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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-friar_activities_in_the_Philippines_(1880–1888)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-friar_activities_in_the_Philippines_(1880–1888)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Anti-friar activities in the Philippines (1880–1888) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-friar_activities_in_the_Philippines_(1880–1888)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda_movement_in_Spain_(1888–1895)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_movement_in_Spain_(1888–1895)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Propaganda movement in Spain (1888–1895) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_movement_in_Spain_(1888–1895)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years,_illness,_and_death_(1895–1896)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years,_illness,_and_death_(1895–1896)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Later years, illness, and death (1895–1896) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years,_illness,_and_death_(1895–1896)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_after_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_after_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Reactions after death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_after_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_of_del_Pilar's_remains_and_final_interment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_del_Pilar's_remains_and_final_interment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Return of del Pilar's remains and final interment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_del_Pilar's_remains_and_final_interment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage,_children,_and_grandchildren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage,_children,_and_grandchildren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Marriage, children, and grandchildren </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage,_children,_and_grandchildren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardships_in_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardships_in_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Hardships in Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardships_in_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_with_the_Katipunan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_with_the_Katipunan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Connection with the Katipunan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connection_with_the_Katipunan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Connection with the Katipunan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Connection_with_the_Katipunan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alleged_testimonies_of_some_Katipuneros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_testimonies_of_some_Katipuneros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Alleged testimonies of some Katipuneros </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_testimonies_of_some_Katipuneros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pío_Valenzuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pío_Valenzuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Pío Valenzuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pío_Valenzuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-José_Dizon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#José_Dizon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 José Dizon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-José_Dizon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Águedo_del_Rosario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Águedo_del_Rosario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Águedo del Rosario </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Águedo_del_Rosario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_remembrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_remembrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Historical remembrance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_remembrance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical remembrance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_remembrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Father_of_Philippine_Journalism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Father_of_Philippine_Journalism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 "Father of Philippine Journalism" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Father_of_Philippine_Journalism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Father_of_Philippine_Masonry"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Father_of_Philippine_Masonry""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 "Father of Philippine Masonry" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Father_of_Philippine_Masonry"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Historical commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Del_Pilar_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Del_Pilar_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Del Pilar in popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Del_Pilar_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Published_during_del_Pilar's_lifetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_during_del_Pilar's_lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Published during del Pilar's lifetime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_during_del_Pilar's_lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_posthumously" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_posthumously"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Published posthumously </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_posthumously-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unpublished_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpublished_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Unpublished works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unpublished_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Marcelo H. del Pilar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مارسيلو ديل بيلار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارسيلو ديل بيلار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%85%80%EB%A1%9C_%EB%8D%B8_%ED%95%84%EB%9D%BC" title="마르셀로 델 필라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르셀로 델 필라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մարսելո Դել Պիլար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարսելո Դել Պիլար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Hilario_del_Pilar" title="Marcelo Hilario del Pilar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marcelo Hilario del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მარსელო დელ პილარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარსელო დელ პილარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_del_Pilar" title="Marcellus del Pilar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marcellus del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مارسيلو ديل بيلار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارسيلو ديل بيلار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Hilario_del_Pilar" title="Marcelo Hilario del Pilar – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Marcelo Hilario del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_del_Pilar" title="Marcelo del Pilar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marcelo del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="マルセロ・ヒラリオ・デル・ピラール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルセロ・ヒラリオ・デル・ピラール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Hilario_del_Pilar" title="Marcelo Hilario del Pilar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcelo Hilario del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marcelo H. del Pilar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Дель Пилар, Марсело – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дель Пилар, Марсело" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Filipino writer, lawyer, and journalist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the school, see <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_National_High_School" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School">Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School</a>. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is Hilario del Pilar and the second or maternal family name is Gatmaitán.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Marcelo H. del Pilar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:M.H.delPilaryGatmaitan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/M.H.delPilaryGatmaitan.jpg/220px-M.H.delPilaryGatmaitan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/M.H.delPilaryGatmaitan.jpg/330px-M.H.delPilaryGatmaitan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/M.H.delPilaryGatmaitan.jpg/440px-M.H.delPilaryGatmaitan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1484" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Del Pilar in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890<a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p31-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán</div> (1850-08-30)August 30, 1850 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bulakan,_Bulacan" title="Bulakan, Bulacan">Bulakan, Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 4, 1896(1896-07-04) (aged 45) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_Shrine" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar Shrine">Marcelo H. del Pilar Shrine</a>, Bulakan, Bulacan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Pláridel (pen name)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran" title="Colegio de San Juan de Letran">Colegio de San Juan de Letran</a></li><li>Colegio de San José</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Writer</li><li>lawyer</li><li>journalist</li><li>freemason</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Marciana del Pilar</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1878)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Personal_life">below</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deodato_Arellano" title="Deodato Arellano">Deodato Arellano</a> (brother-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaridel_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Plaridel_signature.png/150px-Plaridel_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Plaridel_signature.png/225px-Plaridel_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Plaridel_signature.png/300px-Plaridel_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="290" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán<a href="#cite_note-baptism-2">[2]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[maɾˈθelojˈlaɾjo ðel piˈlaɾ]</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Tagalog: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[maɾˈselo ʔɪˈlaɾjo del pɪˈlaɾ]</a>; August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896), commonly known as Marcelo H. del Pilar and also known by his <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">nom de plume</a> Pláridel,<a href="#cite_note-kahayon1989p52-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a> was a Filipino writer, lawyer, journalist, and <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">freemason</a>. Del Pilar, along with <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graciano_L%C3%B3pez_Jaena" title="Graciano López Jaena">Graciano López Jaena</a>, became known as the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Reform Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulacañana_Coffee_Table_Book-5">[5]</a> Del Pilar was born and brought up in <a href="/wiki/Bulakan,_Bulacan" title="Bulakan, Bulacan">Bulakan, Bulacan</a>. He was suspended at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">Universidad de Santo Tomás</a> and imprisoned in 1869 after he and the parish priest quarreled over exorbitant baptismal fees. In the mid-1880s, he expanded his anti-friar movement from <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p129-6">[6]</a> He went to Spain in 1888 after an order of banishment was issued against him. Twelve months after his arrival in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, he succeeded López Jaena as editor of the <a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a> (The Solidarity).<a href="#cite_note-keat2004p756-7">[7]</a> Publication of the newspaper stopped in 1895 due to lack of funds. Losing hope in reforms, he grew favorable of a <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">revolution</a> against Spain. He was on his way home in 1896 when he contracted <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in Barcelona. He later died in a <a href="/wiki/Old_Hospital_de_la_Santa_Creu,_Barcelona" title="Old Hospital de la Santa Creu, Barcelona">public hospital</a> and was buried in a pauper's <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_Cemetery" title="Montjuïc Cemetery">grave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcelo_H._del_Pilar:_Ang_Kanyang_Buhay,_Diwa_at_Panulat-8">[8]</a> On November 15, 1995, the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee, created through Executive Order No. 5 by former President <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a>, recommended del Pilar along with the eight Filipino historical figures to be <a href="/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National hero of the Philippines">National Heroes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natheroes-9">[9]</a> The recommendations were submitted to <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a> Secretary Ricardo T. Gloria on November 22, 1995. No action has been taken for these recommended historical figures.<a href="#cite_note-natheroes-9">[9]</a> In 2009, this issue was revisited in one of the proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">14th Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-congress-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_(1850–1880)">Early life (1850–1880)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life (1850–1880)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_Baptism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_Baptism.jpg/220px-Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_Baptism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_Baptism.jpg/330px-Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_Baptism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_Baptism.jpg/440px-Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_Baptism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Marcelo H. del Pilar's baptismal register (Book No. 15, Folio 355)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JC_Marcelo_Shrine_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JC_Marcelo_Shrine_9.JPG/220px-JC_Marcelo_Shrine_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JC_Marcelo_Shrine_9.JPG/330px-JC_Marcelo_Shrine_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JC_Marcelo_Shrine_9.JPG/440px-JC_Marcelo_Shrine_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption>A replica of Marcelo H. del Pilar's <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_houses_of_the_Philippines" title="Ancestral houses of the Philippines">ancestral house</a> and birthplace in Bulacán, Bulacan.<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-santos2001p48-13">[12]</a></figcaption></figure> Marcelo H. del Pilar was born at his family's ancestral home in sitio Cupang, barrio San Nicolás, <a href="/wiki/Bulakan,_Bulacan" title="Bulakan, Bulacan">Bulacán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, on August 30, 1850.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p198-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p105-15">[14]</a> He was baptized as "Marcelo Hilario" on September 4, 1850, at the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Assumption_Church_(Bulakan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Assumption Church (Bulakan)">Iglesia Parroquial de Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion</a> in Bulacán. Fr. D. Tomas Yson, a Filipino secular priest, performed the baptism, and Lorenzo Alvir, a distant relative, acted as the <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a>.<a href="#cite_note-baptism-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p9-16">[15]</a> "Hilario" was the original paternal surname of the family. The surname of Marcelo's paternal grandmother, "del Pilar", was added to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1logo_alfab%C3%A9tico_de_apellidos" title="Catálogo alfabético de apellidos">naming reforms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Claver%C3%ADa_y_Zald%C3%BAa" title="Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa">Narciso Clavería</a> in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-dream-17">[16]</a> Marcelo's parents belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">principalía</a>. Both owned vast tracks of rice and sugarcane farms, <a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">fish ponds</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Horse_mill" title="Horse mill">animal-powered mill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p198-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p261-18">[17]</a> Marcelo's father, Julián Hilario del Pilar (1812-1906), was the son of José Hilario del Pilar and María Roqueza. Don Julián was a famous <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> grammarian, writer, and speaker.<a href="#cite_note-mojares1983p131-19">[18]</a> In the municipality of Bulacán, he served as a "three-time" <a href="/wiki/Gobernadorcillo" title="Gobernadorcillo">gobernadorcillo</a> of the town's pueblo (1831, 1854, 1864-1865) and later held the position of <a href="/wiki/Court_clerk" title="Court clerk">oficial de mesa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alcalde_mayor" title="Alcalde mayor">alcalde mayor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p58-20">[19]</a> In the early 1830s, Julián met and married Blasa Gatmaitán (1814-1872?), a descendant of an ancient Tagalog nobility. Known as "Doña Blasica", she was the daughter of Nicolas Gatmaitan and Cerapia De Torres.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p9-16">[15]</a> Don Julián and Doña Blasica had ten children: Toribio (priest, deported to the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> in 1872),<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p106-21">[20]</a> Fernando (father of <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a>),<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1974p3-22">[21]</a> Andrea, Dorotea, Estanislao, Juan, Hilaria (married to <a href="/wiki/Deodato_Arellano" title="Deodato Arellano">Deodato Arellano</a>),<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1974p5-23">[22]</a> Valentín, Marcelo, and María.<a href="#cite_note-24">[b]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JC_Marcelo_Shrine_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/JC_Marcelo_Shrine_16.JPG/170px-JC_Marcelo_Shrine_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/JC_Marcelo_Shrine_16.JPG/255px-JC_Marcelo_Shrine_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/JC_Marcelo_Shrine_16.JPG/340px-JC_Marcelo_Shrine_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2586" data-file-height="3636" /></a><figcaption>Historical marker installed in 2012 at the Marcelo H. del Pilar Shrine</figcaption></figure> From an early age, del Pilar learned the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p199-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p130-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[c]</a> He also mastered the palasan or rattan cane. In the mid-1850s, del Pilar received early education from his paternal uncle Alejo del Pilar.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p63-28">[25]</a> He pursued his <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">segunda enseñanza</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran" title="Colegio de San Juan de Letran">Colegio de San Juan de Letran</a> under the tutelage of Sr. Mamerto Natividad.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p21-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[d]</a> The subjects he took there were: <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a>, Elements of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a>, and Principles of Urbanidad. From July 8, 1865 to January 12, 1866, del Pilar studied under Sr. José Flores in <a href="/wiki/Binondo,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Binondo, Manila">Binondo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p24-31">[27]</a> Afterward, he enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">Universidad de Santo Tomás</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p26-32">[28]</a> There, del Pilar earned: (1867-1868) Psychology, Fair; Logic, Fair; Moral Philosophy, Fair; Natural History, Good; Arithmetic, Notablemente; Algebra, Very Good; (1868-1869) Metaphysics 1, Very Good; (1869-1870) Metaphysics 2, Very Good; (1870-1871) Physics, Good.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p28-33">[29]</a> In 1869, del Pilar quarreled with the parish priest of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Manila" title="San Miguel, Manila">San Miguel</a> over exorbitant baptismal fees.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p198-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p106-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-corpuz2007p137-34">[30]</a> Shortly after the incident, the judge, Sr. Félix García Gavieres, sent del Pilar to <a href="/wiki/New_Bilibid_Prison" title="New Bilibid Prison">Carcel y Presidio Correccional</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p118-35">[31]</a> He was released after thirty days. Afterward, he resumed his studies at the Universidad de Santo Tomás. He obtained his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Philosophy" title="Bachelor of Philosophy">Bachiller en Filosofía</a> on February 16, 1871.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p31-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-fared-37">[33]</a> Four and a half months later, on July 2, 1871, del Pilar pursued <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p262-38">[34]</a> In late 1871, del Pilar joined a group of intellectuals<a href="#cite_note-40">[e]</a> in Manila. They gathered at Sr. Enrique Genato's almacén, where they frequently talked about the <a href="/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines" title="Friars in Spanish Philippines">friars</a>, affairs of the Philippines, liberty of nations, fall of the <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">insurrections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ang_Pag-aaklas_sa_Kabite_ng_1872_NHC_marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ang_Pag-aaklas_sa_Kabite_ng_1872_NHC_marker.jpg/170px-Ang_Pag-aaklas_sa_Kabite_ng_1872_NHC_marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ang_Pag-aaklas_sa_Kabite_ng_1872_NHC_marker.jpg/255px-Ang_Pag-aaklas_sa_Kabite_ng_1872_NHC_marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ang_Pag-aaklas_sa_Kabite_ng_1872_NHC_marker.jpg/340px-Ang_Pag-aaklas_sa_Kabite_ng_1872_NHC_marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3164" /></a><figcaption>"Ang Pag-aaklas sa Kabite ng 1872" historical marker for the <a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">Cavite Mutiny</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_(Cavite)" title="Fort San Felipe (Cavite)">Fort San Felipe</a> in Cavite City, 1872.</figcaption></figure> On the night of January 20, 1872, the <a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">Cavite Mutiny</a> broke out at the arsenal of <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_(Cavite)" title="Fort San Felipe (Cavite)">Fort San Felipe</a>. Del Pilar was living with Fr. Mariano V. Sevilla, a Filipino priest who supported the <a href="/wiki/Secularization_movement_in_the_Philippines" title="Secularization movement in the Philippines">secularization movement</a> in the 1860s and early 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p199-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p106-21">[20]</a> Del Pilar knew that Fr. Sevilla was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">Gomburza</a>. To protect Fr. Sevilla from possible arrest and deportation, del Pilar burned all the letters of the former in his quarters. However, some of Fr. Sevilla and Fr. Toribio's letters were found in the quarters of Fr. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Burgos" title="José Burgos">José Burgos</a>. This resulted in the arrest of both priests on February 21, 1872.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p10-41">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-philippine-history.org-42">[37]</a> As a punishment, Fr. Toribio was tortured and dragged from Malolos to Bulacán. Del Pilar begged the authorities to allow his brother to see their sick mother. As expected, they ignored del Pilar and continued with their barbaric actions. On March 14, 1872, Fr. Toribio and Fr. Sevilla were deported to the Mariana Islands along with other Filipino patriots.<a href="#cite_note-OcampoGomburza-43">[38]</a> Out of school, del Pilar worked as oficial de mesa in <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> (1874–1875) and <a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo</a> (1878–1879).<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p199-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-batungbacal1956p27-44">[39]</a> In 1876, he resumed his law studies at the Universidad de Santo Tomás.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p70-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p11-46">[41]</a> He obtained his licenciado en jurisprudencia, equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a>, on March 4, 1881.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p36-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> In law school, del Pilar earned: (1871-1872) Canon Law 1, Fair; Roman Law 1, Very Good; (1873-1874) Canon Law 2, Fair; Roman Law 2, Excellent; (1876-1877) Civil and Mercantile Law, Very Good; (1877-1878) Extension of Civil Law and Spanish Civil Codes, Very Good; Penal Law, Very Good; (1878-1879) Public Law, Fair; Administrative Law, Fair; Colonial Legislation, Fair; Economics, Fair; Political and Statistics, Fair; (1879-1880) Judicial Procedures, Excellent; Practice and Oratory Forensics 1, Excellent; Elements of General Literature and Spanish Literature, Excellent. No grades were recorded for the years 1880-1881 as del Pilar took six months leave.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p36-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-fared-37">[33]</a> From 1882 to 1887, del Pilar worked as a defense counselor for the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Real Audiencia de Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p41-49">[44]</a> During this time he became active in exposing the existing conditions of the Philippines. Del Pilar attended many events such as <a href="/wiki/Wake_(ceremony)" title="Wake (ceremony)">funeral wakes</a>, baptismal parties, <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a>, town fiestas, and cockfights in the <a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">cockpits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p35-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-constantino1975p149-51">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> Using the Tagalog language, he would talk to different kinds of people like laborers, farmers, fishermen, professionals, and businessmen. In his house in Trozo, <a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a>, del Pilar preached nationalistic and patriotic ideas to the young students of Manila. <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ponce" title="Mariano Ponce">Mariano Ponce</a>, a high school student at the time, was one of his active listeners. Other listeners who would later become his disciples were Briccio Pantas, Numeriano Adriano, and <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916pp586-587-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927pp33-34-55">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-friar_activities_in_the_Philippines_(1880–1888)">Anti-friar activities in the Philippines (1880–1888)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anti-friar activities in the Philippines (1880–1888)">edit</a>]</div> Del Pilar was one of the leading figures of the Philippine anti-friar movement in the late 19th century. After the deportation of his brother in 1872, he worked to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines" title="Friars in Spanish Philippines">friars</a>' authority and influence on the country's affairs. In La Soberanía Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines), del Pilar explained how the friars dominated the economic and political life of the colony: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"The friars control all the fundamental forces of society in the Philippines. They control the educational system, for they own the Universidad de Santo Tomás, and are the local inspectors of every primary school. They control the minds of the people because, in a dominantly Catholic country, the parish rectors can utilize the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confessional" title="Confessional">confessionals</a> to publicly or secretly influence the people; they control all the municipal and local authorities and the medium of communication; and they execute all the orders of the central government."<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg/220px-Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg/330px-Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg/440px-Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>The pre-1863 lithograph photo of <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Cathedral" title="Malolos Cathedral">Malolos Cathedral</a> before the earthquake that tore down its clock tower in 1863. This was one of the sites of del Pilar's anti-friar activities.</figcaption></figure> Del Pilar, together with Basilio Teodoro Morán and <a href="/wiki/Pascual_H._Poblete" title="Pascual H. Poblete">Pascual H. Poblete</a>, founded the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Diariong_Tagalog" title="Diariong Tagalog">Diariong Tagalog</a> (Tagalog Newspaper) on June 1, 1882.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p35-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p106-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-villa-57">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[f]</a> Diariong Tagalog was the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines and was financed by the wealthy Spanish liberal Francisco Calvo y Múñoz.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p76-60">[54]</a> Del Pilar became the editor of the Tagalog section.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p42-61">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>'s essay, El Amor Patrio, was featured in the Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882. Del Pilar translated it into <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog language</a>, Ang Pagibig sa Tinubúang Lupà (Love for the Native Land).<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p150-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-kalayahan-64">[58]</a> Diariong Tagalog later experienced financial difficulties and on October 31, 1882, the newspaper ceased publication.<a href="#cite_note-tiongson2004p75-65">[59]</a> In early 1884, an election for the gobernadorcillo position was held in the city of <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a>. With the support of the liberal Spanish officials of the town, del Pilar and his group managed to elect their candidate, Mariano Crisóstomo, against the candidates supported by the friar-curate. On March 6 of the same year, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree-Law_(Spain)" title="Royal Decree-Law (Spain)">Royal Decree</a> which called for the abolition of the tributo was issued. The people who collected the tributes, the <a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_Barangay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Barangay">cabezas de barangay</a>, were the ones who suffered from this unjust taxation system. They were forced to follow the inaccurate and bloated <a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">parochial lists</a> of the friars. They were also obliged to pay for the excess individuals in the mentioned lists.<a href="#cite_note-67">[g]</a> As a result, most of the cabezas became penniless.<a href="#cite_note-tiongson2004p62-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p84-69">[62]</a> On June 30 of the same year, another tax reform was introduced in the Philippines. Sr. Chinchilla, the <a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">intendant</a> of finance, proposed a set of regulations (Articles 52 and 53) which prohibited the friars from altering the tax lists of the cabezas de barangay. Despite the massive support it received, its implementation did not last long. Sr. Chinchilla, after leaving his office, was immediately replaced by Sr. Luna, a pro-friar. The citizens of Malolos, particularly del Pilar, denounced Sr. Luna's measures, and shortly after the latter canceled Sr. Chinchilla's regulations, the whole townsfolk protested.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p199-25">[23]</a> Not much later, del Pilar and the cabezas de barangay of Malolos confronted the parish priest on the list of taxpayers.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p107-70">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrero-71">[64]</a> The cabezas and the priest argued about the legal terminology of asesorar (to advise), but the latter, Fr. Felipe García, resolved the matter by declaring asesorar (to advise) as confrontar (to confront). On July 16, 1885, the cabezas and the parish priest clashed again. The cabezas interpreted confrontar as cotejar (to compare)<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p108-72">[65]</a> while Fr. García declared confrontar as copiar (to copy).<a href="#cite_note-tiongson2004p64-73">[66]</a> Refusing to copy the parochial lists, the cabezas appealed to Vicente Pardo y Bonanza, the alcalde mayor. Sr. Pardo rejected their plea, and like Sr. Luna, took the side of the friars. Despite these setbacks, del Pilar and his group managed to expand their anti-friar activities to Manila and nearby provinces. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benigno_Quiroga_Ballesteros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Benigno_Quiroga_Ballesteros.jpg/140px-Benigno_Quiroga_Ballesteros.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Benigno_Quiroga_Ballesteros.jpg/210px-Benigno_Quiroga_Ballesteros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Benigno_Quiroga_Ballesteros.jpg/280px-Benigno_Quiroga_Ballesteros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Benigno Quiroga, the Director General of Civil Administration in Manila. Photographed in 1894.</figcaption></figure> In 1887, during the upcoming <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fiesta" class="extiw" title="wikt:fiesta">fiesta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of the Rosary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Binondo,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Binondo, Manila">Binondo</a>, a conflict arose between the <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">gremio de naturales</a> (Native guild), the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">gremio de chinos</a> (Chinese guild), and the <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">gremio de mestizos de sangley</a> (Chinese mestizo guild). The gobernadorcillo de naturales (native governor) of Binondo, Timoteo Lanuza, wanted the friar-curate of Binondo, Fr. <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hevia_Campomanes" class="extiw" title="es:José Hevia Campomanes">José Hevía de Campomanes</a>, to prioritize the natives over the Chinese in the fiesta.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p110-74">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p85-75">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-fajardo1998p48-76">[69]</a> Fr. Hevía, who sided with the Chinese, did not allow Lanuza's request. According to Fr. Hevía, the Chinese and the mestizos should lead the fiesta, because of their past contributions to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Binondo_Church" title="Binondo Church">Binondo Church</a>. On September 30, 1887, Lanuza, with the secret assistance of del Pilar and José Centeno García (the civil governor of Manila), wrote a petition to Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Terrero_y_Perinat" title="Emilio Terrero y Perinat">Emilio Terrero</a>, demanding the natives' right to manage the fiesta. Terrero, a liberal and anti-clerical, approved the petition. He decreed that the gobernadorcillos de naturales should lead all public functions in the country. Embittered by Terrero's decision, Fr. Hevía did not attend the celebration. Most of the attendees of the fiesta were the natives and the gobernadorcillos de naturales of Manila. Insulted by Fr. Hevía's action, Terrero removed him as friar-curate of Binondo. All the gobernadorcillos of the Chinese and the mestizos were also removed. The organizer of the fiesta, Juan Zulueta, relied on the instructions of del Pilar.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p111-77">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p199-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-batungbacal1956p29-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-fajardo1998p49-79">[72]</a> In October 1887, during a deadly <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a>, another tension arose between del Pilar's group and the friars. To limit the spread of the epidemic, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Quiroga_y_L%C3%B3pez_Ballesteros" class="extiw" title="es:Benigno Quiroga y López Ballesteros">Benigno Quiroga y López Ballesteros</a> had issued a <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">ban</a> against the entry of <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadavers</a> into the churches.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p199-25">[23]</a> The ban took effect on October 18, 1887.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p86-80">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997pp111-113-81">[74]</a> In Malolos, gobernadorcillo Manuel Crisóstomo announced Quiroga's decree by means of a <a href="/wiki/Town_crier" title="Town crier">bellman</a>. Fr. Felipe García, the friar-curate of Malolos, violated the ban, purportedly because of the fees which the church earned from the funeral wakes. In protest, he paraded through the streets of Malolos the corpse of a cholera victim.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p200-82">[75]</a> The authorities and citizens of Malolos were displeased by Fr. García's action; shortly after the parade, a <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riot</a> almost broke out. To control the situation, Crisóstomo sought advice from del Pilar. Afterward, Crisóstomo reported to the office of Manuel Gómez Florio, the Spanish governor of Bulacan.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> Gómez Florio, an ally of del Pilar and the Malolos reformists, ordered the arrest of Fr. García.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p200-82">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p87-84">[77]</a> Other friars who violated the ban were reprimanded by the authorities. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Payo_,_O.P._(1876_-_1889_).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pedro_Payo_%2C_O.P._%281876_-_1889_%29.jpg/140px-Pedro_Payo_%2C_O.P._%281876_-_1889_%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pedro_Payo_%2C_O.P._%281876_-_1889_%29.jpg/210px-Pedro_Payo_%2C_O.P._%281876_-_1889_%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pedro_Payo_%2C_O.P._%281876_-_1889_%29.jpg/280px-Pedro_Payo_%2C_O.P._%281876_-_1889_%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Pedro Payo y Piñeiro, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">O.P.</a> (1814–1889) was the 24th Archbishop of Manila who took charge in 1876 until his death in 1889.</figcaption></figure> In early 1888, the friars' power was again challenged by the anti-friar forces. On January 21 that year, a <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">memorial</a> to establish a school of "Arts, Trades, and Agriculture" was forwarded by del Pilar to the <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">gobernador civil</a> of Bulacan.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p200-82">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p62-85">[78]</a> Signed by the residents of the pueblos of the province, this was supported by liberal officials like Terrero, Quiroga, Centeno, Gómez Florio, and Julio Galindo (the captain of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Guardia Civil</a>). In 1883, the original plan was to establish an <a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">orphan asylum</a> managed by the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian friars</a> and financed by the government. When the plan was revised to a school of "Arts, Trades, and Agriculture", the Augustinians protested. Quiroga then warned the Augustinians that the project will be managed by the government and not by the church. This angered the Augustinians and the archbishop of Manila even more and they planned to boycott the school's establishment. Despite their efforts, the school of agriculture opened in Manila the following year. This incident was another victory for del Pilar and his group. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valeriano_Weyler_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Valeriano_Weyler_bust.jpg/140px-Valeriano_Weyler_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Valeriano_Weyler_bust.jpg/210px-Valeriano_Weyler_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Valeriano_Weyler_bust.jpg/280px-Valeriano_Weyler_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4802" data-file-height="6373" /></a><figcaption>Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, the 92nd Governor-General of the Philippines, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890</figcaption></figure> In 1887 and 1888, del Pilar wrote a series of anti-friar petitions to the colonial authorities and the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Maria Christina of Austria">Queen Regent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p201-86">[79]</a> On November 20 and 21, 1887, he wrote the complaints of two <a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a> residents, that of Mateo Mariano<a href="#cite_note-87">[h]</a> and the gobernadorcillo de naturales of Navotas, to the civil governor.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p200-82">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997pp111-113-81">[74]</a> Del Pilar also prepared, on February 20, 1888, the petition of the gobernadorcillos and residents of Manila to the Governor-General.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p200-82">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[i]</a> On March 1, 1888, the residents of the districts of Manila and the nearby provinces, led by Doroteo Cortés and José Anacleto Ramos, marched to the office of Centeno.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p53-89">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p130-26">[24]</a> They presented a manifesto addressed to the Queen Regent.<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a> This manifesto, entitled Viva España! Viva el Rey! Viva el Ejército! Fuera los Frailes! (Long live Spain! Long live the King! Long live the Army! Throw the friars out!), was believed to be written by Cortés and del Pilar.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p200-82">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p89-91">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrero-71">[64]</a> It demanded the friars' expulsion from the Philippines including <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Manila" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila">Manila Archbishop</a> Pedro P. Payo.<a href="#cite_note-95">[j]</a> A few days later, Centeno resigned as civil governor of Manila. Governor-General Terrero's term also ended the following month.<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> General Antonio Moltó, Terrero's successor, ordered the arrest of the organizers of the anti-friar demonstration, abolished Quiroga's decree on funerals, and pardoned Fr. Hevía for his previous offenses. These measures, however, did not affect del Pilar and his group. They continued their anti-friar activities in Malolos where they managed to elect Vicente Gatmaitán as Manuel Crisóstomo's successor.<a href="#cite_note-98">[k]</a> Fr. José Rodríguez, an Augustinian parish priest, authored a pamphlet entitled ¡Caiñgat Cayó!: Sa mañga masasamang libro,t, casulatan (Beware!: of bad books and writings, 1888). The friar warned the Filipinos that in reading Rizal's <a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a> (Touch Me Not) they commit "mortal sin". On August 3 of the same year, del Pilar wrote Caiigat Cayó (Be as Slippery as an Eel) under the pen name Dolores Manapat. It was a reply to Fr. Rodríguez's ¡Caiñgat Cayó!.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p599-99">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p121-100">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p82-101">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-icon-102">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[l]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler,_1st_Duke_of_Rub%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeriano Weyler, 1st Duke of Rubí">Valeriano Weyler</a> succeeded Moltó as the Governor-General of the Philippines. Known as The Butcher, Weyler ordered the arrest and deportation of the participants of the anti-friar demonstration. Even Spanish officials were not spared. A few days after Weyler's arrival, Manuel Gómez Florio, the Spanish governor of Bulacan, was removed from his position. An <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">arrest warrant</a> was issued against del Pilar, accusing him of being a <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">filibustero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p36-105">[93]</a> Upon the advice of his friends and relatives, del Pilar left Manila for Spain on October 28, 1888.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p294-106">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p122-97">[87]</a> The night before he left the country, del Pilar stayed at the house of his fellow Bulaqueño, <a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Serrano_Laktaw" class="extiw" title="tl:Pedro Serrano Laktaw">Pedro Serrano y Lactao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[m]</a> Together with Rafael Enriquez, they wrote the <a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasalan_at_Tuksuhan" class="extiw" title="tl:Dasalan at Tuksuhan">Dasalan at Tocsohan</a> (Prayers and Mockeries), a mock-prayer book satirizing the Spanish friars.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p294-106">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916pp591-596-110">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p125-111">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p131-112">[99]</a> They also wrote the Pasióng Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Tauong Babasa sa Calupitán nang Fraile (The Passion that Should Inflame the Hearts of Those Who Read About the Cruelty of the Friars).<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916pp596-597-113">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p126-114">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[n]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a>, del Pilar's <a href="/wiki/Nephew" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephew">nephew</a>, helped distribute these pamphlets in the churches.<a href="#cite_note-filipinosinhistorygregorio-116">[102]</a> There was one incident in Malolos, where Gregorio stole copies of Fr. José Rodríguez's Cuestiones de Sumo Interes (Questions of Supreme Interest) from Fr. Felipe García, who had a habit of distributing counter-revolutionary materials after <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a>. These books were set to be distributed after the mass. Gregorio removed the book covers of Cuestiones de Sumo Interes and pasted Marcelo's pamphlets inside before distributing them after.<a href="#cite_note-tiongson2004p80-117">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-filipinosinhistorygregorio-116">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marker-118">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rizal_letter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rizal_letter.png/140px-Rizal_letter.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rizal_letter.png/210px-Rizal_letter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rizal_letter.png/280px-Rizal_letter.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimile</a> of the letter written by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">Rizal</a> while in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, dated February 22, 1889, and addressed to del Pilar.</figcaption></figure> Shortly before his departure, del Pilar formed the Caja de Jesús, María y José. Its objective was to continue <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and provide education to indigent children.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p83-119">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[106]</a> He managed it with the help of compatriots <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ponce" title="Mariano Ponce">Mariano Ponce</a>, Gregorio Santillán, Mariano Crisóstomo, Pedro Serrano y Lactao, José Gatmaitán, Briccio Pantas, <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Sandiko" title="Teodoro Sandiko">Teodoro Sandiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a>, Numeriano Adriano, Doroteo Cortés, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Rianzares_Bautista" title="Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista">Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista</a>, Domingo Franco, Mamerto Natividad, Mariano Alejandrino, Marcelino Santos, Modesto Español, Juan Zulueta, Graciano Bautista, Pedro Dandan, and Fr. Rafael Canlapán (the coadjutor of Malolos from 1885 to 1893).<a href="#cite_note-tiongson2004p76-121">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p204-122">[108]</a> Caja de Jesús, María y José was later discontinued and replaced by Comité de Propaganda (Committee of Propaganda) in Manila.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p37-123">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[o]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda_movement_in_Spain_(1888–1895)">Propaganda movement in Spain (1888–1895)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Propaganda movement in Spain (1888–1895)">edit</a>]</div> Del Pilar arrived in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> on January 1, 1889.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p94-128">[113]</a> He headed the political section of the Asociación Hispano-Filipina de Madrid (Hispanic Filipino Association of Madrid),<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p39-129">[114]</a> an organization of Filipino and Spanish liberals.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p95-130">[115]</a> On February 17, 1889, del Pilar wrote a letter to Rizal, praising the young women of Malolos for their bravery.<a href="#cite_note-tiongson2004p47-131">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-132">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[118]</a> These twenty-one young women asked the permission of Governor-General Weyler to allow them to open a night school where they could learn to read and write Spanish. With Weyler's approval and over the objections of Fr. Felipe García, the night school opened in 1889. Del Pilar urged Rizal to write a letter in Tagalog to "las muchachas de Malolos," adding that it would be "a help for our champions there and in Manila."<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p83-119">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[119]</a> In his reply to del Pilar, Rizal shared the handwritten manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Mga_Kababayang_Dalaga_ng_Malolos" title="Mga Kababayang Dalaga ng Malolos">letter</a> he wrote to "las malolesas."<a href="#cite_note-135">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La-solidaridad2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La-solidaridad2.jpg/140px-La-solidaridad2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La-solidaridad2.jpg/210px-La-solidaridad2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/La-solidaridad2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>A fortnightly and a bi-weekly newspaper, La Solidaridad serves as the principal organ of the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Reform Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[p]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguel_Morayta,_El_Pa%C3%ADs,_25_de_marzo_de_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Miguel_Morayta%2C_El_Pa%C3%ADs%2C_25_de_marzo_de_1903.jpg/140px-Miguel_Morayta%2C_El_Pa%C3%ADs%2C_25_de_marzo_de_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Miguel_Morayta%2C_El_Pa%C3%ADs%2C_25_de_marzo_de_1903.jpg/210px-Miguel_Morayta%2C_El_Pa%C3%ADs%2C_25_de_marzo_de_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Miguel_Morayta%2C_El_Pa%C3%ADs%2C_25_de_marzo_de_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Miguel Morayta y Sagrario in El País. Issue of March 25, 1903.</figcaption></figure> On April 16, 1889, del Pilar met <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Morayta_Sagrario" class="extiw" title="es:Miguel Morayta Sagrario">Miguel Morayta y Sagrario</a> in Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p157-138">[122]</a> Morayta, an anticlerical and follower of <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Castelar" title="Emilio Castelar">Emilio Castelar</a>, was one of the Spanish liberals who supported the Filipino cause.<a href="#cite_note-140">[q]</a> He was the <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> Professor of Rizal at the <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Universidad Central de Madrid</a> and Grand Master of Masons of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Oriente_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Grande Oriente Español">Gran Oriente Español</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[124]</a> On April 25, 1889, a <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">banquet</a> honoring Morayta was held by del Pilar and other Filipinos in Spain. In the mid-1889, to further damage the friars' influence and authority in the Philippines, del Pilar and his associates sponsored <a href="/wiki/Fr._Nicol%C3%A1s_Manrique_Alonso_Lallave" class="mw-redirect" title="Fr. Nicolás Manrique Alonso Lallave">Fr. Nicolás Manrique Alonso Lallave</a>, an ex-Dominican friar (now a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a>) assigned in <a href="/wiki/Urdaneta,_Pangasinan" title="Urdaneta, Pangasinan">Urdaneta, Pangasinan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p161-142">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[r]</a> Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Izquierdo_y_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez">Rafael Izquierdo</a> deported Lallave to Spain after the latter supported the 1870 decree of <a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Moret" title="Segismundo Moret">Segismundo Moret</a>. In 1872, Lallave wrote an inflammatory pamphlet, entitled Los Frailes en Filipinas (The Friars in the Philippines), wherein he exposed the atrocities of the friars and asked for the termination of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious orders</a>. He returned to the Philippines in 1889 to establish a Protestant <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> in Manila. Del Pilar wanted to help Lallave through Serrano y Lactao and Sandiko, but before help arrived, the priest died of an illness on June 5, 1889.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p165-144">[126]</a> Some scholars believed that the friars <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoned</a> Lallave. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Becerra_y_Berm%C3%BAdez_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Manuel_Becerra_y_Berm%C3%BAdez_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/140px-Manuel_Becerra_y_Berm%C3%BAdez_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Manuel_Becerra_y_Berm%C3%BAdez_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/210px-Manuel_Becerra_y_Berm%C3%BAdez_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Manuel_Becerra_y_Berm%C3%BAdez_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/280px-Manuel_Becerra_y_Berm%C3%BAdez_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>Manuel Becerra, a Spanish politician and revolutionary.</figcaption></figure> On December 15, 1889, del Pilar succeeded <a href="/wiki/Graciano_L%C3%B3pez_Jaena" title="Graciano López Jaena">Graciano López Jaena</a> as editor of the La Solidaridad.<a href="#cite_note-keat2004p756-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p146-145">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[s]</a> Under his editorship, the aims of the newspaper expanded. Using propaganda, it pursued the desires for: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of the Philippines as a province of Spain; removal of the friars and the <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secularization of the parishes</a>; freedom of assembly and speech; <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality before the law</a>; and Philippine representation in the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a>, the legislature of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p41-148">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[131]</a> A tireless editor, del Pilar wrote under several pseudonyms: Pláridel,<a href="#cite_note-kahayon1989p52-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a> Dolores Manapat,<a href="#cite_note-kahayon1989p52-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a> Piping Dilat,<a href="#cite_note-kahayon1989p52-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a> Siling Labuyo,<a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a> Cupang,<a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-fajardo1998p117-151">[132]</a> Maytiyaga,<a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[133]</a> Patos,<a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a> Carmelo,<a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a> D.A. Murgas,<a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a> L.O. Crame,<a href="#cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[134]</a> Selong, M. Calero,<a href="#cite_note-dream-17">[16]</a> Felipeno, Hilario,<a href="#cite_note-dream-17">[16]</a> Pudpoh,<a href="#cite_note-kahayon1989p52-3">[3]</a> Gregoria de Luna, Dolores Manaksak, M. Dati, and VZKKQJC.<a href="#cite_note-154">[135]</a> In February 1890, del Pilar met a former Diariong Tagalog colleague, Francisco Calvo y Múñoz. Calvo y Múñoz was one of the Spanish liberals who helped del Pilar in the campaign for the Philippine representation. Calvo y Múñoz's first efforts were on March 3, 1890. At the time he presented to the members of the Cortes an <a href="/wiki/Amendment" title="Amendment">amendment</a> to Article 25 of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Universal_Suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Suffrage">Universal Suffrage</a> Bill.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p198-155">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p103-156">[137]</a> Signed by six deputies, Calvo y Múñoz's amendment called for the restoration of the Philippine parliamentary representation and the election of three deputies from the Philippines. Famous Spanish politicians and liberals were present during Calvo y Múñoz's presentation: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Becerra_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Manuel Becerra Bermúdez">Manuel Becerra</a>, the overseas minister under <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta" title="Práxedes Mateo Sagasta">Práxedes Mateo Sagasta</a>; and Antonio Ramos Calderón, a member of Sagasta's Liberal Party. Both spoke after Calvo y Múñoz's presentation. They praised Calvo y Múñoz's intention to restore the Philippine parliamentary representation; however, the two rejected the amendment's early implementation. Despite their statements and judgements, del Pilar, with the help of the Asociación Hispano-Filipina de Madrid, held banquets in honor of Calvo y Múñoz, Becerra, and Ramos Calderón.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p199-157">[138]</a> Del Pilar also featured their speeches in the next issue of La Solidaridad. In a letter dated April 29, 1890, del Pilar said that if Agustín de Burgos y Llamas will succeed Weyler as Governor-General, he may appoint Calvo y Múñoz as the new Director-General of Civil Administration but first the latter should introduce the bill on Philippine representation to the Cortes. Calvo y Múñoz agreed with del Pilar's advice and proposed a more considerate bill the next month.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p38-158">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p200-159">[140]</a> While Calvo y Múñoz was away, del Pilar talked to many deputies to assist in the approval of the bill.<a href="#cite_note-160">[141]</a> On July 3, 1890, the bill's passage was halted after the liberal Sagasta was replaced by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Antonio Cánovas del Castillo</a> as Prime Minister of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p201-161">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p104-162">[143]</a> Del Pilar maintained good relations with the Liberals despite the fell of Sagasta. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_with_Marcelo_del_Pilar_in_Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_with_Marcelo_del_Pilar_in_Madrid.jpg/250px-Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_with_Marcelo_del_Pilar_in_Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_with_Marcelo_del_Pilar_in_Madrid.jpg/375px-Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_with_Marcelo_del_Pilar_in_Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_with_Marcelo_del_Pilar_in_Madrid.jpg/500px-Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_with_Marcelo_del_Pilar_in_Madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Del Pilar standing beside Rizal (at the center) for a group portrait in Madrid, Spain. Photographed in 1890.</figcaption></figure> In the late 1890, a rivalry developed between del Pilar and Rizal. This was mainly due to the difference between del Pilar's editorial policy and Rizal's political beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-lovehate-163">[144]</a> On January 1, 1891, about 90 Filipinos gathered in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. They agreed that a Responsable (leader) be elected.<a href="#cite_note-corpuz2007p208-164">[145]</a> Camps were drawn into two, the Pilaristas and the Rizalistas. The first voting for the Responsable started on the first week of February 1891. Rizal won the first two elections but the votes counted for him did not reach the needed two-thirds vote fraction. After Mariano Ponce, instructed by del Pilar, pleaded to the Pilaristas, Rizal was elected Responsable.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p255-165">[146]</a> Rizal, knowing the Pilaristas did not like his political beliefs, respectfully declined the position and transferred it to del Pilar. He then packed up his bags and boarded a train leaving for <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-corpuz2007p210-166">[147]</a> Inactive in the Reform Movement, Rizal ceased his contribution of articles on La Solidaridad. After the incident, del Pilar wrote a letter of apology to Rizal.<a href="#cite_note-lovehate-163">[144]</a> Rizal responded and said that he stopped writing for La Solidaridad for reasons: first, he needed time to work on his second novel <a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a> (The Reign of Greed);<a href="#cite_note-167">[148]</a> second, he wanted other Filipinos in Spain to work also; and lastly, he could not lead an organization without solidarity in work. Del Pilar and Rizal continued to correspond until the latter's exile to <a href="/wiki/Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a> in July 1892. In his later years, del Pilar rejected the assimilationist stand. Writing to his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Deodato_Arellano" title="Deodato Arellano">Deodato Arellano</a> on March 31, 1891, he explained his ultimate goal: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"In the Filipino colony there should be no division, nor is there: one are the sentiments which move us, one the ideals we pursue; the abolition in the Philippines of every obstacle to our liberties, and in due time and by the proper method, the abolition of the flag of Spain as well."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-168">[149]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emili_Junoy_i_Gelbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emili_Junoy_i_Gelbert.jpg/140px-Emili_Junoy_i_Gelbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emili_Junoy_i_Gelbert.jpg/210px-Emili_Junoy_i_Gelbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Emili_Junoy_i_Gelbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Emilio Junoy, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1906.</figcaption></figure> On December 11, 1892, Sagasta returned as Prime Minister of Spain with <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maura" title="Antonio Maura">Antonio Maura</a> as the new overseas minister. On December 15, 1892, and January 15, 1893, del Pilar published two articles on La Solidaridad, entitled Ya es tiempo (Is it About Time!) and Insistimos (We Insist), wherein he reminisced the Liberals' pledges and the amendment introduced by Calvo y Múñoz in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p203-169">[150]</a> Months later, Maura passed two decrees in the Philippines, all put into effect in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-170">[151]</a> The first decree, The Royal Decree of May 19, 1893, was a law that laid the basic foundations for <a href="/wiki/Philippine_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine municipalities">municipal</a> government in the Philippines. It established tribunales, municipales and juntas provinciales.<a href="#cite_note-171">[152]</a> The second decree, The Royal Decree of February 13, 1894, was known as the Maura Act and grew out of a proposal made in the 1820s by Manuel Bernaldez, a long-serving colonial official. Its preamble declared that it would "insure to the natives, in the future, whenever it may be possible, the necessary land for cultivation, in accordance with traditional usages."<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p41-148">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p52-172">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-173">[154]</a> Despite the passage of these laws, talks regarding the Philippine representation were not entertained. In March 1894, Maura resigned as overseas minister and was replaced by Becerra. Becerra, however, became less sympathetic on the representation of the Philippines and the reforms he proposed. Knowing this, del Pilar approached <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Junoy" class="extiw" title="es:Emilio Junoy">Emilio Junoy</a>, a friendly deputy and editor-in-chief of La Publicidad.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p204-174">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[t]</a> On February 21, 1895, Junoy presented to the Cortes a petition bearing seven thousand signatures.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p41-148">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p107-177">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[u]</a> Two weeks later, on March 8, 1895, Junoy delivered a <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">speech</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Spanish Congress</a> wherein he discussed a proposed bill representing the Philippines. On March 23, 1895, Cánovas del Castillo replaced Sagasta again as Prime Minister of Spain thus ending the chances of the bill to be implemented.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p205-178">[158]</a> After years of publication from 1889 to 1895, funding of the La Solidaridad became scarce. Comité de Propaganda's contribution to the newspaper stopped and del Pilar funded the newspaper almost on his own.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997pp283-286-181">[160]</a> Advised by Mabini,<a href="#cite_note-184">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p291-185">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p174-186">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-torres-187">[165]</a> del Pilar stopped the publication of La Solidaridad on November 15, 1895, with 7 volumes and 160 issues.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p292-188">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[167]</a> In del Pilar's farewell editorial, he said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Facing the obstacles that the reactionary persecutions bring in opposition to the circulation of this newspaper in the Philippines, we have to suspend our publication for some time. Nowadays, when there are ways to curb difficulties, we will not stop working to overcome them. We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation that is oppressed by slavery. We work within the law and thus will we continue publishing this newspaper whether here or abroad, depending on the exigencies of the fight wherein Filipino reactionaries have come to impress upon all Filipinos that in its soul there beats some sentiment of dignity and shame. Whether here or abroad, we will continue developing our program."<a href="#cite_note-190">[168]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years,_illness,_and_death_(1895–1896)">Later years, illness, and death (1895–1896)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years, illness, and death (1895–1896)">edit</a>]</div> Del Pilar contracted <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in the spring of 1895. The following year, he decided to return to the Philippines to lead a <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">revolution</a>. His illness worsened that he had to cancel his journey.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p174-186">[164]</a> On June 20, 1896, he was taken to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hospital_de_la_Santa_Creu,_Barcelona" title="Old Hospital de la Santa Creu, Barcelona">Hospital de la Santa Cruz</a> in Barcelona. Del Pilar died at 1:15 a.m. on July 4, 1896, over a month before the <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p790-191">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p293-192">[170]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ponce" title="Mariano Ponce">Mariano Ponce</a>'s account of his death, his last words were: "Please tell my family that I was not able to say goodbye, but that I died with my true friends around me… Pray to God for the good fortune of our country. Continue with your work to attain the happiness and freedom of our beloved country."<a href="#cite_note-193">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[w]</a> He was buried the following day in a borrowed grave at the <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_Cemetery" title="Montjuïc Cemetery">Cementerio del Sub-Oeste</a> (Southwest Cemetery). Before dying, del Pilar retracted from Masonry and received the <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">sacraments</a> of the church.<a href="#cite_note-195">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions_after_death">Reactions after death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reactions after death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png/170px-Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png/255px-Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png/340px-Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption>Governor-General Ramón Blanco y Erenas<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p518-196">[173]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On July 15, 1896, La Politica de España en Filipinas paid tribute to del Pilar by calling him "the greatest journalist ever produced by the purely Filipino race."<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p786-197">[174]</a></li> <li>In 1897, former Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco,_1st_Marquis_of_Pe%C3%B1a_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquis of Peña Plata">Ramón Blanco</a> declared del Pilar as "the most intelligent leader, the real soul of the separatists, very superior to Rizal."<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p309-198">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[x]</a></li> <li>In La Independencia (1898), Mariano Ponce described del Pilar as "a tireless propagandist" whose powerful intelligence was respected "even by his enemies."<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p198-14">[13]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_of_del_Pilar's_remains_and_final_interment">Return of del Pilar's remains and final interment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return of del Pilar's remains and final interment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue-marcelo-h-del-pilar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marcelo H. Del Pilar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Statue-marcelo-h-del-pilar.jpg/170px-Statue-marcelo-h-del-pilar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Statue-marcelo-h-del-pilar.jpg/255px-Statue-marcelo-h-del-pilar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Statue-marcelo-h-del-pilar.jpg/340px-Statue-marcelo-h-del-pilar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>The National Shrine of Marcelo H. del Pilar in San Nicolás, <a href="/wiki/Bulakan,_Bulacan" title="Bulakan, Bulacan">Bulacán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_Shrine" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar Shrine">Marcelo H. del Pilar Shrine</a></div> In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Norberto_Romualdez" title="Norberto Romualdez">Norberto Romuáldez</a> was commissioned to locate del Pilar's remains. With the help of <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Pellicena_y_Camacho" class="extiw" title="es:Joaquín Pellicena y Camacho">Joaquín Pellicena y Camacho</a>, the body was exhumed and placed in an <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urn</a>. Alicante, the ship carrying del Pilar's remains, arrived in Manila on December 3, 1920.<a href="#cite_note-201">[177]</a> From Pier 3 the body was transferred to the Funeraria Nacional. It was taken to Malolos, Bulacan on December 6, 1920. The following day, it was transferred to del Pilar's birthplace in Bulakan, Bulacan. On December 11, 1920, the body lay in state at the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Grand_Opera_House" title="Manila Grand Opera House">Manila Grand Opera House</a>. A necrological service was held at the <a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento_de_Manila" title="Ayuntamiento de Manila">Salon de Marmol</a> on December 12, 1920. Filipino officials who attended the service were: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Briones" title="Manuel Briones">Manuel C. Briones</a>, representative from Cebu's 1st District; <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Palma" title="Rafael Palma">Rafael Palma</a>, senator of the Philippines from the 4th Senatorial District; <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Kalaw" title="Teodoro Kalaw">Teodoro M. Kalaw</a>, secretary of the interior and local government; del Pilar's colleagues in Barcelona and Madrid, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Pardo_de_Tavera" title="Trinidad Pardo de Tavera">Trinidad Pardo de Tavera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominador_G%C3%B3mez" title="Dominador Gómez">Dominador Gómez</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victorino_Mapa" title="Victorino Mapa">Victorino M. Mapa</a>, 2nd Chief Justice of the Philippines; <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>, senate president of the Philippines; and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a>, 1st Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives. Del Pilar's wife and two daughters were present during the ceremony. After the service, del Pilar was interred at the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_Veterans_of_the_Revolution" title="Mausoleum of the Veterans of the Revolution">Mousoleo de los Veteranos de la Revolución</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Manila_North_Cemetery" title="Manila North Cemetery">Manila North Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mb-202">[178]</a> Del Pilar's remains were transferred to his birthplace on August 30, 1984.<a href="#cite_note-203">[179]</a> His remains were laid to rest under his monument. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bsuhereos66jf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bsuhereos66jf.JPG/170px-Bsuhereos66jf.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bsuhereos66jf.JPG/255px-Bsuhereos66jf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bsuhereos66jf.JPG/340px-Bsuhereos66jf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Marcelo H. del Pilar's monument in Bulacan's provincial heroes' park at Bulacan State University.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage,_children,_and_grandchildren">Marriage, children, and grandchildren</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage, children, and grandchildren">edit</a>]</div> In February 1878, del Pilar married his second cousin Marciana (Chanay) in <a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-villarroel1997p11-46">[41]</a> The couple had seven children, five girls and two boys: Sofía, José, María Rosario, María Consolación, María Concepción, José Mariano Leon, and Ana (Anita). Sofía and Anita, the oldest and youngest child, survived to adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p64-204">[180]</a> On March 12, 1912, Anita married Vicente Marasigan Sr., a businessman from <a href="/wiki/Taal,_Batangas" title="Taal, Batangas">Taal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>. She and her husband had six children: Leticia, Vicente, Benita, Josefina, Antonia, and Marcelo.<a href="#cite_note-Shrine-205">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardships_in_Spain">Hardships in Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hardships in Spain">edit</a>]</div> Del Pilar's last years in Spain saw his descent into extreme poverty. In a letter to his wife Marciana on August 17, 1892, he wrote: "For my meals, I have to approach friends for loans, day after day. To be able to smoke, I have gone to the extreme of picking up cigarette butts in the streets."<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p304-206">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[y]</a> In another letter to his wife on August 3, 1893, he told her about his frequent nightmares: "I always dream that I have Anita on my lap and Sofía by her side; that I kiss them by turns and that both tell me: 'Remain with us, papá, and don't return to Madrid'. I awake soaked in tears, and at this very moment that I write this, I cannot contain the tears that drop from my eyes."<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p304-206">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-dream-17">[16]</a> In June 1893, del Pilar's relatives were able to send money so that he could return to the Philippines. However, his friends (<a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Regidor" class="extiw" title="tl:Antonio Maria Regidor">Regidor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florentino_Torres" title="Florentino Torres">Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Blumentritt" title="Ferdinand Blumentritt">Blumentritt</a>, Morayta, and Quiroga) advised him to stay in Spain. In a letter to his wife on December 21, 1893, he said: "I am afraid of being too hasty, because in view of my present situation, a wrong step on my part will injure many persons, and even if I should pass out of this life, my compatriots would continue to accuse me of imprudence. Note that an error of Rizal's did harm to many (the 1887 <a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba</a> trouble)."<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p306-208">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrero-71">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> Del Pilar's health was declining before contracting tuberculosis in 1895. He suffered from <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a>, and neck <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p296-209">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p308-210">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_with_the_Katipunan">Connection with the Katipunan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Connection with the Katipunan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deodato_Arellano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Deodato_Arellano.jpg/140px-Deodato_Arellano.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Deodato_Arellano.jpg/210px-Deodato_Arellano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Deodato_Arellano.jpg/280px-Deodato_Arellano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Deodato Arellano, del Pilar's brother-in-law, was the first president of the Katipunan.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></div> Some historians<a href="#cite_note-constantino1975p163-211">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Misa-212">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrero-71">[64]</a> believe that del Pilar had a direct hand in the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> and its organization because of his role in the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a> and his eminent position in <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_the_Philippines" title="Freemasonry in the Philippines">Philippine Masonry</a>; most of the Katipunan's founders and members were <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">freemasons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[z]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[aa]</a> The Katipunan had initiation ceremonies that were copied from masonic rites. It also had a hierarchy of rank that was similar to that of freemasonry.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson:_2007-216">[189]</a> Rizal's Spanish biographer <a href="/wiki/Wenceslao_Retana" title="Wenceslao Retana">Wenceslao Retana</a> and Filipino biographer Juan Raymundo Lumawag saw the formation of the Katipunan as del Pilar's victory over Rizal: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"La Liga dies, and the Katipunan rises in its place. Del Pilar's plan wins over that of Rizal. Del Pilar and Rizal had the same end, even if each took a different road to it."<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p69-217">[190]</a></blockquote> In the Revista Filipina, <a href="/wiki/Epifanio_de_los_Santos" title="Epifanio de los Santos">Epifanio de los Santos</a> explained del Pilar's role in the validation of the Katipunan <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"It is very correctly stated that <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Plata" title="Teodoro Plata">Teodoro Plata</a> to draw up the statutes of the Katipunan, and that he did this with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Ladislao_Diwa" title="Ladislao Diwa">Ladislao Diwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_D%C3%ADaz" title="Valentín Díaz">Valentín Díaz</a>. After the statutes had been discussed, Bonifacio, with the concurrence of <a href="/wiki/Deodato_Arellano" title="Deodato Arellano">Deodato Arellano</a>, submitted them to Marcelo H. del Pilar for approval. Upon the latter's letter approving the statutes, Bonifacio used the same for the purpose of gaining adepts."<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p528-218">[191]</a></blockquote> Bonifacio was also guided by the letters of del Pilar, considering them as "sacred relics" of the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p516-219">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrero-71">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_testimonies_of_some_Katipuneros">Alleged testimonies of some Katipuneros</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alleged testimonies of some Katipuneros">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pio_Valenzuela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pio_Valenzuela.jpg/140px-Pio_Valenzuela.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pio_Valenzuela.jpg/210px-Pio_Valenzuela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pio_Valenzuela.jpg/280px-Pio_Valenzuela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>Pío Valenzuela y Alejandrino, a Filipino physician and member of the Katipunan</figcaption></figure> Some Katipuneros have testified that del Pilar instigated the Katipunan. Dr. Jim Richardson, however, questioned the validity of their declarations.<a href="#cite_note-richardson-220">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[ab]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pío_Valenzuela">Pío Valenzuela</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pío Valenzuela">edit</a>]</div> On September 3, 1896, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Valenzuela" title="Pío Valenzuela">Pío Valenzuela</a> said that del Pilar had been the President of the Associates of the Katipunan living in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-retana1897pp213-214-222">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="José_Dizon">José Dizon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: José Dizon">edit</a>]</div> When the Katipunan was uncovered, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dizon" title="José Dizon">José Dizon</a> was among the hundreds who were arrested for rebellion. On September 23, 1896, Dizon was interrogated by Spanish authorities. When asked who carried the instructions for the establishment of the Katipunan, Dizon replied, "Moisés Salvador, he carried with him the instructions of Marcelo H. del Pilar from Madrid. Salvador forwarded the instructions to Deodato Arellano and Andrés Bonifacio".<a href="#cite_note-retana1897p284-223">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Águedo_del_Rosario">Águedo del Rosario</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Águedo del Rosario">edit</a>]</div> On June 28, 1908, Águedo del Rosario said that del Pilar had initiated the formation of the Katipunan. Del Pilar, at the time of the Katipunan's founding, was living in Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-224">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_remembrance">Historical remembrance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical remembrance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Father_of_Philippine_Journalism"">"Father of Philippine Journalism"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: "Father of Philippine Journalism"">edit</a>]</div> For his 150 essays and 66 editorials mostly published in La Solidaridad and various anti-friar pamphlets, del Pilar is widely regarded as the "Father of Philippine Journalism."<a href="#cite_note-225">[197]</a> Samahang Plaridel, an organization of veteran journalists and communicators, was founded in October 2003 to honor del Pilar's ideals. It also promotes mutual help, cooperation, and understanding among Filipino journalists.<a href="#cite_note-226">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaridel_Masonic_Temple_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plaridel_Masonic_Temple_02.jpg/220px-Plaridel_Masonic_Temple_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plaridel_Masonic_Temple_02.jpg/330px-Plaridel_Masonic_Temple_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plaridel_Masonic_Temple_02.jpg/440px-Plaridel_Masonic_Temple_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Plaridel Masonic Temple, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_the_Philippines" title="Grand Lodge of the Philippines">Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Father_of_Philippine_Masonry"">"Father of Philippine Masonry"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: "Father of Philippine Masonry"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_the_Philippines" title="Freemasonry in the Philippines">Freemasonry in the Philippines</a></div> Del Pilar was initiated into <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-227">[199]</a> He became an active member of the lodge Revolución in Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p42-228">[200]</a> Other members of the lodge were Celso Mir Deas, Ponce, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Panganiban" title="José María Panganiban">José María Panganiban</a>, López Jaena, Justo Argudin, and Juan José Cañarte.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p173-229">[201]</a> On December 10, 1889, del Pilar joined the revived lodge Solidaridad No. 53 in Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p42-228">[200]</a> He became its second venerable master, replacing <a href="/wiki/Julio_A._Llorente" title="Julio A. Llorente">Julio A. Llorente</a>. Del Pilar worked for the establishment of Filipino Masonic lodges. In 1891, he sent Serrano y Lactao to the Philippines to establish Nilad, the first Filipino Masonic lodge.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw1927p43-230">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[ac]</a> In 1893, del Pilar also formed the Gran Consejo Regional de Filipinas, the first national organization of Filipino Masons. With these, he earned recognition as the "Father of Philippine Masonry." The Masonic Grand Lodge of the Philippines, located at 1440 San Marcelino Street in <a href="/wiki/Ermita,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermita, Manila">Ermita, Manila</a>, is named <a href="/wiki/Plaridel_Masonic_Temple" title="Plaridel Masonic Temple">Plaridel Masonic Temple</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_commemoration">Historical commemoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historical commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P5_English_series_(Obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/P5_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg/220px-P5_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/P5_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg/330px-P5_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/P5_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg/440px-P5_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Del Pilar and López Jaena on the obverse side of a 5 peso Philippine banknote (1951-1974).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_1963_stamp_of_the_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_1963_stamp_of_the_Philippines.jpg/140px-Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_1963_stamp_of_the_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_1963_stamp_of_the_Philippines.jpg/210px-Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_1963_stamp_of_the_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_1963_stamp_of_the_Philippines.jpg/280px-Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_1963_stamp_of_the_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>5 centavo postage stamp, issue of 1963</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil50cent1994obv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Phil50cent1994obv.jpg/140px-Phil50cent1994obv.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Phil50cent1994obv.jpg/210px-Phil50cent1994obv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Phil50cent1994obv.jpg/280px-Phil50cent1994obv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>Del Pilar on the obverse of the Philippine fifty centavo coin (1994)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_Shrine" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar Shrine">Marcelo H. del Pilar Shrine</a> was erected in honor of del Pilar.<a href="#cite_note-nhcp-2006-233">[204]</a> At the center of the 4,027 square meter site is his 10 feet high monument, made by local sculptor Apolinario Bulaong. At the back of the stadium and the monument stands the mausoleum of the del Pilar family. A two-storey museum library constructed in 1998 can be found at the back of the site. Currently, the shrine is under the management of the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Commission of the Philippines</a>.</li> <li>Monuments erected in his honor can be found in <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paombong" title="Paombong">Paombong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malate,_Manila" title="Malate, Manila">Malate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a>.</li> <li>In 1969, a bronze bust of del Pilar was modelled by classical realist sculptor <a href="/wiki/Anastacio_Caedo" title="Anastacio Caedo">Anastacio Caedo</a>.</li> <li>One of the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda" title="Plaza Miranda">Plaza Miranda</a>'s four corners, "Plaridel Corner", was named after del Pilar. The commemorative plaque, written in <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a>, bears the following quotation attributed to <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Tutol ako sa sinabi mo, ngunit ipagtatanggol ko hanggang kamatayan ang karapatan mong sabihin iyon. (I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.)</div></blockquote></li> <li>Quingua, a 1st class municipality in the province of Bulacan, was renamed as "<a href="/wiki/Plaridel,_Bulacan" title="Plaridel, Bulacan">Plaridel</a>" in honor of del Pilar.<a href="#cite_note-234">[205]</a></li> <li>A 3rd class municipality in the province of <a href="/wiki/Misamis_Occidental" title="Misamis Occidental">Misamis Occidental</a> was named "<a href="/wiki/Plaridel,_Misamis_Occidental" title="Plaridel, Misamis Occidental">Plaridel</a>" in honor of del Pilar.</li> <li>A 5th class municipality in the province of <a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a> was named "<a href="/wiki/Plaridel,_Quezon" title="Plaridel, Quezon">Plaridel</a>" in honor of del Pilar.<a href="#cite_note-235">[206]</a></li> <li>A north–south street connecting <a href="/wiki/Ermita" title="Ermita">Ermita</a> and Malate districts is named <a href="/wiki/Del_Pilar_Street" title="Del Pilar Street">Marcelo H. del Pilar Street</a>. It was formerly known as Calle Real (Spanish for "royal street") which served as an <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterial road</a> that linked the southern provinces with <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[207]</a> In 1921, it was renamed after del Pilar.<a href="#cite_note-237">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway" title="North Luzon Expressway">North Luzon Expressway</a> (NLEX), an 84-kilometer (52 mi) <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">limited-access toll expressway</a> that links the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, was formerly known as the Marcelo H. del Pilar Superhighway.<a href="#cite_note-238">[209]</a></li> <li>One of the streets in <a href="/wiki/Silay_City,_Negros_Occidental" class="mw-redirect" title="Silay City, Negros Occidental">Silay City, Negros Occidental</a> is named "Plaridel Street". The <a href="/wiki/Angel_Araneta_Ledesma_Ancestral_House" title="Angel Araneta Ledesma Ancestral House">Angel Araneta Ledesma Ancestral House</a> is located along the street.<a href="#cite_note-239">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar_National_High_School" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School">Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School</a>, a secondary school located in <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a>, is named in honor of del Pilar.</li> <li>The building which houses the Graduate School in <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_the_Philippines" title="Polytechnic University of the Philippines">Polytechnic University of the Philippines</a> was named after del Pilar.</li> <li>The building which houses the College of Mass Communication in <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">UP Diliman</a> is named Plaridel Hall in his memory.<a href="#cite_note-240">[211]</a></li> <li>Del Pilar was the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Gawad_Plaridel" title="Gawad Plaridel">U.P. Gawad Plaridel</a> awarded by the College of Mass Communication to outstanding Filipino media practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-241">[212]</a></li> <li>Marcelo H. del Pilar was featured on obverse of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_fifty_centavo_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine fifty centavo coin">Philippine fifty centavo coin</a> in 1967–72 and again in 1983–94.<a href="#cite_note-242">[213]</a></li> <li>Del Pilar and <a href="/wiki/Graciano_L%C3%B3pez_Jaena" title="Graciano López Jaena">Graciano López Jaena</a> appear on the obverse side of a five peso <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Philippine_peso" title="Banknotes of the Philippine peso">Philippine banknote</a> circulated between 1951 and 1974.<a href="#cite_note-243">[214]</a></li> <li>A 5 centavo <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> featuring del Pilar was released on March 3, 1952.</li> <li>On April 13, 2022, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> signed Republic Act No. 11699, declaring del Pilar's birth date as National Press Freedom Day, a working holiday.<a href="#cite_note-244">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[216]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Del_Pilar_in_popular_culture">Del Pilar in popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Del Pilar in popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/John_Arcilla" title="John Arcilla">John Arcilla</a> in the 1996 TV Series <a href="/wiki/Bayani_(TV_series)" title="Bayani (TV series)">Bayani</a>.</li> <li>Portrayed by Dennis Marasigan in the Filipino film <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_(film)" title="José Rizal (film)">José Rizal</a> (1998).<a href="#cite_note-246">[217]</a></li> <li>Portrayed by Mike Liwag in the TV series <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado_(TV_series)" title="Ilustrado (TV series)">Ilustrado</a> (2014).<a href="#cite_note-247">[218]</a></li> <li>Del Pilar was featured in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine television">Philippine television</a> news magazine show <a href="/wiki/IJuander" title="IJuander">iJuander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[219]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works">Notable works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_during_del_Pilar's_lifetime">Published during del Pilar's lifetime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Published during del Pilar's lifetime">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ang Pagibig sa Tinubúang Lupà (Love for the Native Land, Tagalog translation of Rizal's El Amor Patrio published in the Diariong Tagalog, August 20, 1882)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p150-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-kalayahan-64">[58]</a></li> <li>La Solídaridad (various articles and essays published under the pen names Pláridel, Carmelo, Patós, D.A. Murgas, and L.O. Crame)</li> <li>En Filipinas Quien Manda? (Who is the Master in the Philippines?, published in La Publicidad, December 23, 1887)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>El Monaquismo en Filipinas (Monasticism in the Philippines, published in El Diario under the pen name Piping Dilat, January 12, 1888)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>Viva España! Viva el Rey! Viva el Ejército! Fuera los Frailes! (Long live Spain! Long live the King! Long live the Army! Throw the friars out!, 1888)<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p89-91">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrero-71">[64]</a></li> <li>Caiigat Cayó (Be as Slippery as an Eel, published under the pen name Dolores Manapat, August 3, 1888)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p599-99">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p121-100">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p82-101">[90]</a></li> <li>Ang Cadaquilaan nang Dios (The Greatness of God, 1888)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-ramos1984p86-250">[221]</a></li> <li>Noli Me Tángere. Ante el Odio Monacal. (Noli Me Tangere. The Hatred of the Monks., published in La Publicidad under the pen name Pláridel, July 10, 11, 12 and 13, 1888)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>Filipinas Ante la Opinion (The Philippines and Public Opinion, published in El Diluvio, July 27, 1888)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>La Soberanía Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines, published under the pen name MH. Pláridel, 1888)<a href="#cite_note-steinberg2000p245-251">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasalan_at_Tuksuhan" class="extiw" title="tl:Dasalan at Tuksuhan">Dasalan at Tocsohan</a> (Prayers and Mockeries, published under the pen name Dolores Manaksak, 1888)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916pp591-596-110">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p125-111">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-reyes2008p131-112">[99]</a></li> <li>Pasióng Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Tauong Babasa sa Calupitán nang Fraile (The Passion that Should Inflame the Hearts of Those Who Read About the Cruelty of the Friars, 1888)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916pp596-597-113">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p126-114">[101]</a></li> <li>Relegacion Gubernativa (Governmental Relegation, published in El Diluvio under the pen name Piping Dilat, January 24, 1889)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>La Asociación Hispano-Filipina (The Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, published in La Publicidad under the pen name Pláridel, January 30, 1889)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>La Frailocracía Filipina (Friarocracy in the Philippines, published under the pen name MH. Pláridel, 1889)<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p119-252">[223]</a></li> <li>Sagót nang España sa Hibíc nang Filipinas (Spain's Reply to the Cry of the Philippines, 1889)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[224]</a></li> <li>El Triunfo de la Remora en Filipinas (The Triumph of the Enemies of Progress in the Philippines, published in El País under the pen name Pláridel, February 28, 1890)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>Prologo (Prologue of Filipinas en las Cortes, 1890)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>Arancel de los Derechos Parroquiales en las Islas Filipinas publicado con su traduccion tagala (Tagalog translation of Arancel de los Derechos Parroquiales en las Islas Filipinas, 1890)</li> <li>Exposicion de la Asociación Hispano-Filipina (Memorial of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, February 1, 1892)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>Para Rectificar (A Correction, published in La Justicia, February 11, 1892)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>Otro Peligro Colonial (Another Colonial Danger, published in El Globo, January 19, 1895)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>Canal Bashi (The Bashi Channel, published in El Globo, January 26, 1896)<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p292-188">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li> <li>Ministerio dela República Filipina (Ministry of the Philippine Republic, 1896)<a href="#cite_note-dery1999p26-254">[225]</a></li> <li>La Patria (The Fatherland, 1896)<a href="#cite_note-dery1999p26-254">[225]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_posthumously">Published posthumously</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Published posthumously">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Dupluhan... Dalits... Bugtongs (A Poetical Contest in Narrative Sequence, Psalms, Riddles, 1907)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p585-255">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-mojares1983p132-256">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a></li> <li>Pagina Especial Para la Mujer Filipina (Special Page for the Filipino Woman, published in <a href="/wiki/El_Renacimiento" title="El Renacimiento">El Renacimiento</a>, August 28, 1909)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p390-249">[220]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unpublished_works">Unpublished works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Unpublished works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Sa Bumabasang Kababayan<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-mojares1983p132-256">[227]</a></li> <li>Discurso en El Meeting del Teatro Martin de Madrid (Speech at the Meeting in the Teatro Martin, Madrid)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a></li> <li>Esbozos de Un Codigo Internacional (Spanish translation of David Dudley Field's Outlines of an International Code)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a></li> <li>Proyecto de Estatutos de la Sociedad Financiera de Socorros Mutuos, Titulada la Paz (Proposed by-Laws of the Sociedad Financiera de Socorros Mutuos, Titulada la Paz)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a></li> <li>Reglas de Sintaxis Inglesa (Spanish translation of Rules of English Syntax)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a></li> <li>Progreso del Jefe Gomez: Rapida y Prontamente el Rebelde Principal Trastorna Todas las Combinaciones Españoles (The Progress of Chief Gomez: The Principal Rebel Leader Rapidly and Promptly Upsets All Spanish Combinations)<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">[56]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gawad_Plaridel" title="Gawad Plaridel">Gawad Pláridel Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The original house was burned by the agents of the friars on August 15, 1889. Del Pilar learned of the incident a year later.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p297-11">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The share of the inheritance of each child was very small and del Pilar renounced his in favor of his siblings.<a href="#cite_note-kahayon1989p52-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Del Pilar played beautiful pieces on the violin and flute during <a href="/wiki/Flores_de_Mayo" title="Flores de Mayo">Flores de Mayo</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Epifanio_de_los_Santos" title="Epifanio de los Santos">Epifanio de los Santos</a>, del Pilar obtained his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachiller en Artes</a> degree at the Colegio de San José. Other historians who followed de los Santos' account were: Teodoro A. Agoncillo, Magno S. Gatmaitan, Jaime C. de Veyra, Lea S. Zapanta, John N. Schumacher, and Gregorio F. Zaide.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p198-14">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Aside from del Pilar, notable members of the group were Fr. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Burgos" title="José Burgos">José Burgos</a>, <a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Regidor" class="extiw" title="tl:Antonio Maria Regidor">Antonio María Regidor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Labra" title="Rafael María de Labra">Rafael Labra</a>, Antonio Roxas, Pedro Carillo, and Pío Bása.<a href="#cite_note-zapanta1967p72-39">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> According to Wenceslao E. Retana's account, the first issue came out on August 1, 1882.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> After the implementation of Sr. Chinchilla's order, del Pilar advised gobernadorcillo Florentino Reyes and the cabezas to approximate the real barangay population. To their surprise, the real barangay census was less than the parish census by three thousand individuals (most of the excess individuals in the parochial lists were cholera victims in the early 1880s).<a href="#cite_note-tiongson2004p63-66">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Unable to pay the stole fees charged by the friar, Mateo Mariano was punished by beating. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Before the preparation of this petition, Cándido García, a resident of <a href="/wiki/Pandacan" title="Pandacan">Pandacan</a>, approached del Pilar and the governor of Manila. He worried about being imprisoned after reporting to the gobernadorcillo the abuses of the friar-curate which included the collection of excessive fees for <a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">scapulars</a> and novenas.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997pp111-113-81">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Most of the signers of the anti-friar petition did not know how to read and write Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997pp115-120-92">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Vicente Gatmaitán was the brother-in-law of both Crisóstomo and del Pilar.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p122-97">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> In Caiigat Cayó, del Pilar compares Fr. José Rodríguez to the igat, a <a href="/wiki/Anguillidae" title="Anguillidae">freshwater eel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p600-103">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Pedro Serrano y Lactao was a school teacher, writer, and lexicographer. A staff of El Heraldo de la Revolución, he wrote the Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog and Estudios Gramaticales Sobre la Lengua Tagala. Serrano wrote under several pseudonyms: R.O. Serna, P. Doré, and S. L'Aktaw.<a href="#cite_note-107">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Rizal's La Visión de Fr. Rodríguez and Por Teléfono were inspired by the Dasalan at Tocsohan and Pasióng Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Tauong Babasa sa Calupitán nang Fraile.<a href="#cite_note-nieva1916p294-106">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Members of the Comité de Propaganda were Gregorio Santillán, José A. Ramos, Doroteo Cortés, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Rianzares_Bautista" title="Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista">Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista</a>, Pedro Serrano y Lactao, Basilio Teodoro Morán, and Deodato Arellano. Del Pilar acted as the committee's delegate in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997pp123-124-125">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-retana1897p417-126">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Copies of La Solidaridad were smuggled into the Philippines by José María Bása.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p143-136">[121]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Newspapers such as El País, El Globo, El Nuevo Régimen, El Día, El Diluvio, El Imparcial, El Liberal, El Noticiero Universal, El Resumen, El Suplemento, La Correspondencia Militar, La Justicia, La Vanguardia, and La Publicidad (Morayta's newspaper) supplemented the La Solidaridad.<a href="#cite_note-139">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Lallave was also known for translating the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> into <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan language</a> (this was the first ever translation of a complete portion of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in a Philippine language). </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> When del Pilar assumed the editorship of La Solidaridad, he transferred the editorial office from Barcelona to Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p145-146">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Junoy was a long time friend of the Filipino reformists in Spain. When Mariano Ponce's house was raided by the police in 1890, Junoy acted as his lawyer. He was one of the founders of the Partido Republicano Histórico.<a href="#cite_note-175">[156]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> The petition asked for thirty-one deputies and eleven senators to represent the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher1997p205-178">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[159]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Apolinario Mabini was del Pilar's regular correspondent in Manila. In September 1894, he became the secretary of the Cuerpo de Compromisarios.<a href="#cite_note-retana1897p302-182">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-constantino1975pp158-159-183">[162]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Canon" title="Fernando Canon">Fernando Canon</a> also witnessed the last hours of Marcelo H. del Pilar. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Como prueba de esta verdad, séame permitido copiar á continuación algunos párrafos de una carta que Marcelo H. del Pilar, el más inteligente, el verdadero verbo de los separatistas, muy superior á Rizal.<a href="#cite_note-199">[176]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Anita, after hearing this news from her mother, immediately sent del Pilar her one peso Christmas gift.<a href="#cite_note-guerrero-71">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Andrés Bonifacio was a member of the Logia Taliba No. 165. Sinukuan was his masonic name. Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata, Valentín Díaz, and José Dizon were also members of the lodge.<a href="#cite_note-:2-213">[188]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Along with his brother-in-law del Pilar, Deodato Arellano was an active <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>, hailing from Logia Lusong No. 185. Buan was his masonic name.<a href="#cite_note-:2-213">[188]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Dr. Jim Richardson is a British historian and scholar. His well-known works include Roots of Dependency: Political and Economic Revolution in 19th Century Philippines (1979); Komunista: The Genesis of the Philippine Communist Party, 1902-1935 (2011); and The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897 (2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Other members of Nilad aside from Serrano y Lactao were José A. Ramos, Moisés Salvador, Lorenzo Tuason, Timoteo Paéz, Tomás Tuason, and José Kaknio.<a href="#cite_note-231">[203]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-reyes2008p31-1"><a href="#cite_ref-reyes2008p31_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReyes2008">Reyes 2008</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-baptism-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baptism_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baptism_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSMJ-S934-4">"Film # 007773626 Image Film # 007773626; ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSMJ-S934-4 — FamilySearch.org"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a>. Retrieved May 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch&rft.atitle=Film+%23+007773626+Image+Film+%23+007773626%3B+ark%3A%2F61903%2F3%3A1%3A3Q9M-CSMJ-S934-4+%E2%80%94+FamilySearch.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilysearch.org%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F3%3A1%3A3Q9M-CSMJ-S934-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kahayon1989p52-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kahayon1989p52_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kahayon1989p52_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kahayon1989p52_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kahayon1989p52_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kahayon1989p52_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kahayon1989p52_3-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahayon1989">Kahayon 1989</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FilipinosinHistory-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilipinosinHistory_4-10">k</a> Filipinos in History: Volume II, <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Institute</a>, 1990, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulacañana_Coffee_Table_Book-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Bulacañana_Coffee_Table_Book_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero" class="citation book cs1">Guerrero, A. 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Provincial Youth, Sports, Employment, Art and Culture Office (PYSEACO), Provincial Government of Bulacan. pp. 10–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulaca%C3%B1ana%3A+A+Heritage+of+Artistic+Excellence&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Provincial+Youth%2C+Sports%2C+Employment%2C+Art+and+Culture+Office+%28PYSEACO%29%2C+Provincial+Government+of+Bulacan&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reyes2008p129-6"><a href="#cite_ref-reyes2008p129_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReyes2008">Reyes 2008</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-keat2004p756-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keat2004p756_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keat2004p756_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeat2004">Keat 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA756">756</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcelo_H._del_Pilar:_Ang_Kanyang_Buhay,_Diwa_at_Panulat-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Marcelo_H._del_Pilar:_Ang_Kanyang_Buhay,_Diwa_at_Panulat_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValeriano" class="citation news cs1">Valeriano, A. 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Retrieved June 9, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-villarroel1997p41-49"><a href="#cite_ref-villarroel1997p41_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillarroel1997">Villarroel 1997</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-kalaw1927p35-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kalaw1927p35_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalaw1927p35_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-constantino1975p149-51"><a href="#cite_ref-constantino1975p149_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/collegepark/pool/1644/delpilar2.html">"Marcelo H. del Pilar"</a>. oocities.org. Retrieved May 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marcelo+H.+del+Pilar&rft.pub=oocities.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fcollegepark%2Fpool%2F1644%2Fdelpilar2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nieva1916pp586-587-53"><a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916pp586-587_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNieva1916">Nieva 1916</a>, pp. 586–587. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Mariano Ponce, El Renacimiento, July 3, 1903 </li> <li id="cite_note-kalaw1927pp33-34-55"><a href="#cite_ref-kalaw1927pp33-34_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Pláridel, MH. (1888). Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines. Op. cit., pp 9-40, 20-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-villa-57"><a href="#cite_ref-villa_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla2020" class="citation news cs1">Villa, Vicki (October 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilastandard.net/mobile/article/336899">"A timely reminder on press freedom"</a>. Manila Standard. manilastandard.net. Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Standard&rft.atitle=A+timely+reminder+on+press+freedom&rft.date=2020-10-15&rft.aulast=Villa&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilastandard.net%2Fmobile%2Farticle%2F336899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Virgilio Almario, Filway's Philippine Almanac, p.345 </li> <li id="cite_note-zapanta1967p76-60"><a href="#cite_ref-zapanta1967p76_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZapanta1967">Zapanta 1967</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-villarroel1997p42-61"><a href="#cite_ref-villarroel1997p42_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillarroel1997">Villarroel 1997</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-nieva1916p392-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nieva1916p392_62-16">q</a> <a href="#CITEREFNieva1916">Nieva 1916</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-reyes2008p150-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reyes2008p150_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reyes2008p150_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReyes2008">Reyes 2008</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-kalayahan-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kalayahan_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalayahan_64-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/rizal-leipzig-12-october-1886-to-paciano-rizal/12791881737302/1/0">José Rizal to Paciano Rizal (October 12, 1886; 40-11 Albertstrasse, Leipzig).</a> I lacked many words, for example, for the word Freiheit or liberty. The Tagalog word kaligtasan cannot be used, because this means that formerly he was in some prison, slavery, etc. I found in the translation of Amor Patrio the noun malayá, kalayahan that Marcelo H. del Pilar uses. In the only Tagalog book I have – Florante – I don't find an equivalent noun. </li> <li id="cite_note-tiongson2004p75-65"><a href="#cite_ref-tiongson2004p75_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTiongson2004">Tiongson 2004</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-tiongson2004p63-66"><a href="#cite_ref-tiongson2004p63_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTiongson2004">Tiongson 2004</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-tiongson2004p62-68"><a href="#cite_ref-tiongson2004p62_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTiongson2004">Tiongson 2004</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-zapanta1967p84-69"><a href="#cite_ref-zapanta1967p84_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZapanta1967">Zapanta 1967</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-schumacher1997p107-70"><a href="#cite_ref-schumacher1997p107_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumacher,_S.J.1997">Schumacher, S.J. 1997</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-guerrero-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero_71-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero_71-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero_71-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero1952" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Guerrero_III" class="mw-redirect" title="León María Guerrero III">Guerrero, Leon Ma.</a> (December 13, 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/tag/marcelo-h-del-pilar/">"Del Pilar"</a>. The Philippines Free Press Online. 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Quezon City: Tala Publishing Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8958-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-8958-00-2"><bdi>971-8958-00-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Past+Revisited&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Tala+Publishing+Services&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=971-8958-00-2&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1ZxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorpuz2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Onofre_Corpuz" title="Onofre Corpuz">Corpuz, Onofre D.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLcuAQAAIAAJ">The Roots of the Filipino Nation, Volume 2</a>. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-461-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-461-5"><bdi>978-971-542-461-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+the+Filipino+Nation%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-542-461-5&rft.aulast=Corpuz&rft.aufirst=Onofre+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLcuAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDery1999" class="citation book cs1">Dery, Luis Camara (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pohwAAAAMAAJ">Alay sa Inang Bayan: Panibagong Pagbibigay Kahulugan sa Kasaysayan ng Himagsikan ng 1896</a>. Ermita, Manila: National Historical Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-538-155-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-538-155-0"><bdi>978-971-538-155-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alay+sa+Inang+Bayan%3A+Panibagong+Pagbibigay+Kahulugan+sa+Kasaysayan+ng+Himagsikan+ng+1896&rft.place=Ermita%2C+Manila&rft.pub=National+Historical+Institute&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-971-538-155-0&rft.aulast=Dery&rft.aufirst=Luis+Camara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpohwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFajardo1998" class="citation book cs1">Fajardo, Reynold S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2DaAAAAMAAJ">The Brethren: Masons in the Struggle for Philippine Independence, Volume 1</a>. Manila: E.L. Locsin and the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-91946-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/971-91946-1-8"><bdi>971-91946-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brethren%3A+Masons+in+the+Struggle+for+Philippine+Independence%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=E.L.+Locsin+and+the+Grand+Lodge+of+Free+and+Accepted+Masons+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=971-91946-1-8&rft.aulast=Fajardo&rft.aufirst=Reynold+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do2DaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahayon1989" class="citation book cs1">Kahayon, Alicia H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uIZkAAAAMAAJ">Philippine Literature: Choice Selections from a Historical Perspective</a>. Manila: National Book Store. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-084-378-8" title="Special:BookSources/971-084-378-8"><bdi>971-084-378-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Literature%3A+Choice+Selections+from+a+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=National+Book+Store&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=971-084-378-8&rft.aulast=Kahayon&rft.aufirst=Alicia+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuIZkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw1927" class="citation book cs1">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2233.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">The Development of Philippine Politics (1872-1920)</a>. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Philippine+Politics+%281872-1920%29&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Oriental+Commercial+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fphilamer%2Fafj2233.0001.001%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Kalaw" title="Teodoro Kalaw">Kalaw, Teodoro M.</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WaMMAQAAMAAJ">An Acceptable Holocaust: Life and Death of a Boy-General</a>. Manila: National Historical Commission. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1659785">1659785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Acceptable+Holocaust%3A+Life+and+Death+of+a+Boy-General&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=National+Historical+Commission&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1659785&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWaMMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeat2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keat_Gin_Ooi" title="Keat Gin Ooi">Keat, Gin Ooi</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC">Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-770-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-770-5"><bdi>1-57607-770-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57607-770-5&rft.aulast=Keat&rft.aufirst=Gin+Ooi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojares1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Resil_Mojares" class="mw-redirect" title="Resil Mojares">Mojares, Resil B.</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tK9kAAAAMAAJ">Origins and Rise of the Filipino Novel: A Generic Study of the Novel Until 1940</a>. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-105-001-3" title="Special:BookSources/971-105-001-3"><bdi>971-105-001-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Rise+of+the+Filipino+Novel%3A+A+Generic+Study+of+the+Novel+Until+1940&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=971-105-001-3&rft.aulast=Mojares&rft.aufirst=Resil+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtK9kAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieva1916" class="citation book cs1">Nieva, Gregorio (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pAv2KDxmDcC">The Philippine Review (Revista Filipina)</a>. Vol. 5. Manila: Gregorio Nieva. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24397107">24397107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Review+%28Revista+Filipina%29&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Gregorio+Nieva&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24397107&rft.aulast=Nieva&rft.aufirst=Gregorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pAv2KDxmDcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos1984" class="citation book cs1">Ramos, Maria S. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxK5AAAAIAAJ">Panitikang Pilipino</a>. Quezon City: Katha Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-150-051-5" title="Special:BookSources/971-150-051-5"><bdi>971-150-051-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panitikang+Pilipino&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Katha+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=971-150-051-5&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=Maria+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxK5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetana1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wenceslao_Retana" title="Wenceslao Retana">Retana, Wenceslao E.</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cykPAQAAIAAJ">Archivo del bibliófilo filipino: recopilación de documentos históricos, científicos, literarios y políticos, y estudios bibliográficos (Volume III)</a>. Madrid: Imprenta de la viuda de M. Minuesa de los Rios. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0341238034" title="Special:BookSources/978-0341238034"><bdi>978-0341238034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archivo+del+bibli%C3%B3filo+filipino%3A+recopilaci%C3%B3n+de+documentos+hist%C3%B3ricos%2C+cient%C3%ADficos%2C+literarios+y+pol%C3%ADticos%2C+y+estudios+bibliogr%C3%A1ficos+%28Volume+III%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+viuda+de+M.+Minuesa+de+los+Rios&rft.date=1897&rft.isbn=978-0341238034&rft.aulast=Retana&rft.aufirst=Wenceslao+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcykPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes2008" class="citation book cs1">Reyes, Raquel A. G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tjWD-ngC4C">Love, Passion, and Patriotism: Sexuality and the Philippine Propaganda Movement, 1882 – 1892</a>. Singapore: NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-356-5"><bdi>978-9971-69-356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love%2C+Passion%2C+and+Patriotism%3A+Sexuality+and+the+Philippine+Propaganda+Movement%2C+1882+%E2%80%93+1892&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-356-5&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Raquel+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3tjWD-ngC4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2001" class="citation book cs1">Santos, Mariano T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=54982">Aklat ng Bayang Bulacan</a>. Bulacan: Lathalaang Plaridel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92439-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-92439-0-2"><bdi>971-92439-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aklat+ng+Bayang+Bulacan&rft.place=Bulacan&rft.pub=Lathalaang+Plaridel&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=971-92439-0-2&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Mariano+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.filipinaslibrary.org.ph%2Fcgi-bin%2Fkoha%2Fopac-detail.pl%3Fbiblionumber%3D54982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher,_S.J.1997" class="citation book cs1">Schumacher, S.J., John N. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6GU_Tzxu5qoC">The Propaganda Movement, 1880-1895: The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness, the Making of the Revolution</a>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-209-1" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-209-1"><bdi>971-550-209-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Propaganda+Movement%2C+1880-1895%3A+The+Creation+of+a+Filipino+Consciousness%2C+the+Making+of+the+Revolution&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=971-550-209-1&rft.aulast=Schumacher%2C+S.J.&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6GU_Tzxu5qoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Steinberg" title="David Steinberg">Steinberg, David J.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mf8YUky_mMC">The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place</a>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3755-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3755-0"><bdi>0-8133-3755-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Singular+and+a+Plural+Place&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8133-3755-0&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8mf8YUky_mMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiongson2004" class="citation book cs1">Tiongson, Nicanor G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_O3H7iRa-4C">The Women of Malolos</a>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-467-1" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-467-1"><bdi>971-550-467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women+of+Malolos&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=971-550-467-1&rft.aulast=Tiongson&rft.aufirst=Nicanor+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_O3H7iRa-4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillarroel1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Villarroel" title="Fidel Villarroel">Villarroel, Fidel</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_VwAAAAMAAJ">Marcelo H. del Pilar at the University of Santo Tomas</a>. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-506-070-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-506-070-6"><bdi>971-506-070-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcelo+H.+del+Pilar+at+the+University+of+Santo+Tomas&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=University+of+Santo+Tomas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=971-506-070-6&rft.aulast=Villarroel&rft.aufirst=Fidel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_VwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapanta1967" class="citation book cs1">Zapanta, Lea S. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OQJAAAAMAAJ">The Political Ideas of Marcelo H. del Pilar</a>. Quezon City: University of the Philippines. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48934308">48934308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Ideas+of+Marcelo+H.+del+Pilar&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48934308&rft.aulast=Zapanta&rft.aufirst=Lea+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OQJAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teo_Antonio" title="Teo Antonio">Antonio, Teo T.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16NkAAAAMAAJ">Piping-dilat</a>. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9715422512" title="Special:BookSources/978-9715422512"><bdi>978-9715422512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piping-dilat&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9715422512&rft.aulast=Antonio&rft.aufirst=Teo+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16NkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortez2016" class="citation book cs1">Cortez, King M. (2016). Plaridel: Dungan ng Katipunan. Malolos: Center for Bulacan Studies, Bulacan State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-0572-86-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-0572-86-1"><bdi>978-971-0572-86-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plaridel%3A+Dungan+ng+Katipunan&rft.place=Malolos&rft.pub=Center+for+Bulacan+Studies%2C+Bulacan+State+University&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-971-0572-86-1&rft.aulast=Cortez&rft.aufirst=King+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatmaitan1966" class="citation book cs1">Gatmaitan, Magno S. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVbRAAAAMAAJ">Marcelo H. del Pilar, 1850-1896: A Documented Biography, with Tagalog, English and Spanish Versions</a>. Quezon City: Muñoz Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33251139">33251139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcelo+H.+del+Pilar%2C+1850-1896%3A+A+Documented+Biography%2C+with+Tagalog%2C+English+and+Spanish+Versions&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Mu%C3%B1oz+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33251139&rft.aulast=Gatmaitan&rft.aufirst=Magno+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVbRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerreroSchumacher,_S.J.1998" class="citation book cs1">Guerrero, Milagros C.; Schumacher, S.J., John N. (1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People. Vol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1" title="Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1"><bdi>962-258-228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Revolution&rft.series=Kasaysayan%3A+The+Story+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-258-228-1&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros+C.&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+S.J.%2C+John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilar1955" class="citation book cs1">Pilar, Marcelo H. del (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1jRAAAAMAAJ">Epistolario de Marcelo H. del Pilar, Volume 1</a>. Manila: Imprenta del Gobierno. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5390874">5390874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epistolario+de+Marcelo+H.+del+Pilar%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Imprenta+del+Gobierno&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5390874&rft.aulast=Pilar&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+H.+del&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1jRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilar1970" class="citation book cs1">Pilar, Marcelo H. del (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zsVxAAAAMAAJ">Escritos de Marcelo H. del Pilar, Volumes 1–2</a>. Manila: Biblioteca Nacional. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8783472">8783472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escritos+de+Marcelo+H.+del+Pilar%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%932&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Nacional&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8783472&rft.aulast=Pilar&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+H.+del&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzsVxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilar2006" class="citation book cs1">Pilar, Marcelo H. del (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6P4-AQAAIAAJ">Letters of Marcelo H. del Pilar: A Collection of Letters of Marcelo H. del Pilar</a>. Manila: National Historical Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-538-194-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-538-194-4"><bdi>971-538-194-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Marcelo+H.+del+Pilar%3A+A+Collection+of+Letters+of+Marcelo+H.+del+Pilar&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=National+Historical+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=971-538-194-4&rft.aulast=Pilar&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+H.+del&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6P4-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPláridel1888" class="citation book cs1">Pláridel, MH. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cu6jPgAACAAJ">La Soberanía Monacal en Filipinas</a>. Barcelona: Imprenta Ibérica de Francisco Fossas. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/222638947">222638947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Soberan%C3%ADa+Monacal+en+Filipinas&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Imprenta+Ib%C3%A9rica+de+Francisco+Fossas&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F222638947&rft.aulast=Pl%C3%A1ridel&rft.aufirst=MH.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcu6jPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPláridel1889" class="citation book cs1">Pláridel, MH. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzTVHAAACAAJ">La Frailocracía Filipina</a>. Barcelona: Imprenta Ibérica de Francisco Fossas. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/433074562">433074562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Frailocrac%C3%ADa+Filipina&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Imprenta+Ib%C3%A9rica+de+Francisco+Fossas&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F433074562&rft.aulast=Pl%C3%A1ridel&rft.aufirst=MH.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzTVHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair1902" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Francis (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNFEgCAB9rAC">The Katipunan: Or, The Rise and Fall of the Filipino Commune</a>. Manila: Tip. "Amigos del Pais". <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28067457">28067457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Katipunan%3A+Or%2C+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Filipino+Commune&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Tip.+%22Amigos+del+Pais%22&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28067457&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNFEgCAB9rAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValeriano1984" class="citation book cs1">Valeriano, Antonio B. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elib.gov.ph/details.php?uid=a04e480c7a343d7340d61b0f2daf12c9&tab=1">Marcelo H. del Pilar: Ang Kanyang Buhay, Diwa at Panulat</a>. Bulacan: Samahang Pangkalinangan ng Bulakan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcelo+H.+del+Pilar%3A+Ang+Kanyang+Buhay%2C+Diwa+at+Panulat&rft.place=Bulacan&rft.pub=Samahang+Pangkalinangan+ng+Bulakan&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Valeriano&rft.aufirst=Antonio+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elib.gov.ph%2Fdetails.php%3Fuid%3Da04e480c7a343d7340d61b0f2daf12c9%26tab%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillarroel,_OP1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Villarroel" title="Fidel Villarroel">Villarroel, OP, Fidel</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vRwAAAAMAAJ">Marcelo H. Del Pilar, His Religious Conversions</a>. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9715060714" title="Special:BookSources/978-9715060714"><bdi>978-9715060714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcelo+H.+Del+Pilar%2C+His+Religious+Conversions&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=University+of+Santo+Tomas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9715060714&rft.aulast=Villarroel%2C+OP&rft.aufirst=Fidel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vRwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcelo+H.+del+Pilar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" class="extiw" title="commons:Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marcelo H. del Pilar">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Marcelo_Hilario_del_Pilar" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Marcelo Hilario del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayaniart.com/marcelo-hilario-del-pilar-biography/">BAYANIart: Marcelo del Pilar Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mabuhayonline.blogspot.com/2014/07/plaridel-hindi-lang-propagandista-siya.html">PLARIDEL: Hindi lang propagandista, siya ang utak ng Katipunan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/tourism/touristspot.php?id=32">Bulacan, Philippines: Tourism: Marcelo H. del Pilar Shrine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828110149/http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/tourism/touristspot.php?id=32">Archived</a> August 28, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18141">¡Caiñgat Cayo!</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/mhdpilar.html">Philippine History – Plaridel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/solidaridad.html">The Philippine Revolution: La Solidaridad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/17972">Works by Marcelo H. del Pilar</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">National symbols of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Narra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Philippine eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Philippine pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Sampaguita</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">Adobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saribus_rotundifolius" title="Saribus rotundifolius">Anahaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">Bahay kubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakya" title="Bakya">Bakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">Barong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">Baro't saya</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Bayan Ko</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">Carabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1osa" title="Cariñosa">Cariñosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechon">Lechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">National Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">Sinigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipa" title="Sipa">Sipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waling-waling" title="Waling-waling">Waling-waling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National hero of the Philippines">National heroes</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declared from national legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_Day_(Philippines)" title="National Heroes Day (Philippines)">National Heroes Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Valor" title="Day of Valor">Veterans of the Second World War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From proposed laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Silang" title="Gabriela Silang">Gabriela Silang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchora_Aquino" title="Melchora Aquino">Melchora Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kudarat" title="Muhammad Kudarat">Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082241369">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45101604">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/91754/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4yDtBPyQhytjYcXf6rq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118959042">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82062449">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36523877">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1400517">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070933995">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000509536&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201616055">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284484005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07735504?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1271654">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&oldid=1246518401">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar&oldid=1246518401</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1850_births" title="Category:1850 births">1850 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1896_deaths" title="Category:1896 deaths">1896 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran_alumni" 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