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user-links-collapsible-item" title="利用者メニュー" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ja.wikipedia.org&uselang=ja"><span>寄付</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%90&returnto=%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="アカウントを作成してログインすることをお勧めしますが、必須ではありません"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>アカウント作成</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3&returnto=%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="ログインすることを推奨します。ただし、必須ではありません。 [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ログイン</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ログアウトした編集者のページ <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%B8%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%81%9D" aria-label="編集の詳細"><span>もっと詳しく</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E8%87%AA%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E6%8A%95%E7%A8%BF%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%B2" title="このIPアドレスからなされた編集の一覧 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>投稿記録</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="このIPアドレスからなされた編集についての議論 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>トーク</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="サイト"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ページ先頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-理論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>理論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近似" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近似"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>近似</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近似-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-その他" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#その他"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>その他</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-その他-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>出典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-関連項目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#関連項目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>関連項目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-関連項目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="目次の表示・非表示を切り替え" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">目次の表示・非表示を切り替え</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">拡散反射</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="特定の記事の別の言語版に移動します。利用可能な言語23件" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23の言語版</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="アラビア語: انعكاس عشوائي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انعكاس عشوائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexi%C3%B3_difusa" title="カタロニア語: Reflexió difusa" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reflexió difusa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="カタロニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streulicht" title="ドイツ語: Streulicht" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streulicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%87%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="ギリシャ語: Διάχυση φωτός" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάχυση φωτός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ギリシャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_reflection" title="英語: Diffuse reflection" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Diffuse reflection" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexi%C3%B3n_difusa" title="スペイン語: Reflexión difusa" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reflexión difusa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="スペイン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ペルシア語: بازتاب پخشیده" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازتاب پخشیده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ペルシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ヘブライ語: החזרה דיפוזית" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החזרה דיפוזית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ヘブライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspr%C5%A1enje_svjetlosti" title="クロアチア語: Raspršenje svjetlosti" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Raspršenje svjetlosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemantulan_baur" title="インドネシア語: Pemantulan baur" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemantulan baur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="インドネシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riflessione_diffusa" title="イタリア語: Riflessione diffusa" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riflessione diffusa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="イタリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EB%B0%98%EC%82%AC" title="韓国語: 난반사" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="난반사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dif%C5%ABz%C4%81_atstaro%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="ラトビア語: Difūzā atstarošanās" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Difūzā atstarošanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ラトビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenskin" title="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク): Gjenskin" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gjenskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffus_refleksjon" title="ノルウェー語(ブークモール): Diffus refleksjon" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diffus refleksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ブークモール)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex%C3%A3o_difusa" title="ポルトガル語: Reflexão difusa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reflexão difusa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ポルトガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="ロシア語: Диффузное отражение" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диффузное отражение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ロシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspr%C5%A1enje_svjetlosti" title="セルボ・クロアチア語: Raspršenje svjetlosti" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raspršenje svjetlosti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="セルボ・クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="タイ語: การสะท้อนแสงพร่า" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสะท้อนแสงพร่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="タイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1k_yans%C4%B1ma" title="トルコ語: Dağınık yansıma" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dağınık yansıma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="トルコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83" title="タタール語: Диффуз чагылу" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Диффуз чагылу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="タタール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="ウクライナ語: Дифузне відбиття світла" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дифузне відбиття світла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ウクライナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="中国語: 漫反射" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="漫反射" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1154504#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="言語間リンクを編集" class="wbc-editpage">リンクを編集</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名前空間"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="本文を閲覧 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ページ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="「本文ページについての議論」 (存在しないページ) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>ノート</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="別の言語に切り替える" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diffuse_reflection" hreflang="en"><span>コモンズ</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1154504" title="関連付けられたデータリポジトリ項目へのリンク [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ウィキデータ項目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="表示"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">表示</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">非表示</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Lambert2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lambert2.gif/220px-Lambert2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lambert2.gif/330px-Lambert2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lambert2.gif/440px-Lambert2.gif 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption> 入射光(incident light)と、光沢面からの拡散反射(diffuse reflection)と鏡面反射(specular reflection)。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 矢印の長さは<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6_(%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6)" title="光度 (光学)">光度</a>を表し、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%99%E5%BC%A6%E5%89%87" title="ランベルトの余弦則">ランベルトの余弦則</a>に従う。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Diffuse_reflection.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diffuse_reflection.gif/220px-Diffuse_reflection.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diffuse_reflection.gif/330px-Diffuse_reflection.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diffuse_reflection.gif/440px-Diffuse_reflection.gif 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>固体表面による拡散反射の一般的な機構 (<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="反射">反射</a>は表現されていない)。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Diffuse_reflection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Diffuse_reflection.svg/220px-Diffuse_reflection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Diffuse_reflection.svg/330px-Diffuse_reflection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Diffuse_reflection.svg/440px-Diffuse_reflection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>でこぼこした表面からの拡散反射</figcaption></figure> <p><b>拡散反射</b>（かくさんはんしゃ；diffuse reflection）は、非金属<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2" title="表面">表面</a>で起きる<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="反射">反射</a>のうち、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E9%9D%A2%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="鏡面反射">鏡面反射</a>を除いた成分のことである。拡散反射は鏡面反射に比べて反射角に依存せず、多様な方向に同程度の光度を放つのが特徴である。でこぼこした表面における反射を乱反射と呼び、拡散反射と混同される場合もあるが、乱反射には鏡面反射の成分が含まれている。拡散反射と鏡面反射は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC#偏光フィルター" title="レンズフィルター">偏光フィルター</a>を使用して分離することができる。 </p><p>拡散反射は、入射光が界面下に<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E9%81%8E" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="透過">透過</a>し、多重反射及び<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E4%B9%B1" title="散乱">散乱</a>することによって起こると考えられる。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E5%85%89" title="吸光">吸光</a>のある材質ではその過程で特定の波長の拡散反射光の強度が弱まる。よって拡散反射スペクトルと透過スペクトルは類似したものになる。金属表面で拡散反射が起こらない理由は、自由電子が内部への光の侵入を妨げるためである。 </p><p>ゼリーやロウのように、光を比較的多く透過する材料では、入射光が内部の深くまで透過、拡散、散乱し、出射する場所が入射した場所から離れている（反射とは呼びがたい）ため、拡散反射ではなく<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%96%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="サブサーフェイス・スキャタリング">表面下散乱</a>と呼んで区別される。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="理論"><span id=".E7.90.86.E8.AB.96"></span>理論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=1" title="節を編集: 理論"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>拡散反射スペクトルの強度再現には、クベルカとムンクによって導かれた<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(R_{\infty })\equiv {\frac {(1-R_{\infty })^{2}}{2R_{\infty }}}={\frac {K}{S}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>K</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(R_{\infty })\equiv {\frac {(1-R_{\infty })^{2}}{2R_{\infty }}}={\frac {K}{S}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/713232564bdc89e7b70b2ba600983213e4d2ce59" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:27.168ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(R_{\infty })\equiv {\frac {(1-R_{\infty })^{2}}{2R_{\infty }}}={\frac {K}{S}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>ここで<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(R_{\infty })}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(R_{\infty })}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14921ec7369087fe49aa46c72aecacec3b190241" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.727ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(R_{\infty })}"></span>はクベルカ-ムンク (Kubelka-Munk) 関数、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\infty }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\infty }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/639146705058e9d335aed47b55a9f802bc290b5f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.639ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\infty }}"></span>は光拡散距離に対して十分に厚いサンプルにおける絶対拡散反射率、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}"></span>は吸収係数、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span>は散乱係数である。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="近似"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BC.BC"></span>近似</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=2" title="節を編集: 近似"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>拡散反射の最も単純な近似は、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%9D%9F" title="光束">光束</a>が半球状に一様に分布する<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="ランバート反射">ランバート反射</a>である。より正確なモデルに、表面の凹凸を加味した<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="オーレン・ネイヤー反射">オーレン・ネイヤー反射</a>がある。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="その他"><span id=".E3.81.9D.E3.81.AE.E4.BB.96"></span>その他</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=3" title="節を編集: その他"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>拡散相互反射</b>（かくさんそうごはんしゃ；diffuse interreflection）は、他の物体から反射した光が周りにある他の物体にぶつかって、それらを照らすことによって起きる。拡散相互反射は、つやがあるとか<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1" title="鏡">鏡</a>のような物体からの光の反射を、特に述べているわけではない。この意味する事を現実世界の言葉で言い直すと、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="地面">地面</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81" title="壁">壁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%94%E7%89%A9" title="織物">織物</a>などのようなつやがない表面を反射した光は、光源が照らしている場所から直接反射したのではないということである。もし、拡散反射している表面に<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2" title="色">色</a>がついていたならば、反射光も色がつくし、結果として周りの物体も似た色がつくことになる。 </p><p>3次元<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="コンピュータグラフィックス">コンピュータグラフィックス</a>では、拡散相互反射は<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="グローバル・イルミネーション">グローバル・イルミネーション</a>の重要な構成物である。レンダリング時に拡散相互反射をモデル化する方法はたくさんある。よく使われる方法として、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="ラジオシティ">ラジオシティ</a>法と<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="フォトンマッピング">フォトンマッピング</a>の2つがある。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="出典"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E5.85.B8"></span>出典</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=4" title="節を編集: 出典"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Scott M. Juds (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?d=BkdBo1n_oO4C&pg=PA29&dq=%22diffuse+reflection%22+lambertian#v=onepage&q=%22diffuse%20reflection%22%20lambertian&f=false"><i>Photoelectric sensors and controls: selection and application</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 29. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101121245">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:var(--color-success,#3a3);margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-8247-7886-6" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-8247-7886-6">978-0-8247-7886-6</a><span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/?d=BkdBo1n_oO4C&pg=PA29&dq=%22diffuse+reflection%22+lambertian#v=onepage&q=%22diffuse%20reflection%22%20lambertian&f=false">https://books.google.com/?d=BkdBo1n_oO4C&pg=PA29&dq=%22diffuse+reflection%22+lambertian#v=onepage&q=%22diffuse%20reflection%22%20lambertian&f=false</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photoelectric+sensors+and+controls%3A+selection+and+application&rft.aulast=Scott+M.+Juds&rft.au=Scott+M.+Juds&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B29&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-7886-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fd%3DBkdBo1n_oO4C%26pg%3DPA29%26dq%3D%2522diffuse%2Breflection%2522%2Blambertian%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522diffuse%2520reflection%2522%2520lambertian%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Paul Kubelka, Franz Munk: <i>Ein Beitrag zur Optik der Farbanstriche.</i> In: <i>Zeitschrift für technische Physik.</i> 12, 1931, S. 593–601.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="関連項目"><span id=".E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE"></span>関連項目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84&action=edit&section=5" title="節を編集: 関連項目"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="ランバート反射">ランバート反射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E9%9D%A2%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="鏡面反射">鏡面反射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="オーレン・ネイヤー反射">オーレン・ネイヤー反射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%95%A3%E4%B9%B1" title="光散乱">光散乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%B2%A2" title="光沢">光沢</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">「<a dir="ltr" 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