au=Elizabeth+D+Pe%C3%B1a&rft.au=Lisa+M+Bedore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F258129450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode-mixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grosjean-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grosjean_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grosjean, Francois. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francoisgrosjean.ch/bilin_bicult/3%20Grosjean.pdf">"Neurolinguists, Beware! The Bilingual Is Not Two Monolinguals in One Person"</a>. Brain and Language. 36(1):3-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105035707/https://www.francoisgrosjean.ch/bilin_bicult/3%20Grosjean.pdf">Archived</a> November 5, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sridhar-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sridhar_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sridhar_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSridharSridhar1980" class="citation journal cs1">Sridhar, S.N.; Sridhar, Kamal K. (1980). "The syntax and psycholinguistics of bilingual code-mixing". <i>Canadian Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 407–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0081105">10.1037/h0081105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+syntax+and+psycholinguistics+of+bilingual+code-mixing&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=407-416&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0081105&rft.aulast=Sridhar&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft.au=Sridhar%2C+Kamal+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode-mixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotton1993-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scotton1993_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1993. <i>Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poplack1979-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poplack1979_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poplack, Shana. 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/7e08ffdf-f564-4e2b-890f-e93ce318d201/content">Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: toward a typology of code-switching</a>. Linguistics 18(233-234): 581-618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auer1999-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auer1999_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer1999_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Auer, Peter (1999). "From code-switching via language mixing to fused lects: toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech". <i>International Journal of Bilingualism</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 309–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13670069990030040101">10.1177/13670069990030040101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144641211">144641211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Bilingualism&rft.atitle=From+code-switching+via+language+mixing+to+fused+lects%3A+toward+a+dynamic+typology+of+bilingual+speech&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-332&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F13670069990030040101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144641211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Auer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode-mixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2002. "Pidgins and Creoles." In <i>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</i> (fourth ed.). Blackwell. pp. 57–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romaine, Suzanne and Braj Kachru. 1992. "Code-mixing and code-switching." In T. McArthur (ed.) <i>The Oxford Companion to the English Language</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 228-229.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code-mixing&oldid=1258895638">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code-mixing&oldid=1258895638</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syntax" title="Category:Syntax">Syntax</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistic_morphology" title="Category:Linguistic morphology">Linguistic morphology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_theory" title="Category:Education theory">Education theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_communication" title="Category:Human communication">Human communication</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociolinguistics" title="Category:Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psycholinguistics" title="Category:Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_acquisition" title="Category:Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use American English from January 2019">Use American English from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from January 2019">Use mdy dates from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 06:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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