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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warfare_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Warfare insignia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorations_and_medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations_and_medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Decorations and medals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations_and_medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Foreign order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Other awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Documentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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Rickover</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC._%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="هايمان ج. ريكوفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هايمان ج. ريكوفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Rickover" title="Hyman Rickover – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hyman Rickover" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Rickover" title="Hyman Rickover – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hyman Rickover" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover" title="Hyman G. Rickover – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hyman G. Rickover" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C._%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هایمن جی. ریکوور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هایمن جی. ریکوور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Rickover" title="Hyman Rickover – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hyman Rickover" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%BC_%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EB%B2%84" title="하이먼 리코버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하이먼 리코버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_George_Rickover" title="Hyman George Rickover – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hyman George Rickover" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Rickover" title="Hyman Rickover – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hyman Rickover" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="היימן ריקובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היימן ריקובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC._%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="هايمان ج. ريكوفر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هايمان ج. ريكوفر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Rickover" title="Hyman Rickover – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hyman Rickover" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BBG%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC" title="ハイマン・G・リッコーヴァー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハイマン・G・リッコーヴァー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Rickover" title="Hyman Rickover – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hyman Rickover" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Rickover" title="Hyman Rickover – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hyman Rickover" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Риковер, Хайман Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Риковер, Хайман Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover" title="Hyman G. Rickover – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hyman G. Rickover" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover" title="Hyman G. Rickover – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyman G. Rickover" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover" title="Hyman G. Rickover – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hyman G. Rickover" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%BC%97" title="海曼·里科弗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海曼·里科弗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q541637#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hyman_G._Rickover" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyman_G._Rickover&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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Rickover (disambiguation)">Hyman G. Rickover (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Hyman G. Rickover</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyman_Rickover_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hyman_Rickover_1955.jpg/220px-Hyman_Rickover_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hyman_Rickover_1955.jpg/330px-Hyman_Rickover_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hyman_Rickover_1955.jpg/440px-Hyman_Rickover_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1849" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Rickover in 1955</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Chaim Godalia Rickover</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Father of the Nuclear Navy"; "The Kindly Old Gentleman," or simply "KOG"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1900-01-27)January 27, 1900<a href="#cite_note-USN-bio-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki" title="Maków Mazowiecki">Maków Mazowiecki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistula Land</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 8, 1986(1986-07-08) (aged 86)<a href="#cite_note-USN-bio-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1918–1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">Admiral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/USS_Finch_(AM-9)" title="USS Finch (AM-9)">USS Finch</a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reactors" title="Naval Reactors">Naval Reactors</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a> (3) <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> (2) <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (2) <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Award" title="Enrico Fermi Award">Enrico Fermi Award</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Education_and_training_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineers" title="Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers">MSEE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruth D. Masters (1931–1972 (her death); 1 child) Eleonore A. Bednowicz (1974–1986 (his death))</td></tr></tbody></table> Hyman G. Rickover (January 27, 1900<a href="#cite_note-USN-bio-3">[3]</a> – July 8, 1986) was an <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">admiral</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. He directed the original development of naval nuclear propulsion and controlled its operations for three decades as director of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reactors" title="Naval Reactors">Naval Reactors</a> office. In addition, he oversaw the development of the <a href="/wiki/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Shippingport Atomic Power Station">Shippingport Atomic Power Station</a>, the world's first commercial <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactor</a> used for generating electricity. Rickover is also one of seven people who have been awarded two <a href="/wiki/List_of_Congressional_Gold_Medal_recipients" title="List of Congressional Gold Medal recipients">Congressional Gold Medals</a>. Rickover is known as the "Father of the Nuclear Navy," and his influence on the Navy and its warships was of such scope that he "may well go down in history as one of the Navy's most important officers."<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> He served in a flag rank for nearly 30 years (1953 to 1982), ending his career as a four-star admiral. His years of service exceeded that of each of the U.S. Navy's five-star fleet admirals—<a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">Leahy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest King">King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Nimitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">Halsey</a>—all of whom served on <a href="/wiki/Fleet_admiral_(United_States)" title="Fleet admiral (United States)">active duty for life</a> after their appointments. Rickover's total of 63 years of active duty service makes him the longest-serving naval officer, as well as the longest-serving member of the U.S armed forces in history.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-USN-bio-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lurie_on_Rickover-6">[6]</a> Having become a naval <a href="/wiki/Engineering_duty_officer" title="Engineering duty officer">engineering duty officer</a> (EDO) in 1937 after serving as both a surface ship and <a href="/wiki/Submarine_Warfare_insignia" title="Submarine Warfare insignia">submarine-qualified</a> <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_line_officer" title="Unrestricted line officer">unrestricted line officer</a>, his substantial legacy of technical achievements includes the United States Navy's continuing record of zero reactor accidents.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-bowman-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> Rickover was born Chaim Gdala Rykower to Abraham and Rachel/Ruchla Lea (nee Unger) Rykower, a Polish Jewish family from <a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki" title="Maków Mazowiecki">Maków Mazowiecki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistula Land</a>. His parents changed his name to "Hyman" which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Chayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Chayyim">Chayyim</a>, meaning "life". He did not use his middle name Godalia (a form of <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah</a>), but he substituted "George" when at the Naval Academy.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-9">[9]</a> Rickover made passage to New York City with his mother and sister in March 1906, fleeing anti-Semitic Russian <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a>. They joined Abraham, who had made earlier trips there beginning in 1897 to become established.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Rickover's family lived initially on the <a href="/wiki/East_Side_of_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="East Side of Manhattan">East Side of Manhattan</a> but moved two years later to <a href="/wiki/North_Lawndale,_Chicago" title="North Lawndale, Chicago">North Lawndale, Chicago</a>, which was a heavily Jewish neighborhood at the time, where Rickover's father continued work as a tailor. Rickover took his first paid job at age nine, earning three cents an hour (equivalent to $1.02 in 2023) for holding a light as his neighbor operated a machine. Later, he delivered groceries. He graduated from grammar school at 14.<a href="#cite_note-time1954-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Rickover attended <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Metropolitan_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marshall Metropolitan High School">John Marshall Metropolitan High School</a> in Chicago and graduated with honors in 1918. He then held a full-time job as a telegraph boy delivering <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> telegrams, through which he became acquainted with Congressman <a href="/wiki/Adolph_J._Sabath" title="Adolph J. Sabath">Adolph J. Sabath</a>, a Czech Jewish immigrant. Sabath nominated Rickover for appointment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>. Rickover was only a third alternate for appointment, but he passed the entrance exam and was accepted.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_career_through_World_War_II">Naval career through World War II</h2></div> Rickover's naval career began in 1918 at the Naval Academy; at this time, attending military academies was considered active duty service, due in part to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> On June 2, 1922, Rickover graduated 107th out of 540 midshipmen and was commissioned as an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_La_Vallette_(DD-315)" title="USS La Vallette (DD-315)">La Vallette</a> on September 5, 1922. Rickover impressed his commanding officer with his hard work and efficiency, and was made engineer officer on June 21, 1923, becoming the youngest such officer in the <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(army)" title="Squadron (army)">squadron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He next served on board the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)">Nevada</a> before earning a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1930<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> by way of a year at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and further coursework at Columbia. At the latter institution, he met Ruth D. Masters, a graduate student in international law, whom he married in 1931 after she returned from her doctoral studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> in Paris. Shortly after marrying, Rickover wrote to his parents of his decision to become an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopalian</a>, remaining so for the remainder of his life.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Rickover had a high regard for the quality of the education he received at Columbia, as demonstrated in this excerpt from a speech he gave at the university some 52 years after attending: <blockquote>Columbia was the first institution that encouraged me to think rather than memorize. My teachers were notable in that many had gained practical engineering experience outside the university and were able to share their experience with their students. I am grateful, among others, to Professors Morecroft, Hehre, and Arendt. Much of what I have subsequently learned and accomplished in engineering is based on the solid foundation of principles I learned from them.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></blockquote> Rickover preferred life on smaller ships, and he also knew that young officers in the <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> service were advancing quickly, so he went to Washington and volunteered for submarine duty. His application was turned down due to his age, at that time 29 years. Fortunately for Rickover, he encountered his former commanding officer from Nevada while leaving the building, who interceded successfully on his behalf. From 1929 to 1933, Rickover qualified for submarine duty and command aboard the submarines <a href="/wiki/USS_S-9" title="USS S-9">S-9</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_S-48" title="USS S-48">S-48</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> While aboard S-48 he was addressed a letter of commendation from the Secretary of the Navy "for rescuing Augustin Pasis… from drowning at the Submarine Base, <a href="/wiki/Coco_Solo" title="Coco Solo">Coco Solo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Canal Zone</a>."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> While at the Office of the Inspector of Naval Material in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in 1933, Rickover translated Das Unterseeboot (The Submarine) by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserliche Marine">German Imperial Navy</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bauer" title="Hermann Bauer">Hermann Bauer</a>. Rickover's translation became a basic text for the U.S. submarine service.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-9">[9]</a> On 17 July 1937, he reported aboard the <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweeper</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Finch_(AM-9)" title="USS Finch (AM-9)">Finch</a> at <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and assumed what would be his only ship command with additional duty as Commander, Mine Division Three, Asiatic Fleet. The <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> had occurred ten days earlier. In August, Finch stood out for Shanghai to protect American citizens and interests from the conflict between Chinese and Japanese forces. On September 25, Rickover was promoted to lieutenant commander, retroactive to July 1. In October, his designation as an engineering duty officer became effective, and he was relieved of his three-month command of Finch at Shanghai on October 5, 1937.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Rickover was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Cavite_Navy_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavite Navy Yard">Cavite Navy Yard</a> in the Philippines, and was transferred shortly thereafter to the Bureau of Engineering in Washington, D.C. Once there, he took up his duties as assistant chief of the Electrical section of the Bureau of Engineering on August 15, 1939.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> On April 10, 1942, after America's entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Rickover flew to <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor" title="Naval Station Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> to organize repairs to the electrical power plant of <a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)">USS California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Rickover had been promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">commander</a> on January 1, 1942, and in late June of that year was made a temporary <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)">captain</a>. In late 1944 he appealed for a transfer to an active command. He was sent to investigate inefficiencies at the naval supply depot at <a href="/wiki/Mechanicsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania">Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania</a>, then was appointed in July 1945 to command of a ship repair facility on <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Shortly thereafter, his command was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Louise_(1945)" title="Typhoon Louise (1945)">Typhoon Louise</a>, and he subsequently spent some time helping to teach school to Okinawan children.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Later in the war, his service as head of the Electrical Section in the Bureau of Ships brought him a <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> and gave him experience in directing large development programs, choosing talented technical people, and working closely with private industry. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine featured him on the cover of its January 11, 1954 issue. The accompanying article described his wartime service:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <blockquote>Sharp-tongued Hyman Rickover spurred his men to exhaustion, ripped through red tape, drove contractors into rages. He went on making enemies, but by the end of the war he had won the rank of captain. He had also won a reputation as a man who gets things done.<a href="#cite_note-time1954-13">[13]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_Reactors_and_the_Atomic_Energy_Commission">Naval Reactors and the Atomic Energy Commission</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reactors" title="Naval Reactors">Naval Reactors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyman_Rickover_inspecting_USS_Nautilus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hyman_Rickover_inspecting_USS_Nautilus.jpg/170px-Hyman_Rickover_inspecting_USS_Nautilus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hyman_Rickover_inspecting_USS_Nautilus.jpg/255px-Hyman_Rickover_inspecting_USS_Nautilus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hyman_Rickover_inspecting_USS_Nautilus.jpg/340px-Hyman_Rickover_inspecting_USS_Nautilus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Admiral Rickover aboard USS Nautilus, the world's first nuclear-powered vessel. "I did not recruit extraordinary people. I recruited people who had extraordinary potential—and then I trained them."</figcaption></figure> In December 1945, Rickover was appointed <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General">Inspector General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/19th_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Fleet">19th Fleet</a> on the west coast, and was assigned to work with <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> at <a href="/wiki/Schenectady" class="mw-redirect" title="Schenectady">Schenectady</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, to develop a nuclear propulsion plant for destroyers. In 1946, an initiative was begun at the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>'s Clinton Laboratory (now the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>) to develop a nuclear electric generating plant. Realizing the potential that nuclear energy held for the Navy,<a href="#cite_note-Lurie_on_Rickover-6">[6]</a> Rickover applied. Rickover was sent to Oak Ridge through the efforts of his wartime boss, Rear Admiral Earle Mills, who became the head of the Navy's <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ships" title="Bureau of Ships">Bureau of Ships</a> that same year.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Rickover became an early convert to the idea of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">nuclear marine propulsion</a>, and was the driving force for shifting the Navy's initial focus from applications on destroyers to submarines.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Rickover's vision was not initially shared by his immediate superiors:<a href="#cite_note-Lurie_on_Rickover-6">[6]</a> he was recalled from Oak Ridge and assigned "advisory duties" with an office in an abandoned ladies' room in the Navy Building. He subsequently went around several layers of superior officers, and in 1947 went directly to the Chief of Naval Operations, <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz</a>, also a former submariner. Nimitz immediately understood the potential of nuclear propulsion in submarines and recommended the project to the Secretary of the Navy, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Sullivan_(Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Sullivan (Navy)">John L. Sullivan</a>. Sullivan's endorsement to build the world's first nuclear-powered vessel, <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a>, later caused Rickover to state that Sullivan was "the true father of the Nuclear Navy."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-37">[37]</a> Subsequently, Rickover became chief of a new section in the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ships" title="Bureau of Ships">Bureau of Ships</a>, the Nuclear Power Division reporting to Mills. He began work with <a href="/wiki/Alvin_M._Weinberg" title="Alvin M. Weinberg">Alvin M. Weinberg</a>, the Oak Ridge director of research, to initiate and develop the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_School_of_Reactor_Technology" title="Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology">Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology</a> and to begin the design of the <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactor</a> for submarine propulsion.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In February 1949 he was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>'s Division of Reactor Development, and then assumed control of the Navy's effort within the AEC as Director of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reactors" title="Naval Reactors">Naval Reactors</a> Branch.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This twin role enabled him to lead the effort to develop Nautilus.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The original selection of Rickover as head of development of the nation's nuclear submarine program ultimately rested with Admiral Mills. According to Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a>, director of the Manhattan Project, Mills was anxious to have a very determined man involved. He knew that Rickover was "not too easy to get along with" and "not too popular," but in his judgement Rickover was the man on whom the Navy could depend "no matter what opposition he might encounter".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> While his team and industry were completing construction of Nautilus, Rickover was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a> in 1953. However, this was anything but routine, and occurred only after an extraordinary chain of events:<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <blockquote>[Rickover's] peers in the Navy’s engineer branch thought to get rid of him through failure of promotion above captain. This would entail automatic retirement at the thirty-year mark. But someone made the case to the U.S. Senate, charged by the Constitution with formal confirmation of military promotions. In that year, 1953, two years before Nautilus first went to sea, the Senate failed to give its usual perfunctory approval of the Navy admiral promotion list, and the press was outraged because Rickover's name was not on it. ... Ultimately an enlightened Secretary of the Navy, <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Robert B. Anderson</a>, ordered a special selection board to sit. With some shuffling of feet it did what it had been ordered to do.... Ninety-five percent of Navy captains must retire regardless of how highly qualified because there are only vacancies for 5 percent of them to become admirals, and although vindictiveness has sometimes played a part in determining who shall fail of selection for promotion (thus also violating the system), never before or since have pressures from outside the Navy overturned this form of career-termination.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-37">[37]</a></blockquote> Regardless of the challenges faced in developing and operating brand-new technology, Rickover and the team did not disappoint: the result was a highly reliable nuclear reactor in a form-factor that would fit into a submarine hull with no more than a 28-foot (8.5 m) <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> This became known as the <a href="/wiki/S1W_reactor" title="S1W reactor">S1W reactor</a>. Nautilus was launched and commissioned with this reactor in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Later Rickover oversaw the development of the <a href="/wiki/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Shippingport Atomic Power Station">Shippingport Atomic Power Station</a>, the first commercial pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a> of the AEC decided that the Rickover-Westinghouse pressurized-water reactor was "the best choice for a reactor to demonstrate the production of electricity" with Rickover "having a going organization and a reactor project under way that now had no specific use to justify it." This was a reference to the first core used at Shippingport originating from a cancelled <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">nuclear-powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> This was accepted by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Strauss" title="Lewis Strauss">Lewis Strauss</a> and the Commission in January 1954.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Rickover was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral (United States)">vice admiral</a> in 1958, the same year that he was awarded the first of two <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> He exercised tight control for the next three decades over the ships, technology, and personnel of the nuclear Navy, interviewing and approving or denying every prospective officer being considered for a nuclear ship. Over the course of Rickover's career, these personal interviews numbered in the tens of thousands; over 14,000 interviews were with recent college-graduates alone. The interviewees ranged from midshipmen and newly commissioned <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensigns</a> destined for nuclear-powered submarines and surface combatants, to very senior combat-experienced <a href="/wiki/Naval_Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Aviator">Naval Aviator</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">captains</a> who sought command of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. The content of most of these interviews has been lost to history, though some were later chronicled in several books on Rickover's career, as well as in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/56270169">rare personal interview</a> with <a href="/wiki/Diane_Sawyer" title="Diane Sawyer">Diane Sawyer</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-people-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 1973, though his role and responsibilities remained unchanged, Rickover was promoted to the rank of four-star <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">admiral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-55">[55]</a> This was the second time (after <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Murray_Robinson" title="Samuel Murray Robinson">Samuel Murray Robinson</a>) in the history of the U.S. Navy that an officer with a career path other than an operational line officer achieved that rank. Because his responsibilities did not include direct command and control of combatant naval units, technically Rickover was appointed to the grade of admiral on the retired list so as to provide some clarity on this issue. This was also done to avoid affecting the maximum-authorized number of admirals (O-10) on the "active list."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> As head of Naval Reactors, Rickover's focus and responsibilities were dedicated to reactor safety rather than tactical or strategic submarine warfare training. However, this extreme focus was well known during Rickover's era as a potential hindrance to balancing operational priorities. One way that this was addressed after Rickover retired was that only the very strongest, former at-sea submarine commanders have held Rickover's now unique eight-year position as <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reactors" title="Naval Reactors">NAVSEA-08</a>, the longest chartered tenure in the U.S. military.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> From Rickover's first replacement, <a href="/wiki/Kinnaird_R._McKee" title="Kinnaird R. McKee">Kinnaird R. McKee</a>, to today's head of Naval Reactors, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Houston" title="William J. Houston">William J. Houston</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> all have held command of nuclear submarines, their squadrons and ocean fleets, but none have been a long-term <a href="/wiki/Submarine_Engineering_Duty_insignia" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine Engineering Duty insignia">Engineering Duty Officer</a> such as Rickover.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In keeping with Rickover's promotion to four-star admiral, those who were subsequently selected for assignment to Director, Naval Reactors are promoted to this same rank, but also on active duty status. Historian Francis Duncan, who for over eight years was granted generous access to diverse numbers and levels of witnesses—including U.S. presidents—as well as Rickover himself,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> came to the conclusion that the man was best understood with respect to a guiding principle that Rickover invoked foremost for both himself and those who served in the U.S. Navy's nuclear propulsion program: "exercise of the concept of responsibility."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-37">[37]</a> This is further evidenced by Rickover listing responsibility as his first <a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">principle</a> in his final-years paper and speech, Thoughts on Man's Purpose in Life.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_record">Safety record</h3></div> Rickover's stringent standards are largely credited with being responsible for the U.S. Navy's continuing record of zero reactor accidents (defined as the uncontrolled release of fission products to the environment resulting from damage to a reactor core).<a href="#cite_note-bowman-8">[8]</a> He made it a point to be aboard during the initial sea trial of almost every nuclear submarine completing its new-construction period.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> on March 28, 1979, Admiral Rickover was asked to testify before Congress in the general context of answering the question as to why naval nuclear propulsion had succeeded in achieving a record of zero reactor-accidents, as opposed to the dramatic one that had just taken place.<a href="#cite_note-bowman-8">[8]</a> The accident-free record of United States Navy reactor operations stands in some very stark contrast to those of the Soviet Union, which had <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine#Accidents" title="Nuclear submarine">fourteen known reactor accidents</a>. As stated in a retrospective analysis in October 2007: <blockquote>U.S. submarines far outperformed the Soviet ones in the crucial area of stealth, and Rickover's obsessive fixation on safety and quality control gave the U.S. nuclear Navy a vastly superior safety record to the Soviet one.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_nuclear_power">Views on nuclear power</h3></div> Given Rickover's single-minded focus on naval nuclear propulsion, design, and operations, it came as a surprise to many<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> in 1982, near the end of his career, when he testified before the U.S. Congress that, were it up to him what to do with nuclear powered ships, he "would sink them all." At a congressional hearing Rickover testified that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I do not believe that nuclear power is worth it if it creates radiation. Then you might ask me why do I have nuclear powered ships. That is a necessary evil. I would sink them all. I am not proud of the part I played in it. I did it because it was necessary for the safety of this country. That's why I am such a great exponent of stopping this whole nonsense of war. Unfortunately limits—attempts to limit war have always failed. The lesson of history is when a war starts every nation will ultimately use whatever weapon it has available. ... Every time you produce radiation, you produce something that has a certain half-life, in some cases for billions of years. ... It is important that we control these forces and try to eliminate them.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Economics of Defense Policy: Hearing before the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, 97th Cong., 2nd sess., Pt. 1 (1982)</cite></div></blockquote> A few months later, following his retirement, Rickover spoke more specifically regarding the questions "Could you comment on your own responsibility in helping to create a nuclear navy? Do you have any regrets?": <blockquote>I do not have regrets. I believe I helped preserve the peace for this country. Why should I regret that? What I accomplished was approved by Congress—which represents our people. All of you live in safety from domestic enemies because of security from the police. Likewise, you live in safety from foreign enemies because our military keeps them from attacking us. Nuclear technology was already under development in other countries. My assigned responsibility was to develop our nuclear navy. I managed to accomplish this.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Focus_on_education">Focus on education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_and_Rickover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/JFK_and_Rickover.jpg/300px-JFK_and_Rickover.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/JFK_and_Rickover.jpg/450px-JFK_and_Rickover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/JFK_and_Rickover.jpg/600px-JFK_and_Rickover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> and Rickover, White House, February 11, 1963<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> "...in addition to the multilateral POLARIS force, we discussed education and how he and I were brought up as boys."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> When he was a child still living in Russian-occupied Poland, Rickover was not allowed to attend public schools because of his Jewish faith. Starting at the age of four, he attended a religious school where the teaching was solely from the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Following his formal education in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Rickover developed a decades-long and outspoken interest in the educational standards of the US as being a national security issue, particularly as compared during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> An example of his passion for education from his 1959 Report on Russia<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> in the context of comparative educational systems: <blockquote>There is no room here (in nuclear powerplant development) for lofty theories which do not work out in practice. We would not get anywhere if we had the loose, hazy thinking you encounter when you bring out the obvious failures of the American educational system. ... there are times when it is irresponsible to avoid criticizing something which one knows to be wrong and dangerous for the Nation as a whole. I feel that every one who has a position of responsibility in this country and who can see and understand what is happening not only has the right, he has the obligation and the duty to speak. ... This is why I feel so strongly about education—about our failure to give our children as good an education as they deserve and need. ... It is my considered opinion that there is no problem that faces the Congress or the country that is as important.</blockquote> Rickover believed that US standards of education were unacceptably low. His first book centered on education was a collection of essays calling for improved standards of education, particularly in math and science, entitled Education and Freedom (1959). In it, he stated that "education is the most important problem facing the United States today" and "only the massive upgrading of the scholastic standards of our schools will guarantee the future prosperity and freedom of the Republic." A second book, Swiss Schools and Ours (1962) was a scathing comparison of the educational systems of Switzerland and America. He argued that the higher standards of Swiss schools, including a longer school day and year, combined with an approach stressing student choice and academic specialization produced superior results.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Recognizing that "nurturing careers of excellence and leadership in science and technology in young scholars is an essential investment in the United States national and global future," Rickover founded the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Excellence_in_Education" title="Center for Excellence in Education">Center for Excellence in Education</a> following his retirement in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Additionally, Rickover founded the <a href="/wiki/Research_Science_Institute" title="Research Science Institute">Research Science Institute</a> (formerly the Rickover Science Institute) in 1984, a summer science program hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> for high school seniors from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_Dynamics_scandal">General Dynamics scandal</h2></div> In the early 1980s, structural welding flaws in submarines under construction were covered up by falsified inspection records, and the resulting scandal led to significant delays and expenses in the delivery of several submarines being built at the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Boat">Electric Boat</a> Division shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Groton,_Connecticut" title="Groton, Connecticut">Groton, Connecticut</a>. The yard tried to pass on the vast cost overruns to the Navy, while Rickover demanded that the yard make good on its "shoddy" workmanship. The Navy settled with General Dynamics in 1981, paying out $634 million of $843 million in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles-class_submarine" title="Los Angeles-class submarine">Los Angeles-class submarine</a> cost overrun and reconstruction claims.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/John_Lehman" title="John Lehman">John Lehman</a> was partly motivated to seek the agreement in order to continue to focus on achieving <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">President Reagan</a>'s goal of a <a href="/wiki/600-ship_Navy" title="600-ship Navy">600-ship Navy</a>. But Rickover was extremely bitter over the General Dynamics yard being paid hundreds of millions of dollars,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and he lambasted both the settlement and Secretary Lehman. This was not Rickover's first clash with the defense industry; he was historically harsh in exacting high standards from defense contractors.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> It was later publicly announced by a former General Dynamics employee on <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace" title="Mike Wallace">Mike Wallace</a> that Rickover was right that General Dynamics was lying to the Navy, but by then Rickover's public image was already damaged.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> A Navy Ad Hoc Gratuities Board determined that Rickover had received gifts from General Dynamics over a 16-year period valued at $67,628, including jewelry, furniture, exotic knives, and gifts that Rickover had in turn presented to politicians.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Charges were investigated that gifts were provided by <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Newport_News_Shipbuilding_and_Dry_Dock" class="mw-redirect" title="Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock">Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock</a>, both major nuclear ship contractors for the Navy. Secretary Lehman admonished him in a non-punitive letter and stated that Rickover's "fall from grace with these little trinkets should be viewed in the context of his enormous contributions to the Navy." Rickover released a statement through his lawyer saying his "conscience is clear" with respect to the gifts. "No gratuity or favor ever affected any decision I made."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">William Proxmire</a> of Wisconsin, a longtime supporter of Rickover, later publicly associated a debilitating stroke suffered by the admiral to his having been censured and "dragged through the mud by the very institution to which he rendered his invaluable service."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forced_retirement">Forced retirement</h2></div> By the late 1970s, Rickover's position seemed stronger than it had ever been. Over many years, powerful friends on both the House and Senate Armed Services Committees ensured that he remained on active duty long after most other admirals had retired from their second careers.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s admiration for Rickover was shown by the fact that the title of Carter's autobiography was based on a question that Rickover had asked Carter when the latter was in the Navy ("Why Not The Best?").<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> However, Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/John_Lehman" title="John Lehman">John Lehman</a> felt that Rickover was hindering the well-being of the navy. As Lehman stated in his book, Command of the Seas: <blockquote>One of my first orders of business as Secretary of the Navy would be to solve ... the Rickover problem. Rickover's legendary achievements were in the past. His present viselike grip on much of the navy was doing it much harm. I had sought the job because I believed the navy had deteriorated to the point where its weakness seriously threatened our future security. The navy's grave afflictions included loss of a strategic vision; loss of self-confidence, and morale; a prolonged starvation of resources, leaving vast shortfalls in capability to do the job; and too few ships to cover a sea so great, all resulting in cynicism, exhaustion, and an undercurrent of defeatism. The cult created by Admiral Rickover was itself a major obstacle to recovery, entwining nearly all the issues of culture and policy within the navy.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </blockquote> Secretary Lehman eventually attained enough political clout to enforce his decision to retire Rickover. This was in part assisted by the admiral's nearly insubordinate stance against paying the General Dynamics submarine construction claims, as well as his advanced age and waning political leverage. On July 27, 1981, Lehman was handed the final impetus for ending Rickover's career by way of an operational error on the admiral's part: a "moderate" loss of ship control and depth excursion while performing a submerged "crash back" maneuver during the sea trials of the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/USS_La_Jolla" title="USS La Jolla">USS La Jolla</a>. Rickover was the actual man-in-charge during this specific performance test, and his actions and inactions were judged to have been the causal factor.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> On January 31, 1982, five weeks after his 82nd birthday, Rickover was forced to retire from the Navy after 63 years of service under 13 <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the United States">presidents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> through <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> According to Rickover, he first learned of his firing when his wife told him what she heard on the radio.<a href="#cite_note-people-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> According to former President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, several weeks following his retirement, Rickover "was invited to the Oval Office and decided to don his full dress uniform. He told me that he refused to take a seat, listened to the president [Reagan] ask him to be his special nuclear advisor, replied 'Mr. President, that is bullshit,' and then walked out."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The Navy's official investigation of General Dynamics' Electric Boat division was ended shortly afterward. According to Theodore Rockwell, Rickover's Technical Director for more than 15 years, more than one source at that time stated that General Dynamics officials were bragging around Washington that they had "gotten Rickover."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On February 28, 1983, a post-retirement party honoring Admiral Rickover was attended by all three living former U.S. Presidents at the time: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>, and Carter, all formerly officers in the U.S. Navy. President Reagan was not in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image">Public image</h2></div> Rickover has been called "the most famous and controversial admiral of his era."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> He was hyperactive, blunt, confrontational, insulting, and a workaholic, always demanding of others without regard for rank or position.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Moreover, he had "little tolerance for mediocrity, none for stupidity."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Even while a captain, Rickover did not conceal his opinions, and many of the officers whom he regarded as unintelligent eventually rose to be admirals and were assigned to the Pentagon.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Rickover frequently found himself in bureaucratic combat with these senior naval officers, to the point that he almost missed becoming an admiral; two selection boards passed him over for promotion, and it took the intervention of the White House, U.S. Congress, and the Secretary of the Navy before he was promoted.<a href="#cite_note-time1954-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Rickover's military authority and congressional mandate were absolute with regard to the U.S. fleet's reactor operations, but his controlling personality was frequently a subject of internal Navy controversy. He was head of the Naval Reactors branch, and thus responsible for signing off on a crew's competence to operate the reactor safely, giving him the power to effectively remove a warship from active service, which he did on several occasions. The view became established that he sometimes exercised power to settle scores.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Author and former submariner <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Beach_Jr." title="Edward L. Beach Jr.">Edward L. Beach Jr.</a> referred to him as a "tyrant" with "no account of his gradually failing powers" in his later years.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headstone_of_Admiral_Hyman_G._Rickover,_Arlington_National_Cemetery,_Memorial_Day,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Headstone_of_Admiral_Hyman_G._Rickover%2C_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Memorial_Day%2C_2017.jpg/220px-Headstone_of_Admiral_Hyman_G._Rickover%2C_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Memorial_Day%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Headstone_of_Admiral_Hyman_G._Rickover%2C_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Memorial_Day%2C_2017.jpg/330px-Headstone_of_Admiral_Hyman_G._Rickover%2C_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Memorial_Day%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Headstone_of_Admiral_Hyman_G._Rickover%2C_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Memorial_Day%2C_2017.jpg/440px-Headstone_of_Admiral_Hyman_G._Rickover%2C_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Memorial_Day%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Headstone of Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, Arlington National Cemetery</figcaption></figure> On July 4, 1985, Admiral Rickover suffered what was described as a "serious" stroke, and was admitted to Bethesda Naval Hospital, thereafter dealing with partial paralysis in his right arm.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Rickover died at his home in Arlington, Virginia, on July 8, 1986, at age 86. He was buried on July 11 in a small, private ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> On July 14, memorial services were led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watkins" title="James D. Watkins">James D. Watkins</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a>, with President Carter, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a>, Secretary Lehman, senior naval officers, and about 1,000 other people in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> At the request of the admiral's widow, President Carter read <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton's</a> sonnet <a href="/wiki/When_I_Consider_How_My_Light_is_Spent" title="When I Consider How My Light is Spent">When I Consider How My Light is Spent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Secretary of the Navy Lehman said in a statement: <blockquote>With the death of Adm. Rickover, the Navy and this nation have lost a dedicated officer of historic accomplishment. In his 63 years of service, Adm. Rickover took the concept of nuclear power from an idea to the present reality of more than 150 U.S. naval ships under nuclear power, with a record of 3,000 ship-years of accident-free operations.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-55">[55]</a></blockquote> And the then-Chief of Naval Operations: <blockquote>"Most important," Admiral Watkins said, "he was a teacher. He set the standards. They were tough. That is the legacy and the challenge he left to all who study his contributions."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></blockquote> Rickover is buried in Section 5 at Arlington National Cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> His first wife Ruth is buried with him and the name of his second wife Eleonore is inscribed on his gravestone.<a href="#cite_note-auto-115">[115]</a> Eleonore passed away on July 5, 2021, and was buried in Arlington Cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Rickover is survived by Robert Rickover, his sole son by his first wife.<a href="#cite_note-auto-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2></div> The Los Angeles-class submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Hyman_G._Rickover_(SSN-709)" title="USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709)">USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709)</a> was named for him. She was commissioned two years before his death, and was, at that time, one of only two Navy ships to be <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vessels_named_after_living_Americans" title="List of U.S. military vessels named after living Americans">named after a living person</a> since 1900 (there have been 16 more since). The submarine was launched on August 27, 1983, sponsored by his second wife Eleonore, commissioned on July 21, 1984, and deactivated on December 14, 2006. In 2015, the Navy announced a <a href="/wiki/Virginia-class_submarine" title="Virginia-class submarine">Virginia-class submarine</a> named <a href="/wiki/USS_Hyman_G._Rickover_(SSN-795)" title="USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-795)">USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-795)</a> in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The submarine's christening took place on July 31, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Rickover Hall at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> houses the departments of Mechanical Engineering, Naval Architecture, Ocean Engineering, and Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering. Rickover Center at Naval Nuclear Power Training Command is located at Joint Base Charleston, where Navy personnel begin their engineering training. In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy Museum">U.S. Navy Museum</a> included Rickover as part of the Technology for the Nuclear Age: Nuclear Propulsion display for its Cold War exhibit, which featured the following quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Good ideas are not adopted automatically. They must be driven into practice with courageous impatience.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></blockquote> Other things named in his honor include the Admiral Hyman Rickover Fellowship at M.I.T.,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rickover_Naval_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rickover Naval Academy">Hyman G. Rickover Naval Academy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and Rickover Junior High School.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Rickover_Congressional_Gold_Medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Rickover_Congressional_Gold_Medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="103" /></a><figcaption>The second of two Congressional Gold Medals awarded to Rickover</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare_insignia">Warfare insignia</h3></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_-_Submarine_Warfare_Insignia_(Gold_Dolphins).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/U.S._Navy_-_Submarine_Warfare_Insignia_%28Gold_Dolphins%29.gif/160px-U.S._Navy_-_Submarine_Warfare_Insignia_%28Gold_Dolphins%29.gif" decoding="async" width="160" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/U.S._Navy_-_Submarine_Warfare_Insignia_%28Gold_Dolphins%29.gif/240px-U.S._Navy_-_Submarine_Warfare_Insignia_%28Gold_Dolphins%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/U.S._Navy_-_Submarine_Warfare_Insignia_%28Gold_Dolphins%29.gif/320px-U.S._Navy_-_Submarine_Warfare_Insignia_%28Gold_Dolphins%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="541" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Warfare_Insignia" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine Warfare Insignia">Submarine Warfare Insignia</a> (Dolphins)<a href="#cite_note-auto1-37">[37]</a>: 9  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorations_and_medals">Decorations and medals</h3></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:80px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 17px; top: 3px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:1_golden_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold award star"><img alt="Gold star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/18px-1_golden_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/27px-1_golden_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/36px-1_golden_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="782" /></a></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 48px; top: 3px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:1_golden_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold award star"><img alt="Gold star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/18px-1_golden_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/27px-1_golden_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/36px-1_golden_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="782" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a> with two <a href="/wiki/5/16_inch_star" title="5/16 inch star"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000009A-QINU`"'</style>5⁄16" Gold Stars</a> (1961, 1964, 1982) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:80px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 32px; top: 3px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:1_golden_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold award star"><img alt="Gold star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/18px-1_golden_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/27px-1_golden_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/36px-1_golden_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="782" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/160px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legion_Of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion Of Merit">Legion Of Merit</a> with <a href="/wiki/5/16_inch_star" title="5/16 inch star"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">5⁄16" Gold Star</a> (1945, 1952) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commendation_Medal#Navy" title="Commendation Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal</a> (1945) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Commendation Medal">Army Commendation Medal</a> (1949) (Conversion award from Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Army in 1946.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_(ribbon).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/80px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/120px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/160px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="56" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1980) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:China_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/China_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-China_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/China_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-China_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/China_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-China_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China_Service_Medal" title="China Service Medal">China Service Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:80px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 32px; top: 3px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/14px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/21px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/28px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/80px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/160px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navy_Occupation_Service_Medal" title="Navy Occupation Service Medal">Navy Occupation Service Medal</a> with "ASIA" clasp </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:80px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 32px; top: 3px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/14px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/21px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/28px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a> with one <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄16" <a href="/wiki/Service_star" title="Service star">Bronze Star</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> – 2 awards (1958, 1982)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_order">Foreign order</h3></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/80px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (1946) </td></tr></tbody></table> In recognition of his wartime service, he was invested as an Honorary Commander of the Military Division of the Most Excellent <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> in 1946 by <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_awards">Other awards</h3></div> Admiral Rickover was twice awarded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> for exceptional public service; the first in 1958, and the second 25 years later in 1983, becoming one of only three persons to be awarded more than one.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In 1980, President Jimmy Carter presented Admiral Rickover with the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the United States' highest non-military honor, for his contributions to world peace.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> He also received 61 civilian awards and 15 honorary degrees, including the <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Award" title="Enrico Fermi Award">Enrico Fermi Award</a> "For engineering and demonstrative leadership in the development of safe and reliable nuclear power and its successful application to our national security and economic needs."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Some of the most notable other awards include:<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <ul><li>the Egleston Medal Award of <a href="/wiki/Fu_Foundation_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science">Columbia University Engineering School</a> Alumni Association (1955)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse_Medal" title="George Westinghouse Medal">George Westinghouse Gold Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a> (ASME) (1955)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Michael_I._Pupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael I. Pupin">Michael I. Pupin</a> 100th Anniversary Medal (1958)</li> <li>the Golden Omega Award from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) (1959)</li> <li>the Prometheus Award from the <a href="/wiki/National_Electrical_Manufacturers_Association" title="National Electrical Manufacturers Association">National Electrical Manufacturers Association</a> (NEMA) (1965)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute Awards">Newcomen Medal</a> (1968)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Award" title="Washington Award">Washington Award</a> from the Western Society of Engineers<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> (1970)</li></ul> Some of his honorary degrees included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Sc.D.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colby_College" title="Colby College">Colby College</a> (1954);<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology" title="Stevens Institute of Technology">Stevens Institute of Technology</a> (1958);<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Columbia University (1960)<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> Hyman was a writer who penned several books about education and naval history. His major works are as follows: <ul><li>Education and Freedom. (1959). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, NY">New York City, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">Dutton</a></li> <li>Swiss Schools and Ours: Why Theirs Are Better. (1962). <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a></li> <li>American Education. (1963). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, NY">New York City, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">Dutton</a></li> <li>Liberty, Science, and Law. (1969). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, NY">New York City, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Newcomen_Society" title="Newcomen Society">Newcomen Society</a></li> <li>Eminent Americans: Namesakes of the Polaris Submarine Fleet. (1972). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_the_Battleship_Maine_Was_Destroyed" title="How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed">How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed</a>. (1976). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History Division</a></li> <li>No Holds Barred: The Final Congressional Testimony of Admiral Hyman G. Rickover. (1982). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Center for Study of Responsive Law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h2></div> <ul><li>Admiral Rickover – <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> interview by <a href="/wiki/Diane_Sawyer" title="Diane Sawyer">Diane Sawyer</a> (1984)<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> with an excerpt from a 1957 interview with <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Rickover: The Birth of Nuclear Power by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pack" title="Michael Pack">Michael Pack</a> – documentary screened at the GI Film Festival in the District of Columbia on May 24, 2014,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> and broadcast on December 9, 2014, on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Hewlett, Richard G., and Francis Duncan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/HewlettandDuncanNuclearNavyComplete.pdf">Nuclear Navy: 1946-1962</a>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1974. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-33219-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-33219-5">0-226-33219-5</a>.</li> <li>Wortman, Marc. Admiral Hyman Rickover: Engineer of Power. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780300-24310-9" title="Special:BookSources/9-780300-24310-9">9-780300-24310-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandblast" title="Operation Sandblast">Operation Sandblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter#Naval_career" title="Jimmy Carter">President Jimmy Carter's naval career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Nuclear_Power_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Nuclear Power School">Naval Nuclear Power School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 National Security Complex</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/11/14/rickover-is-forced-to-retire/aae1eb3a-b861-4162-bcd9-517598d3f1bf/">"Rickover Is Forced To Retire"</a>. The Washington Post. November 14, 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rickover+Is+Forced+To+Retire&rft.date=1981-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1981%2F11%2F14%2Frickover-is-forced-to-retire%2Faae1eb3a-b861-4162-bcd9-517598d3f1bf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/24/opinion/l-nuclear-power-plants-would-be-better-the-rickover-way-158986.html">"Nuclear-Power Plants Would Be Better the Rickover Way"</a>. The New York Times. July 24, 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nuclear-Power+Plants+Would+Be+Better+the+Rickover+Way&rft.date=1986-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F07%2F24%2Fopinion%2Fl-nuclear-power-plants-would-be-better-the-rickover-way-158986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USN-bio-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USN-bio_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN-bio_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN-bio_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN-bio_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210172002/http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/rickover.htm">"Admiral Hyman G. Rickover – Biography"</a>. History.navy.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/rickover.htm">the original</a> on February 10, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admiral+Hyman+G.+Rickover+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=History.navy.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fbios%2Frickover.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> PhD dissertation, "Commanding Men and Machines: Admiralship, Technology, and Ideology in the 20th Century U.S. Navy," Hagerott, Mark (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/8525/umi-umd-5589.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/8525/umi-umd-5589.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenPolmar2007" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Thomas B.; Polmar, Norman (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z095cIB0coAC&pg=PA87">Rickover</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1574887044" title="Special:BookSources/978-1574887044"><bdi>978-1574887044</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickover&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1574887044&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft.au=Polmar%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz095cIB0coAC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lurie_on_Rickover-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lurie_on_Rickover_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lurie_on_Rickover_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lurie_on_Rickover_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurie" class="citation web cs1">Lurie, Margaret. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ussrickover.org/rcl-margaret-lurie">"Recollection from Margaret Lurie"</a>. USS Hyman G. Rickover Commissioning Committee. Retrieved July 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USS+Hyman+G.+Rickover+Commissioning+Committee&rft.atitle=Recollection+from+Margaret+Lurie&rft.aulast=Lurie&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fussrickover.org%2Frcl-margaret-lurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/hyman-g-rickover">"Hyman G. Rickover"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hyman+G.+Rickover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicheritage.org%2Fprofile%2Fhyman-g-rickover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowman-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bowman_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowman_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowman_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629082752/https://www.navy.mil/navydata/testimony/safety/bowman031029.txt">"Statement of Admiral F. L. "Skip" Bowman"</a>. October 29, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.mil/navydata/testimony/safety/bowman031029.txt">the original</a> on June 29, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Admiral+F.+L.+%22Skip%22+Bowman&rft.date=2003-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2Fnavydata%2Ftestimony%2Fsafety%2Fbowman031029.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2015" class="citation web cs1">Holt, Karen (August 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cee.org/sites/default/files/media-pdfs/Admiral_Rickover_brought_the_nuclear_age_to_the_US_Navy.pdf">"Admiral Rickover brought the nuclear age to the US Navy"</a> (PDF). examiner.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cee.org/sites/default/files/media-pdfs/Admiral_Rickover_brought_the_nuclear_age_to_the_US_Navy.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022 – via The Center for Excellence in Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=examiner.com&rft.atitle=Admiral+Rickover+brought+the+nuclear+age+to+the+US+Navy&rft.date=2015-08-02&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cee.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia-pdfs%2FAdmiral_Rickover_brought_the_nuclear_age_to_the_US_Navy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarins2001" class="citation book cs1">Narins, Brigham (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=piQvAQAAIAAJ&q=pogroms">Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present: N–S</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0787617554" title="Special:BookSources/978-0787617554"><bdi>978-0787617554</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+Scientists+from+1900+to+the+Present%3A+N%E2%80%93S&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0787617554&rft.aulast=Narins&rft.aufirst=Brigham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpiQvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpogroms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankston2010" class="citation book cs1">Bankston, Carl Leon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C49YAAAAYAAJ&q=rickover+pogroms">Encyclopedia of American Immigration: Paper sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587656026" title="Special:BookSources/978-1587656026"><bdi>978-1587656026</bdi></a> – via Books.goole.com. <q>Born to a Jewish family in a part of Poland under Russian rule in 1900, Rickover fled with his parents to the United States in 1905 in an effort to avoid Russian-instigated pogroms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Immigration%3A+Paper+sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1587656026&rft.aulast=Bankston&rft.aufirst=Carl+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC49YAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Drickover%2Bpogroms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2001" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Francis (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVwJ9hOTGMMC&pg=PA4">Rickover : the struggle for excellence</a> (1. print. ed.). Annapolis, Md.: Naval Inst. Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-177-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-177-7"><bdi>1-55750-177-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickover+%3A+the+struggle+for+excellence&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=1.+print.&rft.pub=Naval+Inst.+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55750-177-7&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVwJ9hOTGMMC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time1954-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time1954_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time1954_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time1954_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423233511/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,819338-2,00.html">"The Man in Tempo 3"</a>. Time. January 11, 1954. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,819338-2,00.html">the original</a> on April 23, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Man+in+Tempo+3&rft.date=1954-01-11&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C819338-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2001" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Francis (2001). Rickover: the struggle for excellence. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Inst. Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-177-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-177-6"><bdi>978-1-55750-177-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickover%3A+the+struggle+for+excellence&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Naval+Inst.+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-177-6&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockwell1995" class="citation book cs1">Rockwell, Theodore (1995). The Rickover Effect. Brooklyn, NY: John Wiley & Sons. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-12296-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-12296-3"><bdi>0-471-12296-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rickover+Effect&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-471-12296-3&rft.aulast=Rockwell&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1999" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Chris (1999). Inside the Cold War. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-068-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-068-1"><bdi>978-1-58566-068-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Maxwell+Air+Force+Base%2C+AL&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Air+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-58566-068-1&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolzwarth2022" class="citation web cs1">Holzwarth, Larry (March 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.com/this-cantankerous-engineer-built-the-united-states-nuclear-navy/">"This Cantankerous Engineer Built the United States Nuclear Navy"</a>. historycollection.com. History Collection. Retrieved November 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historycollection.com&rft.atitle=This+Cantankerous+Engineer+Built+the+United+States+Nuclear+Navy&rft.date=2022-03-31&rft.aulast=Holzwarth&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.com%2Fthis-cantankerous-engineer-built-the-united-states-nuclear-navy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2001" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Francis (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVwJ9hOTGMMC&q=Rickover+graduated+540&pg=PA16">Rickover</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557501776" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557501776"><bdi>978-1557501776</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickover&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1557501776&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVwJ9hOTGMMC%26q%3DRickover%2Bgraduated%2B540%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenNorman_Polmar2007" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Thomas B.; Norman Polmar (2007). Rickover. Dulles, VA: Brassey's. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-704-4"><bdi>978-1-57488-704-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickover&rft.place=Dulles%2C+VA&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-704-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft.au=Norman+Polmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaughey2014" class="citation book cs1">McCaughey, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsnbAgAAQBAJ&q=hyman+rickover+columbia&pg=PA107">A Lever Long Enough: A History of Columbia's School of Engineering and Applied Science Since 1864</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231537520" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231537520"><bdi>978-0231537520</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lever+Long+Enough%3A+A+History+of+Columbia%27s+School+of+Engineering+and+Applied+Science+Since+1864&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0231537520&rft.aulast=McCaughey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgsnbAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhyman%2Brickover%2Bcolumbia%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701053235/http://www.nps.edu/About/NPSHistory/History.html">"History of NPS – Naval Postgraduate School"</a>. www.nps.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.edu/About/NPSHistory/History.html">the original</a> on July 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.edu&rft.atitle=History+of+NPS+%E2%80%93+Naval+Postgraduate+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.edu%2FAbout%2FNPSHistory%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomhoffRichard_L._Zweigenhaft2006" class="citation book cs1">Domhoff, G. William; Richard L. Zweigenhaft (2006). Diversity in the Power Elite. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Pub. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3699-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-3699-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+in+the+Power+Elite&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Pub.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3699-9&rft.aulast=Domhoff&rft.aufirst=G.+William&rft.au=Richard+L.+Zweigenhaft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uticaphoenix.net/voices-of-polonia-admiral-hyman-rickover/">Utica Phoenix: "Voices of Polonia: Admiral Hyman Rickover" by Ted Rajchel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130413210314/http://uticaphoenix.net/voices-of-polonia-admiral-hyman-rickover/">Archived</a> 2013-04-13 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> February 8, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.validlab.com/administration/rickover.html">"Doing a Job"</a>. 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Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-236-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-236-2"><bdi>0-87021-236-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/DuncanRickoverandtheNuclearNavyComplete_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022 – via Department of Energy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickover+and+the+Nuclear+Navy&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87021-236-2&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Fsites%2Fprod%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F04%2Ff50%2FDuncanRickoverandtheNuclearNavyComplete_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021213713/http://www.ornl.net/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter3sb8.htm">"ORNL Review Vol. 25, Nos. 3 and 4, 2002"</a>. 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November 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admiral+Hyman+G.+Rickover%3A+Taking+the+Atom+Undersea&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fhistory%2Fadmiral-hyman-g-rickover-taking-the-atom-undersea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Glass2010" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Glass (May 5, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0510/36758.html">"Taylor receives third Congressional Gold Medal, May 5, 1848"</a>. Politico. Retrieved December 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taylor+receives+third+Congressional+Gold+Medal%2C+May+5%2C+1848&rft.pub=Politico&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft.au=Andrew+Glass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F0510%2F36758.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/10/archives/carter-gives-medal-of-freedom-to-his-mentor-rickover-and-13.html">"Carter Gives Medal of Freedom to His Mentor, Rickover, and 13"</a>. The New York Times. June 10, 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Carter+Gives+Medal+of+Freedom+to+His+Mentor%2C+Rickover%2C+and+13&rft.date=1980-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F06%2F10%2Farchives%2Fcarter-gives-medal-of-freedom-to-his-mentor-rickover-and-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212160830/http://www.er.doe.gov/fermi/html/Laureates/1960s/hgrickover.htm">"The Enrico Fermi Award – H.G. Rickover, 1964"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.er.doe.gov/fermi/html/Laureates/1960s/hgrickover.htm">the original</a> on February 12, 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860818-1,00.html">the original</a> on April 23, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Kudos&rft.date=1954-06-21&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C860818-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423233452/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810381-2,00.html">"The $1,000 Word"</a>. Time. June 23, 1958. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810381-2,00.html">the original</a> on April 23, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+%241%2C000+Word&rft.date=1958-06-23&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C810381-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaswell2008" class="citation web cs1">Haswell, Hollee (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/pdf_and_word/honorary_degree_recipients.pdf">"Honorary Degree Recipients: 1945–2007"</a> (PDF). Columbia University. Retrieved March 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degree+Recipients%3A+1945%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Haswell&rft.aufirst=Hollee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fsecretary%2Fpdf_and_word%2Fhonorary_degree_recipients.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuclearstreet.com/pro_nuclear_power_blogs/b/science-history-nuclear/archive/2014/03/09/admiral-hyman-rickover-a-vintage-television-interview-and-some-thoughts#.XJq6rtFOmu4">"Admiral Hyman Rickover: a vintage television interview and some thoughts"</a>. nuclearstreet.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuclearstreet.com&rft.atitle=Admiral+Hyman+Rickover%3A+a+vintage+television+interview+and+some+thoughts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuclearstreet.com%2Fpro_nuclear_power_blogs%2Fb%2Fscience-history-nuclear%2Farchive%2F2014%2F03%2F09%2Fadmiral-hyman-rickover-a-vintage-television-interview-and-some-thoughts%23.XJq6rtFOmu4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people.vcu.edu/~rsleeth/Rickover.html">"Rickover Interview"</a>. www.people.vcu.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.people.vcu.edu&rft.atitle=Rickover+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.vcu.edu%2F~rsleeth%2FRickover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gifilmfestival.com/portfolios/admiral-rickover-the-father-of-nuclear-power/#sg1">Rickover: The Birth of Nuclear Power</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529150521/http://gifilmfestival.com/portfolios/admiral-rickover-the-father-of-nuclear-power/#sg1">Archived</a> 2014-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at GI Film Festival. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185559/http://local.ans.org/wilmington/sites/default/files/flyers/20130221%20Rockwell-Rickover-Announcement.pdf">"'Dinner & A Rickover Movie' with Ted Rockwell : Author of 'The Rickover Effect'"</a> (PDF). Local.ans.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://local.ans.org/wilmington/sites/default/files/flyers/20130221%20Rockwell-Rickover-Announcement.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 14, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Dinner+%26+A+Rickover+Movie%27+with+Ted+Rockwell+%3A+Author+of+%27The+Rickover+Effect%27&rft.pub=Local.ans.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flocal.ans.org%2Fwilmington%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fflyers%2F20130221%2520Rockwell-Rickover-Announcement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyman+G.+Rickover" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyman_Rickover" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hyman Rickover">Hyman Rickover</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hyman_G._Rickover" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hyman G. Rickover">Hyman G. Rickover</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz0002rzmv">Image of Thurgood Marshall, Hyman Rickover and Newton Minow at convocation "Prospects for Democracy" at Beverly Hilton, California, 1963.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224040945/http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198%2Fzz0002rzmv">Archived</a> February 24, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Young_Research_Library" title="Charles E. Young Research Library">Charles E. 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